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Index

Abernethy, Perthshire Basel Gasworks, Germany, settlement, 196 Pictish monastery, 34 Beaucaire, Languedoc, 34, 79, 136 stone head, 34 Benôit, Fernand, 77–8, 92, 99, 144, 158, 173, 175 Acy-Romance, France, settlement, 218 Benton, Sylvia, 120, 123 Aldhouse Green, Miranda, 36–7 Berawan of Borneo, 1, 11–12, 30 Alexander, John, 51 Bernard, Loup, 167 Allariz, Spain, oppidum, 184 Billingborough, Lincolnshire, 8 All Cannings Cross, Wiltshire, 5–6, 8–9 birds, bird symbolism, 3, 77–8, 106, 130, 141–3, Allobroges, 168, 173, 191 145–7, 156–7, 161, 200, 206, 209–10, 212, 220 Amathus, 40 Boas, Franz, 49 Ambrussum, Languedoc, oppidum, 146, Boissinot, Philippe, 129, 131–2, 136–7, 140, 171, 210 142, 169 Ammianus Marcellinus, 23 Bouray, France, bronze sculpture, 34, 178 Anaximander, 13 Bouriège, France, statue, 171, 182–4 Appell, George, 59 Bradley, Richard, 14, 103 Arcelin, Patrice, 79, 84, 87, 96–7, 99, 133–4, 145, brain balls, 11 158, 160, 173, 183, 186–7, 190, 216 Bredon Hill, Gloucestershire, 7–8 Archer, W. G., 61, 69, 204 Breiddin, Powys, hillfort, 8 Arch of Constantine, Rome, 41 Brigantes, 7 Arcobriga, pottery vessel, 85, 106–7, 156–7 Bringasses, Provence, oppidum, 161, 171 Arens, William, 50 broch towers, 212, 225 Arles, Provence, 168, 174 Broxmouth, East Lothian, hillfort, 8 Armeá, Spain, oppidum, 184 Brun, Jean-Pierre, 84, 87 Arverni, 168, 191, 202 Brunaux, Jean-Louis, 198–201 Asmat, New Guinea, 59, 61 Bu, Orkney, broch, 218 Aswani, Shankar, 48, 62, 165 Buffe Arnaud, Provence, oppidum, 171, 192–4 Athenaeus, 25–6 Bullough, Sir George, 45 Aulnat, France, 27, 41 Cacaxtla, Mexico, 103 Badaczony-Làbdi, Hungary, stone head, 34, 114 Caereni tribe, Sutherland, 212 Badasset, Provence, 84–5, 95–6, 98, 101, 171 Caerwent, Wales, 34 Bad Dürkheim, Germany, gold mounts, 85, Caesar, 25, 195–7 112–15 Cambous à Viols-en-Laval, France, 80–1

