Historic Resource Survey of Main Street, Downtown Cortez, Montezuma County, Colorado

Prepared for

City of Cortez 110 West Progress Circle Cortez, CO 81321

Prepared by

Espinoza Cultural Services San Luis Valley Office PO Box 571 La Jara, CO 81140 800-511-8685

______Date: August 31, 2017 Steven F. Mehls, Ph.D.

Prepared under Certified Local Government (CLG) grant (#CO-16-012) Table of Contents

Introduction ...... 1 Background/Purposes ...... 1 Federal Funding Acknowledgement ...... 1 Project Description ...... 2

New Information in this Report ...... 2

Survey Area ...... 3 Legal Description ...... 3 Physical Setting ...... 3 Research Design and Methods ...... 8 Research Design ...... 8 Objectives ...... 8 Previous Work in the Area ...... 8 Research Sources ...... 9 Contexts ...... 10

Survey Methodology ...... 11

Historic Contexts ...... 14 Context 1...... Early Settlement and Euro-American Contact: 400 A.D.–1886 ...... 15 History 15 Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context ...... 15 Context 2...... Founding and Early Development of Cortez: 1886–1904 ...... 15 History 15 Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context ...... 17 Context 3...... Agriculture, Water, and Prosperity: 1904–1920 ...... 17 History 17 Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context ...... 18

Context 4...... The Automobile, Mobility, and Tourism: 1916–1945 ...... 18 History 18 Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context ...... 19 Context 5...... Vaulting into the Modern Age: 1945–1970 ...... 19 History 19 Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context ...... 20 Context 6...... Commercial Development of Main Street between 1900 and 1970 ...... 21 History 21 Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context ...... 24

Results of the Survey ...... 26 Construction Dates and Architectural Styles/Forms in the Survey Area ...... 26 Assessment of Survey Results ...... 30 National Register Eligibility...... 30 State Register Eligibility ...... 34 Cortez List of Historic Properties ...... 35 Summary ...... 43 Recommendations ...... 44

Bibliography ...... 45

Tables Table 1. Surveyed Sites ...... 7 Table 2. Survey Area Construction Dates ...... 26 Table 3. Survey Area Historic Styles ...... 26 Table 4. Eligibility Recommendations for Surveyed Resources ...... 30

Figures Figure 1. Survey area shown on the Cortez, Colorado 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle map ...... 4 Figure 2. Aerial view of the survey area provided by the Cortez GIS Department...... 5

Figure 3. Map of resources surveyed ...... 6 Figure 4. Survey Area on Cortez Zoning Plat ...... 13 Figure 5. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from 1919...... 27

Plates

Plate 1. South Side of Main Street East of Market Street ca. 1890...... 22

Plate 2. South Side of Main Street East of Market Street ca. 1930...... 23

Plate 3. Clay Mesa: Example of Mission Revival storefront remodel...... 29

Plate 4. Chamber of Commerce: Example of Spanish Colonial Revival remodel...... 29

Plate 5. Brubaker’s Lumber ...... 33

Plate 6. Montezuma County Courthouse ...... 34

Plate 7 Kenyon Motors, Cortez Motors ...... 37

Plate 8 Main Street Brewery ...... 38

Plate 9 Hair Headquarters ...... 39

Plate 10 Once Upon a Sandwich ...... 40

Plate 11 Rent- a-Center ...... 41

Plate 12 Slaven’s True Value Hardware ...... 42

iii

Introduction

Background/Purposes The survey reported here is another step in the City of Cortez’s effort to survey the historic building and sites within and near the original Cortez townsite. This project is the fifth in the series of studies managed by the City through its Historic Preservation Board. The first four surveys examined the commercial and residential areas from the north side of Main Street north to Montezuma Avenue, one of the premier residential streets in the community’s history.

The current survey examined 23 potential historic properties on the south side of Main Street from 209 East Main Street, opposite the City Hall, west to 237 West Main Street and two outliers at 301 West Main and 310 East Main Streets. These two properties were added to the survey as replacements for two others within the original townsite that were eliminated due to integrity issues. The survey is funded by a Certified Local Government (CLG) grant (#CO-16-012).

The results of this project will assist the City in its planning efforts for future development and/or redevelopment of the downtown area as well as to identify properties for local landmarking. The data can also be used to support additional studies of the downtown area and its history, as well as an expanded walking tour and interpretation program along Main Street. Finally, this study and the previous survey (Seyfarth 2016) can be used to define the boundaries, significance, and contributing elements of a local historic district, should the City decide to pursue such a course in the future. Finally, this study expands and highlights the appreciation of downtown Cortez’s history and role in the community’s and region’s heritage. The City will use the survey data to guide future planning, development and interpretation projects. This study also will serve as a reference tool for the Preservation Board and individual property owners should future preservation projects, such as restoration, be contemplated.

Federal Funding Acknowledgement This project has been financed in part with Federal funds administered by the National Park Service and History Colorado; however, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior or History Colorado. The mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or History Colorado.

This study indirectly received Federal funds from the National Park Service. Regulations of the U.S. Department of the Interior strictly prohibit unlawful discrimination in Federally assisted programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or disability. Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility operated by a recipient of Federal assistance should write to: Director, Equal Opportunity Program, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20240.

Project Description

The current survey area focused on commercial properties along the south side of Main Street within the original townsite from 209 East Main Street west to 237 West Main Street and two additional properties at 301 West Main and 310 East Main Streets. The alleys that parallel the south side of Main Street from the middle of the 200 block of East Main Street west through the 300 block of West Main Street and the lot associated with 310 East Main Street on the north side of Main Street east of the original town plat were also included. Parking lots and extremely modified buildings were, however, excluded from survey. ECS completed 23 Colorado Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation architectural survey forms (Form 1403) for resources found in the area.

The City of Cortez Historic Preservation Board supervised and coordinated the project under the direction of the former Chair, Ms. Linda Towle, with assistance from Mr. Chris Burkett, the Cortez Grants and Special Projects Coordinator. Espinoza Cultural Services’ owner and Chief Executive Officer, Mrs. Dee Ann Espinoza, contracted with the City of Cortez in August 2016 and completed the project in June 2017. The History Colorado staff contacts for this work were Ms. Amy Unger and Ms. Jennifer Deichman.

New Information in this Report

This report relies on the previously established historic contexts for Cortez, as described in the first four reports in this series, and new information developed to focus on the downtown section of the city. This new information is included in the Historic Context and Survey Results sections.

Survey Area

Legal Description The current survey area encompasses approximately 10 acres and includes properties located in parts of 8 blocks. The survey area is located within Section 26, Township 36 North, Range 16 West, New Mexico Principal Meridian, Cortez, Montezuma County, Colorado. Figures 1–3 illustrate the survey area. Table 1 lists the buildings within the survey area and their construction dates.

Physical Setting The survey area is located in downtown Cortez in southwestern Colorado. The city sits in the Montezuma Valley, a transitional area between the forested montane environment to the northeast and arid scrublands to the south. The natural environment is described as a high desert. The city’s climate is described as semi-arid, as the community receives an average of 13 inches of precipitation annually. Temperatures vary from average lows of 14° during January to average highs near 90° during July, giving the community a relatively mild climate.

Cortez’s population was 8,482 when the census was taken in 2010, growing from 7,977 in 2000. Current estimates put the city’s population at 8,715. The population of Montezuma County in 2010 was 25,535 people. Cortez serves as the county seat and supports the largest population of any city or town in the county. The city’s area is 6.2 square miles.

US Highway 160 and US Highway 491 serve Cortez, along with commercial air service from the Cortez Municipal Airport. Highway 160, named Main Street, in the central portion of the city, runs east-west. It is the main commercial thoroughfare through the survey area as well as the general area. The survey area is primarily located on the south side of Main Street, with one resource located on the north side of the street east of the main survey area. The survey area is not part of any historic district, as none are presently defined within the city.

Figure 1. Survey area shown on the Cortez, Colorado 7.5-minute USGS quadrangle map

Figure 2. Aerial view of the survey area provided by the Cortez GIS Department.

Prefix DC- is not included in the resource numbers

Figure 3. Map of resources surveyed

Table 1. Surveyed Sites

Temporary Smithsonian # Date of Address Name Number 5MT Prefix Construction DC-1 22579 209 E Main Envy Salon and Boutique 1917 DC-2 22580 201 E Main Abundant Life 1919 DC-3 22581 125 E Main Burro Poncho 1946 DC-4 22582 119 E Main Nomad Vapor 1925 DC-5 12694 111 E Main Bru’s House of Color 1952 DC-6 12700 45 & 43 E Main Blondie’s Trophy Room 1947 DC-7 6920 37 E Main Blondie’s 1913 DC-8 12699 33 E Main Smoke-N-Stuff 1958 DC-9 6919 29 E Main Clay Mesa Art Gallery 1884 DC-10 12687 25 E Main ImageNet [sic] 1972 DC-11 6918 21 E Main Main Street Brewery 1929 DC-12 6917 15 E Main Hair Headquarters 1928 DC-13 6916 1 E Main Sears 1925 DC-14 6913 15 W Main Hallmark Building 1937 DC-15 6912 17 W Main KB Insurance 1941 DC-16 12693 23–29 W Main Twin Cinemas 1949 Cortez Chamber of DC-17 22589 31 W Main 1946 Commerce Headquarters DC-18 6914 9–11 W Main Once Upon a Sandwich 1937 Montezuma Co. DC-19 12689 109 W Main 1937 Courthouse DC-20 22591 209 W Main Rent-a-Center 1938 Slavens True Value DC-21 22592 237 W Main 1937/1958 Hardware DC-22 22593 301 W Main Sand Canyon Inn 1953 DC-23 6911 310 E. Main Medicine Man 1920

Research Design and Methods

Research Design Objectives ECS’s objectives for this study were to document 23 properties identified by the City of Cortez’s Historic Preservation Board to current Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP) standards. As part of the process, ECS researched the history and recorded the current condition of the surveyed resources. The collected information supported the preliminary evaluation of each property’s eligibility for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), the Colorado State Register of Historic Places (CSRHP), or the City of Cortez List of Historic Properties (LHP). Another related objective was to use the current survey’s results in combination with those from the previous Phase IV survey of the north side of Main Street to determine potential for a historic district within the downtown (commercial core) area of Cortez. ECS research gathered historical and architectural data to support the analyses of each resource’s historic significance within the various historic contexts developed for Cortez by this and previous recent surveys of the original townsite plat.

