Eighth Session

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

REGIONAL ASSOCIATION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT

OF THE EIGHTH SESSION

Melbourne, 7-17 September 1982

I WMO - No. 604 I

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the d~limitation of its frontiers or boundaries. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

ABRIDGED FINAL REPORT OF THE EIGHTH SESSION OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC) (WMO-No. 604)

Corrigendum

Page 63 - Paragraph (2) under NOTING of Recommendation 1 (VIII-RA V), amend to read as follows:

"(2) That the eastern limit of the area of responsibility of Mauritius now extends up to 95 0 E between the Equator and 15 o S, and up to 80 0 E between 15 0 Sand 30 0 S, and that of France (New Amsterdam) up to 90 0 E south of 300 S,"

NOTE: This corrigendum arises from a decision of EC-XXXIV (see paragraph 3.2.3 of the general summary of the report of the session) W 0 R L D MET E 0 R 0 LOG I CAL o R G A N I Z A T ION ======

Supplement to WMO publication No. 604

Abridged final report of the

eighth session of Regional Association V (South-West pa~ific)

Decisions of the Executive Council

on the abridged final report

of the eighth session of Regional Association V (South-West Pacific)

This document should be considered as a guide to the status of the decisions adopted at the eighth session of Regional Association V (South-West Pacific). DECISIONS RECORDED IN THE GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF EC-XXXV

2. REPORTS (Agenda item 2)

2.2 Report of the eighth session of RA V (Agenda item 2.2)

2.2.1 The Executive Council considered with satisfaction the report of the eighth session of RA V and embodied its decisions on the report in Resolu tion 2 (EC-XXXV).

2.2.2 The Executive council agreed with the suggestion that the eastern boundary of the area of responsibility of Mauritius for the issue of weather and sea bulletins, as approved by EC-XXXIV, should be correctly indicated in Recommendation 1 (VIII-RA V). - 2 -

RESOLUTION

2 (EC-XXXV) - REPORT OF THE EIGHTH SESSION OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL,

HAVING CONSIDERED the report of the eighth session of RA V,

DECIDES.

(1) To note the report,

(2) To note Resolutions 1 to 28 (VIII-RA V),

(3) To take action on Recommendation 1 (VIII-RA V) as follows. weather-and-sea-bulletins------Recommendation 1 (VIII-RA V) - Areas of responsibility for the issue of

(a) Approves the recommendation,

(b) Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action on the recommendation,

REQUESTS the Secretary-General to bring the above decisions to the attention of all concerned.

NOTE, This resolution replaces Resolution 2 (EC-XXXI), which is no longer in force. CONTENTS Page List of persons attending the session VI

Agenda II ...... II • II ••••• II • II • II ••• II II II II • II II • II II II • II II • II II • II II •••• II ••• II II VIII General summary of the work of the seSS10n ...... ••••...... ••.•...... 1 Resolutions adopted by the session 40

Final Session No. No. 1 4.1/1 Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V (South-West Pacific) .••...... •..• 40

2 4.1/2 Regional basic synoptic network .•....•.....•...... •.•.•.. 40

3 4.1/3 Observations from aircraft ••...... •.•.••••..••...... •.•.... 41

4 4.1/4 Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations

in Region V 11'11 a II • II II •• II • II II II •• II II • II II II II II II II II II II II II II • II II •• II II • II II II II II II II • II 42

5 4.2/1 Manual on the Global Data-processing System, Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V (South-West Pacific) ...••••••••••• 43

6 4.2/2 Rapporteur on Data Processing •••...••••.•.•.•.•.•••.••••..•.• 43

7 4.2/3 Standardization of Volume II of the Manual on Codes •..••••.•• 44

8 4.2/4 National coding practices 44

9 4.2/5 Rapporteur on Codes ..•.....•••.••.•••••••.•.••.•..•••••.•.•.. 45

10 4.3/1 Amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific, Part I - Organization of the regional meteorological telecommunication plan for Region V (South-West Pacific) for the World Weath~r Watch ••.•.....••••...•..•...•• 46

11 4.3/2 Amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific, Part II - Telecommunication procedures for Region V (South-West Pacific) •••••••.....•••••••.•.••.••••••....••••.• 47

12 4.3/3 Amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific, Part III - Engineering of radio circuits and centres in Region V (South-West Pacific) •..•••.••••...••.•••.•.••.....•. 47

13 4.3/4 Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications 48

14 4.4/1 The collection and dissemination of ships' weather reports in Region V .....••.•••...... •.••••.•••.••••••..••••• 49 IV CONTENTS

Resolutions (contd.)

Final Session No. No. 15 4.4/2 Development of national marine meteorological services 50

16 4.4/3 Port meteorological services •••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• 52

17 4.4/4 Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology...... 52

18 4.4/5 Participation in the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) ...... ~e ...... o...... 53

19 5.1/1 Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54

20 12/1 Regional ozone centre •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 55

21 6.1/1 The application of meteorology to agriculture •••••••••••••••• 55

22 6.1/2 Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Coconut Crop...... 56

23 6.2/1 Rapporteur on the Applications of Meteorology to Energy Matters 57

24 6.2/2 Regional aspects of special applications of meteorology 58

25 7/1 Working Group on Hydrology...... 58

26 9/1 Rapporteur on World Climate Applications and Data

Programmes .•••• II •.••••••••• II • II II II II • 0 II • II •• II 0 II II II II II • II •• II • II II II II II II II II • 60

27 10/1 Regional technical assistance ••.••.•••.•.•.••••....•.•••. 0... 60

28 12/2 Revision of previous resolutions and recommendations of the Association •••••••••••••••••••• ~...... 62

Recommendation adopted by the session

1 4.4/1 Areas of responsibility for the issue of weather and sea bulletins •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 63

Annexes

I Annex to paragraph 4.3.2.7 of the general summary Present operational status and future plans for upgrading of the regional meteorological telecommunication network in Region V .•••.••.•• 64

II Annex to paragraph 4.3.16.2 of the general summary Application of multiplexing techniques in accordance with modems specified by CCITT Recommendation V.29 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66

III Annex to Resolution 1 (VIII-RA V) Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V (South-West Pacific) •••••••••••••••••••••••• 69

IV Annex to Resolution 2 (VIII-RA V) Stations and observational programmes comprising the basic synoptic network in Region V ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 71 CONTENTS v

Annexes (contd.)

V Annex to Resolution 4 (VIII-RA V) Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in

Region V ••••• & •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••• 86

VI Annex to Resolution 5 (VIII-RA V) Manual on the GDPS - Regional aspects, Volume II, Region V

VII Annex to Resolution 7 (VIII-RA V) Standardization of Volume II of the Manual on Codes - Regional coding procedures of RA V (South-West Pacific) ••••••••••••••••••••• 98

VIII Annex to Resolution 10 (VIII-RA V) Amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacificr Part I - Organization of the regional meteor ological telecommunication plan for Region V (South-West Pacific) for the World Weather Watch .0 ...... 0...... 0.0 ... 0...... 100

IX Annex to Resolution 11 (VIII-RA V) Amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific, Part II - Telecommunication procedures for

Region V (South-West Pacific) •.. 00 ••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 102

X Annex to Resolution 12 (VIII-RA V) Amendments to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific, Part III - Engineering of radio circuits and centres in Region V (South-West Pacific) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 105

XI Annex to Resolution 28 (VIII-RA V) Resolution adopted prior to the eighth session and maintained

in force ... II ••••••••••• II 0 •• CI ••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• II •• 109

List of documents ••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••• 0.0 •••• 110 LIST OF PERSONS ATTENDING THE SESSION

1. Officers of the session

Ho Tong Yuen president C. Sutrisno vice-president

2. Representatives of Members of Regional Association V

J. W. Zillman principal delegate Australia R. B. Crowder delegate R. R. Brook delegate K. J. O'Loughlin delegate W. K. Henderson delegate R. Maine delegate P. F. Noar delegate D. J. Linforth delegate B. Bradshaw delegate M. K. Moore delegate A. J. Hall delegate G. D. Crane delegate

Ram Krishna principal delegate Fiji

A. M. J. Theron principal delegate French Polynesia

C. Sutrisno principal delegate Indonesia Sujadi Hardjawinata delegate H. M. K. Husodo delegate

Ho Tong Yuen principal delegate Malaysia Yong Pok Wing delegate

J. L. Ravard principal delegate New Caledonia

J. S. Hickman principal delegate New Zealand J. W. Wilkins delegate

K. Magari principal delegate Papua New Guinea

R. Kintanar principal delegate Philippines

Tan Suan Foon principal delegate Singapore Lim Hock delegate

N. E. Johnson principal delegate United States of C. B. H. Lee delegate America

P. Emery principal delegate Vanuatu J. H. Kallon delegate

3. Representatives of WMO Members not belonging to the Association

J. W. Collins observer Liberia C. A. Hall observer LIST OF PERSONS ATTENDING THE SESSION VII

3. Representatives of WMO Members not belonging to the Association (contd.)

C. Bustamante observer Panama Y. Bustamante (Mrs.) observer

L. Miridonov observer U.S.S.R.

M. S. S. El-Mashgary observer Yemen

4. Representative of a WMO Technical Commission

J. R. Neilon observer CBS

5. Representatives of non-Members of WMO

U. Koneteti cbserver Kiribati

J. F. Stalker observer Solomon Islands J. Fefera observer

P. Cheeseman observer Tonga

Saitala Tusi observer Tuvalu

6. Representatives of international organizations

G. S. Buldovsky observer International Civil Avia tion Organization (ICAO)

G. Paltridge observer International Union of Geodesy and Geophysies (IUGG)

G. Cresswell observer United Nations Educationa~ Scientific and Cultural Organization - Intergovern mental Oceanographic Com mission (Unesco - IOC)

7. Invited expert

F. A. Powell observer Australia

8. WMO Secretariat

A. C. Wiin-Nielson Secretary-General

G. K. Weiss Director, World Weather Watch Department

K. Rajendram Regional Director, Regional Office for Asia

G. Varadha Rajan Regional Officer, Regional Office for Asia AGENDA

Agenda Relevant Resolutions Recommendations item No. documents adopted adopted

1. Opening of the session PINK 1

2. Organization of the session PINK 2

2.1 Consideration of the report on credentials

2.2 Adoption of the agenda 1; 2

2.3 Establishment of committees

2.4 Other organizational questions

3. Report by the president of 22; PINK 3 the Association

4. World Weather Watch programme - Regional aspects

4.1 Observing system, including 13; PINK 6 1; 2; 3; 4 instruments and methods of observation

4.2 Data-processing system, in 10; 26; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 cluding code matters 26 ADD. 1 PINK 7

4.3 Telecommunications system 18; 18 ADD.l; 10; 11; 12; 13 20; 21; PINK 8

4.4 Marine meteorology, IGOSS 3; 6; 30; 14; 15; 16; 1 and other ocean-related PINK 9 17; 18; activi ties

4.5 Aviation meteorology 25; PINK 10

4.6 The Integrated WWW System 29; PINK 4 Study

5. Research and Development Programme - Regional aspects

5.1 Atmospheric research, in 9; 16; 19 19; 20 cluding radiation and PINK 11 atmospheric ozone

5.2 Tropical Cyclone Programme 23; PINK 12 AGENDA IX

Agenda Relevant Resolutions Recommenda item No. documents adopted tions adopted

5.3 Global Atmospheric Research 28; PINK 13 Programme

6. Meteorological Applications and Environment Programme - Regional aspects

6.1 Agricultural meteorology, in 11i 14; 15; 21; 22 cluding regional aspects of PINK 14 the WMO agriculture and desertification programme

6.2 Climatology and applica 27; PINK 15 23; 24 tions of meteorology I including regional aspects of the WMO energy and special applications programme

6.3 Environmental pollution 24; PINK 16

7. Hydrology and Water Resources 4; 17; 25 Programme - Regional aspects PINK 18

8. Education and Training 5; PINK 19 Programme - Regional aspects PINK 19 CORR. 1

9. World Climate Programme - 12; PINK 20 26 Regional aspects

10. Technical co-operation. 8; PINK 21 27 activities - Regional aspects

11. Scientific lectures and PINK 5 discussions

12. Review of previous resolu 7; PINK 17 28 tions of the Association and of relevant Executive Commit tee resolutions

13. Election of officers PINK 22

14. Date and place of the ninth session

15. Closure of the session

GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE "WORK OF THE SESSION

1. OPENING OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 1)

1.1 At the invitation of the Government of Australia, the eighth session of Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) was held in Melbourne at the Convention Centr~ Exhibition Buildings, from 7 to 17 September 1982. The session was opened at 10 a.m. on 7 September 1982 by Mr Ho Tong Yueri, president of Regional Association V. ,

1.2 Dr. J. W. Zillman, Director of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, introduced Dr. Roy Green, Acting Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology, the Honourable Mr. E. Kent, Minister for Agriculture for the State of Victoria, and Mr. P. Thorley, Chairman of Commissioners of the City of Melbourne. He pointed out that WMO, as a specialised UN agency responsible for international co-ordination and co-operation in meteorology and operational hydrology, plays a key role in the provi sion of a wide range of essential meteorological and related services within its 150 Member-nations. He added that, under the unique collaborative operational system of the World Weather Watch, the national Meteorological Service of every nation could draw on the facilities and expertise of all the others in fulfilling its national responsibilities. He further pointed out that under the World Climate Research Pro gramme, the intellectual and technological resources of many countries were being focussed on such pressing national and international problems as the causes and pre dictability of drought and flood. In recalling that the very first session of Regional Association V took place in Melbourne 28 years ago, he said that the association had reason to feel proud of its achievements over the six succeeding sessions. Although it had the smallest membership of the WMO Regions, Regional Association V had an area of responsibility larger than that of all the others and the boundaries of the Region embraced more than a third of the world's tropics and a little less than half of the southern hemisphere. He was confident that the tasks ahead would be faced construc tively over the next two weeks and the foundation laid for even stronger and more mutually beneficial co-operation in meteorology in the South-West Pacific in the years to come.

1.3 Dr. Roy Green, Acting Secretary, Department of Science and Technology, speaking on behalf of the Honourable Mr. David Thomson, Minister for Science and Technology, extended a warm welcome to the delegates to the session. He said that the presence of directors and representatives from the respective Meteorological Services at the session was a reflection of the importance attached to meteorology by their governments. He was glad that there was strong representation from countries in the South-West Pacific with whom Australia has a history of close social, economic and cultural links. The agenda, he observed, emphasized the importance of meteorology in a wide range of economic activities. Finally, he wished the session every success in its deliberations.

1.4 The Honourable Mr. Eric Kent, the State Minister for Agriculture, welcomed on behalf of Mr. Cain, the Premier of the State of Victoria, all the delegates to the session and stated that it was a privilege to have such a gathering of meteorologists. He then briefly traced the development of meteorology in the State of Victoria and his own department's interest in climate and weather. He paid tribute to the pioneering work in drought analysis by Dr. W. J. Gibbs, the former Director of Meteorology, and congratulated him on having been awarded the 1982 IMO Prize. He expressed the hope 2 GENERAL SUMMARY

that the session would be productive and stimulating and wished all the participants a pleasant stay.

1.5 Mr. P. Thorley, Chairman of Commissioners of the City of Melbourne, extended a warm welcome on behalf of the people of Melbourne to the delegates to the session and expressed the hope that the deliberations of the session would result in further improvements in meteorological services in the Region.

