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Narratives of the Saintly Body in Anglo-Saxon England

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Narratives of the Saintly Body in Anglo-Saxon England NARRATIVES OF THE SAINTLY BODY IN ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Marianne Alicia Malo Chenard, B.Sc.P.T., B.A., M.A. __________________________________ Michael Lapidge, Director __________________________________ Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe, Director Department of English Notre Dame, Indiana December 2003 ” Copyright by MARIANNE ALICIA MALO CHENARD 2003 All rights reserved NARRATIVES OF THE SAINTLY BODY IN ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND Abstract by Marianne Alicia Malo Chenard This dissertation investigates narratives of the saintly body in Anglo-Saxon England that were written between the late seventh century and the late tenth century. Specifically, it examines the ways in which the bodies of holy men and women were constructed through these narratives, and read in local appropriations of emblematic vitae and passiones. The saints depicted in these accounts—to whatever extent these narratives rewrote biblical, exegetical, or hagiographic texts—illustrate various manifestations of sanctity. Indeed, sanctity itself is a mutable discourse, variously shaped from text to text in order to uphold other key discourses therein, such as those of chastity, Christian kingship, penitence, and reformed monasticism. This mutability is made clear in the texts that this study analyzes: the Anglo-Latin Prosa de virginitate and Carmen de virginitate by Aldhelm and the Ecclesiastical History by Bede, as well as the anonymous Old English Martyrology and Ælfric's Lives of Saints. In these works, the textualized body of the saint provides fertile ground for narrative constructions of sanctity, regardless of the genre in which that body figures: it is clear that the processes underlying these constructions are always inflected by the historical circumstances surrounding the Marianne Alicia Malo Chenard production of the texts in which the saintly body is narrated. In the first chapter, Aldhelm's delicate negotiations of virginity (in the bodily and spiritual dimensions of virginitas) illustrate the intimate connection of sanctity with a body part; in this case, the present or absent hymen. The second chapter examines how the metonymic value of the saintly body in Bede's account of King Oswald contributes to the cult of a warrior king. The third chapter, which discusses the harlot saints Mary Magdalene and Pelagia, assesses the Old English martyrologist's narrative focus on the penitents' nakedness. The final chapter examines Ælfric's narrative portrayal of the breost [breast] in his passiones of the virgin martyrs Agatha and Eugenia. In these two accounts from the Lives of Saints, the breost emerges as the focal point of a discourse of chastity that, in the context of the Benedictine reforms, uses the female body as the ground of argument. To my family ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................…. v ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. SANCTITY AND THE DISCOURSE OF PURITY IN ALDHELM'S DE VIRGINITATE.............................................................................… 20 1.1. Aldhelm and the Dedicatees of the De virginitate................................................ 23 1.2 Patristic Notions of the Three Degrees of Purity................................................... 34 1.3 Aldhelm's Three Degrees of Purity in the Prosa de virginitate............................. 43 1.4 Hagiography and Aldhelm's Authorization of virginitas....................................... 53 1.5 Aldhelm's Three Degrees of Purity in the Carmen de virginitate.....................… 66 CHAPTER 2. KING OSWALD'S HOLY HANDS: METONYMY AND THE MAKING OF A SAINT IN BEDE'S ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY............….. 74 2.1 History and Hagiography in the Ecclesiastical History......................................... 76 2.2 Bede's Ideals of Christian Kingship....................................................................... 83 2.3 Arms and the (Holy) Man: Bede's Textual Construction of a Saintly King.......... 89 CHAPTER 3. NAKEDNESS AND REPENTANCE: MARY MAGDALENE AND PELAGIA IN THE OLD ENGLISH MARTYROLOGY...............................….. 121 3.1 The Old English Martyrology and the Latin Tradition of Martyrologies............. 124 3.2 Mary Magdalene's Tearful Repentance and (Un)clothed Eremeticism................ 133 3.3 Pelagia's Repentant Transvestism and the Uncovering of Her Sex...................... 155 iii CHAPTER 4 ÆLFRIC AND CARNAL CHASTITY: AGATHA AND EUGENIA IN THE LIVES OF SAINTS..................................................................… 169 4.1 The Question of Audience for the Lives of Saints................................................ 171 4.2 Ælfric's Primary Source and His Criteria for the Inclusion of Material in the Lives of Saints.................................................................................................... 178 4.3 The Benedictine Reforms and the Rhetoric of Clerical Chastity.......................... 184 4.4 Reading the Dismembered Breost in Ælfric's passio of Agatha........................... 197 4.5 Reading the Transvestite Breost in Ælfric's passio of Eugenia............................ 221 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................ 246 APPENDIX.................................................................................................................. 252 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................ 255 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was made possible only through the assistance of several key people. My first thanks should go to my co-directors, Michael Lapidge and Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe. From proposal through dissertation stages, the unique strengths that each scholar has brought to this project, as well as the practical guidance that both have collaboratively provided, have encouraged me to push the scope and depth of this material to an extent far beyond what I had originally envisioned. I should also like to thank my readers, Jill Mann, Maura Nolan, and Graham Hammill, for the insights into methodology and historical contextualization that they each provided in contexts from coursework through private meetings. I hope that I have heeded well their advice and cautions. I am, of course, solely responsible for any error in fact or methodology that may nevertheless appear in this project. I am most grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) for the doctoral fellowship that funded three years of study. I should also thank the Department of English at the University of Notre Dame for the Dissertation-Year Fellowship that provided further funding to allow completion of this project. Greg Kucich and Ewa Ziarek, both of whom were Directors of Graduate Studies in the Department of English, supplied much helpful support through my years of doctoral study. Special thanks are also due to Leslie Lockett and Corey Zwikstra, who v answered calls for practical help with Latin and with the copying of materials that were not available to me once I had moved from South Bend. Finally, heartfelt thanks are due to the members of my extended family, to whom this dissertation is dedicated. My parents, Daria and Eugene Malo, provided the encouragement and financial support that saw me through six years of graduate study. In addition, they most willingly and lovingly supplied childcare for my two children during many months of extended work hours. I should like to thank my husband, Charles Chenard, for his sincere willingness to live for several years away from the community that he calls home, for the many hours spent playing Mr. Mom in my absence, and for the gentle understanding that he provided in face of the vicissitudes of graduate student life. Our children, Gabrielle and Christian, were models of forbearance, especially during the final stages of this project. At the very least, I hope that the fact that their mother was able to see a doctoral degree to completion while also starting a family will eventually inspire them to pursue significant accomplishments of their own. Merci de tout mon coeur. vi ABBREVIATIONS AASS Acta Sanctorum, ed. Joannes Bollandus et al., 68 vols. (1643-) AB Analecta Bollandiana ASE Anglo-Saxon England ASPR Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, ed. George Philip Krapp and Elliott Van Kirk Dobbie, 6 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931-53) BHL Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina, 2 vols. = Subsidia hagiographica 6 (Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1898- 1901) BL British Library BN Bibliothèque Nationale Bosworth and Toller Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller, An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898) CCCM Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis (Turnhout: Brepols, 1966-) CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnhout: Brepols, 1953-) CH 1 Peter Clemoes, ed., Ælfric's Catholic Homilies: The First Series: Text, EETS, s.s., 17 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) CH 2 Malcolm Godden, ed., Ælfric's Catholic Homilies: The Second Series: Text, EETS, s.s., 5 (London: Oxford University Press, 1979) Colgrave and Mynors Bertram Colgrave and R. A.
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