DOCSLIB.ORG

U.S. Indian Policy, 1865-1890 As Illuminated Through the Lives of Charles A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
U.S. Indian Policy, 1865-1890 As Illuminated Through the Lives of Charles A University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Winter 2008 U.S. Indian Policy, 1865-1890 As Illuminated Through the Lives Of Charles A. Eastman and Elaine Goodale Eastman Gretchen Cassel Eick University in Wichita, Kansas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Eick, Gretchen Cassel, "U.S. Indian Policy, 1865-1890 As Illuminated Through the Lives Of Charles A. Eastman and Elaine Goodale Eastman" (2008). Great Plains Quarterly. 1397. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1397 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. u.s. INDIAN POLICY, 1865 .. 1890 AS ILLUMINATED THROUGH THE LIVES OF CHARLES A. EASTMAN AND ELAINE GOODALE EASTMAN GRETCHEN CASSEL EICK Rapid change, passionate convictions, acute Plains, to protect the thousands of migrants regional differences, ethnic conflict, and an enticed there by Congress's offer through the army looking for a mission characterized the Homestead Act of 160 acres-free, contingent United States from 1865 to 1890. The Civil upon living on it and making improvements­ War was over and most of the soldiers had and by the marketing campaigns of railroads mustered out and gone home. The others that promised prosperity to those who followed were assigned either to the South to oversee the rails. reconstruction or, the larger number of them, These twenty-five years were a watershed to the area between the Mississippi and the time for two regions-the South and the Great Rocky Mountains-the Great Plains. The U.S. Plains. In the South the federal government Army's new mission was to "pacify" the Great would struggle with what to do with four mil­ lion freed people and shift policy frequently from 1865 to 1877, Washington, DC, would Key Words: Charles A. Eastman, Elaine Goodale award citizenship rather than land to black Eastman, Lakota/Dakota, Native American history, men through the Fourteenth and Fifteenth U.S. colonization amendments to the Constitution in 1868 and 1870, but ultimately trade away federal gov­ ernment protection of citizenship rights for Gretchen Cassel Eick is Professor of History at Friends black Americans for Republican control of the University in Wichita, Kansas. Her book, Dissent in Wichita: The Civil Rights Movement in the White House in February 1877, three months Midwest, 1954-72 (University of Illinois Press, 2001) after the nation's most contentious election. won three awards, and the paperback edition was This infamous election gave home rule to published in fall 2007. Dr. Eick was a Fulbright scholar southern states, allowing them to determine in 2000 and received a Fulbright-Hays Award to South who voted and who didn't and to set their own Africa in 2004. regulations for their largest minority group even when those regulations violated the U.S. [GPQ 28 (Winter 2008): 27-47] Constitution. Beginning in 1877, for the next 27 28 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, WINTER 2008 eighty years federal troops would not be dis­ to Flandreau, SD, with his father and began patched to the South to ensure enforcement acquiring "white education" that took him east of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments' to university and medical school while some of guarantees of equal protection, due process, his family members participated in the Great and the right to vote to all citizens, without Sioux War resisting colonization. In 1890 he regard to color or race. returned to the Great Plains to be the first In the Great Plains the federal govern­ Indian physician at Pine Ridge Agency where ment engaged in a parallel struggle over what he experienced the Wounded Knee Massacre. to do with 300,000 Native Americans.! That He would later become the best known Native struggle preoccupied the Department of War, American of his era, author of eleven books the Department of the Interior, Congress, and and several dozen articles, lecturer, lobbyist, Indian reformers from 1865 to 1890.2 Congress and civil servant. Elaine Goodale was a Euro­ established federal agencies in both the South American teacher living among the Lakota and in the Plains to implement policy toward in the late 1880s. She knew participants in blacks and Indians, respectively: the Bureau for the Ghost Dance revival and Euro-American Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands reformers like General Richard H. Pratt who in the South and the Bureau of Indian Affairs started the Indian boarding