Previous Work in the Area A file search requested of History Colorado revealed 15 sites in the survey area had previously been documented on state survey forms. Following OAHP standards, ECS updated the data on the cultural resource documentation forms and migrated the information to Colorado Cultural Resource Survey Architectural Inventory Forms (#1403). ECS also updated the descriptions and added additional information to the forms. None of the 15 resources have been listed in the National or State Registers of Historic Places. Additionally, previous Certified Local Government grants to the City recorded XX sites (see Appendix A). The City maintains a historic register, the City of Cortez LHP. Review of the most recent edition of the register found that no resources within the current survey are included in the City register. The City recognizes historic signs and the one on the Fiesta Theater is listed in the City register.

The file search also found seven previous inventories have been completed in or proximate to the current survey area. Four of these studies were conducted for various purposes, including preservation planning and as part of the Cortez CLG activities, and the other four were completed as part of a multi-year, multi-volume project to inventory the historic resources within the original town plat. Five of the surveys were conducted by Jill Seyfarth between 2011 and 2016. Seyfarth’s four surveys resulted in the vast majority of the resources recorded in Cortez to date. The preservation planning survey conducted in 1995 recorded the next largest group of resources. The earliest work, completed during the 1980s, was aimed at helping the City develop an economic development plan.

Not surprisingly, all previously recorded sites are from the historic period and are buildings associated with the development of Cortez between 1886 and 1950. These buildings include

8 residential, commercial, governmental, and institutional resources. ECS expanded the period of study to include the 1950s and 1960s because many new buildings and changes to the Cortez business community that impacted downtown took place after World War II.

Research Sources ECS’s research began with a review of the four previous studies of the original Cortez town plat prepared by Jill Seyfarth.1 Various books and published materials provided additional historical background data on the Cortez area. They include The River of Sorrows; The History of the Lower Dolores River Valley edited by Gregory D. Kendrick2 and A History of Montezuma County by Ira Freeman.3 Historic Preservation Commission member Janet Weeth provided ECS with a copy of her study Cortez-the City on the Hill that Nobody Wanted: An Annotated Time Line4 (2016) and other materials from her collection. Cortez,5 written by Vila Schwindt, Janet Weeth, and Dale Davison and published as part of Arcadia Publishing’s Images of America series, provided many photos and facts about Main Street and a concise overview of the community’s past. These were the most-used sources for this study, but ECS consulted many others that are included in the bibliography.

Major archival materials identified for use included:

▪ County property records (Clerk and Recorder and Assessor) ▪ Locally published informal histories and a walking tour brochure ▪ Historical photographs ▪ Newspaper archives ▪ Information volunteered by property managers and the public ▪ Historical city directories ▪ The single Sanborn Fire Insurance Map available for Cortez, that covers part of the survey area

1 Seyfarth, Jill, Historic Building Survey of Montezuma Avenue, Cortez, Colorado, 2012, (Durango, CO: Cultural Resource Planning, 2012); Seyfarth, Jill, Historic Building Survey of Montezuma Avenue Phase II, Cortez, Colorado, 2013, (Durango, CO: Cultrual Resource Plannig, 2013); Historic Building Survey Phase III, Transitional Area Between Main Street and Montrezuma Avenue, Cortez, Colorado, 2015, (Durango, CO: Cultrual Resource Plannig, 2015); and Seyfarth, Jill. Historic Buildings Survey Phase IV, North Side of Main Street, Cortez, Colorado, 2016, (Durango, CO: Cultural Resource Planning, 2016). 2 Kendrick, Gregory D editor. The River of Sorrows; The History of the Lower Dolores River Valley. Accessed on line on July 21, 2011 at http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/rmr/river_of_sorrows/index.htm. United States Department of the Interior, 1981. 3 Freeman, Ira S., A History of Montezuma County, (Boulder, CO: Johnson Publishing Company, 1958). 4 Weeth, Janet, Cortez-the City on the Hill That Nobody Wanted: An Annotated Time Line, (Cortez, CO: Privately Published, 2016). 5 Schwindt, Vila, Janet Weeth, and Dale Davison, Cortez, (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2011).

Contexts Discussions of the various contexts related to the history of the Cortez area are discussed in two overview works. The first is Michael B. Husband’s Colorado Plateau Country Historic Context. This is one of the volumes in the Resource Protection Planning Process (RP3) for Colorado, a planning initiative supported by the National Park Service during the early 1980s.6 Husband’s study is dated, but it provides a sound general history of the region. Another volume completed at approximately the same time, Frontier in Transition, A History of Southwestern Colorado by Paul O’Rourke7, was written as part of a series of regional histories completed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) through the Colorado State Office. This series examined the general histories of the BLM Districts in Colorado at the time. More recently, the Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists completed a thematically organized context for the historic archaeology that is useful for the study of specific topics and the resources associated with them.8

Preservation Partnership developed the first historic context for Cortez in 1995, focused on the commercial core.9 This context identified four distinct periods in the town’s past: 1) the pioneer era (1880 to 1920), 2) tourism and transportation (1906 to 1995, the present when the study was completed), 3) the automobile and city expansion era (1920 to 1945), and 4) the modernism/post World War II era (1945 to the 1990s that can be extended to the present). Jill Seyfarth developed another series of five contexts through the four studies she completed for the City. Her contexts are: 1) early settlement and Euro-American contact (400 A.D.–1886), 2) founding and early development of Cortez (1886–1904), 3) agriculture, water, and prosperity (1904–1920), 4) the automobile, mobility, and tourism (1919–1945), and 5) vaulting into the modern age (1945– 1960).10 These are summarized below with the entire contexts incorporated by reference. ECS has developed a commercial-focused context for this study that makes use of the information developed in the nine earlier contexts, as well as new research.

6 Husband, Michael B., Colorado Plateau Country Historic Context, (Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society, 1984). 7 O’Rourke, Paul M. Frontiers in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado, (Denver, CO: Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, 1982). 8 Church, Minette, S. G. Baker, B. J. Clark, R. F. Carrillo, J. C. Horn, C. D. Spath, D. R. Guilfoyle, and S. Cassells, Colorado History: A Context for Historical Archaeology, (Denver, CO: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 2007). 9 Lyons, Nancy and Roxanne Eflin, Cortez Main Street Historic Preservation Plan, (Denver, CO: Preservation Partnership, 1996); hereafter cited Lyons and Eflin, Main Street. 10 Seyfarth, Phase IV, p. 11.

Survey Methodology

ECS began the project by reviewing copies of the Phase I through Phase IV survey reports and excerpts from the 1995 Preservation Partnership study and the 1981 planning study. ECS also acquired copies of previously recorded resources within the survey area, as designated during August 2016. After field work began, Ms. Towle, as the representative of the City of Cortez, and ECS agreed that two of the buildings originally included in the survey be eliminated due to integrity issues and two others, one east and one west of the original survey area, were identified and included. The project began with an introduction to the Cortez Historic Preservation Board at the Board’s monthly meeting for October, followed by a public meeting on October 7, 2016. All property owners received a letter informing them of the meeting, explaining the survey, and requesting they share any information they cared to about their building or the downtown area in general.

At the public meeting, Dr. Steven F. Mehls and Mr. Esteban Salazar represented ECS and Ms. Towle and other members of the Historic Preservation Board represented the City. During this series of meetings and subsequently, Ms. Whitney Wyngaert, a student intern for the Preservation Board from Fort Lewis College, worked with the ECS team and did the field recording of 5MT6914, Cortez Travel (AKA Once Upon a Sandwich), in concert with Ms. Towle and Dr. Mehls.

ECS based its methodology on the guidelines of the Colorado Cultural Resource Survey Manual, the instructions for OAHP form 1403, and the approved terms found in the OAHP lexicon, as appropriate. The survey team used the OAHP Field Guide to Colorado’s Historic Architecture and Engineering as the standard reference for the architectural styles and/or types assigned to the buildings.11 ECS completed an intensive survey of all 23 properties identified for project by the City. Vacant lots and buildings with obvious integrity issues or insufficient age were not inventoried. ECS described, photographed (digital and black and white film), researched, and mapped each property. ECS worked from an Excel spreadsheet, aerial photos, and a street map to assure the proper resources were inventoried. ECS assigned a temporary number (DC-X) to each property. Later Smithsonian site numbers were acquired for those that had not been previously assigned such numbers.

The black and white photos were printed on archivally-stable paper, labeled following OAHP specifications, and placed in PrintFile archival sleeves. A photo log printed on acid-free paper accompanied the photographs.