255

256 Index

Cambridge Anthropological Expedition, 55–6 Dinorben, Wales, hillfort, 8 Camp Redon, Languedoc, Late Bronze Age Diodorus Siculus, 22, 24–6, 28–9, 191 settlement, 81, 83, 171 Donald, Leland, 49 cannibalism, 48–50, 53, 208 Dubnoreix, 195–6 Cardinal, Douglas, 48 Duc de Luynes, 84 Carratiermes, Spain, necropolis, 157 Duday, Henri, 82 Carrawburgh Fort, Hadrian’s Wall, 34 Duncan, John, 166 Carthaginians, 20–1 Dun Vulan, South Uist, complex Castellet à Fontvieille, Provence, 161, 171 roundhouse, 5 Castillo, John, 37 Dye, David, 50 Cazevielle, Saint-Martin, Provence, tomb, 83 Cerro de los Santos, Spain, 184–6 East Chisenbury, Wiltshire, midden, 7 Chabot, Louis, 193 East Sumba, Indonesia. See Sumba Chacon, Richard, 50 Elshout, Jacob, 56 Chadwick, Nora, 36 Enright, Michael, 18, 42, 102, 109 Chapman, John, 221 Ensérune, Languedoc, oppidum, 146, 149, Charles, Robert, 149 171, 210 Chatwin, Bruce, 164–6, 204, 218 Entremont, Provence, oppidum, 16, 18, 27, 42, Chausserie-Laprée, Jean, 193 73, 77–80, 84–5, 89, 104, 106–7, 136, 143, Chichén Itzá, Mexico, 101 146, 149–50, 157–62, 168, 170–97, 201–2, Cladh Hallan, South Uist, Late Bronze Age 213, 216–18, 222 settlement, 207 bloc aux épis, 85, 92–7, 102–3, 150 Claudius Aelianus, 146 head pillar, 89, 91–7, 99–100, 103, 107, Cnip, Lewis, 1–5, 7, 9, 17, 208–9, 220, 224–5 149–50, 162, 175, 190, 195 Cocom Maya, 100, 149 warrior statues, 73, 80, 136, 143, 158–9, 161, Coignard, Roland and Olivier, 216 173, 175–92, 194–5, 202, 213, 217–18, 222 Collis, John, 22, 41–2 Epidii tribe, Argyll, 212 Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, 41 Étang de Berre, Provence, 97 Cook, Captain James, 51 Étang de Mauguio, Languedoc, 81–2 Congès, Gaètan, 93, 186 Etruscans, 20, 32, 40, 76, 97, 115, 167, 217 Corbridge, Northumberland, pillar, 85, 109 Euffigneix, France, stone figure,34 , 188 Cordoba, Spain, pillar, 85, 106, 161 Corleck, Co. Cavan, stone head, 37 Fabius Pictor, 20, 23 Coupar Angus, Perthshire, stone head, 35 Florus, 23–4 Courtisols, France, bronze torc, 85, 109, 112 Fox-Amphoux, France, statue, 180 Coventina’s Well, Hadrian’s Wall, 34 Freeman, Derek, 57–8 Cramond Lioness, Edinburgh, 217 Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von, 54, 100–1 Creighton, John, 196 Cromwell, Oliver, 47 Gaius Atilius Regularis, 20–1, 24 Cunnington, Maud, 8 Galatians, 20–1 Curtis, Edward, 49 Garcia, Dominique, 87, 97 Cyprus, 40 Garrigues, France, tombs, 82–3 Garvâo, Ourique, Portugal, 157 Dahomey, 165–6, 188–9, 202 Gérin-Ricard, Henri de, 131, 136 Dame de Cabezo Lucero, Spain, statue, 185 Gezo, King, Dahomey, 165–6, 189, 202 Dame d’Elche, Spain, statue, 185 Glanon, Provence, oppidum and sanctuary, 78, Danebury, Hampshire, hillfort, 8–9, 210–18 80, 87–8, 96, 99, 127, 133–9, 143–4, 155–7, d’Aubergue, Alfred, 175 161–3, 167–8, 171, 173–4, 176, 180, 184, 187, Dayaks of Borneo, 56 192, 202, 217, 222 Déchelette, Joseph, 78 Glastonbury Lake Village, Somerset, 6, 8 Dedet, Bernard, 83, 169–70, 172 Glauberg tomb, Hessen, Germany, 80, 107, Dietler, Michael, 167 109, 114, 133