school movement. for the West. Ultimately the Great Plains, like Before and after marrying Ohiyesa/Charles the South, would be awarded home rule, and she wrote and spoke about how Indians were those reformers who promoted citizenship and treated and her firsthand experiences among assimilation as the answer to the region's mix the Lakota. of ethnic groups would be succeeded by new This article lays out U.S. Indian policy reformers and politicians ready to relegate toward the Great Plains during the twenty­ Native Americans, like black Americans, to five years after the Civil War by examining an inferior status unprotected by the federal chronologically specific "players" that shaped government and at the mercy of the new west­ and reshaped that policy: the US. Army, the ern state governments. This change in Indian President and Interior Department, Congress, policy, however, came later than the parallel religious organizations, whites in the Indian change in African American policy. reform movement, settlers surging west, rail­ In this essay I examine US. Indian policy roads, and the native nations of the Great from the end of the Civil War to 1890 and Plains, particularly the Lakota. Into the narra­ how it is illuminated by the life and writings of tive of this changing policy the experiences of physician, author, and Indian activist Ohiyesa, the Eastmans are interjected, marked in italics, a.k.a. Charles Alexander Eastman, and the to illustrate how this changing colonial policy author and activist he would marry in 1891, affected those being colonized. The macro is Elaine Goodale Eastman. intersected by the micro, as it were, to provide The Eastmans experienced the US. gov­ a different way of "seeing" Indian policy and its ernment's Indian policy directly during these impact by viewing it through the eyes of these years, and both wrote extensively about their two people. experiences. Ohiyesa became a refugee at age four when a desperate war by his Dakota nation GRANT'S PEACE POLICY IN THE SOUTHERN against the US. in 1862 resulted in the Dakota PLAINS being expelled from Minnesota and losing pay­ ment for the 23 million acres of land they had In mid-1867, two years after the end of the ceded by treaty to the US. He lived in desper­ Civil War, Congress established a commission ate poverty in exile in Canada for eleven years. of military men and civilians to make peace He experienced the US. policy of assimila­ with Plains tribes and get their agreement tion beginning at age fifteen when he moved to move to reservations. This U.S. Indian U.S. INDIAN POLICY, 1865-1890 29 Commission would negotiate treaties with Moreover, only three of the seven council fires chiefs and select reservations for those not of the Lakota/Sioux signed. In what would already on reservations; if they failed to secure become typical of colonial strategies, US. gov­ peace through negotiations, Congress autho­ ernment officials ordered the Sioux to choose rized the secretary of war to suppress Indian a "head chief," which violated their collabora­ hostilities with volunteer soldiers called up tive, horizontal political structure for decision for this purpose.3 The commission included making and was confusing to say the least.5 the army general in charge of maintaining Consequently, in the years that followed, the peace on the frontier, Gen. William Tecumseh Lakota occasionally harassed settlers traveling Sherman, nationally known for his massively through their land, and in 1855 Gen. William destructive march across Georgia and through S. Harney moved into the area with 600 armed the Carolinas in the last year of the Civil War. soldiers to punish "hostile" Sioux and ordered The commission negotiated a peace agreement them to convene and to sign a treaty he would with the Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Arapaho, dictate. The Lakota in turn held a council in Comanche, and Cheyenne at Medicine Lodge 1856 attended by at least 5,000 and possibly as Creek at Medicine Lodge in Kansas in 1868. many as 10,000. There they agreed that only The commission, however, was less success­ traders could travel in the area and no roads or ful with the Lakota, the western Sioux of the forts could be constructed; they would defend northern Great Plains. Sioux is an umbrella their western territory, and their bands would term invented by French trappers to refer to sign no future treaties.6 With the US. Army the Lakota (western), Nakota (central), and preoccupied with subduing Indian resistance in Dakota (eastern or Santee) people who spoke the Southern Plains, an uneasy impasse char­ a common language and shared a common acterized the Northern Plains. In the 1860s culture. Deconstructed, "Sioux" means "the impasse changed to full-scale war'? enemy," not an objective descriptor. I use Dakota/Lakota interchangeably with Sioux to THE NORTHERN PLAINS AFTER THE US. refer to these people who populated the area CIVIL WAR from Minnesota west to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada south to Kansas. By 1865 Euro-Americans commonly viewed the Sioux/Lakota as the "enemy" because the US.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Young Man Afraid of His Horses: the Reservation Years
