Dealing with Wastewater and Water Purification from the Age of Early Modernity to the Present: an Inquiry Into the Management of the Ottawa River
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Dealing with Wastewater and Water Purification from the Age of Early Modernity to the Present: An Inquiry Into the Management of the Ottawa River Matthew Murray Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies. In Partial Fulfilment for the requirements needed for completion of an MA Degree in Sociology. Department of Sociology and Anthropology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa ©Matthew Murray, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 Abstract: This thesis examines the impact of urban water infrastructure on the Ottawa River through an exploration of the City of Ottawa's historical development from the early modern period to the present. The primary aim is to explain how the Ottawa River came to be removed or ignored from the City of Ottawa's urban development strategy. The thesis focuses on the periods of 1910-1920 (early modernity) and 1999-2012 (present). The theories applied are risk, risk management, normal accident theory and the politics of infrastructure. The data and information for this thesis were primarily retrieved from the City of Ottawa website as well as from the archives of the City of Ottawa. The thesis identifies several factors explaining why the Ottawa River has been mistreated over time, as well as the challenges involved in reforming present-day practices and infrastructure. Several recommendations to fix the situation are advanced. ii Acknowledgements: With special honour, I would like to acknowledge all those who helped make this thesis possible. First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Dr. Nathan Young who provided extraordinary supervision, guidance and experience from the very start of this research project. I would also like to give special thanks to my beloved Valérie, who has always been there for me from the very first moment I started University in Ottawa to the present, with her kindness, compassion and inspiration. I would also like to thank my parents Robert and Helen who taught me to never give up, believe in my dreams and always strive for excellence. Finally, I would like to thank the various other people who have helped as well, like my friend Tyler Woloshyn, my co-worker Shawn Winter, Patrick and Lucie Chevalier, Dr. Raymond Murphy, Dr. Philippe Couton and the amazing team of ladies who work at the City of Ottawa Archives that provided so much information and support for this topic, it would have been much more difficult without their talent. iii Table of Contents: Abstract..................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents...................................................................................................... iv List of Figures........................................................................................................... v List of Tables and Examples.................................................................................... vi Chapter One: Introduction….……………………................................................... 7-10 Chapter Two: Ottawa's Urban Water Infrastructure, Then and Now: Policies and Processes of the City of Ottawa..……….................................................................................... 11-23 Chapter Three: Literature Review - Risky developments for the Ottawa River…… 24-47 Chapter Four: Methodology - The Ottawa River and Expertise.............................. 48-61 Chapter Five: Findings – Knowledge about the System........................................... 62-89 Chapter Six: Discussion of the Findings – How expertise has impacted the outcome for the Ottawa River…………………………………................................................................ 90-97 Chapter Seven: Conclusion...................................................................................... 98-103 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………....... 103-108 iv List of Figures: Figure 1.1. "Pressure Zones, A,B & C Lines" ....................................................... 9 Figure 2.1 "Pipeline to Purification Plant"............................................................ 12 Figure 2.2 "Early Modernity Purification Process"............................................... 13 Figure 2.3 "Water Purification Process" ............................................................... 17 Figure 2.4 "Wastewater Treatment Process" ......................................................... 20 Figure 5.2 "City of Ottawa Strategy" ..................................................................... 64 Figure 5.5 "Location of Water Treatment Plants in Ottawa" ................................ 79 Figure 5.7 "Location of Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ottawa"........................ 82 v List of Tables and Examples: Table 2.5 "Ottawa River Action Plan"....................................................................... 22 Table 4.1 "Research Strategy for the Ottawa River"................................................. 52 Table 4.2 "Emergent Themes for the Ottawa River"................................................. 54 Table 4.3 "Analysis Process for Document Research" ............................................. 56 Table 5.1 "Key Events".............................................................................................. 63 Example 5.3 "West End Main Drainage"................................................................. 67 Example 5.4 "Rideau River Interceptor".................................................................. 70 Table 5.6 "Benthic Invertebrate Sampling for Britannia Water Purification Plan"... 81 Table 5.8 "ORAP Financial Requirements".............................................................. 87 vi Chapter One: Introduction Recently the Ottawa River has become an epicentre for interest regarding the environmental processes of the City of Ottawa. These processes such as the release of raw untreated wastewater into the Ottawa River from the City of Ottawa, have attracted undesirable attention from various sources (media, the public, etc). In turn, they have resulted in public campaigns to show that processes are in place or going to be in place to resolve conditions of environmental degradation. Although these concerns are more recent, they have been in existence for a much longer period of time. As Canada's Capital, the City of Ottawa has been subject to several periods of growth, expansion and change ranging from the early modern period of 1909-1920 where primary infrastructure was established in a standard format to the present (1999-2012) where environmental concerns have renewed interest into providing solutions to several older problems that continue toexist withthe present infrastructure. These problems only continue to persist as the City of Ottawa develops and grows. Part of that growth has been due to a significant population increase as people from all over flock to the capital for a variety of reasons. The other part of that growth has been due to municipal annexation which has resulted in the expansion of the existing systems and a change in the economy as the City expands both in size and population. As such, the city has gone from a smaller population in the early modernity to being one of the largest cities in Canada in the present. With these changes occurring, the city's layout, design, and challenges for infrastructure have changed as well. Population and economic growth have caused significant problems, such as pollution. Waterborne pollution has caused persistent problems for the City, particularly 7 heavy metal infiltration into the Ottawa River. However, none of the studies conducted in the past (in the period of the 1970's to 1980's) focused on the questions of how or why theseproblems were occurring. Rather they have only sought to describe the existing problems as they appear. However, the real reasons for these problems and various other problems for the Ottawa River have remained mostly unexplored by sociology. These problems for the most part have been allowed to continue with minimal exploration of the rootcauses. As such, the lack of exploration has allowed for the continuance towards excluding the environment from the social and economic spheres without any clear explanation of why the City of Ottawa's infrastructure continues to contaminate the Ottawa River. Overall, this is a sociological problem because the current state of the river is the direct outcome of decisions made by municipal authorities over time. I will argue that these decisions are the product of particular priorities and views of nature that were held in an earlier phase of modernity. One of the major problems today is that these older priorities and views have been concretized in physical infrastructure, which makes them difficult and expensive to reverse. Sociology can also inform us about how subsequent generations of city politicians and administrators have tried to deal with these problems within the institutional and decisional constraints they face. In the case of this thesis, the key question motivating the research into the Ottawa River and the existing problem is: "How has the Ottawa River become removed/ignored from the City of Ottawa's strategy for development from the early modern period (1909- 1920) to the present period (1999-2012)?". The research into this problem is timely, as the City of Ottawa has recentlyimplemented anaction planfor fixing some of the urban 8 infrastructure