Index 257

Gordion, Anatolia, 36 Koch, John, 38 Gournay-sur-Aronde, France, sanctuary, 197–8, Konyak Nagas, North India, 54, 69, 71, 211 200–1, 203 Kruyt, Albert, 56–7 Gran Dama Oferente, Spain, statue, 184–6 Kuijt, Ian, 83 Grenier, Albert, 32 Kwakiutl of northwest America, 49 Grézan, Warrior of, Languedoc, statue, 79–80, 184 L’Abion, Languedoc, Late Bronze Age Gundestrup cauldron, 178 settlement, 83 Gurness broch village, Orkney, 218 L’Arquet, Provence, oppidum, 97–8, 127, 210 La Charme, France, bronze arm ring, 85, 111 Haddon, Alfred, 55 La Cloche, Les Pennes Mirabeau, Provence, Hannibal, 20–1, 23–4, 41 oppidum, 29, 171, 182, 192–4, 201–2, 223 Hecataeus, 13, 20 La Courtine à Ollioules, France, oppidum, 171, Heimskringla, 31 182, 185 Herodotus, 20, 38–40 La Coutarel, France, statue, 188 Hillhead, Caithness, roundhouse, 4–5 La Liquière, Languedoc, Iron Age settlement, Himilco, 20 82–3, 85, 171–2, 211 Hirtius, 25 Lambrechts, Pierre, 18, 32–4, 36–8, 110, 145 Hirzenhain, Germany, pillar, 106 La Rallongue, Languedoc, Late Bronze Age Holzgerlingen, Germany, statue, 114, 136 settlement, 81, 171 Hongi, Maori war chief, 51, 53 La Ramasse, Languedoc, oppidum, 85, 88, 97, Hornish Point, South Uist, roundhouse and 152, 171 ritual burial, 9, 204–8, 211, 218–19, 221 La Tène art, 19, 32–3, 42–3, 72, 83, 85, 110, 112, Horovicky, Bohemia,85 , 110 114–15, 118, 155, 160, 192 horses, horse symbolism, 1, 22, 26–8, 41, 73, La Teste-Nègre, Provence, oppidum, 152 84, 86–8, 90, 96, 99, 110, 130, 132, 134, 141, La Tour San Magin, Spain, 184 143–7, 157–9, 161, 190, 195, 198, 208, 210–13 Le Castellan, Istres, Provence, oppidum, 135 Hoskins, Janet, 10, 61–2, 64 Le Vallon de Fou, Provence, oppidum, 193 Howe of Howe, Orkney, 5 Linsdorf Monster, 213, 216 Hutton, John Henry, 56 Livy, 21–4, 26–7, 38, 158, 201 Hutton, Ronald, 36 Loughnashade, Co. Armagh, 72 Low, Alexander, 122 Iban of Borneo, 50, 57–8, 60–1, 102 Lugi tribe, Sutherland, 212 Îlle de Martigues, Provence, oppidum, 169, 210 Lumholtz, Carl, 56–7 Ilongot of Luzon, Philippines, 57, 60–1, 64–5 Lynn, Chris, 72 Insoll, Timothy, 12 Mahieu, Eric, 149, 192 Jackson, Kenneth, 28, 31, 38 Mailhac, Languedoc, oppidum, 171, 217 Jackson, Sydney, 37 Mallory, Jim, 29, 31, 73 Jacobsthal, Paul, 32–3, 36, 110, 114 Manching, Germany, oppidum, 196 Janus heads, 34, 73, 79, 107–8, 114–15, 136 Mandan of North America, 219–20 Jiangou, China, 38 Manerbio, Italy, bronze discs, 85, 110–11 Joachim, Hans-Eckhart, 107 Maori, New Zealand, 12, 51–5, 67, 99 Jullian, Camille, 18 Marco-Simón, Francisco, 106 Marcus Junianus Justinus, 20 Kaufertsberg, Germany, ‘skull nest’, 9 Marduel à Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard, Languedoc, Keeley, Lawrence, 50 79, 136 Kenyah of Borneo, 56 Mariën, Marc, 126 Kinloch Castle, Rum, 45 Marsden, Samuel, 51, 53 Kintradwell, Caithness, roundhouse, 208 Mary I of Scotland, 47 Knowth, Co. Meath, tomb, 31 Maya, 100–3, 149 Knüsel, Chris, 187 McKinley, Robert, 60