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Young Man Afraid of His Horses: The Reservation Years Full Citation: Joseph Agonito, “Young Man Afraid of His Horses: The Reservation Years,” Nebraska History 79 (1998): 116-132. URL of Article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/1998-Young_Man.pdf Date: 1/20/2010 Article Summary: Young Man Afraid of His Horses played an important role in the Lakota peoples’ struggle to maintain their traditional way of life. After the death of Crazy Horse, the Oglalas were trapped on the reservation , surrounded by a growing, dominant, white man’s world. Young Man Afraid sought ways for his people to adapt peacefully to the changing world of the reservation rather than trying to restore the grandeur of the old life through obstructionist politics. Cataloging Information: Names: Man Afraid of His Horses; Red Cloud; J J Saville; Man Who Owns a Sword; Emmett Crawford;
    [Show full text]
  • Rabbit & Muskrat
    Hnv`x,Nsnd,Lhrrntqh` Sq`chshnm`k Rsnqhdr 1 Aøwnid,Ihv«qd,Øÿs∂`¬gh V«j`ƒ The Ioway-Otoe-Missouria Traditional Stories The Ioway - Otoe-Missouria Tribes were at one time a single nation with the Winnebago (Hochank) in the area of the Great Lakes, and separated as a single group in the area of Green Bay, Wisconsin. They migrated southward through the area of Wisconsin and Minnesota to the Mississippi River. Those who became known as the Ioway remained at the junction of the Iowa River, while the rest of the band traveled on, further West and South to the Missouri River. At the fork of the Grand River, a quarrel ensued between the families of two chiefs, and the band of people divided into the Otoe and Missouria tribes. The two communities remained autonomous until the Missouria suffered near annihilation from sickness and intertribal warfare over hunting boundaries aggravated by the fur trade. The remnant group merged with the Otoes in 1798 under their chiefs. However, by the 1830’s they had been absorbed by the larger community. In the 1880’s, the leaders went South and selected lands between the Ponca and Pawnee in Oklahoma Territory. Their numbers had been reduced to 334 members. The oral tradition of the several communities had ceased, on the whole, by the early 1940’s, although several contemporary versions of stories and accompanying songs were recorded by this writer from the last fluent speakers in 1970 - 1987. The final two fluent speaker of Ioway - Otoe-Missouria language died at Red Rock, Oklahoma in the Winter of 1996.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I: the Spanish-American War Ameican Continent
    Part I: The Spanish-American War rf he ro,d $ 1j.h would FventuaJly lead to Lhe lapa- Amedcans. extendiry U.S. conftol over the lush Gland I nese attack on fearl H"rbor ln l94l and ninety miles from the tip of Florida seemed only logi- Amedca's involvement in Vieham began in the hot cal. Cuba was often depicled as a choice piece of ituit sugar cane fields of Cuba over a century ago. which would naturally Iall into the yard oI iis pow- Cuba, the lar8esi island in the Caibbearr held ertul neighbor when tully iipe. special significance for policymakers in both Spain and the United States at the end of the 19ih c€ntury. lf is aut dcshnv lo hauc Cuba and it is to folly I For Spain, Cuba n'as the last majof remnant of whai debale lhe question. ll naluftll! bplong< la thp I had once been a huge empire in the New World. Ameican continent. I N€arly all of Spain s possessions in ihe Westem Hend- Douglas, 1860 presidential candidatu'l -StEhen sphere had been lost in the early 1800s. and Spain itself had sunk to the level of a third-raie European power. Nonetheless, the government in Maddd refused to RevoLutror'r rt{ Cual consider granting independence io Cuba - "the Pear] of the Antilles" - or seliing the island to anoiher In 186& a revolt against Spanish rule broke out in Cuba. Many of ihe leading rebels hoped to eventu' At the time, the country with ihe geatest inter- ally join the United Staies after breaking {ree fiom est in a.quirin8 Cuba wac LhF United Sidte-.