UTM data was produced using aerial imagery, geographic information system (GIS) data from the City and Montezuma County, and completed with ArchView GIS software. Site maps incorporated data from the Cortez GIS database and field sketches.

11 History Colorado’s survey manuals and guidelines are available online at http://www.historycolorado.org/oahp/survey-inventory-forms

This report reviews the general historical development of the Cortez central commercial district within and near the original townsite, summarizes and analyzes the survey findings, and offers recommendations vis a vis eligibility for the Cortez, Colorado State, or National Register of Historic Places. Copies of the report and survey forms will be supplied electronically and in hard copy to the Cortez Historic Preservation Board and History Colorado per the terms of the project contract.

Dr. Mehls, Mr. Ryan Nordstrom, Mr. Ryan Murray, and Mr. Salazar conducted the survey and research. Archival research occurred between October 2016 and May 2017. Research took place in Cortez and Denver, Colorado. The Cortez Public Library offered clippings files, locally published histories and memoirs, and historic maps. The Montezuma County Assessor’s, Treasurer’s and Clerk’s Offices all contained property information, such as legal descriptions and sporadic ownership data. The City of Cortez and Montezuma County GIS Department provided data for the survey, including annotated aerial images of the survey area. The Denver research included the Denver Public Library and the Stephen Hart Library (History Colorado) for historical photographs, business directories, and other sources.

Ms. Janet Weeth, a local historian and volunteer, generously shared information and research in her possession about Cortez. Ms. Towle and Mr. Chris Burkett served as contract administrators for the City of Cortez. The author and all the ECS staff are grateful for the help offered by everyone that helped make the project a success.

Survey area is within the heavy red lines.

Figure 4. Survey Area on Cortez Zoning Plat

Historic Contexts

All cultural resource evaluations are based on historic contexts, and the individual resources are associated to the contexts using property types. This framework, originally developed by the NRHP, has been adopted by many states, including Colorado, as well as many municipal and county governments that have historic preservation programs. Property types are defined as groups of cultural resources having similar physical or associative characteristics, as explained below. A historic context, as defined by the NRHP, contains three elements and serves two essential functions in the historic preservation and cultural resource management decision- making process. The three elements are time, place, and theme.

The time element is a parameter that defines, or is related to, a chronological period encompassed by the activity. Place is the specific geographic area at which activities associated with the theme took place. Themes identify the basic socio-cultural activities or lifeways represented by the area under discussion, such as the commercial development of the Cortez Main Street survey area. The two main functions of a context are to help assure consistent resource evaluation, and to offer guidance to researchers about the types of data needed to address a research design for any given survey or project area.

ECS has developed the following summary of the five contexts relevant to Cortez’s history and development from the previous studies completed by Jill Seyfarth, which culminated in the 2016 study of the north side of Main Street. ECS also identified the commercial development of Main Street before 1970 as another context relevant to the current study. This context grew from the previous study of the north side of Main Street and the survey conducted for this project. It is worth noting that Ms. Seyfarth also incorporated the 1995 historic preservation study contexts into the five she developed for Cortez, as ECS has incorporated hers. The five Seyfarth contexts are:

1. Early Settlement and Euro-American Contact: 400 A.D.–1886 2. Founding and Early Development of Cortez: 1886–1904 3. Agriculture, Water, and Prosperity: 1904–1920 4. The Automobile, Mobility, and Tourism: 1919–1945 5. Vaulting into the Modern Age: 1945–1960 12

12 Seyfarth, Phase IV, p. 11.

Context 1. Early Settlement and Euro-American Contact: 400 A.D.–1886 History This context covers the longest sweep of time of any identified in previous studies, and it includes a wide diversity of cultural traditions from the Basketmakers (500 B.C.–750 A.D.) and Ancestral Puebloan (750-1300 A.D.), both of whom have been found in the archaeological record of the lands around Cortez and southwestern Colorado. The archaeological record further indicates Ute people arrived in the region around 1300, as the Ancestral Puebloans moved out of the region and Europe entered the late Middle Ages, almost two centuries before Columbus sailed to the New World.13 The Ute, who first encountered Spanish traders in New Mexico during the 1590s, remain in the region to the present day.

The second half of the 18th century witnessed the first Spanish intrusions into modern southwestern Colorado, when first Juan Maria Antonio de Rivera (1761–1765) and Frays Dominguez and Escalante (1776) crossed the region during their explorations at the same time that English colonists along the Atlantic seaboard were declaring their independence and founding the United States of America. Despite the emergence of a new nation hundreds of miles to the east, southwestern Colorado remained under the control of Spain until 1821 when the newly independent nation of Mexico took ownership of the region. Mexican control of the region lasted only until 1848, when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded the lands to the United States at the end of the U.S.–Mexican War. The ownership change had little impact on the region and its residents until the 1870s, when prospectors and livestock raisers arrived. The new American interest in the area led to the Brunot Treaty (1874) with the Ute that opened much of southwestern Colorado to settlement by non-natives.

Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context The intense urban development of the current survey area since the town’s founding (1886) indicates that little would likely be found related to this context. However, both above-ground and buried resources from the prehistoric, ethnohistoric, and early Euro-American periods of Cortez history have been recorded and in some cases excavated.14 Context 2. Founding and Early Development of Cortez: 1886–1904 History This context briefly summarizes Cortez’s founding during 1886 through the remainder of the 19th century and into the first years of the 20th century. This phase of the town’s history witnessed on-going struggles as the residents and boosters sought to secure a reliable water supply for Cortez. The impetus for the founding of Cortez came from Denverite James W. Hanna and a group

13 Lipe, William; Varien, Mark; Wilshusen, Richard. Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists: Denver, 1999. Page 354. 14 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 12-13.

15 of Boston investors he led.15 They established the Montezuma Valley Water Supply Company (MVWSC). Settlers had come to the Montezuma Valley in small numbers prior to the founding of the town, seeing, as the founders did, the possibilities of the region for farming and ranching. The settlers, as well as the town promoters, recognized the one condition for the success of their enterprises—a reliable and adequate-sized water supply. The MVWSC, incorporated during December 1885, planned more than mile-long system including a tunnel, flumes, and canals to move water from the Dolores River drainage to the Montezuma Valley. The backers projected that a railroad would be built to the valley, 50,000 settlers would move to the region, and 200,000 acres would be watered. 16

Hanna also envisioned a city growing in the Valley to be the trade and commercial hub for the rural residents and a service center for the water company. The new town would provide services to the water system workers and a commercial center for the farmers who would flock to the area. He envisioned a railroad connection that would seal the new community’s prosperous future. In later years, he lobbied extensively for a railroad connection that never came. But first, he needed to develop the new townsite. The officers of the MVWSC established the Cortez Land and Investment Company to develop Cortez and other nearby real estate. There is some uncertainty about who named the townsite after Spanish explorer Hernán Cortéz, but historical consensus is that Hanna or the water company determined the name. Taking advantage of a frequently used ruse, the promoters used two compliant individuals to file Homestead claims and then turn possession over to the company—providing the new town 160 acres to develop.17

M.J. Mack, civil engineer for MVWSC, surveyed and laid out the plat of the townsite with streets following cardinal directions. Each block was a 300-foot square divided into 25-foot-wide lots with alleys at the rear of the lots. Streets were 80-feet-wide to accommodate horse and wagon traffic. Two years after the initial townsite was platted, Cortez had its first addition, the F.R. Coffin’s Addition, east of the original townsite. The Chamberlin Addition expanded the City limits to the south in 1890.18

The town, as well as the farmers and ranchers, needed a reliable water supply; however, the water delivery system could not fulfill the needs of the settlers or the City. The MVWSC failed to meet the needs and lost customers to the point that the company failed in 1887. The Colorado Water Supply Company (CWSC) acquired the water system and operated it from 1888 to 1890. During this period, numerous businesses and service providers moved to Cortez as schools and

15 Head, June and Virginia Graham, eds. Great Sage to Timberline “Our Pioneer History”, Vol. I. Cortez, CO: Montezuma County Historical Society, November 2009. Page 136 and Robinson, Anna Florence, Appendices A and B. Dolores, CO: Unpublished manuscript, 1934. Entry for S. Smith. 16 Kendrick, Gregory D editor. The River of Sorrows; The History of the Lower Dolores River Valley. Accessed October 24, 2016 at http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/rmr/river_of_sorrows/index.htm. United States Department of the Interior, 1981. 17 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 14-15. 18 Ibid., pp 15-16.

16 government offices were built to respond to the needs of the growing community.19 Downtown also became the center of social and cultural activities, many taking place at the Woodmen of the World Hall.20 Reflecting the growing population of the region, the Colorado legislature established Montezuma County in early 1889. Soon thereafter, voters determined that Cortez would be the county seat.21 Despite these positive steps, the water supply issue continued to haunt the town and Montezuma Valley. In 1890, a new flume opened and brought the first water to the community on Independence Day. This construction effort drove the CWSC into bankruptcy. The company reorganized and emerged from bankruptcy as the Montezuma Land and Water Company in 1894. The new water company continued to supply the community until 1901, when a windstorm destroyed the flume. Although it was soon rebuilt, the town recognized the need for a more reliable system. To remedy this, the town built a water works and reservoir system to assure an uninterrupted supply of the vital fluid. The water works opened in 1904. The new system coming on-line marked the end of this period.22

Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context Catastrophic fires that decimated much of downtown Cortez during and after this period destroyed nearly all evidence of this context in the downtown area. The only two surviving downtown buildings from the years represented by this context are the two Main Street stone buildings: the Wilson Building-Stone Block Building (5MT.6906) and the old Cortez Post Office (5MT.6905), located at 34 West Main Street. These are both on the north side of Main Street, outside the current survey area, but inventoried in the 2015 downtown survey (Seyfarth 2015).