1.6 In his address Mr. A. C. Wiin-Nielsen, the Secretary-General of WMO, thanked the Government of Australia for extending the invitation to WMO to hold the session in Melbourne and for the excellent facilities provided. Regional Association ~ he pointed out, was the smallest of the WMO Regions in terms of membership, but it encompassed the largest oceanic area, nearly 70 per cent of which is in the southern hemisphere. Moreover, nearly all of its Members were separated by oceans or seas - only three had contiguous land boundaries. The unique geography of the Region and the fact that the southern hemisphere is a data-sparse area posed special problems for its Members. He then extended a warm welcome to the two new Members of the Asso ciation, namely Fiji and Vanuatu, and also to the representatives of the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Kiribati, who were attending the session for the first time as observers. Mr. A. C. Wiin-Nielsen went on to describe the main features of the Programme and Budget Proposals for 1984-1987, with particular reference to the Regional Programme. Finally, he wished all the participants a constructive and successful session.

1.7 Mr. Ho Tong Yuen, the president of Regional Association V expressed his thanks to the Government of Australia for hosting the session and for the excellent facilities provided. He welcomed all the participants to the session, particularly those from Fiji and Vanuatu, the newest Members of the Association, and the observers from the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Kiribati. He stressed the need for assist ing Members with less developed meteorological services in the Region and, in this context, acknowledged the significant role played by Australia in the training of meteorological personnel from countries both within and outside the Region. He men tioned selected topics on which the session could focus its attention and expressed the hope that it would produce a constructive and meaningful programme of activities to be undertaken over the next four years.

2. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 2)

2.1 Consideration of the report on credentials (Agenda item 2.1)

2.1.1 In accordance with WMO General Regulations, the credentials were examined by the representative of the Secretary-General who presented a list of those present and the capacities in which they were attending the session. This list was accepted by the Association and it was decided that it would not be necessary to set up a credentials committee.

2.1.2 There were 49 participants in the session. The list of participants and the capacities in which they attended the session are given at the beginning of this report.

2.2 Adoption of the agenda (Agenda item 2.2)

The provisional agenda, submitted to the session, was adopted without change and is reproduced at the beginning of this report. GENERAL SUMMARY 3

2.3 Establishment of committees (Agenda item 2.3)

2.3.1 Nominations Committee: In accordance with Regulation 23 of WMO General Regulations,-a-NomInatIons-CommIttee was established composed of the principal delegates of French Polynesia, Philippines and the U.S.A.

2.3.2 The Association agreed to discuss all the items on the agenda either in a working committee or in plenary meetings. Mr. J. S. Hickman (New Zealand) was elected chairman -of the working committee which was to consider agenda items 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12. Mr. K. Magari (Papua New Guinea) was elected vice-chairman of the working committee. Agenda items 3, 11, 13 and 14 were to be taken up at plenary meetings. The working committee was assisted during its discussions by the staff members of the WMO Secretariat attending the session.

2.4 Other organizational questions (Agenda item 2.4)

Under this agenda item, the Association decided on the working hours of the session. It also authorized the president to approve those minutes of the plenary meetings which could not be adopted during the session, -in accordance with Regulation III of WMO General Regulations.

3. REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION (Agenda item 3)

In presenting the report, the president welcomed the new Members, Fiji and Vanuatu, and the representatives of Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Tuvalu. The Association congratulated the president on his comprehensive report, noted the information contained in the report and decided to take up points of a technical nature under the relevant agenda items.

4. WORLD WEATHER WATCH PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS

4.1 Observing system, including instruments and methods of observation (Agenda item 4.1)

4.1.1 General

4.1.1.1 The Association noted that the Global Observing System (GOS), as outlined in the WWW Plan 1980-1983, was composed of the following sub-systems:

(a) The surface-based sub-system comprising the following main elements: regional basic synoptic networks, fixed sea stations, mobile ships, automatic marine stations and aircraft;

(b) The space-based sub-system composed of the near-polar-orbiting satellites, the geostationary meteorological/environmental satellites and the associated ground segments for reception and processing of data, in particular direct-read-out stations.

4.1.1.2 The Association recognized that while an increasing amount of quantitative satellite data had become available and further increases could be expected, the surface-based sub-system would continue to constitute the basic source of data needed to meet regional and national requirements. Therefore Members were urged to maintain their present observing networks and to spare no effort in expanding their observing networks and facilities. Efforts should also be maintained to improve the regularity and quality of observations to meet the standards set forth in WWW Techni cal Regulations, including the Manual on the GOS. 4 GENERAL SUMMARY

4.1.1.3 The Association reviewed Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V of the Manual on the GOS with a view to incorporating regional decisions on observing systems applicable in the Region. Members were urged to follow the regional proce dures and practices to ensure that the operation of the GOS was better co-ordinated in Region V. Resolution 1 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.1.2

4.1.2.1 The Association reviewed the basic synoptic network in Region V and noted with appreciation the efforts made by Members in operating the network in spite of financial difficulties faced by a number of Members of the Association. Comparison of the status of implementation for 1978 with 1981 showed a general in crease in the number of observations made. For surface observations the level of implementation had increased from 76.5 per cent to 78.8 per cent and for upper-air observations the level had increased from 62.1 per cent to 63.0 per cent. While some Members of the Association announced plans for the establishment of additional stations requested by RA V with regard to a number of surface and upper-air stations in the network, some other Members had no plans to establish such stations in the near future. This was largely due to difficulties in meeting financial, staff and technical requirements needed for the continuous operation of these stations. How ever the Association decided to maintain these stations in the regional basic synoptic network despite low prospects for their implementation. It was decided to review this matter at a later date in the light of the results of the Integrated WWW System Study,

4.1.2.2 The Association noted that, at its thirty-third session (Geneva, June-1981), the Executive Committee had expressed concern at the slow progress made in the imple mentation of the WWW as a whole and considered it imperative that it be given higher priority in the consideration of various organizational measures, and in the alloca tion of WMO programme resources, such as under VCP and other co-operation programmes. Therefore the Association requested Members to continue their efforts in implementing the GOS. It suggested that Members unable to establish or maintain stations included in the regional basic synoptic network should seek assistance under VCP, UNDP or other assistance programmes.

4.1.2.3 In respect of the establishment of new surface synoptic stations, the Association invited Members to study the possibility of setting up automated weather stations in remote or uninhabited areas, where manned stations were difficult to operate.

4.1.2.4 The Association considered the regional basic network adopted by its seventh session in 1978 and updated by the president of the Association, introducing some minor changes not affecting its spacing nor the observing programme. Resolution 2 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.1.2.5 The Association recognized that large parts of the ocean in Region V were data-sparse areas. Therefore, the Association urged Members to recruit addi tional ships plying these areas and improve the effectiveness of data collection, e.g. the use of new HF coastal radio stations or INMARSAT, as applicable. Further more, the Association felt that efforts should be made by Members through joint co operative programmes to maintain a drifting buoy programme in the southern hemisphere.

4.1.2.6 The results of recent monitoring of the operation of the WWW and joint ICAO/WMO surveys showed that there was still room for improvement of the collection of in-flight and post-flight aircraft weather reports (AIREP). While new procedures for the collection of AIREPs via the GTS came into force on 26 November 1981, it appears that the difficulties in achieving co-ordination between the airlines and aero nautical and meteorological services on a national or local level identified by the GENERAL SUMMARY 5 seventh session of RA V still persisted. The Association reiterated its appeal for better co-operation between all concerned. Resolution 3 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.1.2.7. The Association was informed of the action taken towards the development of ASDAR flight hardware. The Association invited Members to participate in the ASDAR programme, when it became operational. It requested the Secretary-General to keep Members informed of the developments leading to an operational ASDAR programme.

4.1.3 ~:!~~:~_~i_~~!~!_~~~_~~!~!_!~~~_::e~:!~~~_~!~!~~~~ 4.1.3.1 The Association reviewed the network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Region and amended the list in the light of information provided by Members during the session. In doing so it was careful to change the network as little as possible in order to maintain the necessary uniformity in the series of the data collected for the preparation of climatological summaries and records.

4.1.3.2 The Association was of the opinion that CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP data were of great value to the Members of the Region, and the need for the early application of these data to economic problems was emphasized. Furthermore, the Association stressed the need for careful quality control of the data by Members of Region V.

4.1.3.3 In this connexion, the Association stressed the importance of the distribution of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports and urged Members to implement their CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations, and, in particular, transmission of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP bulletins OR the GTS for global and regional exchange.

4.1.3.4 The Association adopted Resolution 4 (VIII-RA V).

4.1.4

The Association recognized the importance of polar-orbiting and geosta tionary satellites in providing global data coverage, through quantitative satellite data distributed on the GTS and through imagery received from or through the satellite concerned. Details of the satellite programmes were published in WMO Publication No. 411. The Association stressed in particular the need for the continuation of the operational polar-orbiting satellite programmes, with sufficient back-up capabilities to ensure uninterrupted services. The same operational criteria should also apply to geostationary meteorological satellites providing vital data. The Association urged satellite operators to maintain their satellite programmes at the present level.

4.2 Data-processing system, including code matters

4.2.1 Functions of GDPS centres

4.2.1.1 The Association noted with satisfaction the activities of the GDPS centres in the Region, namely, the WMC Melbourne and RMCs Darwin and Wellington, and, in particular, that the number of their output products had increased since the last session. It further noted, however, that the demands of Members for output products had also increased.

4.2.1.2 The Association was informed that as requested by the Commission for Basic Systems (1980) a new inquiry was initiated by the Secretary-General to ascer tain the requirements of Members for WMC and RMC products as well as requirements for other products such as the AFC products. The WMCs and RMCs concerned will be informed of the results of the inquiry.

4.2.1.3 The Association emphasized the need for strengthening the NMCs, as they oonstituted an essential element in the GDPS. The NMCs as they related to the GDPS 6 GENERAL SUMMARY were the main interface between national meteorological activities and international programmes, and co-operation between Members of WMO. Therefore, the Association urged Members to develop their National Meteorological Centres, as necessary, so as to enable them to derive the maximum benefit from the output products received from the WMCs and RMCs and to provide adequate meteorological services at the national level for various human activities.

4.2.2,

The Association noted that more and more output products were now available in GRID code form on the GTS. WMC Melbourne expects to commence trans mission of GRID products in the near future when the Melbourne-Tokyo circuit has been upgraded. WMC Washington already transmits a total of about 770 GRID code bulletins a day. The Association recalled that in the WWW plan, Members were urged to develop and implement procedures to convert processed data received via the GTS in GRID and GRAF code form into pictorial form, in order to be capable of making extensive use of such products. In relation to this, reference was made to WWW Planning Report No. 37 - Conversion of grid-point data into meteorological maps with a mini-computer system. Furthermore, the Association invited the WMC and RMCs in Region V to consider the conversion of GRID code data into pictorial form for sub sequent distribution by facsimile broadcast.

4.2.3 Volume II of the Manual on the GDPS

4.2.3.1 The Association noted that the regional section in respect of Region V' in Volume II of the Manual on the Global Data-processing System needed to be completed and updated. The Association was informed, in this regard, of the results of the recent inquiry on the subject conducted by the Secretariat amongst Members of the Region. Examining the information further, the Association formulated suitable texts for inclusion in Volume II of the Manual, except for Sections 4.4 and 4.5 of Part I, which were to be developed later. Resolution 5 (VIII-RA V) was adopted accordingly.

4.2.3.2 The Association considered that there was a need for further studies on regional data-processing matters. Therefore, it decided to appoint a rapporteur on regional data processing, who would also be the regional focal point on this subject and represent RA V on the CBS Working Group on the GDPS. Resolution 6 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.2.4

The Association felt that arrangements should be made to organize periodical courses on advanced techniques for forecasters. It invited the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General, to study' this matter.

4.2.5

4.2.5.1 The Association noted with appreciation the report of the RA V Rapporteur on Codes, Mr. D. A. Liwag (Philippines), and commended him for his excellent work in representing the Association on the CBS Working Group on Codes.

4.2.5.2 The Association noted that the regional coding procedures adopted in Resolutions 22(80-RA V) and 23(80-RA V) had been included in Chapter V, Volume II of the Manual on Codes (1982 edition). It further considered proposals for the re vision of the regional procedures with regard to the international code forms other than FM 12-VII, FM 13-VII and FM 85-VI with a view to bringing them into conformity with the structure of Volume I of the Manual. Resolution 7 (VIII-RA V) was adopted. GENERAL SUMMARY 7

4.2.5.3 The Association noted that Volume II of the Manual on Codes contained a variety of national coding practices which included, inter alia, obsolete infor mation which should be deleted, deviations from accepted global and/or regional _ coding procedures which should be avoided, and practices which might be considered for adoption as regional practices. The Association recognized the need to reduce the national practices in view of the requirements for computerized processing. It decided to invite Members of the Association to conduct a review of their national coding practices using certain regional guidelines. Resolution 8 (YIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.2.5.4 The Association recognized the continuing need to review and develop regional codes and appointed a Rapporteur on Codes for the purpose. Resolution 9 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.3 Telecommunications system (Agenda item 4.3)

4.l.1 The Association noted with appreciation the report of Mr. J. W. Wilkins (New Zealand), Chairman of the RA V Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications and expressed its gratitude for his leadership of the working group in the past.

4.3.2 Regional meteorological telecommunication network ------4.3.2.1 The Association reviewed the present state of implementation of the regional meteorological telecommunication plan for Region V - South-West Pacific, as regards point-to-point circuits, radio teleprinter (RTT) broadcasts and radio facsimile broadcasts as well as the automation of GTS centres. It noted with satis faction that the implementation of the plan had progressed well since 1978. All point-to-point circuits called for in the plan had been implemented and were in operation; these were one MTC segment passing through Region V, one main regional circuit, 10 regional circuits and 5 inter-regional circuits.

4.3.2.2 The Association was informed that the regional circuit between Nandi and Papeete had been discontinued and replaced by a 50-baud data satellite circuit between Wellington and Tahiti Faaa. It agreed to include the regional circuit between Wellington and Tahiti Faaa in the regional meteorological telcommunication plan and to delete the circuit between Nandi and Papeete. 4.3.2.3 The Association noted that RTT broadcasts were operated by the WMC/RTH Melbourne, the RTH Wellington and the NMC Jakarta (for national purposes) and radio facsimile broadcasts were operated by the WMC/RTH Melbourne and RMC Darwin. The session also noted that the RTH Wellington planned to operate radio-facsimile broad casts from September 1982 and transmission tests in this respect had been initiated.

4.3.2.4 The Association noted that WMC/RTH Melbourne had already been automated. The RTH Wellington had direct connexion with the AFTN automated message switching system. The RTH automatically interfaced GTS/AFTN protocols and made the collection and distribution of data from the South Pacific and within New Zealand much more efficient. It further noted that the NMCs Jakarta and Singapore were to be automated, with an automatic switching system, in 1983 and 1984, respectively. The NMCs Kuala Lumpur and Manila also had plans for automation.

4.3.2.5 The Association updated, as necessary, the information concerning the implementation of and future plans for upgrading the regional meteorological tele~ communication network in Region V.

4.3.2.6 The Association noted with appreciation that geostationary meteorological satellites were operated by Japan and the U.S.A., which distributed processed infor mation throughout the Region. 8 GENERAL SUMMARY

4.3.2.7 The Association agreed that the information concerning the present operational status 1 as updated by the session, and future plans by Members for upgrading the regional meteorological telecommunication network for Region V should be included in an annex to the general summary.of this report (see Annex I).