258 Index

McOmish, David, 6 Pfalzfeld Pillar, Germany, 42–3, 85, 104, Melbricta, 1, 11 107–9, 136 Melsonby, Yorkshire, hoard, 85, 113–14, 145 Pierredon, Provence, oppidum, 135 Mérimée, Prosper, 120, 157–8 Piggott, Stuart, 36 Moby Dick, 53 Pindar, 40 Moche art, 33, 59, 67 Pobé, Marcel, 162 Mont Garou, Provence, oppidum, 182, 185 Polybius, 20–5 Mont Troté, France, cemetery, 83 Pompeius Trogus, 20, 24 Moser, Christopher, 33 Poseidonius, 18, 22, 24–9, 39, 41–3, 77, 194, Mountain Ok, Inner New Guinea, 12 206, 223 Mouriès, Provence, oppidum, 87–8, 96, 99, potlatch ceremonies, 49 132, 144 Potterne, Wiltshire, midden, 6, 9 Mšecké Žehrovice, Bohemia, enclosure, 34 Powell, Terence, 36, 76 Münsingen-Rain, Germany, ring, 182, 192 psychopomps, 145–6 Musée Calvet, Avignon, 213 Puentedueme, Spain, carved stone, 106, 161 Musée Canadien des Civilisations, Quebec, 48 Puig Castellar, Spain, oppidum, 192 Musée de Cavaillon, 152 Puig de Sant Andreu, Spain, oppidum, 192 Musée de Vieille Charité, Marseille, 129 Py, Michel, 82–3, 161 Musée Historique d’Abomey, Benin, 166 muti, 220–1 Raffin Fort, Co. Meath, 69, 71–3, 85, 118, 223 Rainsborough, Northamptonshire, hillfort, 86 Nagas, northern India, 12, 48, 50, 53–7, 59, 61, Rapin, Andre, 78–80, 84, 96, 99, 133–4, 145, 158, 63–7, 69, 71, 73, 99–101, 109, 162, 204, 206, 160, 171, 183, 187, 190 211–12, 219 Reims, France, cemetery, 155 Yimpang Village, 66, 100–1 Reinach, Adolphe, 18, 32 Nages, Languedoc, oppidum, 81, 144–6, 161, Reinach, Salomon, 78 171, 210 Rennibister, Orkney, earth house, 4 Nasca pottery, 59 Ribemont-sur-Ancre, France, sanctuary, 16, 42, Navan Fort, Co. Armagh, 69, 72 197, 201, 203, 211, 218, 223 barbary ape skull, 72, 85 Rivers, W. H., 55 Needham, Rodney, 56–7, 60 Riyadh, Iraq, 45–6 New Georgia, Solomon Islands, 51, 164–5 Rodenbach, Germany, gold ring, 19, 85, 111, 114 Niederschönhausen, Germany, brooch, 85, Rodgers Jewitt, John, 51 113–14, 116 Roquepertuse, oppidum and sanctuary, 16, 34, Nîmes, 79–80, 128, 136, 145, 148, 160, 167, 171 42, 73–4, 77–80, 95, 115, 127, 129–38, 140, Nootka, Vancouver Island, 51 142–52, 155, 157–63, 168–73, 176, 180, 184, Numantia, Spain, oppidum, 28, 146, 157 187–8, 190–1, 195, 211, 217, 222 Nuxalk house poles, 49 destruction, 78–9, 131–2, 148, 151–2, 157, 163, 168, 172, 188, 190–1 Oaxaca, 101 Janus head, 34, 73, 114–15, 136 Ofnet, Germany, ‘skull nests’, 9 portico monument, 127, 129, 136–8, 140–3, Olbia, Greek colony, 167 145, 147–51, 157–8, 161–3 Old Croghan, Co. Offaly, bog body, 31 warrior statues, 74, 80, 133–6, 138, 143, 147, opposed heads, 19, 43, 95–6, 109–17 149–51, 190 Orcas tribe, Orkney, 212 Rosaldo, Renato, 57, 60 Orkney, Earls of, 11 Ross, Anne, 18, 34–7, 109 Orkneyinga Saga, 1, 11 Roubier, Jean, 162 Rynne, Etienne, 37 Parker Pearson, Mike, 207, 212 Parkinson, Sydney, 51 sacrifice,9 , 40, 55, 166, 190, 197, 211 Paulus Orosius, 23 human, 10–11, 26, 48–50, 53, 101, 125, 170, Pech Maho, Languedoc, oppidum, 171–2, 192 197, 205–7, 218–20