Context 3. Agriculture, Water, and Prosperity: 1904–1920 History The history of Cortez during this period is marked by growth of the agricultural hinterland, thanks to increased irrigation water supplies, mineral prospecting and discoveries, Utah, timber harvesting in the surrounding mountains, and the beginnings of a tourist industry after Mesa Verde National Park was established. All these factors encouraged the expansion of businesses in Cortez. This time period reflects how, perhaps more than any other time in Cortez, the economy of the rural areas surrounding the town influenced how the town grew and developed. Successful farms and ranches, timber development, and the beginning of the oil and gas extraction industry fueled growth and prosperity in Cortez. The population of Cortez more than quadrupled between 1910 and 1920. The growing population led to new religious and social/fraternal organizations in town. During 1909, the community, assisted by other Montezuma County residents, organized the County Fair Association and held the first fair in 1909. Cortez and the County also participated

19 Freeman, Ira S. A History of Montezuma County. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Publishing Company, 1958, pp. 66- 70; hereafter cited: Freeman, Montezuma. 20 Montezuma County Historical Society. Great Sage Plain to Timberline: Our Pioneer History Volume I. Cortez, Colorado: Montezuma County Historical Society. 2009, pp. 127 and 145. 21 Freeman, Montezuma, pp. 68-69. 22 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 16-17.

17 in the economic boom and nationalism that swept the country after World War I broke out in 1914. The profitable farming of the war era led to a rapid growth in the number of farms: from 261 in 1900 to more than 900 in 1920. This growth led to prosperous times for the merchants and businessmen of Cortez, which, in turn, impacted the vitality and built environment of the downtown area along Main Street.23

Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context Resources associated with this context in the survey area include commercial or social/community buildings built between 1904 and 1920. Many of the buildings associated with this context along the south side of Main Street are no longer extant or have been so modified that they no longer represent the typical architecture of the period.

Context 4. The Automobile, Mobility, and Tourism: 1916–1945 History During the 1920s and 1930s Cortez experienced tremendous change. World War II temporarily paused this change, as proved by subsequent years. The automobile proved to be the engine of change for this era. The development of good roads and highways to serve auto travelers, the growth of tourism, especially to the National Parks such as Mesa Verde, all set the stage for Cortez to move from an agricultural and rural trade center to a tourist destination. In 1916, the first truckload of freight arrived in Cortez, and within a short period, the road into town saw frequent single trucks or convoys arrive in the community. A few years later (1919), Colorado levied a gasoline tax to support highway programs, and in 1921, the state established the Colorado Highway Department to oversee the program. The final route of the Navajo Trail—a road from Moab, Utah, to Gallup, New Mexico, via Cortez—was laid out and signed24 the same year. By 1924, the Spanish Trail highway was also laid out that connected Cortez with Durango, Pagosa Springs, Del Norte, Alamosa, and Walsenburg.

The other major factor in the history of the region during this period can be traced to the role of the Federal Government in the nation’s recovery from the Great Depression.25 The various programs, sometimes referred to as “Alphabet Soup,” included everything from a Federal artists program (the Federal Art Project) to the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration that helped fund the Montezuma County Courthouse of the 1930s among other Federal projects. One other major advancement for the City was the installation of a municipal electric plant after decades of struggle to achieve this. In 1923, the Cortez Light and Power Company was in operation in time to install new street lights and illuminate the county fair that

23 Ibid., p. 19 and O’Rourke, Paul M. Frontiers in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado. Denver, Colorado: Bureau of Land Management, 1982, p. 136, hereafter cited O’Rourke, Transition. 24 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 19-20 and Jonathon C. Horn “Landscape-level History of the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, (Denver, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 1984), p. 29. 25 See: O’Rourke, Transition.

18 year.26 Many changes took place in downtown Cortez during these years and remain today, often in heavily modified forms.

Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context The cultural resources related to this context include federally-funded buildings and projects, such as the Montezuma County Courthouse (5MT.12689). Others are directly linked to the spread of the automobile and its specific needs, such as service stations or dealerships such as Kenyon Motors (Medicine Man, 5MT6911). Finally, a large group of resources within this context are those related to the growth of tourism and include resource types ranging from motels and motor courts to diners, signage, roadside parks, and other facilities built to serve the needs of the auto- borne tourist. To be considered as related to this context, these resources must possess character and design elements common to construction completed before 1945.

Context 5. Vaulting into the Modern Age: 1945–1970 History The period covered by this context extends from the end of World War II in 1945 through 1970 and encompasses the post-war prosperity and growth of Cortez related to the energy industry, including fossil fuels and nuclear power. Another key factor in the city’s growth during the period came from the massive increase in auto-borne tourism and the post-War version of the “See America First” movement, especially the public’s general interest in the American West. At the end of this period, Cortez was facing a new era in its development that eventually led the community to search for a unique identity to set the town apart from the others in the West and Southwest.

The earmarks of the post-World War II era throughout the U.S. included a new prosperity rooted in the spending that helped many industries transition from war production to consumer goods, a housing boom helped by the Veterans Administration loans to the millions of returning G.I.s, and scores of babies (Baby Boomers). In addition to these broader factors, Cortez had other sources of prosperity in the post-war years not common to the rest of the nation. One result of the use of atomic weapons to end the war in the Pacific was the military’s view that these new weapons could define warfare in the future. Further, the rising tensions with the Soviet Union convinced many decision-makers that atomic bombs were absolutely necessary to protect the nation.

Following this thinking, Howard Balsley of Moab, Utah, and Fendall A. Sitton from Dove Creek, Colorado, visited Washington, D.C., in 1947 to convince the Atomic Energy Commission of the need to develop a full-scale uranium industry on the Colorado Plateau and support uranium prospecting and mine development. This led to a full-scale prospecting rush to the region and the development of mills to refine the ores often referred to as the “U-Boom.” Much of the

26 Freeman, Montezuma, p. 156.

19 excitement centered on the Four Corners region.27 As the U-Boom gained momentum, petroleum geologists also began searching for new oil deposits in the region in 1948. This resulted in major new discoveries near Pleasant View and at Dove Creek and Aneth during the 1950s. All the oil discoveries led to new business for Cortez, which served as the supply center for the oil boom and one of the supply centers for the uranium prospectors.28

While some were looking to find wealth buried under the ground, others continued to look to the natural beauty and the archaeological resources of the region for recreational opportunities. Before the Great Depression and World War II slowed the numbers of tourists visiting the region, southwestern Colorado had gained a reputation as a wonderland for visitors. After the war, as more highways were improved, often funded by the federal government to support uranium- related developments, and the numbers of autos on the roads grew, communities such as Cortez looked for ways to attract tourists. This was furthered by programs such as the National Park Service’s Mission 66 to make National Parks more auto-friendly, and the newest version of “See America First” that encouraged Americans to stay in the U.S. for their vacations. The program garnered endorsements from many quarters, from automakers to campground owners. A well- publicized trip around the West by Lynda Bird Johnson, one of President Johnson’s daughters, included a visit to Mesa Verde and the Four Corners on June 29–30, 1965.29 The trip was sponsored by Airstream, which also supplied the travel trailer for the trip.

These factors all led to an unprecedented period of growth and prosperity for Cortez during the 1950s and 1960s. Cortez responded with construction of new homes, schools, public buildings such as a City Hall, and infrastructure improvements such as natural gas service, commercial air service, and paving Main Street (1951). Other streets in town were graveled or paved later in the decade. Private entrepreneurs also helped supply the expanding community with amenities such as new motels. For example, the Sand Canyon Inn (5MT.22593) near the western end of Main Street opened during 1953. Others followed soon thereafter. The 1960s witnessed continuing expansion of the business district as well as municipal services, such as a municipal water treatment plant (1960) and a golf course (1961).30

Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context The rapid growth and new wealth the community enjoyed during this period led to many changes in the local built environment that remain to this day. The buildings that illustrate this context include:

27 Ringholz, Raye C. “Utah's Uranium Boom,” Beehive History #16. Electronic document, http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/utah_today/utahsuraniumboom.html, accessed April 21, 2107; and Seyfarth, Phase IV, p. 23. 28 Seyfarth, Phase IV, p. 23. 29 Airstream “See America First, Part II: The Marvels of the West.” Electronic document, https://www.airstream.com/blog/see-america-first-2/, accessed April 20, 2017. 30 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 24-25.

