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Tanzania's Mediation Process in The TANZANIA’S MEDIATION PROCESS IN THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE HUTU AND TUTSI PARTIES IN BURUNDI 1993 -2005: A MEDIATION PERSPECTIVE BY KANUWA, JUMA MABASA (210070897) In fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in (Conflict Transformation and Management) in the Faculty of Arts at the Nelson Mandela University April 2018 Promoter: Prof. Gavin Bradshaw DECLARATION NAME: JUMA MABASA KANUWA STUDENT NUMBER: 210070897 QUALIFICATION: DPHIL: CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT TITLE OF PROJECT: TANZANIA’S MEDIATION PROCESS IN THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE HUTU AND TUTSI PARTIES IN BURUNDI 1993 - 2005: A MEDIATION PERSPECTIVE, In accordance with Rule G5.6.3, I hereby declare that the above-mentioned thesis is my own work and that it has not previously been submitted for assessment to another University or for another qualification. SIGNATURE JUMA MABASA KANUWA DATE: 29/03/2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I begin my appreciation with the blessings from the Almighty Allah, the most merciful, most beneficent, for having made it possible for many individuals to help me directly and indirectly, hence making the completion of this thesis possible. My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor, Prof. Gavin Bradshaw, for his guidance, constructive criticism and pertinent comments on the many drafts of the thesis that made me a stronger person intellectually. I also acknowledge the support rendered to me by Ambassador Dr. Mohamed Maundi, Dr. Wetengere Kitojo, Dr. Benard Achiula and Dr. Charles Bekoni of the Mozambique and Tanzania Centre for Foreign Relations for giving me permission to pursue this study, and the Nelson Mandela University research department for giving me a scholarship. I dedicate this work to my late sister Asha – Rukia Shabaan Kanuwa and, her late sons Abubakar, and Kanuwa who passed away while I was studying. May Allah rest their soul in peace – ameen. I am forever indebted to my father Shaaban Hamisi Kanuwa and my mother Fatma Ramadhani Manyalla who laid the foundation for my career in life. My parents supported me, both morally and financially, to complete this study. I also wish to register my deepest appreciation to my brothers Ramadhani Kanuwa, Ahmed Kanuwa and my sister Mwajuma Kanuwa. My heart-felt appreciations go to my family for their prayers, for believing in my abilities and supporting me every step of my way to accomplish this piece of work, which has been my life’s ambition. I love you a lot my wife Mariam Faraji and our daughters Fatma, Faizah and Barky. I owe a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Hamza Mokiwa, his wife Dr. Amina and their family for their support and brainstorming during the study. I really thank you a lot Dr. Burhan Mtengwa and Professor Mazibuko for securing me admission at Nelson Mandela University. ii To the Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation and participants, my heartfelt gratitude. The study would not have been possible without your co-operation. Many thanks to Ambassador Charles Sanga and the participants who participated in the study. iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABASA Alliance Burundo-Africaine pour le Salut ANADDE Alliance Nationale pour le Droit et le Developpment ANC African National Congress ASP Afro – Shirazi Party AV INTWARI Alliance de Vaillant BPN Burundi Peace Negotiation CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CFR Centre for Foreign Relations CNNDD Conseil National pour la Defense Forces la Democratie CNDD-FDD Conseil National pour la Défense de la Démocratie-Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie CMSN Military Committee of National Salvation COSTECH Commission of Science and Technology EAC East Africa Community EU European Union FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique FDD Forces de Defense de la Democratie FRODEBU Front pour Democratie au Burundi FROLINA Front pour la Liberation Nationale GLR Great Lakes Region KANU Kenya African National Union IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development IR Intelacustrine Region MNF Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation MIPROBU Mission for Protection and Restoration of Trust in Burundi MPLA Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola MSP-INKIZO Parti Socialiste et Panafricaniste PARENA Parti pour le Redressement National PAFMECA Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa PAFMECSA Pan-African Freedom Movement for Eastern, Central and Southern Africa PALIPEHUTU Parti de pour la Liberation du Peuple Hutu PDC Parti Democrate Chretien iv PIT Parti Independent pour les Travailleurs PL Parti Liberal POLISARIO Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro PP Parti du Peuple PRP Parti pour la Reconciliation du Peuple PSD Parti Social-Democrate OAU Organization of Africa Union RADDES Ralliement pour la Democratie et le Developpment Economique RBP Rassemblement du Peuple Burundais REC-H Research and Ethics Committee UBU Umugambwe wa’Bakozi Uburundi UPRONA Union pour le Progres National UPC Uganda People’s Congress UNIP United National Independence Party UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme URT United Republic of Tanzania SWAPO South-West Africa People’s Organisation TAA Tanganyika African Association TANU Tanganyika African National Union TNA Transitional National Assembly TPDF Tanzania People’s Defence Force USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union ZPPP Zanzibar and Pemba Peoples Party v ABSTRACT The goal of this research was to examine Tanzania’s mediation process in the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi parties in Burundi from 1993 to 2005, from a mediation theoretical perspective. To achieve this, a critical paradigm was used as the way to view the mediation process in the Great Lakes Region. The study also aimed at attaining a grounded theoretical understanding of the topic under study, including an in depth understanding of Tanzania’s history in conflict resolution, the historical causes of Burundi’s deep-rooted social conflict, theories of conflict and conflict resolution, third party intervention and mediation theories and perspectives. This study is underpinned by Bercovitch’s Mediation Framework and its quest for problem-solving. It is a qualitative study that used documentary review, individual interviews and focus group interviews as data-gathering instruments. The selection of the study sample was carried out according to a purposive approach. The data was collected from minutes of meetings, verbatim reports, letters, journals, books, individual interviews and focus group interviews. The findings of the study culminated in three major findings which are: the finding of the first research question on Tanzania’s mediation process that Tanzania’s motivation for mediating stemmed from its traditional foreign policy, the effectiveness of the intervention stemmed from its sound understanding of the root causes of the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi and because the parties retained ownership of the mediation process. Other success factors were due to the third-party collaboration with International Organizations, and the use of a transformative mediation approach. The finding in respect of the second research question comparing Tanzania’s mediation process with the mediation perspectives of Bercovitch and Burton was that there were similarities which were based on their assumptions in respect of social conflict, responses to conflict, the objectives of mediation, the role of mediator, the mediation action itself, the focus of mediator, timing of mediation and the success of mediation. With regards to the third question, the findings proposed improvements in respect of vi professionalism of the mediator, a change of mediation culture and attitude, the personality of mediators, diplomatic support for mediation and the institutionalisation and consolidation of conflict management. The study concluded by proposing a Professional Integration Mediation Practice (PIMP) framework. The PIMP framework was developed, based on the findings of the study, and anticipates the provision of guidance to mediators and facilitators on the use of a more Professional Integration Mediation Practice approach to facilitate a positive mediation process. The PIMP framework further provides a range of advantages in the process of conflict resolution with respect to deep–rooted social conflict. However, there is a need for agreement of international organizations on the use of professional mediators and facilitators in a mediation process. The PIMP framework can go a long way to effectively resolve deep–rooted social conflicts with the appropriate support of international organisations, and the international community as a whole. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. DECLARATION ......................................................................................................... i II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... ii III. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................ iv IV. ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. vi V. TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... viii VI. LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... xiv VII. LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xvi VIII. LIST OF MAPS ....................................................................................................
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