    [Show full text]
  • Afraid of Bear to Zuni: Surnames in English of Native American Origin Found Within
    RAYNOR MEMORIAL LIBRARIES Indian origin names, were eventually shortened to one-word names, making a few indistinguishable from names of non-Indian origin. Name Categories: Personal and family names of Indian origin contrast markedly with names of non-Indian Afraid of Bear to Zuni: Surnames in origin. English of Native American Origin 1. Personal and family names from found within Marquette University Christian saints (e.g. Juan, Johnson): Archival Collections natives- rare; non-natives- common 2. Family names from jobs (e.g. Oftentimes names of Native Miller): natives- rare; non-natives- American origin are based on objects common with descriptive adjectives. The 3. Family names from places (e.g. following list, which is not Rivera): natives- rare; non-native- comprehensive, comprises common approximately 1,000 name variations in 4. Personal and family names from English found within the Marquette achievements, attributes, or incidents University archival collections. The relating to the person or an ancestor names originate from over 50 tribes (e.g. Shot with two arrows): natives- based in 15 states and Canada. Tribal yes; non-natives- yes affiliations and place of residence are 5. Personal and family names from noted. their clan or totem (e.g. White bear): natives- yes; non-natives- no History: In ancient times it was 6. Personal or family names from customary for children to be named at dreams and visions of the person or birth with a name relating to an animal an ancestor (e.g. Black elk): natives- or physical phenominon. Later males in yes; non-natives- no particular received names noting personal achievements, special Tribes/ Ethnic Groups: Names encounters, inspirations from dreams, or are expressed according to the following physical handicaps.
    [Show full text]
  • William Jennings Bryan and His Opposition to American Imperialism in the Commoner
    The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner by Dante Joseph Basista Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2019 The Uncommon Commoner: William Jennings Bryan and his Opposition to American Imperialism in The Commoner Dante Joseph Basista I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Dante Basista, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Donna DeBlasio, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Dean of Graduate Studies Date ABSTRACT This is a study of the correspondence and published writings of three-time Democratic Presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan in relation to his role in the anti-imperialist movement that opposed the US acquisition of the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American War. Historians have disagreed over whether Bryan was genuine in his opposition to an American empire in the 1900 presidential election and have overlooked the period following the election in which Bryan’s editorials opposing imperialism were a major part of his weekly newspaper, The Commoner. The argument is made that Bryan was authentic in his opposition to imperialism in the 1900 presidential election, as proven by his attention to the issue in the two years following his election loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Voices Teacher Guide
    Teacher Guide for High School for use with the educational DVD Contemporary Voices along the Lewis & Clark Trail First Edition The Regional Learning Project collaborates with tribal educators to produce top quality, primary resource materials about Native Americans, Montana, and regional history. Bob Boyer, Kim Lugthart, Elizabeth Sperry, Sally Thompson © 2008 Regional Learning Project, The University of Montana, Center for Continuing Education Regional Learning Project at the University of Montana–Missoula grants teachers permission to photocopy the activity pages from this book for classroom use. No other part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. For more information regarding permission, write to Regional Learning Project, UM Continuing Education, Missoula, MT 59812. Acknowledgements Regional Learning Project extends grateful acknowledgement to the tribal representatives contributing to this project. The following is a list of those appearing in the DVD, from interviews conducted by Sally Thompson, Ph.D. Lewis Malatare (Yakama) Lee Bourgeau (Nez Perce) Allen Pinkham (Nez Perce) Julie Cajune (Salish) Pat Courtney Gold (Wasco) Maria Pascua (Makah) Armand Minthorn (Cayuse/Nez Perce) Cecelia Bearchum (Walla Walla/Yakama) Vernon Finley (Kootenai) Otis Halfmoon (Nez Perce) Louis Adams (Salish) Kathleen Gordon (Cayuse/Walla Walla) Felix
    [Show full text]
  • Wealth Mobility in the 1860S
    Economics Working Papers 9-18-2020 Working Paper Number 20018 Wealth Mobility in the 1860s Brandon Dupont Western Washington University Joshua L. Rosenbloom Iowa State University, [email protected] Original Release Date: September 18, 2020 Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/econ_workingpapers Part of the Economic History Commons, Growth and Development Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, and the Regional Economics Commons Recommended Citation Dupont, Brandon and Rosenbloom, Joshua L., "Wealth Mobility in the 1860s" (2020). Economics Working Papers: Department of Economics, Iowa State University. 20018. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/econ_workingpapers/113 Iowa State University does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, age, ethnicity, religion, national origin, pregnancy, sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information, sex, marital status, disability, or status as a U.S. veteran. Inquiries regarding non-discrimination policies may be directed to Office ofqual E Opportunity, 3350 Beardshear Hall, 515 Morrill Road, Ames, Iowa 50011, Tel. 515 294-7612, Hotline: 515-294-1222, email [email protected]. This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please visit lib.dr.iastate.edu. Wealth Mobility in the 1860s Abstract We offer new evidence on the regional dynamics of wealth holding in the United States over the Civil War decade based on a hand-linked random sample of wealth holders drawn from the 1860 census. Despite the wealth shock caused by emancipation, we find that patterns of wealth mobility were broadly similar for northern and southern residents in 1860.