4.3.3

4.3.3.1 The Association felt that the national meteorological telecommunication networks had two main functions; the first was to collect promptly and reliably ob servational data required for global, regional and national exchange, e.g. SYNOP data from observing stations, SHIP data through coastal radio stations, AIREPs through aeronautical stations, etc. and the second was to distribute processed information and/or observational data as required to meteorological offices within the territory.

4.3.3.2 The Association noted with satisfaction that the national meteorological telecommunication networks of RA V Members had progressively been implemented, but some regional basic synoptic observing stations had not yet been connected by reliable circuits to their NMCs in some countries. It further noted that some established circuits had experienced difficulties in the night-time propagation of HF radio com munications. Therefore, the Association felt that further improvement of the national meteorological telecommunication networks in Region V would be needed, with a view to ensuring reliable collection and distribution of required information within the territory.

4.3.3.3 The Association noted with appreciation that many Members in Region V had plans for establishing reliable communications between observing stations and NMCs using satellite or cable or VHF links. The Association urged the RA V Members to make further efforts to establish reliable circuits in the national meteorological telecommunication networks, as required. In particular, reliable circuits should be established between NMCs and remote observing stations, such as island stations.

4.3.3.4 The Association noted with satisfaction that certain Members in Region V had considered a plan for the use of data collection capabilities of polar-orbiting and geostationary meteorological satellites to collect observational data from stations, in particular, remote stations; furthermore, some Members had already carried out trials in this respect. It urged Members of Region V to give serious consideration to the possible use of the above-mentioned capabilities. Furthermore, prompt transmission on the GTS of observational data collected by satellites from the satellite operating centre to the NMCs should be ensured.

4.3.4

4.3.4.1 The Association examined the re~ults of the monitoring carried out on a global basis in October 1981, which was contained in a document submitted by the Secretariat. It was noted that the method of monitoring at GTS centres did not identify the deficiencies in the GTS alone, but also included deficiencies in the GOS. The Association also felt that there was a need to monitor the GDPS, parti cularly the quality control of processed information and its distribution.

4.3.4.2 The Association noted that at some synoptic hours the availability of observational data at RTH Tokyo exceeded 80 per cent of that required for global ex change. However, at other times, mainly at 1200 GMT, significant deficiencies in the amount of data received were experienced. The Association was informed that while some of the deficiencies were the result of telecommunication problems, the majority arose out of personnel problems and, in some cases, temporary shortages of operating consumables. GENERAL SUMMARY 9

4.3.4.3 The Association noted with interest that the NMC Singapore had carried out special monitoring of the operations of its GTS centre and had found that many of the malfunctions were due to operator mistakes. There was a recognized need for the continued real-time monitoring of the performance of both circuits and centres, if the performance of the GTS was to be improved and maintained.

4.3.4.4 The Association noted with satisfaction that the Secretariat had already initiated, with the Members concerned, remedial action in order to improve the deficiencies in the operation of the WWW revealed from the monitoring results.

4.3.4.5 The Association recognized the value of roving seminars, carried out by telecommunication experts, for monitoring and staff training purposes but it considered that there was no urgent need for such visit~ in Region V at present.

4.3.5 Antarctic data

4.3.5.1 The Association noted that some deficiencies were observed in the availability of Antarctic data and also that Antarctic data compiled by some centres in Antarctica were not in full conformity with the WMO standard format. It urged Members concerned to take the necessary action with their Antarctic bases to compile bulletins in conformity with the Manual on the GTS, Volume I, Part II, paragraph 2.3.

4.3.5.2 As a possible means of improving the exchange of Antarctic data on the GTS, the Association suggested that Members concerned should collect all data available from Antarctic bases and compile bulletins in accordance with GTS procedures prior to entry of the data on the global system.

4.3.5.3 The Association was informed that Earth stations for satellite communi cations would be established in some bases in the Antarctic. The session welcomed a possible establishment of Earth stations in the Antarctic which would improve the existing situation in telecommunications. The Association requested the Secretary General to convey to the SCAR (Telecommunication Group) its opinion that the establish ment of satellite communications would be the best possible solution in order to improve the exchange of Antarctic data.

4.3.6

4.3.6.1 The Association discussed possible improvement of the existing conventional system for the collection and dissemination of ships' weather reports. In this connexion, the Association was informed that a report was submitted by a WMO/UNDP expert in marine meteorology and oceanography. It noted with appreciation that action recommended by the expert would be very useful in improving the existing situation.

4.3.6.2 The Association was informed of the increasing costs being incurred in the handling of ships' weather reports and noted that some countries had already implemented the relay of reports from ship to coastal station to NMC in ten-figure groups to cut costs. As no difficulties in re-formatting were reported, tffi Asso ciation urged that this practice be introduced by all Members.

4.3.6.3 The Association noted with appreciation the report submitted by the Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology in Region V, Mr. Koo Hock Chong (Singapore), which highlighted problem areas requiring particular attention by the session for the development of marine meteorological services in the Region. A series of actions were recommended in the report for improving marine meteorological services (see paragraph 4.4.1). The Association noted further that considerable progress would have to be made in order to increase the number of ships' weather reports and im prove their exchange throughout the Region. It felt that the necessary provisions 10 GENERAL SUMMARY had been included in the Manual on the GTS, therefore no specific action would be needed in this respect.

4.3.7 4.3.7.1 The Association noted that according'to the monitoring results the acquisition and exchange of aircraft weather reports was unsatisfactory. However, th~ monitoring statistics were difficult to analyse because of inconsistencies and un known'factors in the monitoring and bulletin compilation processes.

4.3.7.2 The Association was of the opinion that each centre should spare no effort in investigating the cause of the deficiencies and suggested that there would be considerable value in monitoring the exchange of AIREP bulletins between neighbouring centres. Such monitoring should be arranged bilaterally over limited periods.

4.3.8 ~~~~~~~:~~_~i_~~~!!~~_~~~~!: 4.3.8.1 The Association was informed of the results of an examination of plotted charts of 15, 16 and 17 August 1982 made in order to compare data availability at each centre. The results showed that data availability at each centre was almost identical. Discrepancies were, however, apparent between some individually plotted charts, which could be due to the time delay of certain data and local practices at the centres concerned.

4.3.8.2 The Association noted with satisfaction that the exchange of observational data was effective and reliable within Region V. Furthermore, reception of facsimile broadcasts and WEFAX broadcasts was satisfactory in most parts of the region.

4.3.9

The Association noted the amount of time-consuming laborious work involved in monitoring the performance of the WWW, but agreed that if the latter was to be improved and maintained the practices laid down in Attachment 1-5 to the Manual on the GTS must be implemented by all Members.

4.3.10 Information for inclusion in WMO Publication No. 9

4.3.10.1 The Association noted that in order to ensure the efficient operation of the WWW, information concerning WMO Publication No.9, Volumes A and C, as well as the list of stations from which reports were to be exchanged globally and regionally (Attachment 1-4 and Attachment PS-I of the Manual on the GTS) should be kept up-to date. Furthermore, information concerning temporary suspension of observing pro grammes and outages of telecommunication circuits or centres should be distributed amongst all WMO Members. Therefore, up-to-date information concerning the operation of the GOS, GDPS and GTS should be sent without delay to the WMO Secretariat for in clusion in amendments to the manuals, as well as in METNO messages and monthly opera tion letters. It was noted that at least one month's notice of planned changes would be required if the Secretariat was to be effective in advising Members of these changes.

4.3.10.2 The Association felt that the NMCs should keep their associated RTH informed of their requirements for the reception of meteorological information (ob servational data and processed information) in order to update the transmission schedules from the RTH to NMC, accordingly.

4.3.10.3 The Association urged Members to ensure that up-to-date information be provided as indicated in paragraphs 4.3.10.1 and 4.3.10.2 above. GENERAL SUMMARY 11

4.3.10.4 The Association welcomed the revised transmission schedules for GOES West which are to be increased with effect from 15 September 1982, and also noted the list of products available in Australia which could be made available to Members on request.

4.3.11 Review of the regional meteorological telecommunication plan ------~----~------~------The Association reviewed the regional meteorological telecommunication plan for Region V (South-West Pacific) for the World Weather Watch (WWW) as prescribed in the Manual on the GTS, Volume II, Region V. It felt that the provisions of all three parts of the plan needed some adjustment in the light of development and progress made since 1978 (see paragraphs 4.3.12, 4.3.13 and 4.3.14).

4.3.12 Organization of the regional meteorological telecommunication plan ------~------~~~----~------~------

4.3.12.1 The Association noted the recommendation of the combined WMO CAeM-VII and ICAO COM/MET Divisional Meeting (Montreal April/May 1982) and the role that the GTS was expected to perform in the distribution of output products of the World Area Forecast Centres (WAFCs) and the Regional Area Forecast Centres (RAFCs).

4.3.12.2 Although the details of user requirements were still unknown, it was possible to have useful discussions on how the increased traffic in digital, pictorial, alphanumeric and plain-language forms could be handled.

4.3.12.3 The Association accepted that the future plans for upgrading circuits and centres in the Region would meet the requirements of increased demand. However, it felt that the implementation of some of the upgrading may need to be accelerated.

4.3.12.4 It also noted that an upgrading of the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunica- tion Network (AFTN) was recommended for the distribution of WAFS products and felt that in the initial phase of implementation of the WAFS the use of one medium-speed circuit for both meteorological and aeronautical requirements should be investigated.

4.3.12.5 Furthermore, it was felt that the dissemination of area forecast products in pictorial form could be made by the existing regional radio-facsimile broadcasts as well as WEFAX broadcasts of geostationary meteorological satellites. The disse mination of these products in alphanumeric form would also be made through the existing point-to-point circuits and regional radio teleprinter broadcasts. However, it was considered that there may be a need to rationalize transmission schedules and, if necessary, to upgrade the existing point-to-point circuits and radio broadcasts.

4.3.12.6 The Association was informed that the RA II/RA V Implementation Co- ordination Meeting on the GTS, held in Singapore in November/December 1981, discussed various telecommunication problems concerning exchange of meteorological information between the two Regions. The Association noted that at this meeting the possibility of linking the NMC Manila to a centre in Region V was discussed and the matter was referred to this session of the Working Group.

4.3.12.7 The Association considered possible alternate circuitry arrangements, taking into account the fact that the Philippines were in the zone of responsibility of the WMC/RTH Melbourne as regards the collection of observational data. It wel comed the offer made by Singapore that its centre would connect with the NMC Manila. It felt that this circuit would contribute substantially to the exchange of meteoro logical information. The Association agreed that a regional circuit, Manila-Singapore, be included in the target regional meteorological telecommunication network.

4.3.12.8 The Association adopted Resolution 10 (VIII-RA V). 12 GENERAL SUMMARY

4.3.13

4.3.13.1 The Association noted that the revised procedures for the exchange of AIREPs between meteorological offices were approved by the Executive Committee by Resolution 5 (EC-XXXIII), which became effective as of 26 November 1981. It felt that a minor correction was needed in this respect to the Manual on the GTS.

4.3.13.2 The Association noted that the transmission of ships' weather reports had been reviewed by CBS and CMM as regards the reduction in the transmission costs of these reports from ship to coastal radio station by compiling them in ten-figure groups.

4.3.13.3 The Association reviewed the telecommunication procedures for Region V to see whether they met all the requirements for ensuring the timely and reliable exchange of meteorological information, taking into account the new developments in transmission techniques and terminal equipment.

4.3.13.4 The Association was informed of the conclusions reached by the tenth session of the CBS Working Group on the GTS to refer the matter of the format of SYNOP and SHIP reports to CBS-VIII scheduled for 1983. It generally favoured Format (b) for global exchange because this made it easier for processing, monitoring and quality control carried out manually.

4.3.13.5 The Association adopted Resolution 11 (VIII-RA V).

4.3.14

4.3.14.1 The Association considered that point-to-point circuits between centres in Region V were implemented over channels which were regarded as low-speed duplex radio circuits. It noted that some circuits had already been established by satellite channels.

4.3.14.2 The Association felt that in order to accommodate the anticipated traffic loads, upgrading of circuits should be introduced in the future. Therefore, further amendments should be made to provisions at present included in the Manual on the GTS concerning engineering of circuits and centres.

4.3.14.3 The Association adopted Resolution 12 (VIII-RA V).

4.3.15 Telecommunlcatlons------Re-establishment of the RA V Working Group on Meteorological

The Association considered that it was essential to continue developing the GTS in the South-West Pacific and to recommend improvements in operating the regional meteorological telecommunication system. The Association adopted Resolution> 13 (VIII- RA V),

4.3.16

4.3.16.1 The Association considered that apart from the increasing load to be im- posed by the WAFS, the requirements of Members for data processed information made available through advances in technology could best be met by the upgrading of the transmission capabilities of point-to-point circuits throughout the Region.

4.3.16.2 The Association was of the opinion that multiplexing techniques as recom mended by CCITT Recommendation V.29 would be adequate in order to obtain medium-speed data and facsimile channels in a cost-effective manner. Therefore, when the centres GENERAL SUMMARY 13 in Region V were planning new installations or intending to replace their equipment, these techniques should be taken into account. The Association agreed to include some guidelines for the application of multiplexing techniques in accordance with modems specified by CCITT Recommendation V.29 in the annex to this report (see Annex II).

4.3.16.3 The Association recognized that close co-ordination would be required between Members introducing these new techniques so that compatible options would be selected to ensure the efficiency of the communication links.

4.3.17 INMARSAT

4.3.17.1 The Association noted that important developments were taking place as regards the collection and transmission of ships' weather reports. In particular, a new global system of maritime satellite communications established by the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) had begun operation as of 7 February 1982. Services provided would include telephone, telex, facsimile, telegram, low- to high speed data transmission, etc.

4.3.17.2 The Association was in"formed that a joint WMO/INMARSAT mechanism had been approved by the thirty-fourth session of the Executive Committee to consider operational problems in the areas of collection of marine observations, the distribution of marine forecasts and warnings, and the formulation of financial arrangements for the payment of data-collection and distribution services provided by INMARSAT. This mechanism would take the form of a small group made up of two experts, one from CBS and one from CMM and an officer from the WMO Secretariat, together with a similar number of repre sentatives nominated by INMARSAT. This joint group would be invited to deal with all matters in the field of interest of WMO Members relating to the collection and distri bution of marine observations, with particular emphasis on ships' weather reports and the dissemination of forecasts and warnings.

4.3.17.3 The Association felt that the exchange of ships' weather reports would be improved under the INMARSAT system.

4.3.18

The Association considered that some guidelines for the future planning of the regional meteorological telecommunication network in Region V would be needed with a view to improving the operation of the network further. These guidelines would apply to the introduction of new features or to the expansion of the present activities of certain centres. The Association suggested that the guidelines should be borne in mind by Members in developing their telecommunication centres and circuits. The suggested guidelines are as follows:

(a) There should be a fully integrated RA V regional meteorological telecommunication network, composed of point-to-point circuits;

(b) The circuits constituting the network should be telephone-type channels which should be obtained through appropriate lease arrange ments;

(c) To accommodate the increasing amount of data, attempts should be made to introduce higher data-signalling rates, e.g. 2400 or 4800 bit/s;

(d) The circuits should be operated using modern multiplexing techniques to provide one or two data channels (medium-speed) and one facsimile channel, and operated in full duplex mode; 14 GENERAL SUMMARY

(e) The circuits should be available 24 hours per day and should be engineered in such a way that a breakdown of local circuits would not disrupt the whole networkj

(f) The use of automation of telecommunication centres should be in creasedj

(g) Increasing use of the telecommunication capabilities of meteorological satellites for the collection of observational data by installing, as appropriate, Data Collection Platforms (DCPs) in the Regionj

(h) In addition, to improve the dissemination of processed information in the Region, attempts should be made to introduce the following tech niques:

(i) Increased use of the direct broadcast capabilities from the geostationary meteorological satellites (WEFAX)i

(ii) Increased use of transmissions in GRID code form, at least on the segment of the MTC and the main regional circuit, and the RTHs concerned should have the capability of conversion to analogue form for regional dissemination.