Index 259

Saint Anastasie, Gard, busts, 79, 128, 143, 184 Strabo, 24–6, 28–9, 158, 167–8, 178, 189, 206 Saint Blaise, Provence, oppidum, 76, 97–8, 144, Stramullin, Co. Meath, 71–2 167, 170–1, 210 Strathern, Marilyn, 221 Saint Boniface, Orkney, 218 Sturluson, Snorri, 31 Saint Michel de Valbonne, Provence, head Sumba, Indonesia, 61–5, 67, 100–2, pillars, 84–9, 95–6, 98–9, 145, 152, 162, 171 165–6, 202 Saint Pierre de Martigues, Provence, oppidum, Sutton Hoo, sceptre, 42–3 98, 169, 171, 182, 185, 210–11 Saluvii, 18, 73, 89, 98, 120, 150, 167–8, 172–6, Tal-y-Llyn, Gwynedd, hoard, 85, 111–12 182, 184–5, 188–9, 190–2, 194, 196, 201–2, Tamaris, Provence, oppidum, 97–8, 127 213, 217–18, 222 Tara, Co. Meath, 69, 72 Salviat, François, 78, 158, 176 Tarasque of Noves, 213–18 Sant Martí Sarroca, Spain, pillar, 85, 184 Tauri, 39–40 scalping, 4, 11, 38–9, 102 Taylor, Timothy, 50 Schwaller, Martine, 169, 172 Telamon, Battle of, 20, 24 Sculptor’s Cave, Moray, 120–7, 161–3, 223 Tenochtitlan, Aztec capital, 101 Scythians, 37–9 Tlatelolco, Aztec city, 101 Sequana, France, sanctuary, 85, 104–5, 109–10, Touva, Russia, tombs, 38 115, 117–18 Trajan’s Column, Rome, 40–1 Sextantio, Hérault, stele, 133 Tremearne, Arthur, 56 Shepherd, Alexandra and Ian, 123–4 trepanation, 4, 157 Sheppard, Peter, 65, 164 Tress Barry, Francis, 4 shrunken heads (tsantas), 57, 64 Trou de Han, Belgium, cave system, 126–7, Shuar, Upper Amazon basin, 51, 57–9, 61, 161–3 64, 100 tsantas (shrunken heads), 57, 64 Silius Italicus, 23–4, 41, 146 tzompantli (skull racks), 51, 54, 64–5, 100–1, skull clamps, 193–4, 202 162, 194 skull cups, 23–4, 38, 41 skull racks (tzompantli), 51, 64–5, 100–1, 162 Ulster Cycle, 29, 31 Sloc Sabhaidh, North Uist, roundhouse, Up de Graff, Fritz, 45, 51 208–9, 211 Uxama, Spain, pottery vessel, 156–7 snakes, snake symbolism, 103, 106, 143, 146–7, 192, 210 Van der Kroef, Justus, 64 Sobin, Gustaf, 120, 129 Verduron, Provence, oppidum, 152, 167–8, Solier, Yves, 172 172, 188 Sollas, North Uist, wheelhouse, 209 Villa Roma, Nîmes, 145, 148 Solomon Islands, 61–2, 65, 67, 164 Vix, France, burial, 187 Roviana, 62, 64–7, 164–6, 188, 191, 202 Volcae Arecomici, 167, 172 Ysabel Island, 164 Somerville, Boyle T., 51, 164–5 Warmenbol, Eugène, 127 ‘soul substance’, 55–7, 118 Weisskirchen, Germany, gold plaque, 85, 110 Stanwick, North Yorkshire, oppidum, 7, 113 wells, 34, 36 Stesichorus, 40 Coventina’s Well, Hadrian’s Wall, 34 stone heads, 34–7, 42, 106, 114, 162 Tobar a’Chinn, Vatersay, 36 Abernethy, 34 Tobar nan Ceann, Vatersay, 36 Badaczony-Làbdi, Hungary, 34, 114 Wheeler, Sir Mortimer, 7 Corleck, Co. Cavan, 37 Whitegate, Caithness, roundhouse, 208, 211 Coupar Angus, Perthshire, 35 wooden heads, 37, 66, 104–6, 115, 117–18 Mšecké Žehrovice, Bohemia, 34 Woolf, Greg, 106