A Welcome to Issue Number 2 of Iron Cross by Lord Ashcroft
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The Napoleon Series
The Napoleon Series Officers of the Anhalt Duchies who Fought in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1789-1815: Anhalt-Köthen-Pleß, Friedrich Ferdinand, Prince, and then Duke of By Daniel Clarke Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen-Pleß was born on June 25, 1769 in Pleß, or Pless, (Pszczyna), Upper Silesia, Prussia. He was the second son of Friedrich Erdmann, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen-Pleß (1731-1797), a Generalleutnant in the Prussian army, and his wife Louise Ferdinande of Stolberg-Wernigerode. He was therefore the older brother of Heinrich (1778-1847) and Christian Friedrich (1780-1813). In August 1803 Friedrich married Marie Dorothea Henriette Luise, Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- Beck, but she died that November. He married again in May 1816 to Julia of Brandenburg, a daughter of King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia, and they had no children. Friedrich entered Prussian service as a Lieutenant in September 1786 in the 15th Infantry Regiment, von Kunitzky. Just under two years later, in March 1788, he became a Staff Captain in the 28th Infantry Regiment, von Kalckstein, but two months later he was made a Line Captain and company commander in the same regiment. When the French Revolutionary Wars began in 1792, he was promoted to Major on May 6 of that year and transferred to the 10th Fusilier (Light Infantry) Battalion, von Forcade—which changed its title to von Martini later in 1792. For his actions in 1792 he was given the Pour le Mérite in January 1793. With his battalion Friedrich fought with distinction in a host of engagements including at Hochheim on January 6 and Alsheim on March 30, 1793, where he was wounded on both occasions. -
Theory of Aces: High Score by Skill Or Luck?
Theory of aces: high score by skill or luck? M.V. Simkin and V.P. Roychowdhury Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1594 We studied the distribution of WWI fighter pilots by the number of victories they were credited with along with casualty reports. Using the maximum entropy method we obtained the underlying distribution of pilots by their skill. We find that the variance of this skill distribution is not very large, and that the top aces achieved their victory scores mostly by luck. For example, the ace of aces, Manfred von Richthofen, most likely had a skill in the top quarter of the active WWI German fighter pilots, and was no more special than that. When combined with our recent study [10], showing that fame grows exponentially with victory scores, these results (derived from real data) show that both outstanding achievement records and resulting fame are mostly due to chance. During the “Manhattan project” (the making of nuclear bomb), physicist Enrico Fermi asked General Leslie Groves, the head of the project, what is the definition of a “great” general [1]. Groves replied that any general who had won five battles in a row might safely be called great. Fermi then asked how many generals are great. Groves said about three out of every hundred. Fermi conjectured that if the chance of winning one battle is 1/2 then the chance of winning five battles in a row is 1 25 = 1 32 . “So you are right, General, about three out of every hundred. Mathematical probability, not genius.” Similarly to a great general, an ace is a fighter pilot who achieved five or more victories. -
British Identity, the Masculine Ideal, and the Romanticization of the Royal Flying Corps Image
W&M ScholarWorks Undergraduate Honors Theses Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 4-2019 A Return to Camelot?: British Identity, The Masculine Ideal, and the Romanticization of the Royal Flying Corps Image Abby S. Whitlock College of William and Mary Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Whitlock, Abby S., "A Return to Camelot?: British Identity, The Masculine Ideal, and the Romanticization of the Royal Flying Corps Image" (2019). Undergraduate Honors Theses. Paper 1276. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/honorstheses/1276 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Return to Camelot?: British Identity, The Masculine Ideal, and the Romanticization of the Royal Flying Corps Image Abby Stapleton Whitlock Undergraduate Honors Thesis College of William and Mary Lyon G. Tyler Department of History 24 April 2019 Whitlock !2 Whitlock !3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………….. 