▪ Buildings that reflect the various Modernist styles popular across the nation during the period ▪ Remodeled buildings to update them to fit Modernist style characteristics such as Havran Cleaners (5MT6904) ▪ Public facilities, such as the old Cortez City Hall (5MT22260) built to cope with the rapidly growing population ▪ Chain stores constructed after 1945 that retain their branding character defining features from before 1970

Because of the large number of architectural resources that represent this period and context, ECS, recommends that only the City consider a thematic landmarking effort to encourage preservation of the post-World War II commercial resources. More specific considerations include the following:

▪ Is it a recognizable example of a particular design or style in Cortez? ▪ Is it the first of a type or design that retain a high degree of integrity? ▪ Is it a recognizable local example of a design or type?31

Context 6. Commercial Development of Main Street between 1900 and 1970 History Main Street has served as the commercial and political center of Cortez since the town’s founding, growing east and west from the intersection of Main and Market Streets. During the early years of the town’s existence, the north side of Main Street grew much more quickly than the south side. This is shown in early photos of downtown and the Sanborn Fire Insurance map published in 1919 (see photographs 2 and 4 in Seyfarth 2016). By the 1910s, businesses had filled in some of the lots on the south side of Main Street, and buildings in the southeast quadrant of Main and Market Streets suffered devastating fires. These buildings were replaced later by a fireproof building constructed by Hi McEwen (the current Sears location).32

Wood-frame buildings dominated the south side of Main Street from the 1880s through the early 1920s (see Plates 1 and 2 for comparison). The buildings along the south side of Main Street were one-story-tall and false fronts with bright lettering dominated the streetscape. The presence of stone buildings on the north side of Main Street furthered the dominance of that side of the street until the 1930s and new construction during the Great Depression when the County Courthouse (5MT.12689) was built and cemented the local center of county politics to thew south side of Main Street. The Stone Block Building (5MT.6906) at 2 West Main served as the historic and current anchor of the central portion of Cortez’s commercial downtown at the intersection

31 Ibid., p.25. 32 Schwindt, Vila, Janet Weeth, and Dale Davison, Cortez. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2011, pp. 56-57; hereafter cited: Schwindt et al. Cortez.

21 of Main and Market Streets. The prominence of the building is apparent in streetscape photos from the early 20th century and afterward. The Montezuma Valley Water Supply Company built the stone building in 1889 to give a sense of permanence to the newly founded town.

The Montezuma Valley National Bank (5MT.19093) was the next stone building constructed on Main Street, on the south side of Market Street, in 1909. 33 The early anchor of the south side of Main Street was the newspaper office located east of Market Street, followed by the Cortez Lumber building materials store. While those buildings changed over the historic period, the businesses did not. The newspaper changed ownership and names at times and the lumber yard changed from a wood-frame building during the early 20th century to the current brick building, Brubaker’s/Bru’s House of Color (5MT.22583) built in 1952. The 1950s building occupies the same lots and reflects the building boom that took place as Cortez entered a post-World War II period of prosperity. Only recently has the building’s function changed from a building supply business to a promotional goods company.

Plate 1. South Side of Main Street East of Market Street ca. 1890. Livery stable is on current site of Sears (Photo courtesy First National Bank of Cortez)

During the 1920s and 1930s commercial growth took place on both sides of Main Street; however, the buildings remained comparatively small, housing one or two businesses as denoted by

33 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 27-28.

22 storefronts and roof (false fronts) lines. One of the key factors that influenced the history of Main Street and downtown Cortez included a disastrous fire in 1929 and lesser fires that continued to plague the commercial heart of town throughout most of the historic period and afterward. Another influence came from the growth of automobile usage that led to dealerships, service stations, and motels/motor courts. Auto dealerships appeared on both sides of Main Street before 1920, but after 1920 the influences of the auto became more and more apparent from new dealers such as Kenyon Motors on East Main Street (5MT.22594) to service stations and other businesses that catered to motorists. The impact of the auto was furthered in 1930, when the Colorado Highway Department removed all the large trees along Main Street and widened the street after its designation as U.S. Highway 160 in 1925.34 Another major event in the development of downtown Cortez occurred during the interwar years (1920s and 1930s) when Montezuma County approved bonds to help finance a new courthouse on West Main Street. When the new courthouse opened, replacing the older one located at First and Chestnut Streets south of Main Street, it cemented Main Street as the center of local government. 35 Beyond the courthouse only a handful of new buildings were built along Main Street during the 1930s.

Plate 2. South Side of Main Street East of Market Street ca. 1930. Rexall Drugs is at the Current Site of Sears (Photo courtesy First National Bank of Cortez)

The next era of significant change for Cortez’s Main Street core took place after World War II, as the local economy continued to prosper. Some of the key buildings that marked the on-going development of downtown include the Fiesta Theater (5MT.16293), which opened in 1949; the Brubaker building mentioned above (1952); and chain stores, including Gambles, Woolworths, and J.C. Penney’s. In 1955, the City of Cortez built a new City hall at 210 East Main (5MT.22260). This post-war prosperity is rooted in the growth of tourism, the U-boom, and the growth of oil

34 Schwindt et al. Cortez, pp. 73-77. 35 Montezuma County Courthouse Historic Plaque, City of Cortez and Seyfarth, Phase IV, p. 30.

23 and gas production in the Aneth Oil Field. Cortez continued to grow, and by the 1960s and 1970s, the commercial heart of the city extended beyond the original town plat along Main Street.36

During the 1980s and 1990s, downtown merchants feared loss of trade as Main Street east of downtown began to grow in importance for retail shopping. This led to the development of conceptual plans for downtown that incorporated historic preservation into the process. The Office of Energy Impact Assistance supported the first plan in 1981 and the State Historical Fund helped support development of a historic preservation plan in 1995.37 These studies led to downtown redevelopment groups and projects during the 1990s, including changes to many of the downtown buildings that masked their historic character. By the early years of the present century, many historic buildings on the south side of Main Street experienced extensive remodels that changed the general character of the core area of downtown (based on images and information found in the Montezuma County Assessor records). Such a remodeling movement was encouraged by the earlier planning documents, such as the design study of 1981, local downtown redevelopment efforts and associations, and property owner responses to the downtown planning that encouraged converting Main Street into a faux Southwestern locale.

Typical Cultural Resources Illustrating this Context The various ups and downs in the wealth and rates of growth for Cortez led to many changes in the downtown area of the city. The buildings that illustrate this context include following:

▪ Buildings that reflect the various types and styles popular in small-town business districts across the nation during the 20th century ▪ Buildings remodeled to update them to reflect Modern styles popular during the post- World War II period ▪ New public facilities built to cope with the rapidly growing population ▪ Chain stores constructed after 1940 that retain their branding character, defining features from before 1970

Is it a recognizable example of a particular design or style in Cortez?

Is it the first of a type or design that retain a high degree of integrity?

36 Seyfarth, Phase IV, pp. 30-31. 37 Heath, Paul, Project Director, Welcome to Cortez; Cortez Downtown Design Study, (Denver: University of Colorado, Denver and Ft. Lewis College, Durango, CO, 1981); hereafter cited: Heath, Welcome; and Lyons and Eflin, Main Street.

Is it a recognizable local example of a design or type?

Results of the Survey

Construction Dates and Architectural Styles/Forms in the Survey Area The Sanborn Fire Insurance Map Company produced only one map for Cortez (1919). The core area of the downtown is illustrated in Figure 5. While this map included only a part of the survey area and downtown, one key factor becomes readily apparent. The south side of Main Street in the core area was underdeveloped when compared to north side of the street. This was affirmed by the construction dates of the extant buildings on the south side of the street examined during this survey. The building materials represented in the map indicate the predominance of wood frame buildings (yellow) in the survey area, with one partial brick building (pink). The other colors and associated building materials found on the north side of Main Street in the downtown area are stone (blue) and adobe (brown).

Cortez’s growth during the 1920s through the early 1960s is Table 2. Survey Area well demonstrated in the growth of commercial activity on Construction Dates the south side of downtown Main Street (Table 2). The Time Period # of Resources growth was due in part to the economic boom following 1880–1900 1 World War II, as well as infilling of the available lots between 1901–1920 4 the end of World War I (1919) and U.S. involvement in World 1921–1944 9 War II (1941) since the north side of the street was already 1945–1965 8 occupied. The empty lots on the south side of the street were a combination those that had never been built on and 1966–1976 1 those that were available after the disastrous fire of 1929. Total 23 This resulted in the majority of the buildings in the area dating to the past 85 or so years, although many have been altered to appear much younger. Table 3. Survey Area Historic Styles/Forms Most of the buildings in the survey area exhibit storefronts at least marginally Style/Form # of Resources representative of early 20th century Early 20th Century Commercial 11 commercial designs and patterns; Mission Revival 3 however, many of those have been Commercial 3 modified so their connection to these Spanish Colonial Revival 2 styles are minimally visible (Table 3). Modern Movements 1 A typical storefront design of the period, as WPA Art Deco 1 seen on the south side of Cortez’s Main False Front Commercial 1 Street, tended to have a symmetrical main Gas Station 1 façade with a centered, recessed entry Total 23 with a transom. The remainder of the main façade typically

Figure 5. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from 1919. Used with permission from the University of Colorado, Boulder, Jerry Crail Johnson Earth Sciences and Map Library: Sanborn Maps Collection.

27 had large plate-glass windows with kickplates below and occasionally transom windows. These buildings typically had flat roofs covered with tar and other non-shingle materials. One-story commercial buildings of this type are more common on the south side of Main Street, while the north side has a mix of both one- and two-story buildings. History Colorado’s Historic Architecture & Engineering guide associates these design characteristics with early 20th century commercial buildings.38 Seyfarth and others observed that builders and owners in rural communities such as Cortez continued to favor these well-established design conventions well into the 20th century.

Today, commercial storefronts on the south side of Main Street retain characteristics from earlier eras, including generally symmetrical main facades, recessed entries, and large plate glass windows. Lighter shades of brick, tan and paler browns, are common and the use of various brick colors and patterning for decoration is seen in some buildings that date to the early 20th century. The overall massing and general character of the buildings continue to show their ties to earlier commercial building styles. Fourteen buildings in the survey have elements or remnants of classic storefront design from the 19th and 20th centuries. Unfortunately, many of these have been remodeled and only maintain minimal connections to their original character and style.