    [Show full text]
  • Nineteenth-Century Serial Fictions in Transnational Perspective, 1830S-1860S
    Popular Culture – Serial Culture: Nineteenth-Century Serial Fictions in Transnational Perspective, 1830s-1860s University of Siegen, April 28-30, 2016 Conveners: Prof. Dr. Daniel Stein / Lisanna Wiele, M.A. North American Literary and Cultural Studies Recent publications such as Transnationalism and American Serial Fiction (Okker 2011) and Serialization in Popular Culture (Allen/van den Berg 2014) remind us that serial modes of storytelling, publication, and reception have been among the driving forces of modern culture since the first half of the nineteenth century. Indeed, as studies of Victorian serial fiction, the French feuilleton novel, and American magazine fiction indicate, much of what we take for granted as central features of contemporary serial fictions traces back to a particular period in the nineteenth century between the 1830s and the 1860s. This is the time when new printing techniques allowed for the mass publication of affordable reading materials, when literary authorship became a viable profession, when reading for pleasure became a popular pastime for increasingly literate and socially diverse audiences, and when previously predominantly national print markets became thoroughly international. These transformations enabled, and, in turn, were enabled by, the emergence of popular serial genres, of which the so-called city mystery novels are a paradigmatic example. In the wake of the success of Eugène Sue’s Les Mystères de Paris (1842-43), a great number of these city mysteries appeared across Europe (especially France, Great Britain, and Germany) and the United States, adapting the narrative formulas and basic storylines of Sue’s roman feuilleton to different cultural, social, economic, and political contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Unions in the 1890S: the Case of the New Hampshire Shoe Industry
    IRLE IRLE WORKING PAPER #17-89 March 1989 The Impact of Unions In The 1890s: The Case of The New Hampshire Shoe Industry Steven Maddox and Barry Eichengreen Cite as: Steven Maddox and Barry Eichengreen. (1989). “The Impact of Unions In The 1890s: The Case of The New Hampshire Shoe Industry.” IRLE Working Paper No. 17-89. http://irle.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/17-89.pdf irle.berkeley.edu/workingpapers Institute for Research on Labor and Employment UC Berkeley Title: The Impact of Unions in the 1890's: The Case of the New Hampshire Shoe Industry Author: Maddox, Steven, University of Virginia Eichengreen, Barry, University of California, Berkeley Publication Date: 03-01-1989 Series: Working Paper Series Publication Info: Working Paper Series, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UC Berkeley Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mh1p30m Keywords: Maddox, Eichengreen, New Hampshire, shoe industry, unions Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. The Impact of Unions in the 1890s: The Case of the New Hampshire Shoe Industry Steven Maddox University of Virginia Barry Eichengreen University of California, Berkeley We are grateful to Mary Blewett for advice and assistance in categorizing shoe industry occupations, and to Professor Blewett, Susan Carter and Stanley Engerman for helpful comments. Since John Commons's History of Labor in America, the overwhelming majority of histories of the American labor movement have depicted 19th century unionism as little more than the ideological seed from which modern American unionism grew.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Dress in Southwestern Missouri Between 1860 and 1880 by Susan