4 Introduction …………………………………….………………………………… 5 Chapter I: British Aviation and the Future of War: The Emergence of the Royal Flying Corps …………………………………….……………………………….. 13 Wartime Developments: Organization, Training, and Duties Uniting the Air Services: Wartime Exigencies and the Formation of the Royal Air Force Chapter II: The Cultural Image of the Royal Flying Corps .……….………… 25 Early Roots of the RFC Image: Public Imagination and Pre-War Attraction to Aviation Marketing the “Cult of the Air Fighter”: The Dissemination of the RFC Image in Government Sponsored Media Why the Fighter Pilot? Media Perceptions and Portrayals of the Fighter Ace Chapter III: Shaping the Ideal: The Early Years of Aviation Psychology .…. -
Identifying Extreme Racist Beliefs
identifying extreme racist beliefs What to look out for and what to do if you see any extreme right wing beliefs promoted in your neighbourhood. At Irwell Valley Homes, we believe that everyone has the If you see any of these in any of the neighbourhoods right to live of life free from racism and we serve, please contact us straight away on 0300 discrimination. However, whilst we work to promote 561 1111 or [email protected]. We take equality, racism still exists and we want to take action to this extremely seriously and will work with the Greater stop this. Manchester Police to deal with anyone responsible. This guide helps you to identify some of the numbers, signs and symbols used to promote extreme right wing beliefs including racism, extreme nationalism, fascism and neo nazism. 18: The first letter of the alphabet is A; the eighth letter of the alphabet is H. so, 1 plus 8, or 18, equals AH, an abbreviation for Adolf Hitler. Neo-Nazis use 18 in tat- toos and symbols. The number is also used by Combat 18, a violent British neo-Na- zi group that chose its name in honour of Adolf Hitler. 14: This numeral represents the phrase “14 words,” the number of words in an ex- pression that has become the slogan for the white supremacist movement. 28: The number stands for the name “Blood & Honour” because B is the 2nd letter of the alphabet and H is the 8th letter. Blood & Honour is an international neo-Nazi/ racist skinhead group started by British white supremacist and singer Ian Stuart. -
Orders, Medals and Decorations
Orders, Medals and Decorations To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Lower Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 1 December 2016 at 12.00 noon and 2.30 pm Public viewing: Nash House, St George Street, London W1S 2FQ Monday 28 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 29 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 30 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 83 Price £15 Enquiries: Paul Wood, David Kirk or James Morton Cover illustrations: Lot 239 (front); lot 344 (back); lot 35 (inside front); lot 217 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com, www.numisbids.com and www.sixbid.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion. -
Captain Robert Smart, K.H., K.C.B., R.N. May 1857 B
No. Service: Rank: Names & Service Information: Supporting Information: 8. 22 July Captain Robert Smart, K.H., K.C.B., R.N. May 1857 B. Sept 1796.Warkworth, Born the third son (4th child) of Mr. John Smart 1854 Northumberland, England. Born (1759-1828), of Trewhitt house and Belford, at Togstone, Northumberland. Northumberland, and Dorothy Lynn (?). In all they D. 10 Sept 1874, Chiswick, had 3 girls and 4 boys:- Middlesex, England. B. Old 1. Eleanor Smart(abt. 1791) Chiswick, Middlesex. 2. William Lynn Smart of Trewhitt House & Mason Educated at Houghton-le- Lindon Hall (abt 1791, Wakworth, 29 25 Jul May. 1857 Spring, Durham. Northumberland. 24 Nov 1875, Clifton, Bristol, 1854 Oct 1810 he entered the Navy Gloustershire.) in, as ordinary seaman and was 3. John Newton Smart (abt 1795, Saryton raised to seaman 1st class, on Hortham, Ireland. D.1877, Barnet, Middlesex). board the “Adamant”, 50, 4. Robert Smart. under Captain Matthew Buckle, 5. Newton Smart (Rev) (B.30 Jul 1799, on flagship of Rear-Admiral Wastworth, Northampton. D. 23 Jun 1879 Otway, on the Leith station, Berkshire.). and, after serving in the he was 6. Mary Smart (B.abt 1801, Warkworth, lent for 8 months to the Northumberland. D. (?) “Plover”, under Capt. Colin 7. Margaret Bewicke Smart(B.5 Feb 1803, Campbell, for 9 months to the Alewick, Northumberland. D.27 Jan 1889, “Rifleman”, under, Captain Berkshire.). Joseph Pearce. 9 May 1811 he attained the 14 Sep 1848 - Married Elizabeth Isabella Sharpe rank from a rating to that of a (B.9 Dec 1814, St Dunstan in the West, England. -