Remodeling affected the style of many buildings surveyed for this study. Remodels from the 1990s and 2000s indicate that Cortez business owners sought to establish a Southwestern feeling for the downtown area by introducing Spanish-influenced architectural styles such as Mission Revival and Spanish Colonial Revival. Plates 3 and 4, respectively, represent this type of remodeling on the south side of Main Street.

38 The constantly updated style guide can be found at the History Colorado website at http://www.historycolorado.org/archaeologists/colorados-historicarchitecture-engineering-web-guide.

Plate 3. Clay Mesa: Example of Mission Revival storefront remodel.

Plate 4. Chamber of Commerce: Example of Spanish Colonial Revival remodel.

Assessment of Survey Results This section presents an overview of ECS’s recommendations for national, state, and/or local register eligibility for the resources, summarized in Table 4. The current survey area, even when combined with the resources on the north side of Main Street, does not contain a significant concentration of properties that retain sufficient historic significance and integrity to merit establishment of a historic district. ECS did identify individual properties that merit consideration for listing in one or more of the available historic registers.

Table 4. Eligibility Recommendations for Surveyed Resources Smithsonian # Date of Address Name Eligibility* 5MT Prefix Construction 22579 209 E. Main Envy Salon and Boutique 1917 NE 22580 201 E. Main Abundant Life 1919 NE 22581 125 E. Main Burro Poncho 1946 NE 22582 119 E. Main Nomad Vapor 1925 NE 12694 111 E. Main Bru’s House of Color 1952 NR/SR 12700 45 & 43 E Main Blondie’s Trophy Room 1947 NE 6920 37 E. Main Blondie’s 1913 NE 12699 33 E. Main Smoke-N-Stuff 1958 NE 6919 29 E. Main Clay Mesa Art Gallery 1884 NE 12687 25 E. Main ImageNet [sic] 1972 NE 6918 21 E. Main Main Street Brewery 1929 LHP 6917 15 E. Main Hair Headquarters 1928 LHP 6916 1 E. Main Sears 1925 NE 6913 15 W. Main Hallmark Building 1937 NE 6912 17 W. Main KB Insurance 1941 NE 12693 23–29 W. Main Twin Cinemas 1949 NR/SR Cortez Chamber of 22589 31 W. Main 1946 NE Commerce Headquarters 6914 9–11 W. Main Once Upon a Sandwich 1937 LHP Montezuma County 12689 109 W. Main 1937 NR/SR Courthouse 22591 209 W. Main Rent- a-Center 1938 LHP Slaven’s True Value 22592 237 W Main 1937/1958 LHP Hardware 22593 301 W Main Sand Canyon Inn 1953 NE 6911 310 E. Main Medicine Man 1920 LHP

* NE = Not Eligible, NR = National Register, SR = State Register, LHP = Local Historic Property

National Register Eligibility The NRHP is a tool used to honor significant cultural resources and as a guide to understand which Federal undertakings are impacting historic properties. To be listed or eligible for listing in the National Register, a resource must meet the criteria established in 36 Code of Federal Regulations

Part 60. The resource must be 50 years old or older or possess exceptional significance and meet one of the following criteria:

A. Be associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history B. Be associated with the lives of persons significant in our past C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction D. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history

The other key portion of National Register eligibility is integrity. The National Register defined seven elements of integrity that a property must have:

▪ Location: Is the resource in its original location? ▪ Design: Are the character-defining aspects of the historic design clearly evident? ▪ Setting: Do the surroundings complement or detract from the sense of the historic setting? ▪ Materials: Are the historic materials still intact? If historic materials have been replaced, are the replacement materials similar in texture, proportion and finish to the original? ▪ Workmanship: Are the historic evidences of workmanship (such as trim and detailing) still on the structure? ▪ Feeling: Does the resource convey the same sense it did historically? ▪ Association: Can the resource still be logically associated with the significant historic event, person or trend?

Historic properties must retain enough of these seven qualities to convey a sense of their condition during the period of significance to be eligible for listing in the National Register.

ECS identified two properties that are being recommended as eligible for inclusion in the National Register:

▪ Brubaker’s Lumber (5MT22583), 111 East Main (Plate 5) ▪ Montezuma County Courthouse (5MT12689), 109 West Main (Plate 6)

The location in Plate 5 has been used as a lumber and hardware business since 1910, when the Gibson family opened a lumber yard that they owned until 1930. The Sturtevant family operated the lumber yard from 1930 to the 1940s, when L.R. Peterson purchased the site. Peterson built the current building in 1952. During the 1960s and 1970 the Charles E. Brubaker family and Cortez Lumber and Hardware operated at the location and in the building during the 1960s and 1970s. The business became Bru’s Paint Store during the 1970s and it continued to occupy part of the building into 2017. A printing and promotions company currently occupies part of the building. Montezuma County data indicates that this building was jointly owned by Cortez LLL, Inc. and Cortez Newspapers from the late 1980s until David Scales acquired the building on September 17, 2002. Throughout this period, it has been listed as a commercial enterprise.

This building is significant as a long-term business that has contributed to the economic growth and stability of Cortez and supported the local and regional construction industry. This relationship gives the resource significance under Criterion A (period of significance 1952-1967). The building merits NRHP inclusion under Criterion C as a good example of post-World War II commercial building types in and around Cortez (period of significance 1952). Notable is the building’s use of decorative brick, a technique often employed to set the stylistic character of commercial and smaller industrial buildings during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The building remains as built except for changes in signage, and as a result, it is considered to retain all seven elements of integrity. The other buildings on the site were present when the main, brick building was built and do not impact the integrity of the building.

Plate 5. Brubaker’s Lumber

The courthouse building (Plate 6) was completed in 1937 and replaced the earlier courthouse located at the corner of First and Chestnut Streets, a block south of the current building. The building has continued to be the political and governmental center of Montezuma County since it opened. Cortez became the county seat for Montezuma County in 1889, three years after the town was platted. During 1936, the county received a $29,250 grant from the Works Progress Administration that the county matched with $28,000 to $30,000. Construction began later that year, as other WPA projects were also under construction in Cortez during this period including a library, swimming pool, and an expansion to the school. The need for office space for the county outgrew the 1930s courthouse by the late 1950s. Instead of replacing the building, the County decided to expand the facilities with an addition east of, but connected to, the original building. Information supplied by County employees and local newspapers indicate that the addition was completed in 1960, and thus is a historic addition to the building. The chronology of the addition is from the Cortez Journal: During October of 1959 construction bids were opened and the contract went to McGechie Construction for $326,106.30. Construction began during the week of December 14, 1959. Construction lasted approximately one year with the new wing opened on January 3, 1961. During the 2010s additional office space was acquired on the opposite side Main Street when the County acquired the old bank building.

Plate 6. Montezuma County Courthouse

This building is considered eligible under NRHP Criterion A. The significance under Criterion A is linked to the roots of the building in the public works programs of the 1930s that were used to help the nation recover from the Great Depression. County courthouses and other public buildings were used to increase construction employment, as well as improve and update government facilities at all levels of government. For perspective, the WPA carried out more than 2,000 projects in Colorado varying from road projects and new sewer systems to more than 1,300 public buildings during the Depression. Cortez benefited from the agency with a new library, a swimming pool, an expansion of the school, and this building, the new County Courthouse. The 1960 addition to the building reflects the growth of the County after World War II.

The addition on the courthouse altered the setting and feeling of the original building; however, the design and location of the addition do not overly compromise the setting and feeling of the old courthouse building. The addition itself is now historic (opened 1961) and represents the need to expand the facility to meet the needs of the growing population. The removal of the tops of the pilasters on the building changed the original design, but the overall design as an Art Deco building remains very strongly present. The building retains all the other integrity elements.

State Register Eligibility The above-described Brubaker’s Lumber and Montezuma County Courthouse are also recommended to be eligible for listing in the Colorado State Register.

Cortez List of Historic Properties The City of Cortez maintains a local register of historic places (LHP) as part of the City’s historic preservation efforts. The rules for the local register are found in section 6.19 of the Cortez Land Use Code. The local register requires that a resource must be at least 50 years old and meet at least one of the criteria for architectural, social, or geographic/environmental significance to be considered for listing. As with the National Register, Cortez does have an exception to the age requirement if a property has exceptional significance under one or more of the City’s register criteria. The significance criteria, one of which must be fulfilled, are:

a. Architectural 1. Exemplifies specific elements of an architectural style or period 2. Example of the work of an architect or builder who is recognized for expertise nationally, state-wide, regionally, or locally 3. Demonstrates superior craftsmanship or high artistic value 4. Represents an innovation in construction, materials or design 5. Represents a built environment of a group of people in an era of history 6. Pattern or grouping of elements representing at least one of the above criteria 7. Is a significant historic remodel

b. Social 1. Site of historic event that had an effect upon society 2. Exemplifies cultural, political, economic, or social heritage of the community 3. Association with a notable person or the work of a notable person

c. Geographic/environmental 1. Enhances sense of identity of the community 2. An established and familiar natural setting or visual feature of the community

Prehistoric and historic archaeological sites shall meet one or more of the following: a. Architectural. 1. Exhibits distinctive characteristics of a type, period or manner of construction 2. A unique example of structure

b. Cultural 1. Potential to make an important contribution to the knowledge of the area's history or prehistory 2. An association with an important event in the area's development 3. An association with a notable person(s) or the work of a notable person(s) 4. A typical example/association with an ethnic group 5. A unique example of an event in local history

c. Geographic/environmental 1. Geographically or regionally important

The City register integrity considerations are: (Note: a property need not meet all the following criteria):

a. Shows character, interest or value as part of the development, heritage or cultural characteristics of the community, region, state, or nation b. Retains original design features, materials, and/or character c. Original location or same historic context after having been moved d. Has been accurately reconstructed or restored based on documentation

The Cortez Register allows the local community to consider the historic significance of a property within the context(s) and circumstances of the history of Cortez. This offers flexibility in applying the significance criteria and integrity requirements. For instance, if a building in the town is closely associated with an important local business or family that is widely recognized as important in Cortez’s past, but lacks the integrity to be considered for national or state register listing, it may still be placed on the Cortez register.

