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Venäjän Informaatio-Psykologinen Sodankäyntitapa Terrorismin Tor- Junnassa Ja Viiden Päivän Sodassa

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Venäjän Informaatio-Psykologinen Sodankäyntitapa Terrorismin Tor- Junnassa Ja Viiden Päivän Sodassa View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by National Library of Finland DSpace Services Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Johtamisen ja sotilaspedagogiikan laitos VENÄJÄN INFORMAATIO-PSYKOLOGINEN SODANKÄYNTITAPA TERRORISMIN TOR- JUNNASSA JA VIIDEN PÄIVÄN SODASSA Heidi Berger Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Johtamisen ja sotilaspedagogiikan laitoksen Julkaisusarja 1 – Tutkimuksia 5/2010 ii Toimittanut: Torsti Sirén Kannen kuva: Ville Laine © Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Johtamisen ja sotilaspedagogiikan laitos, sekä Heidi Berger ISBN 978-951-25-2089-3 ISBN PDF 978-951-25-2090-9 ISSN 1798-0399 Edita Prima Oy Helsinki 2010 iii SISÄLLYS Abstract 1 1. Johdanto 3 2. Informaatiosodankäynti sotatieteiden kentässä – Keskiössä Venäjä 7 2.1. Informaatiosodankäynti sotatieteissä 7 2.1.1 Informaatio + sota = Informaatiosota 7 2.1.2 Informaatiosodan tekniikka 14 2.1.3 Psykologista sodankäyntiä 16 2.1.4 Informaatiosodankäynnin kuusi toimintakenttää 24 2.2 Aikaisempia tutkimuksia ja aineisto 27 2.2.1 Aihepiiriä käsittelevät sotatieteelliset tutkimukset 27 2.2.2 Tšetšenia esimerkkinä Venäjän informaatio-psykologisesta sodasta 29 2.2.3 Aineisto 37 2.3 Tutkimusasetelma ja tutkimuskysymykset 39 3. Venäjän informaatio-psykologinen sodankäynti terrorismin torjunnassa 41 3.1 Terrorismi Venäjän sisäisenä turvallisuusuhkana ja näkökulmia sen torjuntaan 41 3.1.1 Sisäinen turvallisuuspoliittinen tilanne Putinin kaudella 41 3.1.2 Moderneja läntisiä ja venäläisiä näkökulmia terrorismiin sekä sen torjuntaan 47 3.2 Informaatio-psykologisen sodan kaksi taistelua: Dubrovkasta Beslaniin 55 3.2.1 Informaatio-psykologinen taistelu 1 Moskovan sydämestä: terrori-isku teatteriin 55 3.2.2 Informaatio-psykologinen taistelu 2 alkaa tietoisuuden päivänä: terrori-isku kouluun 61 3.3 Venäjän informaatio-psykologinen sodankäynti terrorismin torjunnassa ja päätelmiä 70 3.3.1 Kriisien informaatioaseita 70 3.3.2 Geopoliittista informaatiosotaa: havainnot keskittyvät heikkouteen ja Georgiaan 75 3.3.3 Psykologinen operaatio luottamusta vastaan: terrorismin psykologinen kaava paljastuu 78 3.3.4 Venäläinen terrorismin torjunta: koston peilisyklin psykologinen kaava 83 3.3.5 Venäläinen informaatiosodankäynnin kenttä terrorismin torjunnassa 87 iv 4. Venäjän informaatio-psykologinen sota 5 päivän sodassa 2008 93 4.1 Venäjän kansainvälispoliittinen turvallisuustilanne viiden päivän sodan taustalla 93 4.1.1 Venäjän tulkinta kansallisen turvallisuuden triadista 93 4.1.2 Presidentin vaihdos ja Venäjän kansainvälisen strategian kolme pilaria 97 4.2 Viiden päivän sodan taustoja, eskaloitumiskehitys ja osapuolten eriävät kaavat 99 4.2.1 Viiden päivän sodan taustoja 99 4.2.2 Kehitys eskaloituu Venäjän ja Georgian välillä 101 4.2.3 FAKTAT ja kaksi kaavaa 104 4.2.3.1 FAKTAT 104 4.2.3.2 Georgian kaava ja Venäjän kaava 5 päivän sodan alkuhetkistä 106 4.3 Informaation/propagandan roolista konfliktissa ja osapuolten tulkinnoissa sekä ambitioissa 113 4.3.1 Georgia käy