4.4 Marine meteorology, IGOSS and other ocean-related activities (Agenda item 4.4)

4.4.1 The Association expressed its appreciation to Mr. Koo Hock Chong (Singapore), Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology, for his comprehensive report. In particular, it noted that the regional survey carried out by the rapporteur on the collection of ships' weather reports and their dissemination over the GTS had revealed that shortcomings still existed in the Region. Furthermore, the Association noted with concern that the daily number of ships' reports collected from the sea areas of the Region and exchanged over the GTS during the 15-day sampling intervals had decreased between 1978 and 1981, whilst, on the other hand, the number of reports on a global scale had increased by 35 per cent during the same period. The Association agreed with the suggestions made by the rapporteur in his report and urged Members to take all the necessary steps to improve the position. Resolution 14 (VIII-RA V) was adopted accordingly.

4.4.2 The Association noted that rapid developments were taking place in the field of marine activities which called for a corresponding expansion of meteorological services in support of these activities, particularly in regard to the high seas and coastal and offshore waters. In this connexion, the Association noted with satisfaction the constructive suggestions made by shipmasters in response to the WMO inquiry on the adequacy of marine meteorological services provided to them by Members of the Region. Specific comments relating to services provided by individual countries were brought to the attention of Members concerned for information or action, as appropriate.

4.4.3 The Association agreed that, for the safety of maritime navigation, information on waves and significant pressure systems should be included, as necessary, in weather and sea bulletins, in accordance with the provisions of the WMO Technical Regulations. Furthermore, considering the growing importance of marine economic acti vities in coastal and offshore areas, the Association urged Members to introduce marine meteorological services if they had not already done so. In this regard, the need for increasing observations from sea areas by all possible means was also emphasized.

4.4.4 The Association recognized that in many cases the organization of marine meteorological services by Members involved the expansion of existing national meteor ological centres or other forecast offices. This would mean the training of personnel GENERAL SUMMARY 15

(forecasters and technical staff) in these offices in the preparation of specialized products. Furthermore, it was considered important that Meteorological Services should keep in close liaison with governmental authorities and other user groups in respect of requirements for services.

4.4.5 Resolution 15 (VIII-RA V), which incorporated the above views of the Association, was adopted.

4.4.6 In recognizing the need for ensuring adequate port meteorological services, the Association agreed that particular attention should be given to the requirements expressed by shipmasters for the introduction of forecast and warning services at major ports as well as for the supply of analysis and prognostic weather charts to out-going ships. The need for locating the PMOs at the port premises or at a place easily acces sible to shipmasters was dlso emphasized. Resolution 16 (VIII-RA V) was adopted accor ·dingly.

4.4.7 The Association was informed that the IMO/IHD plan for a world-wide navigational warning system contained a provision for the inclusion of meteorological warnings relating to the safety of navigation in the NAVAREA broadcasts. The Asso ciation noted, in this connexion, the decision of EC-XXX that, while retaining the present practice of issuing meteorological as well as navigational warnings, both types of warnings should be scheduled to be broadcast in close succession if this had not already been done. The Association understood from the two Members, viz. Australia and New Zealand, who were responsible in Region V for the co-ordination of NAVAREA warnings and broadcasts, that satisfactory arrangements existed in respect of their respective areas of responsibility, as both meteorological and navigational warnings were scheduled to be broadcast in close succession at the stations concerned.

4.4.8 The Association urged Members to participate actively in the international programme of marine climatological summaries. In particular, the Association requested Members to contribute as many marine meteorological observations as possible to the scheme and to arrange for the timely despatch of data to the Members responsible for the preparation of the summaries.

4.4.9 The Association recognized the need for a continuous review of marine meteorological activities and services in the Region and their co-ordination. The Association therefore decided to re-appoint a Rapporteur on Mbrine Meteorology for that purpose. The rapporteur would also serve as the regional expert on the CMM Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services. Resolution 17 (VIII-RA V) was adopted. 4.4.10 The Association was informed of the important developments taking place in the field of international co-operation concerning the full utilization of ocean resources. The need for an increasing amount of ocean data and products for WWW and WCP activities had been stressed by Eighth Congress and at various sessiornof the Executive Committee, and increased participation by WMO Members in IGOSS had been felt necessary. Further progress by the joint IOC/WMO programme on the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) was considered to be essential by the Executive Committee. The Association therefore drew attention to Resolution 13 (Cg-VIII), in which Eighth Congress had requested Members to participate actively in all or any part of the basic elements and programmes of IGOSS. The Association noted, however, that participation in IGOSS by Members in Region V had been rather limited. It recalled that, in approv ing the new IGOSS General Plan and Implementation Programme for 1982-85, EC-XXXIII had invited Members to contribute to the implementation of the programme through the co ordinated recruitment of ships for the provision of IGOSS data, the expanded use of drifting buoys and the expansion of existing marine meteorological services to include IGOSS-type services. The Association, therefore, urged Members to consider increased participation .in the programme, as had been requested by Eighth Congress and the Executive Committee. Resolution 18 (VIII-RA V) was adopted. 16 GENERAL SUMMARY

4.4.11 The Association was further informed that a joint WMO/IOC Regional Imple- mentation Co-ordination Meeting on IGOSS had been held in Tokyo in November 1981, in which experts from Region V had participated. At the meeting it had been recommended that:

(a) Members insert onto the GTS late BATHY/TESAC reports up to 30 days after observation;

(b) Members concerned ensure that designated coastal radio stations accept and adequately handle the BATHY/TESAC data from the Pacific;

The Association requested Members concerned to consider appropriate action for the implementation of the above matters.

4.4.12 The Association noted some changes in the allocation of areas of responsibility for the issue of weather and sea bulletins in respect of Sri Lanka and Mauritius. In this connexion, it was felt that some adjustments in the present allocation of areas of responsibility for the issue of weather and sea bulletins to Australia and Indonesia should be made. These adjustments would facilitate the provision of services and took into consideration the abilities of Members to provide the services required by the Manual on Marine Meteorological Services. The changes in the western boundary of the area allocated to Australia would require consultation with Mauritius, taking into con sideration the general rearrangement of responsibilities in the Indian Ocean. The' Association requested the Secretary-General to arrange for appropriate consultation to take place between the presidents of RA I, II and V and the president of CMM for con sideration of the proposed changes and possible subsequent amendment. Recommendation 1 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

4.4.13 The Association noted that to meet national and regional requirements Members of RA V issue weather bulletins, advisories and warnings in addition to those specified in the Manual on the MMS, Appendix 11.1. The Association encouraged Members to continue their services to meet such requirements.

4.5 Aviation meteorology

4.5.1 The Association was informed that the ICAO COM/MET Divisional Meeting held conjointly with CAeM-VII in April/May 1982 formulated a number of recommendations on a World Area Forecast System (WAFS) based on the three-tiered structure of: (a) World Area Forecast Centres (WAFCs); (b) Regional Area Forecast Centres (RAFCs); and (c) Users. The conjoint meeting had furthermore specifically requested WMO to "arrange for the necessary World Weather Watch support to the WAFCs and RAFCs and, in particu lar, for the availability of basic data on a global scale in the case of the WAFCs and for the areas of responsibility in the case of the RAFCs". The Association noted that the thirty-fourth session of the Executive Committee, in endorsing the request, had invited the CBS and regional associations to take appropriate action on the recommen dations on this subject when a formal ICAO request was received. The Association was informed that formal approval of the regulatory material relating to the WAFS was expected by mid-1983. Regional matters relating to WAFS will be considered at the forthcoming ICAO ASIA/PAC RAN meeting scheduled for January 1983 in Singapore.

4.5.2 The Association noted that the implementation of the WAFS would have a significant impact on the provision of meteorological services for aviation in the Region and would necessitate the further development, on a global and regional level, of addi tional regulatory material by ICAO and WMO. Furthermore, the Association invited its president to take necessary measures for the regional co-ordination of the implementa tion of the WAFS in Region V, after formal approval of the WAFS by WMO and IeAO. GENERAL SUMMARY 17

4.5~3 The Association recognized the need for closer contact between aircrew and forecasters. The Association felt that this was an important matter and should be followed up nationally, in particular in respect of General Aviation pilots.

4.5.4 In reviewing the arrangements for the collection of post-flight reports, the Association was informed by one Member that a considerable number of post-flight weather reports were obtained through arranging for a box to be placed at immigration counters so that crew could deposit their reports therein when clearing immigration formalities.

4.5.5 The Association reiterated the need for the specialized training of meteorological personnel engaged in aviation meteorology. These training requirements were discussed under agenda item 8.

4.6 The Integrated WWW System Study

4.6.1 General

4.6.1.1 The Association was informed by Mr. J. R. Neilon, the president of CBS, and the Secretariat on the progress made in the Integrated WWW System Study (ISS) proposed by the seventh session of CBS (Washington, November 1978) and endorsed by Eighth Congress in 1979. It also noted that the Executive Committee at its XXXII, XXXIII and XXXIV sessions had considered several aspects of the ISS and gave valuable guidance to CBS, the main WMO body responsible for arranging and supervising the various activities initiated and carried out by Members, the technical commissions and the Secretariat. The extraordinary session of CBS (Geneva 1980) decided to carry out the ISS, within the following six study areas:

(1) Optimized observing system (including regional observing system experiments);

(2) Inter-relationship of data processing/data communications;

(3) Improvement of the GTSi

(4) Information exchange formats;

(5) Output products and user interface;

(6) Technology transfer.

4.6.1.2 On the basis of the guidance given by the extraordinary session of CBS (Geneva 1980), a total of 49 individual studies had been developed, i.e.:

Study Area (1) .. 27 Study Area (4) .. 2 Study Area (2) .•. 6 Study Area (5) •• 3 Study Area (3) .• 11 Study Area (6) .. No studies approved as yet.

Members and technical commissions indicated their willingness to participate in carry ing out or reviewing the results of individual ISS studies. A major contribution to the ISS would be the results of the FGGE, in particular the observing system experi ments co-ordinated by JSC and carried out by its Working Group on Numerical Experi mentation. A number of preliminary results of individual studies were now being made available, but needed to be evaluated and consolidated in such a form that definitive conclusions could be drawn by the WMO bodies considering the further development of the WWW. 18 GENERAL SUMMARY

4.6.2 {Issj------Consideration of the progress made in the Integrated WWW------System Study

4.6.2.1 The Association was informed that during ISS activities it had become apparent that the study would probably be composed of two main themes, namely:

(a) Scientific and technological studies to determine the suitability of new components and elements for incorporation into the WWW and the resulting contributions towards an improved and expanded future WWW;

(b) Overall policy and strategy for the planning and implementation of the future WWW, which would, in particular, involve consideration of the ability of Members to implement and operate key WWW facili ties and services.

4.6.2.2 While the co-ordination and follow-up of the scientific and technological aspects, including the detailed planning of system~was to be supervised and co ordinated by the CBS, and approved by the Executive Committee and later by Congress, the overall policy and strategy would be considered by the Executive Committee through a small group of high-level experts which would meet from 6 to 10 December 1982 in Geneva.

4.6.2.3 The Association was informed of the preliminary results of the ISS, which indicated that the future WWW should be designed in such a way as to permit full par ticipation by Members not yet able to establish advanced facilities. Properly planned interfaces between the GTS and GDPS were considered feasible and would allow access to the observational data and processed information by means of conventional telecom munication terminals. The development of such interfaces would allow Members to reap full benefit from the WWW as conceived in the WWW plan adopted by Congress. The Association supported such developments and the concept that the future WWW, incorpo rating the results of the ISS, should be implemented gradually.

4.6.2.4 The Association stressed the importance of Study Area (6) - Technology transfer, which was intended to provide for the exchange of knowledge and proven methodology between Members. It will include a strong training component. The Association requested CBS to give high priority to this component, since this acti vity will provide the essential support for global implementation of the future WWW.

4.6.2.5 The Association also supported the need for urgent progress in Study Area (5) - Output products and user interface. It requested CBS to give high priority to this study area, since WWW would be expected to provide increased support to other WMO programmes and international programmes established jointly with other organiza tions.

4.6.2.6 The Association supported, in particular, the system's approach which would ensure proper integration of the various elements of the system, such as the optimized GOS with data-assimilation schemes used operationally by a WWW centre, the data manage ment arrangements for observational and processed information with the supporting tele communication and data-processing systems. It was hoped that, through careful planning, a cost-effective and reliable WWW could be designed to take into account the ability of all Members to implement and operate the future WWW. Finally, the Association re quested its Members to participate in the integrated system study to the fullest pos sible extent.

4.6.3

4.6.3.1 Mr. J. R. Neilon, the president of CBS, provided the session with background information on the Integrated WWW System Study, its concept and objective~ as GENERAL SUMMARY 19 well as the arrangements for its conduct agreed to by the CBS. He referred in parti cular to individual studies related to the GTS, namely Study Areas (2) and (3). The session noted that the Integrated WWW System Study in relation to the GTS consisted of two main areas of interest, namely:

(a) Inter-relationship between data communications and data processing;

(b) Improvement of the GTS.

However, it was noted that the GTS could be improved without any fundamental changes, eogo upgrading the speed of transmissions and increasing the capacities of circuits, - etc.

406.3.2 The Association was informed of a plan for an advanced WWW Global Tele- communication System (GTS), which would be distributed to Members shortly, and would contain tentative ideas for the future GTS o This plan describes the main directions and initial thoughts on studies on the GTS to be conducted under Study Areas (2) and (3)0

4060303 The Association felt that RA V Members should contribute actively to individual studies, and any development in this field should be made known to RA V

Members 0 The session requested the Secretary-General to keep RA V Members informed of contributions from all Members of WMO received in the Secretariato

4060401 The Association discussed the need for regional mechanisms for the co ordination of the implementation of the WWW. It was agreed that the establishment of an RA V working group on the WWW would be advantageous in assisting in the prepa ration of implementation programmes for the regionally co-ordinated GOS, GDPS and GTS, in particular after the first results of the Integrated System Study (ISS) became availableo The following terms of reference for such a working group were suggested:

(a) Implementation of regionally co-ordinated GOS systems, such as drifting buoy programmes, regional satellite read-out and processing facilities;

(b) Co-ordination of the implementation of data-processing facilities, including data storage, quality control and retrieval;

(c) Co-ordination of the implementation of new GTS facilities, including arrangements for access to data banks in the Region;

(d) Planning of arrangements for regional co-operation in the field of instrument and equipment maintenance, and training of personnel engaged in the WWWo

4.6.4.2 The Association authorized its president to establish in accordance with WMO General Regulations an RA V working group to consider questions relating to the implementation of the future WWW, if and when required o The dates for the establish ment of the group would depend upon the progress made in the carrying out of the Integrated WWW System Study by CBS and subsequent approval by the Executive Committee or Congress of new elements or features for incorporation into the WWW. 20 GENERAL SUMMARY

5. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 5)

5.1 Atmospheric research, including radiation and atmospheric ozone (Agenda item 5.1)

5.1.1

5.1.1.1 The Association noted with appreciation the progress made in the development of the WMO research programme. It attached great importance to activities relating to weather prediction research, particularly those relating to the practical application of numerical weather prediction (NWP) techniques. In this connexion, the contribution by CAS in keeping Members informed of significant developments in this field were particularly appreciated.