ECS recommends six buildings for inclusion in the Cortez City Register under Criterion b2 and in the case of Slaven’s, Criterion b3 as well. The resources are presented below from east to west.

The Kenyon Motors building (Plate 7) was constructed by Bill Kenyon in 1920 to house his motor company (1915–1930) that sold Pontiac autos and Allis-Chalmers tractors and farm equipment. Later the building was used by the Bozeman Garage and Cortez Motor Sales. Montezuma County data indicates that this building was an auto dealership from the time of its construction in 1920 through the recent past when it became a marijuana dispensary. The building belonged to the Kenyon family over multiple generations until they sold it to 4 States Food Services on June 10, 1994. The food service company operated the building until March 15, 2005, when D.M. and J.L. Dove bought the building. Six years later, Gilbert and Mario Garcia purchased the property from the Doves. The building on this site was built in 1920 and has been remodeled and updated at various times, including 1967. The 1967 remodeling included removal and replacement of the garage door on the street side and the original entry was in the southwestern façade; the openings in the south façade (beside the garage door) were windows. As part of a later remodeling the original siding was covered with stucco on the southern and southwestern

facades and the original roofing was replaced with ribbed metal sheets.

Plate 7 Kenyon Motors, Cortez Motors

From the initial construction in 1929 through World War II, the building in Plate 8 served as a retail space and restaurant. After the end of World War II, the building continued to house two independent businesses: a Coast to Coast Store and a restaurant. By the late 1990s, the building was being used as a microbrewery and restaurant. Montezuma County data indicates that this building was owned by Eugene E. Johnson from the 1970s through 1995, when R.H. and S.D. Baeumel purchased the building on March 23. The next month they sold the building to 4 Corners Brewing Co., LLC. The building has been a commercial facility throughout this period.

Plate 8 Main Street Brewery

The building shown in Plate 9 is not on the 1919 Sanborn Fire Insurance map; instead the site is a vacant lot. Between 1928 and the 1970s, County records indicate that a series of retail shops, primarily clothiers and soft goods sellers, occupied the building. Montezuma County data indicates that this building has experienced a volatile ownership since the 1970s. In 1988, the First National Bank of Cortez owned the property after August 22 of that year when Lloyd N. Krebs issued a Public Trustee deed to the bank. The bank retained the property until E.G. Merritt bought it on October 8, 1993. Later in the year Frances M. Hammond bought the building. The next year the pervious and then current owners quit claim deeded interests to each other and in 2011 they founded Dreamcatcher, LLC to manage the building. The next spring, on March 19, 2012, Dreamcatcher sold the building to the current owners. The building has been a commercial facility throughout this period. The building has experienced little alteration on its street side, including placing panels over a former awning location above the windows and entry and signage changes; however, a visible and comparatively larger addition has been placed on the rear façade. This addition may have been constructed in 1966 based on the available information, including the Assessor files.

Plate 9 Hair Headquarters

Built around the 1930s, the building shown in Plate 10 was originally occupied by the Duncan Beauty Shop before being occupied by several other businesses: Bensey Laundry, Marchall’s Jewelry, and the Baugh Café. Jack Hawkins purchased the building around 1972. The building was sold in 2002 to John Robert Fleitz, who used the building for several restaurants. In 2003, Fleitz sold the building to current owners Rick and Carolyn Hessom. Montezuma County data indicates that this 9 W. Main building has experienced only a handful of ownership transfers since the 1980s. H&W Investments had the building from the 1980s until August 6, 2002, when John R. and Sylvia R. Fleitz purchased the building. Ten months later (June 6, 2003), Rick and Carolyn Hessom purchased the building. The building has been a commercial facility throughout this period. Around 1975, Jack Hawkins built an addition on the rear of the building, extending the building to its current length. Around ten years ago (2004), a sliding window addition was added to the left picture window to serve ice cream. The front of the building was stuccoed around the 1980s or 1990s.

Plate 10 Once Upon a Sandwich

The building in Plate 11 has housed commercial businesses since its construction, serving in the past as a furniture store, a department store, and a rental center for household appliances and goods. Montezuma County data indicates that this building has changed hands numerous times since 1990, when the Roberts Trust sold the property to J.S. and C. K. Blevins. Two years later, Mrs. Charlotte Blevins received title to building, possibly as the result of a divorce. On December 30, 1999, Ms. Blevins sold the building to Bill and Sandra Williams, who turned a quick profit by selling the building to Rent-Alls rentals on April 28, 2000.

This company held title until December 2011, when Lamke Investments purchased the building. The investment company in turn sold the building to Nathan Matthews on November 30, 2015. The building has been a commercial facility throughout this period. The building was extensively remodeled in 1969 and 1970 according to information from the Assessor’s Office. These remodels appear to have included the shingle treatment on the street façade and a portion of the eastern façade. Other changes may have involved the plate-glass windows and east side entry. After this remodel, the large signage tower protruding from the roof near the front of the building was removed. It is recommended that this building be considered for future landmarking if the exact nature of all the changes and modifications can be determined.

Plate 11 Rent- a-Center

The current main building and associated lumber and equipment storage buildings shown in Plate 12 represent the culmination of the evolution of the parcel as a lumberyard and building supply/hardware commercial enterprise. The building on Main Street served as a hardware store built by the Jett family in 1937. The family continued to operate the store until the Slavens purchased it in 1953. In 1958, a large retail store was erected on the property that included Slaven’s store and two others. The Slavens used the lumberyard to supply local building needs and also to support their construction company, which built single-family homes in northwest Cortez during the 1950 and 1960s.

During the late 1950s, the current store building was actually three storefronts. A photograph taken in 1958 showed Nerhood’s Furniture, Slaven’s, and Campbell's Appliances. Subsequently, the Slavens took over the other storefronts and merged all three into the current building under one function and management. The purchase allowed the Slavens to expand and diversify their business, eventually becoming the current store that sells a variety of goods from lumber to household gadgets. They also continue to operate the lumberyard south of the alley behind the store. Today (2016) the fourth-generation of the Slavens family continues to own and operate the store. The building, including the front façade, was remodeled in 1958 to make a unified storefront after the period of significance and was again remodeled during the 1970s. The record is unclear as to whether the 1937 building was demolished or incorporated into the 1958 building. Later during the late 1990s, the front and western facades were remodeled to their near present configuration. Subsequently the murals and other decorative items were added.

The 1958 photograph does show the planters along the base of the façade wall and that the wall was made of brick and board and batten wood above the brick portions of the wall that also held the plate-glass windows and glass doors.

Plate 12 Slaven’s True Value Hardware

Summary The City of Cortez has used survey data from previous work for interpretive and planning activities, including a walking tour program. Continuation of the walking tours and other public education and planning programs, using the data collected in the survey, is strongly recommended. Examples of interpretive programs include plaques, walking tours, brochures or podcasts that take advantage of the newest technologies for disseminating information, and other promotional materials for commercial properties.

The survey provided updates to old survey data and new information about historic buildings located on the south side of Main Street in the commercial core of Cortez. This information can inform decisions about the treatment of these properties in light of their relative historic contributions to the history and sense of community in Cortez. The City should continue to provide this information to property owners and community stakeholders.

Recommendations

This survey completes the inventory of Main Street within the original town plat as well as adding two other buildings outside, but on the edges of, the original plat along Main Street. In total, 23 buildings were included. Of the 23 buildings, ECS recommends two as eligible for National Register and State Register inclusion and eight for listing on the Cortez LHP. The remaining 14 are recommended as not eligible due to recent changes to their store fronts that radically altered their historic integrity.

This survey provided updates to old survey data and new information about buildings on the south side of Main Street that will help inform the Historic Preservation Board, as well as the City of Cortez, in its decision-making process for developments in downtown. The City can also use this information to expand existing interpretive activities such as the walking tour of downtown, public education and outreach programs, and use this data to promote commercial and heritage tourism programs in downtown Cortez. Finally, the City is encouraged to continue its efforts to preserve and enhance its downtown area as a focal point for the community, while recognizing the unique character of Cortez’s commercial core.

Bibliography

Airstream “See America First, Part II: The Marvels of the West.” Electronic document, https://www.airstream.com/blog/see-america-first-2/, accessed April 20, 2017.

Church, Minette, S. G. Baker, B. J. Clark, R. F. Carrillo, J. C. Horn, C. D. Spath, D. R. Guilfoyle, and S. Cassells, Colorado History: A Context for Historical Archaeology. Denver, CO: Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, 2007.