informaatiosotaa: tarina yksinäisestä suurvallasta 113 4.3.2 Venäjä käy informaatiosotaa: tarina Yhdysvaltojen etäpäätteestä, joka aloitti sotaseikkailun 117 4.3.3 Vetoamista kansainväliseen yhteisöön: psykologista sodankäyntiä 124 4.4 Venäjän informaatio-psykologinen sota 5 päivän sodassa ja päätelmiä 132 4.4.1 Sota arvomaailmoista 132 4.4.2 Venäläinen informaatiosodankäyntitavan kenttä 5 päivän sodassa 135 5. Johtopäätöksiä venäläisestä informaatiosodankäyntitavasta 141 Lähteet 147 Liitteet Liite 1: Georgian ja Venäjän kaavat sodan alkuhetkistä 183 Kuviot ja kartat Kuvio 1: Venäjän toimintakentät 25 Kuvio 2: Venäjän terrorismintorjunnan organisaatio 52 Kuvio 3: Venäjän toimintakenttä terrorismintorjunnassa 87 Kuvio 4: Venäjän toimintakenttä 5 päivän sodassa 135 Kuvio 5: Venäjän toimintatapa 142 Kartta 1: Georgian kartta 100 Kartta 2: Georgia, Etelä-Ossetia ja Abhasia 101 Kartta 3: Roki-tunnelin sijainti 107 v Kartta 4: Tshkinvali Etelä-Ossetiassa 109 vi 1 ABSTRACT Russia’s Pattern of Information-Psychologic Warfare in Counter- Terrorism and Five Day War This study examines Russia’s Pattern of Information-Psychologic Warfare in Counter-terrorism and in the Five Day War. The first case of this com- parative case study research examines an internal national security crisis, namely two of the most notorious terrorist-strikes that took place firstly in The Moscow Dubrovka Theater in October 2002 and two years later in Beslan School 2004 in September. In the second case an external national security crisis, the Five Day War conducted in August 2008 between the Russian Federation and the state of Georgia will be analyzed. At the centre of this research report lays an idea: a war of information by using information as the target and as a weapon. Based on a comparative case study setting this study tries to understand how Russian pattern of in- formation warfare manifests itself in the light of these two internal / exter- nal national security crises. Three hypotheses that guide this research report are: Russian pattern of information warfare has a long tradition which can be traced back to the Cold War era; it is possible to discern specifically Russian, partially divergent information warfare pattern; and finally by ex- ploring the two recent internal / external national security crises, it becomes possible to sketch specifically Russian systematics. In this research report the main focus of interest is on the information- psychological dimension of the overall information warfare concept as part of the military science tradition. After such theoretical review the two em- pirical cases will be contextualized and chronologically introduced. Analy- sis will be sharpened on the parties’ actions especially from the informa- tion-psychological perspective. This will be done with the help of the de- veloped Russia’s six action fields-model which has been divided into two main dimensions: political and military with three levels: strategic informa- tion-psychological level, and two tactical levels, namely information- technical and information-PSYOP. This creates six possible actions fields. As the empirical analysis will reveal, many of these six action fields have been used by Russia in its internal / external national security crises, which proves the study’s hypotheses: Russia has its own pattern