5.1.1.2 The Association noted with interest the action taken by CAS to develop a long-term plan for the implementation of the Programme on Short-, Medium- and Long-Range Weather Prediction Research (PWPR), as approved by Eighth Congress, and to co-ordinate the research efforts of Members in improving the accuracy of weather prediction on all time-scales. It further welcomed the emphasis laid by CAS-VIII (Melbourne 1982) on the necessity of intensifyfng research directed towards the im provement and development of long-range forecasting in view of its great importance to many countries. It agreed that in planning for and assisting in this activity, particular attention should be given to the development of monthly and seasonal forecasting techniques and their subsequent distribution to interested Members.

5.1.1.3 In giving strong support to the maan objectives of the PWPR, the Asso~ ciation encouraged its Members to contribute actively to and participate in the relevant joint study projects of the programme.

5.1.2

5.1.2.1 The Association was informed of the progress made by the CAS Working Group on Tropical Meteorology, with the collaboration of Members and research institutions, in developing and elaborating on a number of high priority research projects formulated by Eighth Congress in its Resolution 23 (Cg-VIII) - WMO Programme on Research in Tro pical Meteorology. The main components of the programme included work relating to tropical cyclones, monsoons, semi-arid zone meteorology, tropical droughts and tropi cal disturbances with associated rainfall.

5.1.2.2 The Association considered the following specific projects to be of particular interest to Members of the Region:

(a) Global tropical cyclone data for research (project TCI) consisting of two parts:

(i) The preparation and archiving of historical data sets, inclu ding satellite data, for use in tropical cyclone analysis;

(ii) The selection and archiving of relevant current surface and upper-air data on a routine basis;

(b) Association of tropical cyclogenesis and large-scale circulation changes (project TC4).

The Association encouraged Members to contribute and/or participate in the implemen tation of these and other PRTM research projects. GENERAL SUMMARY 21

5.1.2.3 The Association noted with appreciation the report of the Rapporteur on Research in Tropical Meteorology, Mr. G. Holland (Australia), and examined the recom mendations contained in the report. It actively supported the need for increasing the level of scientific communication and collaboration within the Region on matters related to research in tropical meteorology. It further recommended that, in addi tion to publishing their activities in the WMO periodical reports on research in tropical meteorology, increased exchanges of personal visits of experts between countries should be encouraged. It considered that such personal interactions would enable the experts to acquaint themselves with the latest research work done in other countries. The Association further agreed that there was a need for expert guidance to Members on the current expansion of computer technology and its impact on research activities. It therefore requested the Secretary-General to arrange for such guidance to be provided to Members of the Region through CAS or by other means. The Associa tion also reiterated the continued importance of the regular archival of meteorologi cal dat~ including as much historical data as possible, in computer-compatible form for research purposes.

5.1.3

5.1.3.1 The Association noted the view expressed by Eighth Congress that weather modification was a complex scientific and technical field of meteorology and, there fore, to obtain scientifically convincing answers concerning the feasibility of any weather modification project, many years of study might be required. For example, the time-scale for the completion of the Precipitation Enhancement Project (PEP) may need to be expanded well into the 1980s. The Association was informed that the third and final season of field observations required to determine the suitability of the proposed PEP site in Spain had been concluded in May 1981 and that, as decided by EC-XXXIII, the future of PEP as well as further WMO involvement in similar projects would be decided only after the results of site selection phase three (SSP-3) had been thoroughly analysed and assessed.

5.1.3.2 The Association noted with interest the results of the meeting of experts held in Kuala Lumpur in March 1981 to review the present status of warm cloud modifi cation and to assess prospects for the future. The meeting had listed a number of suggested methods for warm cloud modification but, of the mechanisms proposed for producing increased areal rainfall, seeding with hygroscopic nuclei continued to be considered the most practical mechanism based on the most acceptable scientific prin ciples. Concerning the need for up-to-date information on the topic, attention was drawn to the statement entitled "Review of the present status of weather modification" which had been approved by EC-XXXIII and distributed to all Members.

5.1.4

The Association showed great interest in the work undertaken by CAS in preparing a comprehensive review of research methodologies for studies on the long range transport of pollutants (LRTP), including the problems of acid rain. This re view, it is understood, would cover all geographical areas where LRTP is a major problem, including far-east Asia.

5.1.5 Radiation

5.1.5.1 The Association noted with satisfaction that two radiometers from the Region, namely the Regional Working Standard from the Regional Radiation Centre in Aspendale (Australia) and an absolute radiometer from CSIRO, Australia, partici pated in the Fifth International Pyrheliometer Comparisons held in Davos (Switzerland) in October 1980. The results of the comparisons demonstrated the high degree of stability of most of the standard instruments now in use and the high accuracy reached with modern absolute radiometers. The Association urged Members to arrange for the 22 GENERAL SUMMARY comparison of their national standard radiometers with the Regional Standard, so as to transfer the WRR calibration factor to national standards and enable the compa rison of the operational radiometers to be made with national standards.

5.1.5.2 Considering the increasing importance of radiation data for various purposes such as agriculture, studies of climate and energy, and other applied fields, the Association requested Members to consider the possibility of expanding observa tional programmes at selected stations (the most representative in each major climatic zoner for measuring diffused and direct radiation, albedo and the radiation balance of the underlying surface.

5.1.6

5.1.6.1 The Association noted with appreciation the report of the Chairman of the Working Group on Atmospheric Ozone, Mr. R. N. Kulkarni (Australia), which con tained useful information on activities in this field within the Region. It agreed that there was an urgent need for those Members operating Dobson spectrophotometers to make efforts to introduce Umkehr measurements, in view of the importance of such data for calculating radiative effects and for detecting the impact of human activi ties on the ozone layer. In addition, the Association encouraged Members concerned to undertake systematic balloon-borne ozonesonde flights, such as those previously carried out in Malaysia.

5.1.6.2 The Association expressed satisfaction that some members of RA V had continued to make contributions to the World Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project either by upgrading, re-locating or operating their Dobson spectrophotometers in accordance with approved standards. It further noted that two more Dobson spectro photometer observatories had been established in Manila and Singapore.

5.1.6.3 The Association was informed of the decision of EC-XXXIII to designate the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.) as the World Dobson Spectrophotometer Central Laboratory with the responsibility of maintaining Dobson No. 83 as the World Primary Standard and to arrange for all the secondary standard instruments to be calibrated relative to it at intervals of not more than four years. The Association requested Australia to have its secondary standard instrument No. 105 compared with the primary standard as soon as possible. It urged that the regional Dobsons at Manila and Singapore be calibrated with the Australian secondary instrument.

5.1.6.4 In view of the continuing interest of Members in the Region in ozone matters, the Association appointed a Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone with appropriate terms of reference, as contained in Resolution 19 (VIII-RA V).

5.1.6.5 As decided in paragraph 12.1, the updated version of the resolution on the Regional Ozone Centre is included as Resolution 20 (VIIII-RA V).

5.1.7

The Association noted with satisfaction that the Executive Committee had broadened the guidelines for research awards to young scientists, thus increasing the number of potential candidates. The Association strongly supported the revised guideF lines proposed by the Executive Committee for consideration by Ninth Congress.

5.2 Tropical Cyclone Programme (Agenda item 5.2)

5.2.1 The Associatio~ was informed of the various activities being carried out under the WMO Tropical Cyclone Programme (TCP). It noted that the scope of TCP activities had broadened considerably since its seventh session and that Eighth Congress had unanimously agreed that it was essential to strengthen and intensify the GENERAL SUMMARY 23 programme in the years ahead. As a consequence of that decision a number of new activities had been undertaken, including the Typhoon Operational Experiment (TOPEX) in which two Members of RA V (Malaysia and the Philippines) were participating. The Association also noted that the U.S.S.R. could contribute to the Typhoon Operational Experiment by allocation of its weather research ships to some parts of the area of the experiment.

5.2.2 It was further noted that regular information on the work being carried out under TCP was made available to Members through annual status reports, the eighth of which had just been distributed, and through the publication of reports on various aspects of the Tropical Cyclone Programme as the outcome of completed .projects under the TCP. The Association welcomed this information on activities which were of inter est to a number of its Members.

5.2.3 Recalling that it had appointed Mr. G. D. Crane (Australia) as the Rapporteur on Tropical Cyclones at its seventh session, the Association gave careful consideration to his report. It wished, first of all, to thank the rapporteur for his excellent and thought-provoking report. In carrying out his terms of reference the rapporteur had made a comprehensive study of the tropical cyclone warning system in Region V and had put fqrward a number of strong recommendations for future action in the tropical cyclone areas of the Region south of the equator~ In making these recommendations he had been motivated both by the problems in the area revealed by his assessment and by the example of other areas in which groups of countries were conducting a common approach to the solution of these problems.

5.2.4 The work of the rapporteur had shown that the tropical cyclone warning systems in Region V vary considerably from the very advanced to the non-existent. In many areas there was an urgent need to upgrade the basic system in terms of obser vational and telecommunication facilities and to resolve the common problem of the maintenance of equipment. In the light of the present circumstances in the area the rapporteur had made four main recommendations:

(a) That a regional Tropical Cyclone Council be established similar to the RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee, the RA IV Hurricane Committee, the Typhoon Committee, or the Panel on Tropical Cyclonesj

(b) That meetings of an RA V Tropical Cyclone Council be convened annually at first, then biannually after the first few meetingsj

(d) That a tropical cyclone operational plan for RA V (southern hemi sphere) be developed.

5.2.5 With respect to recommendation (a), the Association was informed of the discussion that had taken place at the thirty-eighth session of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) in March 1982. Taking into account the views expressed on that occasion by many of the countries most closely concerned, the Association was of the opinion that there were grounds for the initiation of a co-operative programme of action to minimize tropical cyclone damage in the South-West Pacific. It further considered that the best method of carrying out such a programme might be through the establishment of an intergovernmental body similar to the ESCAPI WMO Typhoon Committee or the WMo/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones. The new body, which the rapporteur had proposed, could be called the South-West Pacific Tropical Cyclone Committee and could be established under the joint sponsorship of WMO and ESCAP with the participation of the interested Members of RA V and WMO non-Member countries of the South-West Pacific Region (south of the Equator) as well as other agencies. 24 GENERAL SUMMARY

5.2.6 The Association also supported in principle the rapporteur's recommendations (b) to (d) but considered that their nature was such that further consideration in determining the status and functions of the new regional cyclone body would be required.

5.2.7 Recognizing that considerable preliminary work would be desirable before a tropical cyclone committee or similar body was set up, the Association decided on the following course of action. It requested the Secretary-General of WMO in colla boration with ESCAP:

(a) To organize at an early date a survey mission to all interested countries in the South Pacific region (south of the Equator). The purpose of the mission would be to explore with the governments concerned their requirements both as regards the need and structure of the proposed regional committee, the scope of its work, as well as the improvement of the different components of the warning system; the survey should be completed as soon as possible;

(b) To arrange for the survey mission to be composed, if possible, of a meteorologist, a hydrologist and an expert in disaster prevention and preparedness;

(c) If the committee is set up, to convene a meeting of the countries wishing to participate in the work of the committee in order to for malize its establishment and determine its programme of work.

5.2.8 The course of action proposed by the Association was very similar to that adopted prior to the establishment of the other two intergovernmental regional cyclone bodies operating under the aegis of WMO and ESCAP. Noting that UNDP had assisted in providing funds for surveys on the earlier occasions, the Association requested the Secretary-General of WMO, in consultation with the Executive Secretary of ESCAP, to explore with UNDP the possibilities for funding the survey mission pro posed. The Association was of the opinion that full use should also be made of the expertise of UNDRO and LRCS in organizing activities in this field. Noting that the South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation (SPEC), of which several countries in Region V were already members, was playing a valuable role in disaster preparedness in the area, the Association was of the opinion that SPEC should be consulted on the formulation of the committee's work programme, if the committee were established.

5.3 The Global Atmospheric Research Programme (Agenda item 5.3)

5.3.1 The Association noted with appreciation the active contributions made by Members of Region V during the field phase of FGGE. Such contributions included the upgrading of the WWW observing system by temporarily installing new stations. It also included contributions to the special observing systems, namely the system of Tropical Wing Observing Ships and the Southern Hemisphere Drifting Buoy System and the provision of two of the launch sites for tropical constant-level balloons. The Association was informed that, after the FGGE operational year of 1 December 1978 to 30 November 1979, work had continued on FGGE data management, including the collec tionand processing of the different types of data and the application of quality con trol.

5.3.2 The Association was further informed that production and archiving at the World Data Centres (WDCs) of the FGGE Level II-a and III-a data sets had been ac complished and the Main Level II-b data set for the FGGE Build-up and Operational Year had been assembled and data tapes sent to the WDCs. The work to create the Final Level II-b data set, which would consist of the Main Level II-b data merged with the Regional Level II-b MONEX and WAMEX data sets and some reprocessed and other GENERAL SUMMARY 25 supplementary data, was well under way. The production of one Level III-b data set had also been ~ompleted at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the data had been archived at the WDCs.

5.3.3 The Association noted that several of the FGGE data sets had now been archived at the WOCs and they may be obtained from either centre by any user, on payment of the cost of copying materials and postage. Members were urged to take full advantage of the data sets available at the WDCs. The Association emphasized the importance of the general availability of the FGGE observational and processed data for the future development of meteorological facilities and services.

5.3.4 The Association noted with satisfaction that both Winter and Summer MONEX had succeeded in collecting data which should 'meet the requirements. It was of parti cular interest to RA V Members that the quick-look (preliminary) data set from the Winter MONEX had become available on schedule in September 1979 and the full Winter MONEX data set had been sentto the FGGE Space-Based and Special Observing Systems Data Centre (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrkoping) in mid-1981 from where they had been forwarded to the WDCs to be archived.

5.3.5 The Association recalled that as a result of the Conference on the Scientific Results of the Monsoon Experiments held in Bali, Indonesia, in October 1981, new insights into the behaviour of monsoon circulations and their possible inter relations with mid-latitude flows had been obtained. It supported the view expressed at the review meeting in Bali that MONEX should lead to continued studies on monsoon systems on a co-operative international basis. In this regard, the Association was informed that a proposal ,for a "Monsoon Climate Programme" was being developed as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The sub-programme was expected to involve a ten-year study of monsoons on the planetary, large and regional scales and their inter-annual variability, carried out within the scientific framework of the WCRP ocean-atmospheric investigations.

5.3.6 The Association noted with interest the planning and execution of the Alpine Experiment (ALPEX), the last of the GARP experiments. As a result of a Special Observing Period (1 March - 30 April 1982), fresh insights had been obtained into the influence of mountains on atmospheric flow. The Association agreed that an under standing of this influence may in turn lead to improved numerical modelling processes.

5.3.7 The Association was informed of the following two meetings of interest to Members of the Region:

Regional Scientific Conference on Tropical Meteorology along with the Centennial of the Meteorological Society of Japan (MSJ), Tsukuba, Japan, 18-22 October 1982;

First International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology, San Jose dos Campos, Brazil, 31 July - 6 August 1983.

6. METEOROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 6)

6.1 Agricultural meteorology, including regional aspects of the WMO agriculture and desertification programme (Agenda item 6.1)

6.1.1 The Association noted that Eighth Congress had adopted a priority programme with the main objectives of assisting Members, particularly in developing countries, in providing agricultural and other responsible authorities with meteorological and hydro logal information for the planning, management and development of agriculture as well 26 GENERAL SUMMARY as of collaborating with FAO and other appropriate organizations on joint projects which require meteorological input or support. The Association urged Members to avail themselves of the facilities offered through the WMO short-term and medium term expert missions in agrometeorology for developing comprehensive agrometeoro logical services.

6.1.2 The Association expressed satisfaction that many Members of the Region had participated and benefited from the WMO/IRRI Symposium/Planning Meeting on the Agrometeorology of the Rice Crop, held in the Philippines in December 1979. The Association was informed that, as a follow-up to the recommendations of the Sympo sium, international rice-weather experiments would be carried out with UNDP assistance and in co-operation with IRRI.

6.1.3 The Association was informed that the FAO/WMO/Unesco Interagency Agro- climatological Survey of South-East Asia had been completed and that the results of the survey would soon be published as a WMO Technical Note. Furthermore, the Association noted that, as a result of the survey, the organization of a technical conference, with UNDP support, had been proposed to provide information on the out come of the survey and its usefulness to high-level scientists and policy-makers in the countries concerned. This would be followed by intensive training at the tech nician level, with the help of roving seminars.

6.1.4 The Association noted with appreciation the report of the Chairman of the Working Group on Climate-based Cropping Systems, Mr. F. A. Powell (Australia). It agreed with the recommendations of the working group on the promotion of climate based cropping systems and incorporated these recommendations in Resolution 21 (VIII-RA V).

6.1.5 The Association considered that in some places there was a need for bird- guards to be used with Class-A pan evaporimeters in order to obtain meaningful ob servations for agrometeorological purposes. However, it- recognized that a suitable correction factor should be developed to allow for the effect of the bird-guard on the readings of the evaporimeter; the correction factor might display seasonal and latitudinal variations. The Association requested the Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation to make further investigations and provide appropriate guidance to Members of the Region on the matter.

6.1.6 The Association noted that the development of agrometeorological services within a country involved the organization of basic services, provision of basic as well as derived information for agricultural operations, and research investigations. In this connexion the Association considered that there was a need for satellite derived information on surface fields with regard to agrometeorological parameters such as moisture (rainfall and dew), radiation, wind and temperature to supplement spot measurements. The Association requested that CIMO and CBS provide suitable guidance on the matter.

6.1.7 The Association agreed that agrometeorology can make a significant contribution to economic development in the Region. It further recognized that, in view of the reliance of countries upon one another for food supplies and the effect of climatic fluctuations on crops, increasing international co-operation was needed in this field. In addition, the effect of pollutants on crops was recognized as an important factor of concern in agrometeorological activities in the Region. It therefore requested CAgM to study these aspects on a high priority basis.

6.1.8 The Association noted with satisfaction the completion of the report by the Rapporteur on Guidance Material for Agrometeorological Services to Rice Farmers. It congratulated Dr. B. W. Baradas (Philippines) and Mr. B. S. Lomotan (Philippines) on producing this valuable report. The Association requested the Secretary-General to arrange to have the report published by WMO as soon as possible. GENERAL SUMMARY 27

6.1.9 The Association considered that coconut palm was an important crop in the Region and that knowledge available in the countries of the Region on the effect of agroclimatological factors on the development and yield of this crop had not been provided in a sufficiently comprehensive form for the benefit of interested Members. It therefore decided to appoint a rapporteur to study the subject. Resolution 22 (VIII-RA V) was adopted accordingly.

6.2 Climatology and applications of meteorology, including regional aspects of the WMO energy and special applications programme (Agenda item 6.2)

6.2.1 The Association noted the progress made within the WMO plan of action in the field of energy problems, as approved by EC-XXVIII (1976). In particular, it noted that two Technical Notes had been published, one on the Meteorological Aspects of the Utilization of Solar Radiation as an Energy Source (T.N. No. 172) and another on Meteorological Aspects of the Utilization of Wind as an Energy Source (T.N. No. 175). The Association further recalled that the technical conference on meteorology and energy (Mexico City, November 1981) focussed on solar and wind energy conversion systems, consumption, conservation and transport of energy and gave particular atten tion to data aspects, and to education and training.

6.2.2 The Association noted with interest the new plan of action in the field of energy matters adopted by EC-XXXIV (1982). In the new plan it was recognized that the most effective way in which meteorologists could, at the present stage, contribute to solving energy problems was by improving and intensifying such basic activities as the acquisition of data and their provision to energy specialists in the required forms, the dissemination of information and specialized training. EC-XXXIV had further emphasized that WMO should be involved in other energy topics in addition to solar and wind energy, in particular the development of energy resources such as offshore oil and gas and in energy conservation efforts.

6.2.3 The Association therefore urged Members of the Region to strengthen their network of climatological stations needed in the assessment and development of solar and wind energy potential and to arrange close collaboration at the national level between meteorologists and energy technologists and the users of relevant meteorolo gical information. The Association was informed of the activities undertaken by the South Pacific Commission (SPC) in the field of renewable sources of energy and, in particular, of the convening of an important meeting on this topic, held in Tahiti at the end of September 1982. The Association suggested that Members concerned establish and maintain contacts with SPC, with a view to ensuring proper co-ordination of their respective studies and activities.

6.2.4 The Association recognized that requirements for meteorological data and information depended upon the types and methods of energy production and use in different countries. Furthermore, Meteorological Services were often called upon to provide data and information services to energy users in various forms. The Asso ciation therefore laid emphasis on questions of acquisition of data and their disse mination in the required .forms. With a view to assisting Members of the Region in relation to energy matters, the Association requested CCAM to consider the develop ment of guidance material on the techniques and methods of presenting data in suitable forms for energy planning, production and use. It considered that there was a need in the Region to identify problems in the provision of meteorological information for energy planning and utilization purposes and to determine the areas where additional meteorological information would be needed to assist energy planning, production and use. It therefore decided to appoint a rapporteur to undertake the task. Resolu tion 23 (VIII-RA V) was adopted accordingly.

6.2.5 Considering the substantial benefits to be derived from the application of weather and climate data and knowledge to various human activities, the Association 28 GENERAL SUMMARY felt that due attention should be paid by Members to ensure and improve, as necessary, the availability of weather and climate data in support of these activities (see also paragraph 9.4.2). Resolution 24 (VIII-RA V) was adopted.

6.3 Environmental pollution (Agenda item 6.3)

6.3.1 The Association noted the progress made in the background pollution monitoring programme, as requested in Resolution 18 (EC-XXX) and Resolution 21 (Cg-VIII). As at April 1982, there were 12 fully or partly operational stations maintained by six Members in the Region. The Association felt that although this was a substantial development, serious gaps remained particularly in view of the exceptionally high and low pH values which had been observed occasionally in the Region and in the Indian Ocean, and more information was required to investigate the situation carefully. The Association was informed that the southern hemisphere con stituted a low pollution reference area and that the inter-hemispheric transport process in the tropical belt could contribute to the long-range transport of pollu tants in the western Pacific.

6.3.2 Therefore, the Association felt it timely to urge Members to establish BAPMoN stations, if they had not already done so, and to encourage those Members already participating in the programme to consider the possibility of increasing the number of stations on land areas which were poorly covered and on small islands. It further requested Members to arrange for the complete data to be reported without delay to the U.S.A. Environmental Protection Agency, in accordance with guidelines contained in the BAPMoN Data Coding Guide.

6.3.3 The Association was informed by the delegate of Malaysia that in addition to the regional station, five more impact-level monitoring stations were in operation in his country, namely, Bayan Lepas, Ipoh, Senai, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. The delegate of Indonesia stated that three more stations in his country, namely Medan (northern Sumatra), Kupang (south-eastern Indonesia) and Bengkulu (Sumatra), would be upgraded as baseline monitoring stations. The delegate of the U.S.A. reported that the station Mauna Loa was also making certain special environmental observations in addition to those prescribed for BAPMoN stations and that the information would be made available to Members through WMO. The Association was further informed by the delegate of New Zealand that, under a bilateral arrangement, the CSIRO Australia was conducting experimental measurements of pH values in New Zealand and the pre liminary results had shown reasonable evidence of the transfer of pollutants in the area. In addition, New Zealand had plans to equip an aircraft to make routine air sampling in the South Pacific.

6.3.4 Considering the importance of background air-pollution monitoring, the Association considered it necessary that regional training seminars be convened by WMO for the benefit of Members of the Region, with a view to providing adequate guidance on BAPMoN operational functions and on the interpretation of data.

6.3.5 The Association was informed that the fifth comparison exercise, organized for WMO by the Environmental Monitoring Systems Support Laboratory of the U.S. Environ mental Protection Agency for precipitation chemistry analysis was nearing completion. It further recommended that more chemical laboratories in the Region should participate in the comparison exercises organized by the Environmental Monitoring Systems Support Laboratory. The sampling programme should include at least all parameters contained in the BAPMoN minimum monitoring programme for regional stations, namely, (wet) pre cipitation chemistry, turbidity observations and sampling of suspended particulate matter (SPM).

6.3.6 The Association noted with appreciation that CO monitoring stations. con- 2 tinuously operating in the Region included Baring Head, New Zealand, and Cape Gr~m, GENERAL SUMMARY 29

Australia. Moreover, grab samples were collected temporarily in the area between New Zealand, Australia and Antarctica. Considering the importance of the study of atmospheric carbon dioxide, the Association urged Members to establish more stations for continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide in the major biomes of their areas.

7. HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 7)

7.1 Report of the Rapporteur on Hydrology

The Association noted with appreciation the report of the Rapporteur on Hydrology, Mr. E. G. Sadang (Philippines), and agreed that further work needed to be done based on the results of the studies carried out by the rapporteur. It felt that a suitable mechanism should be established for the Region to assist Members in re solving specific problems in their operational hydrology and water resources program mes and, at the same time, to provide the president of the Association with the neces sary advice on the regional aspects of these activities. It therefore decided that a working group be established consisting of individual experts from all countries of the Region. The Association therefore invited Members to designate national experts to serve as members of the group. If Members so wished, the national hydrological advisers available in their countries could be nominated for that purpose. The chair man of the working group could designate individual members of the group as specialized rapporteurs on specific topics. The Association appointed the Regional Hydrological Adviser to the president of the Associatwn and invited the adviser to serve as chair man of the Working Group on Hydrology. Resolution 25 (YIII-RA Y) was adopted.

7.2 Operational Hydrology Programme (OHP)

The Association noted that Eighth Congress had decided to keep Resolu- tion 26 (Cg-YII), which determined the scope and priorities of the Operational Hydro logy Programme, in force. It further noted that the programme plans to have a more significant impact at the national level, with particular emphasis on promoting maximum assistance to developing countries. The Association recalled the view expressed by Eighth Congress that CHy and the regional associations should continue to co-operate to ensure the successful implementation of OHP at the regional level and that the regional working groups (or rapporteurs) on hydrology should implement those parts of OHP which are particularly relevant to problems in their Regions.

7.3 Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme, (HOMS)

7.3.1 The Association agreed that one of the best ways of a~hieving many of the objectives of the OHP was through the implementation of the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS), which formed an integral part of the OHP. In this context, the Association noted that the HOMS Reference Manual containing, in particular, brief descriptions of the components available through HOMS had been published and distributed to Members in 1981 and that the transfer of components was already taking place.

7.3.2 The Association fully endorsed the view of Eighth Congress that regional associations and their regional bodies on hydrology had an important role to play in the development of HOMS with respect to its applications to the needs of their Regions. The Association noted that three Members of RA Y had designated HOMS National Reference Centres (HNRCs)and urged other Members to take similar action. These centres would serve as a focal point in the respective countries for those who wished to take part

in the project o 30 GENERAL SUMMARY

7.4 Co-operation between Hydrological Services

7.4.1 The Association noted with satisfaction that seven Members of RA V had appointed hydrological advisers to their Permanent Representatives. These advisers fulfilled a valuable role at the national level in providing an effective means for national services responsible for operational hydrology to express their views on, and have direct input to, the planning and implementation of WMO programmes related to water. Members who had not as yet appointed hydrological advisers were urged to do so-.

7.4.2 The Association noted that Eighth Congress had not re-established the Advisory Committee for Operational Hydrology (ACOH). It endorsed the action taken by the president of the Association, in pursuance of Resolution 31 (Cg-VIII) and the decision of EC-XXXI, in having appointed the Rapporteur on Hydrology as the Regional Hydrological Adviser, who -had retained this function until VIII-RA V. The Association therefore appointed a new Regional Hydrological Adviser and recorded its decision in Resolution 25 (VIII-RA V).

7.5 Water Resources Development Programme

The Association expressed its satisfaction that WMO had continued and strengthened its co-operation in the Region with the other international organizations in 'projects concerning hydrology, water resources and related fields. In particular, the Association noted that WMO participated in the ESCAP Inter-Agency Task Force on Water for Asia and the Pacific at frequent intervals, mainly to exchange information on the activities of the agencies in the Region and to review the implementation of the Mar del Plata Action Plan. It requested that the Secretary-General keep the president of the Association informed of important developments in activities carried out by the international organizations in this field in the Region, so that the infor mation could subsequently be passed on to the Members of the Region.

7.6 Training seminars

The Association noted with appreciation that a number of useful training seminars related to hydrology and water resources had been organized in the Region over the last four years. The Association requested the Secretary-General to continue his efforts in convening similar hydrological seminars/workshops in the future and to assist Members in obtaining financial support through UNDP, VCP or the regular budget, for participation in those events.

8. EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 8)

8.1 The Association considered in detail the proposals submitted by the Secretary-General on the ed~cation and training programme. The discussions revealed that education and training continued to be an important subject, since a substantial number of trained personnel were still required to meet the increasing responsibilities of national Meteorological Services.

8.2 The Association was informed by Members of the training facilities available in their countries, both for their own nationals as well as for foreign students. The delegates from Fiji, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Singapore mentioned, in parti cular, that the training facilities provided by countries such as Australia and New Zealand to their Class I, II and III meteorologists were highly useful. The Associa tion noted with appreciation that training at various levels was being provided by the Government of Australia to Members in the Region and that the training school in the Bureau of Meteorology would continue to accept a small number of students for training, including the provision of fellowships under bilateral assistance programmes. GENERAL SUMMARY 31

This type of training under bilateral schemes constituted a valuable component of the training programme in the Region. The Association encouraged Members to develop and strengthen such mutual aid programmes in the field of training in the Region. The Association also noted with appreciation the offer of training fellowships under the VCP by the U.S.S.R. which would lead to a university degree or doctorate. It further noted with appreciation that the U.S.A. supported long- and short-term fellowships under the VCP.

8.3 The Association examined ways and means of meeting the training requirements of countries in the Region by reviewing the potential and existing training facilities within the Region ~nd additional facilities which needed ~o be provided. It was recognized that training needs had increased as a result of rapid technolo gical changes and of the greater variety of processed data output available from World and Regional Meteorological Centres. There was also an increasing need for training related to special applications of meteorology. The Association stressed the need for a balanced training programme composed of courses and roving seminars conducted within the home environment and at established centres.

Regional Meteorological Training Centre (RMTC)

8.4 The Association noted with appreciation that the RMTC in the University of the Philippines had continued to provide post-graduate training at the M.Sc. level in numerical weather prediction, cloud and precipitation physics, climatology, hydro meteorology and physical oceanography. In particular, the Centre had instituted several measures during the inter-sessional period to upgrade its training and re search capabilities, such as the strengthening of the post-graduate curricula in meteorology and in oceanography and the completion of the formal university require ments for the institution of a Ph.D programme in meteorology. The Association noted that the Centre also provided courses qualifying meteorologists for operational work, without the need for obtaining a degree. The Association urged Members to avail them selves of the facilities offered by the Centre to the maximum possible extent.