Freeman, Ira S., A History of Montezuma County, Boulder, CO: Johnson Publishing Company, 1958.

Head, June and Virginia Graham, eds. Great Sage to Timberline “Our Pioneer History”, Vol. I. Cortez, CO: Montezuma County Historical Society, November 2009.

Heath, Paul, Project Director, Welcome to Cortez; Cortez Downtown Design Study. Denver: University of Colorado, Denver and Ft. Lewis College, Durango, CO, 1981.

Horn, Jonathan C. “Landscape-level History of the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument. Denver, CO: Bureau of Land Management, 1984.

Husband, Michael B., Colorado Plateau Country Historic Context. Denver, CO: Colorado Historical Society, 1984.

Kendrick, Gregory D editor. The River of Sorrows; The History of the Lower Dolores River Valley. Accessed on line on July 21, 2011 at http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/rmr/river_of_sorrows/index.htm . United States Department of the Interior, 1981.

Lipe, William; Varien, Mark; Wilshusen, Richard. Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Southern Colorado River Basin. Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists: Denver, 1999.

Lyons, Nancy and Roxanne Eflin, Cortez Main Street Historic Preservation Plan, Denver, CO: Preservation Partnership, 1996.

Montezuma County Historical Society. Great Sage Plain to Timberline: Our Pioneer History Volume I. Cortez, CO: Montezuma County Historical Society. 2009.

O’Rourke, Paul M. Frontiers in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado. Denver, CO: Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, 1982.

Ringholz, Raye C. “Utah's Uranium Boom,” Beehive History #16. Electronic document, http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/utah_today/utahsuraniumboom.html, accessed April 21, 2107.

Robison, Anna Florence. Appendices A and B. “Name, Age, Residence, Remarks”. Dolores CO: Unpublished manuscript, 1934.

Schwindt, Vila, Janet Weeth, and Dale Davison, Cortez. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing, 2011.

Seyfarth, Jill. Historic Building Survey of Montezuma Avenue, Cortez, Colorado, 2012. Durango, CO: Cultural Resource Planning, 2012.

Seyfarth, Jill. Historic Building Survey of Montezuma Avenue Phase II, Cortez, Colorado, 2013. Durango, CO: Cultural Resource Planning, 2013.

Seyfarth, Jill. Historic Building Survey Phase III, Transitional Area Between Main Street and Montrezuma Avenue, Cortez, Colorado, 2015. Durango, CO: Cultural Resource Planning, 2015.

Seyfarth, Jill. Historic Buildings Survey Phase IV, North Side of Main Street, Cortez, Colorado, 2016. Durango, CO: Cultural Resource Planning, 2016.

Weeth, Janet. Cortez-the City on the Hill That Nobody Wanted: An Annotated Time Line, Cortez, CO: Privately Published, 2016.

APPENDIX A:

PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES IN DOWNTOWN CORTEZ

Appendix A Table 1: CLG Sites Surveyed 2016 Report

Smithsonian Date of # Address Name Construction 5MT Prefix 22260 210 E. Main Cortez City Hall 1955 McCluer Garage/Rent A 2226 126 E. Main 1919 Wheel Belmont Tavern/Pioneer 6910 110 E. Main 1925 Printing

6909 100 E. Main Bozman Garage 1919

12688 48 E. Main Optical Shoppe 1900

12686 44 E. Main High Mesa Designs 1953

12690 40 E. Main The Geeks 1928

6908 34 E. Main McEwen Hall 1895

12691 30 E. Main Hairvolution 1920

12692 28 E. Main El Grande Café 1894

12701 22 E. Main McCabe 1929

22262 12 E. Main Moose & More 1976

22263 16 N. market Farmers Telecommunications 1946 Montezuma Valley National 19093 2 E. Main 1909 Bank and Store Wilson building-Stone Block 6906 2 W. Main 1889 Building 20 – 30 W. 12698 J C Penney Building 1953 Main 6905 34 W. Main Cortez Post Office 1909

Smithsonian Date of # Address Name Construction 5MT Prefix Patterson Office Supply/Quilt 12695 40 W. Main 1948 Shop 12696 44 W. Main Vitakist/Pepperhead 1948

6904 48 W. Main Havran’s Cleaners 1890

22264 100 W. Main Pippos 1961 Basin Finance Company/Le 22265 112 W. Main 1957 Nails 22266 116 W. Main Old Penningtons 1957

22267 130 W. Main Old Woolworths/Kokopelli 1958

22268 140 W. Main Montezuma County Offices 1958

22269 200 W. Main Elm Street restaurant 1937

22270 210 W. Main Southwest Realty 1945

22271 220 W. Main Jerry Carlson Properties 1971

Appendix A Table 2: CLG Sites Surveyed 2015 Report

Smithsonian # Address Name 5MT Prefix

6923 24 N. Chestnut Grace Fellowship Evangelical Free Church

6924 25 N. Market Cortez cultural Center/Lamb Building

6925 42 N. Market Ertel Funeral Home

6926 101 N. Market MexirRado Distributing

21905 221 E. North St. Roberts House

21906 18 North Beech New Look Paint Center and Body Works

21907 100 N. Market First Baptist Church

21908 44 N. Ash House

21909 41 North Beech Pops Farmer Home

21910 122 N. Linden Eclipse Beauty Salon

21911 12 W. North St. Warehouse

21912 20 W. North St. Planned Parenthood

21913 44 N. Chestnut Vocational Church of the Foursquare Gospel

21914 110 W. North St. St. Barnabas of the Valley Episcopal Church

21915 202 W. North St. Calkins/Merlo House

21916 208 W. North St. No Name Given

21917 236 W. North St. Mon–Do Tile Company

21918 38 N. Linden Town & Country Furnishings

Smithsonian # Address Name 5MT Prefix

21919 34 N. Ash Johnson/Hartley Home

21920 35 N. Ash McClure House

21921 122 N. Beech House

21922 121 N. Beech Burwell House

21923 27 N. Beech Moreno House

21924 25 N. Beech Vacant Warehouse

21925 30 N. Market Flower Cottage

21926 111 N. Market Harp Building

21927 127 N. Market Empire Electric Office

21928 17 N. Chestnut Post Office

21929 33 N. Chestnut Minnie Johnson House

21930 121 N. Elm Calkins home

21931 33 N. Elm Cortez Medical Clinic

21932 114 N. Linden House (no name given)

21933 210 W. North St. No Name Given

Appendix A Table 3: CLG Sites Surveyed Phase 1 and Phase 2 Projects

Smithsonian # Address Name 5MT Prefix 215 W. 19955 Dr. A. F. Bresee Home Montezuma 219 W. 19956 Hicks Home Montezuma 19957 140 N. Linden No Name Given 218 W. 19958 Pharo Home Montezuma 212 W. 19959 No Name Given Montezuma 208 W. 19960 No Name Given Montezuma 19961 219 N. Elm No Name Given 146 W. 19962 Hutchinson Home Montezuma 116 W. 19963 Crowson Home Montezuma 38 W. 19964 Watson Home Montezuma 30 W. 19965 Wesch Home Montezuma 19966 2 W. Montezuma Gibson Home

19967 28 E. Montezuma St. Margaret Mary Catholic Church

19968 40 E. Montezuma No Name Given

20052 48 E. Montezuma Harrison Home 225 E. 20194 CW Smith Home Montezuma 237 E. 20195 Carl Gregory Home Montezuma 245 E. 20196 Helen Duncan Home Montezuma

Smithsonian # Address Name 5MT Prefix 305 E. 20197 William and Dona Conoley Home Montezuma 323 E. 20198 Rauh Home/Wilson Home Montezuma 20199 137 N. Madison Clever Rental 403 E. 20200 Clever Home Montezuma 429 E. 20201 Glenn Home Montezuma 435 E. 20202 Bessie Wilson Home Montezuma 443 E. 20203 Henry and Idonna Wilson Home Montezuma 537 E. 20204 Dennison Home Montezuma 539 E. 20205 Harp Home Montezuma 230 E. 20206 Seth Englehart Home/Reid Home Montezuma 242 E. 20207 William J. Blatchford Home Montezuma 206 N. 20208 No Name Given Washington 312 E. 20209 No Name Given Montezuma 316 E. 20210 No Name Given Montezuma 324 E. 20211 No Name Given Montezuma 340 E. 20212 No Name Given Montezuma 346 E. 20213 No Name Given Montezuma 402 E. 20214 Scott Home Montezuma 438 E. 20215 Conoley Home Montezuma

Smithsonian # Address Name 5MT Prefix 440 E. 20216 Claycomb Montezuma 444 E. 20217 Wilbur Floral and Home Montezuma 502 E. 20218 No Name Given Montezuma 510 E. 20219 Willis Home Montezuma 516 E. 20220 Dunham Home Montezuma 524 E. 20221 Palmer Home Montezuma 538 E. 20222 No Name Given Montezuma 540 E. 20223 No Name Given Montezuma 546 E. 20224 No Name Given Montezuma 620 E. 20225 Kemper School Montezuma

20226 104 N. Ash Leo and Augustine Grasse Home

20227 112 N. Ash Honacker Home

20228 114 N. Ash Pease Apartments

20229 101 N. Ash Davis H. Saylor Home

20230 123 N. Ash Guy Harrison Home

20231 102 E. North St. No Name Given

20232 112 E. North St. No Name Given

20233 120 E. North St. Garland Home

20234 143 E. North St. I. O. Miller Family Home