of information- psychologic warfare that is based on its historical tradition and as such it creates a base for Russian systematics. Keywords: Russia, information warfare, psychological warfare, informa- tion-psychologic warfare, terrorism, counter-terrorism, Five Day War. 2 3 1. JOHDANTO Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Venäjän informaatio-psykologista so- dankäyntitapaa terrorismintorjunnassa sekä Venäjän ja Georgian välisessä viiden päivän sodassa, elokuussa 2008. Sotilaallista voimaa käytetään edel- leen valtioiden välisissä kiistoissa ja sisäisissä kriiseissä. Sodan ja rauhan välisellä ”harmaalla vyöhykkeellä” ilmenevät informaatio- ja epäsymmetri- sen sodankäynnin1 keinot, joilla häiritään yhteiskunnan normaalitoimintoja. Informaatiosodankäynti on valtion yhteiskunnalliseen ja sotilaalliseen pää- töksentekoon, toimintakykyyn, sekä kansalaisten mielipiteisiin vaikuttamis- ta ja tältä suojautumista käyttämällä informaatioympäristöä eri keinoin hy- väksi sodankäynnin kaikilla tasoilla2. Uudentyyppisissä konflikteissa on lukuisia sodan tasoja: atomi-, diplomaattinen, taloudellinen, perinteinen, verkosto-, kauppa-, biokemiallinen, tiedustelu-, resurssi-, ympäristö-, psy- kologinen, talousavun, avaruus-, salakuljetuksen, sanktio-, sissi-, huume-, media-, terroristi-, virtuaalinen ja ideologinen sodankäynti3. Poliittinen so- dankäynti on perinteinen menetelmä, jossa käytetään suoria tai epäsuoria poliittisia, taloudellisia ja sotilaallisia tekniikoita ulkovaltojen politiikkaan vaikuttamiseksi4. Tutkimusraportin teoriaosiossa, luvussa 2, tarkastellaan informaatiosodan- käyntiä sotatieteessä. Informaatiosodankäynnin keskiössä on tieto ja sillä vaikuttaminen. Informaatiosodankäyntiä voivat olla vihollisen tiedon vää- rentäminen, propagandan levittäminen, tiedonsiirtokanavien sabotoiminen, tiedonsiirtokanavien valjastaminen omiin käyttötarkoituksiin, omien tie- donsiirtokanavien koskemattomuuden ja eheyden puolustaminen5. Kehityk- sen6 myötä uusi teknologia ja taktiikka muuttavat sodankäyntiä lisäten sa- malla informaatiosodankäyntiin yhdistettävissä olevia elementtejä sekä toimijoiden välistä yhteistyötä.7 Käsitteellisellä tasolla tulee erotella hyök- käykselliset ja puolustuksellisten informaatiosodankäyntimenetelmät sillä 1 Epäsymmetrisen sodankäynnin termi on Asymmetric Warfare, jossa asymmetric viit- taa osapuolten epäsuhtaiseen tai epätasa-arvoiseen suhteeseen. 2 Yhteiskunnalliset, poliittiset, viestinnälliset, psykologiset, sosiaaliset, taloudelliset ja sotilaalliset metodit (VNS 6/2004, 156). 3 Tarvainen 2006, 74. Osa sodankäynnin tasoista on kuitenkin varsin perinteisiä, ks. Esim. Shultz & Godson 1984, 13. 4 Shultz & Godson 1984, 13, 197. Esimerkiksi kiinalaisessa sotilasstrategiassa on 10 eri tasoa jäsentää itseä, vastustajaa, vuorovaikutusta, ympäristöä. Operatiiviset toimet ovat ovelia ja nopeita. Suora [overt] toiminta valossa on avointa, ilmeistä, havaittavaa ja epäsuora [covert] toiminta pimeässä on yllättävää, piiloista, salassa pysyvää. (Ks. Lisää esim. Nojonen 2005.). 5 On olemassa myös psykologisen puolustuksen käsite. 6 Tofflerien näkökulmassa historia kronologisena jakaantuu maatalousyhteiskuntaan, teolliseen yhteiskuntaan ja Teknologian Aikaan (Age of Technology) tai Informaation Aikaan (Age
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