Proposed new RMTC for Class III and Class IV personnel

8.5 The Association was informed that UNDP support for the establishment of a proposed regional training centre for Class III and Class IV personnel in Papua New Guinea was not possible during the UNDP cycle 1982-86. The Association noted that EC-XXXIII had requested the Secretary-General to explore other options, including the possibility of co-operation with ICAO training programmes. The delegate from Fiji informed the session that his country could also host such a centre if financial sup port was provided.

8.6 The Association requested the Secretary-General to explore all available options and urged Members to consider the provision of support by way of material, equipment, staff secondment, and finance for such a regional centre.

Training seminars, workshops and courses

8.7 The Association noted that several training seminars/workshops had been held since its last session. It reiterated its view that training seminars, workshops and conferences on specific topics constituted an effective means for the exchange of information and for providing participants from developing countries with advanced knowledge on the latest developments in the various fields of meteorology. The Asso ciation noted, in particular, that roving seminars provided an effective means of training larger numbers of personnel in their home environment at a reduced cost and recommended that such seminars be pursued by WMO. The view was also expressed that visiting experts be assigned to training centres or universities with UNDP assistance for specific periods to train personnel in individual countries. In this connexion, 32 GENERAL SUMMARY

the delegate from Indonesia expressed an urgent need for a visiting professor(s) for the training of Class I meteorologists with UNDP, VCP or any other financial support.

8.8 The Association recommended that the following roving seminars and workshops (listed in order of priority) be held in the Region:

Roving seminars ------First priority Climatological data processing;

Maintenance of conventional meteorological instru ments and electronic equipment;

Second priori ty Meteorological network inspectors;

First priority Weather forecasting for low-level flight in support of general aviation;

Radiation instruments and measurement techniques;

Second priority - Use of satellite data for weather forecasting;

Application of climatological data and information in the exploitation of renewable energy resources;

Third priority Automation of non-real-time GDPS functions of RMCs/ NMCs.

The Association requested the Secretary-General to arrange for these events to be held with the support of the UNDP, as required (see Resolution 27 (VIII-RA V)). The( training requirements for a regional seminar/workshop on data management are recorded under agenda item 9 in paragraph 9.4.2.

8.9 The Association attached great importance to the training courses conducted for the training of personnel in certain specialized fields of meteorology and operational hydrology, such as those held in the U.S.A. in 1980 and 1981. The Asso ciation was informed by the delegate from the U.S.A. that a training course in hydro logical forecasting would be organized by the University of California during the period of July-September 1983 in co-operation with WMO, in which Members might wish to participate. It requested the Secretary-General to continue his efforts to arrange for similar training courses to be held in the future and for the necessary assistance to be provided for the increased participation of trainees from the Region.

Training publications and training library in the Secretariat

8.10 The Association expressed the view that the training publications issued by the Organization had provided a valuable contribution in meeting regional training needs. In this respect, the Association noted with satisfaction the list of publi cations now under preparation or planned to be issued, in particular the sixth edition of the Compendium of Meteorological Training Facilities (WMO-No. 240). The new edi tion of this publication would contain up-to-date information from 11 countries in the Region. The Association expressed its appreciation to Members for their contributions.

8.11 The Association urged Members to make full use of the training-aid facilities available in the WMO Secretariat and requested the Secretary-General to assist GENERAL SUMMARY 33

Members in the matter with information and advice. The Association further requested that the training library be strengthened 'with particular regard to films and video cassettes on specialized topics in meteorology.

FellowshiRs

8.12 The Association emphasized the growing need for fellowships to assist its Members in training their meteorological and hydro-meteorological personnel. In this connexion, it noted that some 45 fellowships had been awarded to personnel from Member countries in the Region during the period 1978-1982. The Association expressed its gratitude to WMO, UNDP and YCP donor countries for the assistance given to Members through short- and long-term fellowships under the respective aid programmes. However, as the present resources did not adequately meet the demand, the Association requested that the provision for fellowships be increased for the ninth financial period.

8.13 The Association commented on the lengthy period between requests for fellowships by Members under the YCP and Regular Budget and their award. Such delays tended to be inconvenient forthe Members and fellows concerned. The Association, there fore, requested the Secretary-General to look into ways and means of expediting the processing of fellowship requests from Members.

9. WORLD CLIMATE PROGRAMME - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 9)

9.1 Technical Conference on Climate for Asia and the Western Pacific

The Association noted with interest the activities and plans related to the World Climate Programme (WCP). It considered that, in general, regional asso ciations should be much more involved in the implementation of the WCP since they had a closer view of available means in the countries for the implementation of the pro gramme. The Association also noted that the first regional Technical Conference on Climate for Asia and the Western Pacific had been held in Guangzhou, China, in December 1980. The Association urged Members to participate fully in the World Climate Programme, giving particular attention to the data and applications components of the programme.

9.2 World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)

9.2.1 The Association noted that the WMOjICSU Joint Scientific Committee (JSC) had approved the preliminary plan for the WCRP which concentrated on the following three main problem areas:

(a) Climatologically significant processes;

(b) Deyelopment, evaluation and use of climate models;

9.2.2 The Association further noted that, among the climatologically significant processes, cloudiness and radiation as well as ocean processes had been singled out as requiring particular attention, not only because of their overriding scientific importance as controlling factors in climate but also because of the long lead-time needed for the organization of experimental programmes for their solution. In this regard, the Association noted that WMO had approached Members as well as the European Space Agency to solicit national commitment to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and urged Members to contribute to the project. As cloud observations from the surface-based WWW network were considered to be an important supplement to data from space-based sources, the Association urged Members to contri- GENERAL SUMMARY bute to the WCRP by ensuring complete availability of cloud data and their quality from existing WWW networks of stations.

9.3 World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP)

The Association considered WCAP to be of special interest to Members in the Region, as the programme envisaged the effective use of climatic information and knowledge in climate-sensitive sectors in achieving economic well-being. It agreed that significant benefits could be expected from direct applications in the areas of food, water and energy. The Association noted that the proposed Climate Applications Referral System (CARS) had great potential in the transfer of technology, as, under the system, existing climate applications and possible new fields of application would be listed with the technologies and methodologies used. The Association urged Members to participate fully in WCAP with a view to strengthening the scope of climatological services to users and providing sufficient input of climatological information and knowledge for national planning and management activities related in particular to food, water and energy resources.

9.4 World Climate Data Programme (WCDP)

9.4.1 The Association attached great importance to ~CDP, which aimed at improving the availability of reliable and accessible data for use in climatic research, appli cations and impact studies. The Association was informed that a plan for WCDP would be available soon which would include the following two basic approaches:

(a) The upgrading and completion of national data archives and the in ventories of their contents;

(b) The improvement of international co-ordination with regard to the collection, processing, archiving and exchange of the wide variety of data used for climate purposes.

9.4.2 The Association was of the view that the data aspects should be considered at the regional level for an effective contribution to the WCDP. Accordingly, the Association requested the Secretary-General to take the following action:

(a) To arrange for a fact-finding survey by an expert on the status of data holdings by Members of the Region, with a view to organizing uniform basic data sets for the Region on standard formats and media, relevant to WCDP;

(b) To explore the utilization of existing data bank facilities in the Region for WCDP purposes (e.g. the ASEAN Data Bank);

(c) To convene at the appropriate time a regional seminar/workshop on data management and retrieval, with a view to standardizing the methodologies and techniques followed by Members in the Region.

The Association also urged Members to give high priority to updating national climate data archives, preferably in computer-compatible form, and to maintain inventories of climatological observing stations and their data.

9.5 World Climate Impact Studies Programme (WCIP)

9.5.1 The Association was informed that UNEP, as the responsible agency for WCIP, had established a Sc~entific Advisory Committee (SAC) and the plan of action established by SAC was comprised of the following programme areas: GENERAL SUMMARY 35

Reduction of the vulnerability of food systems to climate;

Anticipation of impacts of man-induced climatic changes;

Improvement of the,methodology of climatic impact studies;

Identification of climate-sensitive sectors of human activity;

Stimulation and co-ordination of climatic impact studies.

9.5.2 The Association felt that the proposed programme areas were closely related to the other components of the WCP. It encouraged Members to contribute, as appropriate, to the climatic impact studies, particularly on the vulnerability of natural ecosystems to climatic changes. The Association requested the Secretary General to assist Members with proper guidance and advice.

9.6 Rapporteur on the regional aspects of WCP

The Association was of the view that regional activities on WCAP and WCDP should be strengthened. Accordingly it decided to appoint a rapporteur with well defined tasks, as contained in Resolution 26 (VIII-RA V).

10. TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES - REGIONAL ASPECTS (Agenda item 10)

10.1 Technical co-operation activities since the seventh session of RA V

10.1.1 The Association noted with interest and appreciation the information provided by the Secretary-General on technical co-operation activities in the Region over the past four years and on recent developments in the various assistance program mes of the Organization.

10.1.2 The Association noted with satisfaction the continuing contribution of the Voluntary Co-operation Programme to the development of national meteorological and hydrological services in the Region in general and to the implementation of the WWW plan in particular. It also noted that under the VCP only one long-term fellow ship holder had been trained during the period January 1978 to December 1981. Under the regular budget of the Organization, however, three meteorologists from two Member countries h~ successfully completed their studies and had obtained university degrees. With regard to the short-term fellowships scheme under VCP and the regular budget, the Association was informed that eight meteorologists had been awarded short-term fellow ships: three under VCP and five under the regular budget. The Association stressed the need for increasing the number of fellowships from all sources to meet the training needs in the Region, particularly of developing countries and new Members.

10.1.3 TheAss~ciation noted that only two Member countries in the Region were receiving UNDP assistance through country projects. It was felt that more assistance from UNDP in the field of meteorology and operational hydrology might be obtained if Permanent Representatives and heads of Meteorological and Hydrological Services in developing countries could make their requirements known to the UNDP through their national technical assistance co-ordinating bodies in the strongest terms and convince them of the major contribution to be made by their Services to economic and social development. The Secretary-General was requested to provide every possible assistance in this respect to Permanent Representatives. The Association recognized that some developing countries in the Region could have difficulty in formulating project pro posals for support by UNDP. The Association considered that in such cases the WMO Regional Director for Asia and the appropriate sectoral adviser could play a useful role in assisting Permanent Representatives concerned to prepare their requests for projects. 36 GENERAL SUMMARY

10.1.4 With regard to inter-country projects, the Association considered the overall level of UNDP support and noted that substantial support was being provided for activities carried out under the following projects:

Technical support for the ~gional typhoon programme;

ASEAN Climatic Atlas and Compendium of Climatological Statistics;

Regional co-operation in the development of Meteorological and Hydrological Services (umbrella project);

Regional development and applications of components of the Hydro logical Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme of WMO (HOMS);

Regional expert on meteorological telecommunications.

Some Members had had the benefit of advice and assistance under one or more of the above projects in the fields of meteorological telecommunications~ meteorological equipment, hydrological technology transfer and participation in training seminars and workshops.

10.2 Future technical co-operation

10.2.1 The Association was informed that the inter-country programme for Asia and the Pacific for the UNDP cycle 1982-1986 had been approved in June 1981. The six sectoral priorities were transport and communications, human resources development, agriculture/forestry/fisheries, planning and administration of development, trade and economic co-operation and industry. The Association noted that the allocation to WMO for Asia and the Pacific Region was three million US dollars for the period 1982-1984, with annual ceilings, but with possibilities for the extension of existing projects and the approval of new ones for 1985 and 1986 during a "mid-programme review which would take place in 1983. In this connexion, the Association wished to emphasize the role and impact of meteorology on several of the other sectoral activities, and its contribution to social and economic development. Therefore, it requested the Secretary General to make the strongest representation to the UNDP for a greater allocation of funds and resources for the implementation of WMO's programme.

10.2.2 The Association stressed the importance of UNDP assistance through regional projects in aiding developing countries of the Region to participate in WMO regional activities and programmes. It expressed the hope that such assistance would continue at least at the same level as was currently being provided. In particular, it stressed the usefulness of "umbrella" projects and agreed that they should be continued and ex panded.

10.2.3 The Association considered that there was an urgent need for a regional maintenance programme to assist in the maintenance of meteorological and electronic equipment particularly in some of the island stations of the South Pacific. The Association was informed that experts could be made available for this purpose by some Member countries in the Region if the necessary funds were provided for spare parts, travel and per diem. The Association requested the Secretary-General to seek UNDP or other support for this activity.

10.2.4 The Association also considered that in addition to the approved UNDP inter-regional projects, further assistance should be sought to meet the requirements of the Typhoon Committee and of other countries under the "umbrella" project. It also agreed that UNDP support for the implementation of the Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS) in the Region was useful. It also felt it would be beneficial if UNDP support could be obtained for a regional expert in meteorological GENERAL SUMMARY 37 telecommunications and another for the World Climate Programme. The Association further requested the Secretary-General to organize a technical conference on tropi cal cyclones, with the support of the UNDP.

10.2.5 The Association accordingly adopted Resolution 27 (VIII-RA V) outlining its requirements for inter-country technical assistance projects.

10.3 Technical co-operation among developing countries (TCDC)

The Association noted with interest the efforts devoted throughout the United Nations system to the promotion of TCDC and took note of the decisions of Cg-VIII in this regard. The Association considered that while TCDC was already in operation in the Region, in particular through VCP and through the "umbrella" pro ject, there was scope for further development, and it requested Members to inform the Secretary-Ge'neral of their possible contributions to this type of acHvi ty. In particular, the Association encouraged the extension of TCDC activities to enable experts and instructors to conduct training courses for meteorological personnel in the Region. In many cases, the Association noted that experts could be provided by some Members in the Region to carry out specific short-term missions and training activities in RA V. It, therefore, requested the Secretary-General to consider the possibility of providing travel and per diem costs for those experts from UNDP, VCP and other sources under TCDC arrrangements.

10.4 Sectoral advisers

The Association noted with satisfaction the arrangements made by WMO and UNDP in providing sectoral support in the fields of meteorology and operational hydro logy to provide advice and assistance to governments and UNDP Resident Representatives in identifying requirements in these fields. The Association agreed that this was a most useful element of assistance in the preparation of new projects and expressed the hope that UNDP would continue to finance sectoral advisers in meteorology and opera tional hydrology.

H. SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AND DISCUSSIONS (Agenda item 11)

11.1 The following scientific lectures were presented du~ing the session:

World Climate Programme - future outlook Written and presented by W. J. Gibbs (Australia);

Data management by Meteorological Services with special reference to the World Climate Programme by F. G. Finger and A. L. Shumbera (United States of America) Pr,esented by N. Johnson (United States of America);

Interpretation and utilization of satellite meteorological data for' various application programmes Written and presented by P. F. Noar (Australia);

Winter monsoon cold surge Written and presented by Lim Hock (Singapore).

The first lecture was followed by a short film entitled "Initiation of Convection" presented by the United States of America.

11.2 The lectures were followed by discussions. The Association expressed its gratitude to the lecturers for their valuable lectures and the delegation of the United States of America for the presentation of the interesting film. 38 GENERAL SUMMARY

12. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION AND OF RELEVANT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS (Agenda item 12)

12.1 The Association examined its past resolutions still in force at the time of the eighth session. There were no past recommendations still in force. The Association noted that most of the resolutions had been replaced by new resolutions adopted during the session or had already served their purpose and had become obsolete. It decided that the updated version of Resolution 8 (VI-RA V) - Regional Ozone Centre, given in Resolution 20 (VIII-RA V), be included under the appropriate agenda item in the final report.