Medals, Orders and Decorations
Medals, Orders and Decorations To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Wednesday 26 November 2014 at 10.30am and 2.00pm Public viewing: 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Monday 24 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 25 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 71 Price £15 Enquiries: James Morton, Paul Wood or Stephen Lloyd Cover illustrations: Lot 421 (front); lot 86 (back); lot 453 (inside front); lot 583 (inside back) Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com and www.invaluable.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the under- standing that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connec- tion. -
RJ '-/~5 J.Tyl3~ C~Py J J
THE MEDAL OF HO~OR, ARMI•NAVY RJ_ '-/~5 J.tYl3~ c~py J J .. ..• ., .. , ~- ~ ' ' . .,. .. ~ 1:· , , • This Copy of THE' MEDAL OF HONOR BROCHURE ..... is presented .. .... To .. I I .. \ , ,,. ~·' THE MEDAL OF HONOR ... - .. · ~ I . ~~~Army -~ NI)YJ • i . , Soldiers, Sailors and AfatiJJes South Carolina 'I. Reference-Official Publications of The Deparbnent of the Army and Navy, 1948 .. Compiled from the records of the Adjutant Gencrars Office by Major Gen. ]ames C. Dozier, The Adjutant General , , . --- .• ... ,,. ~·• •J l .,., PROLOGUE ~, ... I • .. i -- Incarnate in the Stars and Stripes are the ideals, aspirations and prin- ciples of a free-minded people. When the Star Spangled Banner was first flown at the head of the Continental Army, General George Washington I said: "We take "the stars from Heaven, the red from our mother country_. separating it by white stripes. thus showing that we have separated from_ her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing libe.~:ty " As with a precious gem, the facets of liberty cannot be brought to their greatest brilliance without friction. Neither can the character of a man 'or•2r nation be rounded to usefulness and charity without the tempering process of trial. Our iH:riiage from the Wars ior Independence is not a stat1c treeaom. That heritage is the privilege to work for freedom-the daily opportunity to deserve it. The struggle to create and pass on this birthright is symbolized in the Medal of Honor. Inherent in this honored medal or the wonder of America, the assurance of her proper destiny and the promise of her mag nanimity to the weak or the conquered. -
British, Russian, Chinese and World Orders, Medals, Decorations and Miniatures
British, Russian, Chinese and World Orders, Medals, Decorations and Miniatures To be sold by auction at: Sotheby’s, in the Upper Grosvenor Gallery The Aeolian Hall, Bloomfield Place New Bond Street London W1A 2AA Day of Sale: Thursday 29 November 2012 at 10.00am and 2.30pm Public viewing: 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Monday 26 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Tuesday 27 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Wednesday 28 November 10.00 am to 4.30 pm Or by previous appointment. Catalogue no. 60 Price £15 Enquiries: James Morton or Paul Wood in association with 45 Maddox Street, London W1S 2PE Tel.: +44 (0)20 7493 5344 Fax: +44 (0)20 7495 6325 Email: [email protected] Website: www mortonandeden.com This auction is conducted by Morton & Eden Ltd. in accordance with our Conditions of Business printed at the back of this catalogue. All questions and comments relating to the operation of this sale or to its content should be addressed to Morton & Eden Ltd. and not to Sotheby’s. Online Bidding This auction can be viewed online at www.the-saleroom.com and www.invaluable.com. Morton & Eden Ltd offers an online bidding service via www.the-saleroom.com. This is provided on the understanding that Morton & Eden Ltd shall not be responsible for errors or failures to execute internet bids for reasons including but not limited to: i) a loss of internet connection by either party; ii) a breakdown or other problems with the online bidding software; iii) a breakdown or other problems with your computer, system or internet connection. -
Roland Sargent Collection Mongraphs