    Rural dress in southwestern Missouri between 1860 and 1880 by Susan E. McFarland Hooper A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Textiles and Clothing Major: Textiles and Clothing Signatures have been redacted for privacy Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 SOURCES OF COSTUME, INFORMATION 4 SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI, 1860 THROUGH 1880 8 Location and Industry 8 The Civil War 13 Evolution of the Towns and Cities 14 Rural Life 16 DEVELOPMENT OF TEXTILES AND APPAREL INDUSTRIES BY 1880 19 Textiles Industries 19 Apparel Production 23 Distribution of Goods 28 TEXTILES AND CLOTHING AVAILABLE IN SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI 31 Goods Available from 1860 to 1866 31 Goods Available after 1866 32 CLOTHING WORN IN RURAL SOUTHWESTERN MISSOURI 37 Clothing Worn between 1860 and 1866 37 Clothing Worn between 1866 and 1880 56 SUMMARY 64 REFERENCES 66 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 70 GLOSSARY 72 iii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Selected services and businesses in operation in Neosho, Missouri, 1860 and 1880 15 iv LIST OF MAPS Page Map 1. State of Missouri 9 Map 2. Newton and Jasper Counties, 1880 10 v LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Page Photograph 1. Southwestern Missouri family group, c. 1870 40 Photograph 2. Detail, southwestern Missouri family group, c. 1870 41 Photograph 3. George and Jim Carver, taken in Neosho, Missouri, c. 1875 46 Photograph 4. George W. Carver, taken in Neosho, Missouri, c. 1875 47 Photograph 5. Front pieces of manls vest from steamship Bertrand, 1865 48 Photograph 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontario: the Centre of Confederation?
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2018-10 Reconsidering Confederation: Canada's Founding Debates, 1864-1999 University of Calgary Press Heidt, D. (Ed.). (2018). "Reconsidering Confederation: Canada's Founding Debates, 1864-1999". Calgary, AB: University of Calgary Press. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/108896 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca RECONSIDERING CONFEDERATION: Canada’s Founding Debates, 1864–1999 Edited by Daniel Heidt ISBN 978-1-77385-016-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Charles Eastman, Standing Bear, and Zitkala Sa
    Dakota/Lakota Progressive Writers: Charles Eastman, Standing Bear, and Zitkala Sa Gretchen Eick Friends University a cold bare pole I seemed to be, planted in a strange earth1 This paper focuses on three Dakota/Lakota progressive writers: Charles Alexander Eastman (Ohiyesa) of the Santee/Dakota; Luther Standing Bear (Ota Kte) of the Brulé; and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala Sa) of the Yankton. All three were widely read and popular “Indian writers,” who wrote about their traumatic childhoods, about being caught between two ways of living and perceiving, and about being coerced to leave the familiar for immersion in the ways of the whites. Eastman wrote dozens of magazine articles and eleven books, two of them auto- biographies, Indian Boyhood (1902) and From the Deep Woods to Civilization (1916).2 Standing Bear wrote four books, two of them autobiographies, My People, the Sioux (1928) and My Indian Boyhood (1931).3 Zitkala Sa wrote more than a dozen articles, several auto-biographical, and nine books, one autobiographical, American Indian Stories (1921), and the others Dakota stories, such as Old Indian Legends (1901). She also co- wrote an opera The Sun Dance. 4 1 Zitkala Sa, “An Indian Teacher Among the Indians,” American Indian Stories, Legends, and Other Writings, Cathy N. Davidson and Ada Norris, eds., ( New York: Penguin Books, 2003), 112. 2The other titles are Red Hunters and the Animal People (1904), Old Indian Days (1907), Wigwam Evenings: Sioux Folk Tales Retold (1909), Smoky Day’s Wigwam Evenings: Indian Stories Retold (1910), The Soul of an Indian: An Interpretation (1911), Indian Child Life (1913), The Indian Today: The Past and Future of the First Americans (1915), Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains (1918), Indian Scout Talks: A Guide for Boy Scouts and Campfire Girls (1914), and his two autobiographies, Indian Boyhood (1902) and From the Deep Woods to Civilization (1916).
    [Show full text]