Roland Sargent Collection Mongraphs (Search the library catalog by author or title for more information and LC number) Author Title Apostolo, Giorgio ; Bignozzi, Giorgio ; McAdoo, Color Profiles of World War I Combat Planes Dale (trans.) Archibald, Norman Heaven High, Hell Deep 1917-1918 Bacon, W. Stevenson Sky Fighters of World War I Bishop, William A. ; Ulanoff, Stanley M. Winged Warfare Bodenschatz, Karl ; Göring, Karl Hunting with Richthofen Bourget, Charles L. Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a Bowen, Ezra Knights of the Air Bowyer, Chaz Airmen of World War 1 Bowyer, Chaz Sopwith Camel: King of Combat [signed by author] Bruce, J. M. Spad Scouts SVII-SXIII Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters, Volume I Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters, Volume II Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters, Volume III Bruce, J. M. War Planes of the First World War: Fighters, Volume V Campbell, Christopher Aces and Aircraft of World War I Carisella, P. J. ; Ryan, James W. Who Killed the Red Baron? Carisella, P. J. ; Ryan, James W. Who Killed the Red Baron? Clark, Alan Aces High Author Title Clark, Don Wild Blue Yonder: An Air Epic [2 copies] Cooke, David C. Sky Battle: 1914-1918 Coppens, Willy ; Ulanoff, Stanley M. (ed.) Flying in Flanders Fitzsimons, Bernard Warplanes & Air Battles of World War I Franks, Norman L. R. ; Bailey, Frank W. ; Guest, Above the Lines Russell Franks, Norman ; Guest, Russell ; Bailey, Bloody April... Black September Frank Franks, Norman ; Bailey, Frank ; Duiven, Rick The Jasta Pilots Fredette, Raymond H. -
Unmasking 'King John of Portugal'
Unmasking ‘King John of Portugal’ Fiona McGarel-Groves reveals how the rediscovery of a portrait led to a deeper understanding of the Rothschilds’ early global business activities. In a small room in the third New Court where, until 2004, the London price of gold was set twice each business day by five representatives from The London Gold Market Fixing Ltd., hung a small series of early nineteenth-century portraits, known as the ‘Crowned Heads’. These heads of state represented five of the countries for which the Rothschild brothers provided government loans in the two decades after the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).¹ The portraits are identified by small brass labels as the Empress Catherine of Russia, King William of the Netherlands, Emperor Francis of Austria, King Frederick William of Prussia, and King John of Portugal. They now hang together with two other ‘Crowned Heads’ of significance – William IX, the Elector of Hesse, and Andrew Jackson, President of the United States – in a prominent corridor in the present New Court. The ‘Crowned Heads’ were labelled some time after they were acquired. They were prob- ably presented to Nathan Mayer Rothschild at the times of the various loans, and a 1917 inventory indicates that several of them were hung in the corridor off the main entrance hall of the mansion at Nathan’s estate at Gunnersbury, West London. King John is not mentioned in that inventory and it is unclear where this picture was in 1917. One can only imagine that, after two generations, a member of the family decided to label the portraits so that their subjects would not be forgotten, and that some guesswork was involved. -
The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Air Force
12 The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Air Force The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the air arm of the British Army before and during the First World War, until it merged with the Royal Navy Air Service on 1 April 1918 to form the Royal Air Force. The Royal Flying Corps was established by royal warrant on 13 April 1912. The Air Battalion of the Royal Engineers became the Military Wing of the RFC on 13 May. The initial strength of the RFC was 133 officers and by the end of 1912 it had 12 manned balloons and 36 aeroplanes. The RFC came under the command of Brigadier-General Sir David Henderson, the Director of Military Training and had separate branches for the Army and the Navy, each with its own commander. The Royal Navy had different priorities to those of the Army and wished to retain greater control over its aircraft. The Naval branch separated and was renamed the Royal Navy Air Service in 1914, although a combined central flying school was retained. During the early part of the war, the RFC supported the British Army by co-operating with the artillery and carrying out photographic reconnaissance over the German lines. This was done by the airman sitting behind the pilot and leaning over the side of the aircraft with a large box camera. This work gradually led RFC pilots into aerial battles with German pilots (including the notorious German Ace known as the ‘Red Baron’, Manfred von Richthofen) and later into the war included the strafing of enemy infantry and emplacements, the bombing of German military airfields and transportation facilities.