12.2 The results of the review of the previous resolutions of the Association are contained in Resolution 28 (VIII-RA V).

12.3 The Association considered that Resolution 2 (EC-XXXI) on the report of the seventh session of Regional Association V (South-West Pacific) need not be kept in force.

13. ELECTION OF OFFICERS (Agenda item 13)

Mr. Ho Tong Yuen (Malaysia) and Mr. J. S. Hickman (New Zealand) were unanimously elected as president and vice-president of the Association, respectively.

14. DATE AND PLACE OF THE NINTH SESSION (Agenda item

The Association was informed that the Government of New Zealand would be willing to host the ninth session of the Association in Wellington in 1986. The Association noted this information with appreciation and agreed that, since this offer was only a tentative one, the date and place of its ninth session would be determined later, in accordance with Article 18(c) of the Convention of WMO.

15. CLOSURE OF THE SESSION (Agenda item 15)

15.1 The principal delegates of all the Member countries of the Association and several observers expressed their sincere gratitude to the Government of Australia and its representative, Dr. J. W. Zillman, for hosting the session and providing such excellent conference facilities. They expressed appreciation for the warm and generous hospitality they had received, and acknowledged the excellent support provided by the local Secretariat and WMO which had ensured the smooth running of the session. There were also many expressions of thanks to the president, Mr. Ho Tong Yuen,for his guidance, and to the chairman and vice-chairman of the working committee for the able manner in which they had carried out their work.

15.2 Mr. K. Rajendram, the representative of the Secretary-General, expressed his gratitude to the hosts, and complimented the WMO Secretariat on the excellent support it had provided. He referred to the spirit of goodwill and understanding which had prevailed during the discussions and thanked all the participants for their contributions and co-operation.

15.3 On behalf of the Government of Australia and the Bureau of Meteorology, Dr. J. W. Zillman thanked all the speakers for their kind words. He said that it had been a pleasure for him and his staff to have worked with the participants in the session, and to have forged new links with them. He thanked all the participants for their contributions and for making the session a successful one. GENERAL SUMMARY 39

15.4 In his closing address, Mr. Ho Tong Yuen joined the other speakers in expressing his gratitude to the Government o~Australia and to Dr. J. W. Zillman. In referring to the success of the session, he thanked all the participants, parti cularly the chairman and vice-chairman of the working committee. Thanks were also expressed to the local conference staff and WMO for their unfailing support and hard work.

15.5 The session closed at 11.45 a.m. on 17 September 1982. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE SESSION

Res. 1 (VIII-RA V) - MANUAL ON THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) ResolutiQn 5 (Cg-VIII) - World Weather Watch,

(2) The Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume I (Annex V to the WMO Technical Regulations),

CONSIDERING the need to compile regional decisions on the planning and operation of the Global Observing System in Region V into a consolidated statement for inclusion in Volume II of the Manual on the Global Observing System,

DECIDES to adopt Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V, of the Manual on the Global Observing System as given in the annex* to this resolution;

AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General, to approve minor changes and editorial amendments to the Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V (South-West Pacific);

REOUESTS the Secretary-General to include the text given in the annex* to this resolution in Volume II of the Manual on the Global Observing System.

* See Annex III.

Res. 2 (VIII-RA V) - REGIONAL BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORK

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 1 (VII-RA V) - Regional basic synoptic network,

(2) World Weather Watch - The Plan and Implementation Programme 1980- 1983, paragraph 54,

(3) The Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume I, Part III, Regulations 2.2.1, 2.2.2.1.4 to 2.2.2.1.8, 2.4.2.1, 2.4.2.2, 2.4.3.1, 2.4.3.2, and the definition of the regional basic synoptic network,

CONSIDERING that the establishment and maintenance of a regional basic synoptic network of surface and upper-air synoptic stations, adequate to meet the requirements of Members and of the World Weather Watch, constitute one of the most important obligations of Members under Article 2 of the WMO Convention, RESOLUTION 3 41

DECIDES that the stations and the observational programmes listed in the annex· to this res~lution constitute the regional basic synoptic network of Region V;

URGES MEMBERS:

(1) To spare no effort in their endeavours to secure, at the earliest date possible, full implementation of the network of stations and observational pro grammes set forth in the annex* to this resolution;

(2) To comply fully with the standard times of observation, the global and regional coding procedures and data-collection standards, as laid down in the WMO Technical Regulations and the Manuals on ·the GOS, on Codes and on the GTSj

AUTHORIZES the president of the Association to approve, at the request of the Member concerned and in consultation with the Secretary-General, amendments to the list of stations in accordance with the procedures laid down in the Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume II - Regional ~pects, Region V.

* See Annex IV.

NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 1 (VII-RA V) which is no longer in force.

Res. 3 (VIII-RA V) - OBSERVATIONS FROM AIRCRAFT

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH~WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 3 (VI-RA V) - Aircraft weather reports for synoptic purposes,

(2) Resolution 5 (Cg-VIII) - World Weather Watch,

(3) Regulations LC.3.175.1 to LC.3.!75.10 of the WMO Technical Regula- tions,

CONSIDERING:

(1) The importance of meteorological observations from aircraft as a source of upper-air data, especially over the oceans and other sparsely inhabited areas,

(2) That air reports are being disseminated in the Region in accordance with the procedures laid down in the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System,

(3) The value of exchanging in-flight and post-flight weather reports,

(4) That air reports will become even more important in the mixed ob serving system in the future by providing synoptic and asynoptic data for operational and research purposes,

INVITES MEMBERS:

(1) To continue seeking the co-operation of airline companies and civil aviation authorities to implement fully the AIREP reporting scheme in the Region, 42 RESOLUTION 4 pointing out to all concerned that an increase in the number of aircraft reports available to Meteorological Services would also benefit airline operators, as the meteorologist would be better able to meet their requirements;

(2) To ensure strict compliance with coding and exchange procedures by meteorological personnel regarding all in-flight and post-flight reports, possibly through national monitoring systems;

(3) To request additional aircraft reports on a non-routine basis in accordance with Regulations LC.3.175.1 to LC.3.175.10 of the WHO Technical Regulations whenever such reports are considered of assistance in forecasting potentially severe weather;

(4) To ensure that the in-flight and post-flight reports received are exchanged for synoptic purposes;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General:

(1) To bring this resolution to the attention of lCAO; and

(2) To co-ordinate the implementation of this resolution with ICAO as appropriate.

NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 3 (VI-RA V) which is no longer in forc~.

Res. 4 (VIII-RA V) - NETWORK OF CLIMAT AND CLlMAT TEMP REPORTING STATIONS IN REGION V

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST .PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 2 (VII-RA V) - Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in Region V,

(2) The Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume II - Regional Aspects, Region V,

(3) The WMO Technical Regulations, Regulation LA.2.473.1,

DECIDES that the network of stations preparing and transmitting CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports in the Region shall include the stations listed in the annex* to this resolution;

URGES Members to maintain the required observing programmes at the stations listed in the annex* to this resolution and to provide regularly, for international exchange, the required CLlMAT and CLIMATE TEMP reports;

AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General, to approve minor changes to this network as may be required;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General:

(1) To arrange for the inclusion in WMO Publication No.9, Volume A, of the information on the implementation of this network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP re porting stations; and RESOLUTIONS 5 AND 6 43

(2) To bring the changes to this network approved by the president of the Association to the attention of all Members of WMO.

* See Annex V.

NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 2(VII-RA V) which is no longer in force.

Res. 5 (VIII-RA V) - MANUAL ON THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING the Manual on the Global Data-processing System, Volume I - Global aspects, and Volume II - Regional aspects,

CONSIDERING the need to compile regional decisions on the planning and operation of the GDPS in Region V into a consolidated statement for inclusion in Volume II of the Manual on the GDPS,

DECIDES to adopt Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V, of the Manual on the Global Observing System as given in the annex* to this Resolution;

AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General, to approve minor changes and editorial amendments to the Manual on the GOPS, Volume II - Regional aspects, Region V (South-West Pacific);

REQUESTS the Secretary-General to include the text given in the annex* to the Resolution in Volume II of the Manual on the GDPS.

* See Annex VI.

Res. 6 (VIII-RA V) - RAPPORTEUR ON DATA PROCESSING

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

CONSIDERING the need for further study of real-time and non-real-time aspects of the GDPS in Region V,

DECIDES:

(1) Ta appoint a Rapporteur on Data Processing, with the following terms of reference:

(a) To keep under review the regional aspects of the GDPS for Region V and ~evelop additional procedures and recommend changes to the existing regional real-time and non-real-time procedures and practices, as required;

(b) To advise the president of the Association on GDPS matters, as required;

(2) To invite Mr. Muharjoto (Indonesia) to serve as Rapporteur on Data Processing;

(3) To request the rapporteur to submit a final report to the president of the Regional Association six months prior to the ninth session of RA V.

Res. 7 (VIII-RA v) - STANDARDIZATION OF VOLUME II OF THE MANUAL ON CODES THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 6 (VII-RA V) - Rapporteur on Codes,

(2) Abridged final report of VII-RA V, general summary, paragraph 4.2.4.4,

(3) Recommendation 12 (CBS-VII) - Standardization of Volume II of the Manual on Codes,

(4) WMO Publication No. 306 - Manual on Codes, Volume II,

CONSIDERING that the regional coding procedures with respect to FM 12-VII SYNOP, FM 13-VII SHIP and FM 85-VI SAREP have already been adapted to the structure of Volume I of the Manual on Codes,

DECIDES to standardize the regional coding procedures with respect to FM 32-V PILOT, FM 33-V PILOT SHIP, FM 35-V TEMP, FM 36-V TEMP SHIP, FM 45-IV lAC and FM 48-V ARMET, in accordance with the layout given in the annex* to this resolution;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General to include the standardized "regional coding procedures in Part A, Chapter V of Volume II of the Manual on Codes.

* See Annex VII.

\ Res. 8 (VIII-RA V) - NATIONAL CODING PROCEDURES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 5 (VII-RA V) - National coding practices,

(2) Resolution 6 (VII-RA V) - Rapporteur on Codes,

(3) WMO Publication No. 306 - Manual on Codes, Volume II,

CONSIDERING:

(1) That the national coding practices contained in Volume II of the Manual on Codes include a variety of different types of coding procedures,

(2) That there is a need for the standardization of coding practices in messages exchanged over the GTS, in order to facilitate the operation of computer ized processing, RESOLUTION 9 45

DECIDES that only those national practices which satisfy the guidelines laid down in the anne~ to this resolution "will henceforth be included for publication in Volume II of the Manual on Codes;

URGES Members of RA V to avoid, to the maximum possible extent, any deviation from international coding procedures.

ANNEX

NATIONAL CODING PRACTICES

Guidelines for the selection of criteria for the inclusion of national practices in Part B of Chapter V of Volume II of the Manual on Codes:

1. Practices, other than deviations, that are of substantial concern to all Members of the Regional Association shall be published.

2. Practices, other than deviations, that are of substantial concern to the majority of Members of Regional Association:

(a) Shall be published;

(b) Shall be checked to see if there is sufficient justification for making them regional practices.

3. Practices that are deviations from global (Volume I) or regional (Volume II) regulations shall in principle be avoided.

4. Practices that are of specific value only to an individual Member's area of responsibility shall not be published.

5. Practices that are obviously outdated shall not continue to be published.

6. Practices in reporting horizontal visibility and wind speed which, as a rule, are included in Volume I of the Manual on Codes (l-App.) shall not continue to be published in Volume II.

7. Practices, the exchange of which can be kept on a smaller scale(e.g., bilateral/trilateral basis), shall not be published; Members wishing to exchange practices on that scale shall be encouraged to make their own agreements between themselves.

Res. 9 (VIII-RA V) ~ RAPPORTEUR ON CODES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

CONSIDERING that there is a need for further study of various regional code problems in Region V,

DECIDES:

(1) To reappoint a Rapporteur on Codes, with the following terms of reference: 46 RESOLUTION 10

(a) To keep under review the existing regional meteorological codes for Region V and to develop new codes or recommend changes to existing regional codes, as required;

(b) To take action on coding problems assigned by the president of the Regional Association;

(2) To invite Mr. S. Geno (Papua New Guinea) to serve as the Rapporteur on Codes;

(3) To request the rapporteur to submit a final report to'th~ president of the Regional Association six months prior to the ninth session of RA V.

Res. 10 (VIII-RA V) - AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON THE GTS, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, PART I. - ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATION PLAN FOR REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC) FOR THE WORLD WEATHER WATCH

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 5 (Cg-VIII) - World Weather Watch,

(2) The Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, Volume I - Global aspects, and Volume II - Regional aspects,

(3) Resolution 7 (VII-RA V) - Organization of the regional meteorological telecommunication plan for Region V (South-West Pacific) for the World Weather Watch (WWW) ,

CONSIDERING the need to up-date the regional meteorological telecommuni cation plan for Region V (South-West Pacific) and to incorporate recent developments in the WWW and advances in technology,

DECIDES that the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific be amended as given in the annex* to this reso lution;

AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General of WMO, to approve minor changes to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Paci fic;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General of the WMO to include the amendments given in the annex* to this resolution in the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific.

* See Annex VIII. RESOLUTIONS 11 AND 12 47

Res. 11 (VIII-RA V) - AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON THE GTS,·· VOLUME II - REGIONAL: ASPECTS, SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, PART II - TELECOMMUNICATION PROCEDURES FOR REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 5 (Cg-VIII) - World Weather Watch,

(2) The Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, Volume I - Global aspects, and Volume II - Regional aspects,

(3) Resolution 8 (VII-RA V) - Telecommunication procedures for Region V (South-West Pacific),

CONSIDERING the need to up-date the regional meteorological telecommuni cation plan for Region V (South-West Pacific) to improve the procedures for the col lection and distribution of meteorological information within Region V,

DECIDES that the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific be amended as given in the onnex· to this reso lution;

AUTHORIZES the president of the Association, in consultation with the Secretary-General of WMO, to approve minor changes to the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General of WMO to include the amendments given in the annex· to this resolution in the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific.

• See Annex IX.

Res. 12 (VIII-RA V) - AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON THE GTS, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, PART III - ENGINEERING OF RADIO CIRCUITS AND CENTRES IN REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System, Volume I - Global aspects, and Volume II - Regional aspects;

CONSIDERING the developments in telecommunications technology and equip ment and the continuous up-grading of the RA V meteorological telecommunication net work;

DECIDES that the text given in the annex· to this resolution - Part III - Engineering of centres and circuits in Region V (South-West Pacific) - be included in the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General of WMO to include Part III - Engineering of centres and circuits in Region V (South-West Pacific) in the relevant part of the Manual on the GTS, Volume II - Regional aspects, South-West Pacific.

• See Annex X. 48 RESOLUTION 13

Res. 13 (VIII-RA V) - WORKING GROUP ON METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 5 (Cg-VIII) - World Weather Watch,

(2) That Members' requirements for the collection, exchange and distri bution of meteorological information are undergoing constant change due to the pro gress in atmospheric science and data-processing technology,

(3) That technology in the field of telecommunications is progressing at an ever-increasing rate,

CONSIDERING that these developments require constant review and entail adjustment of the meteorological telecommunications arrangements in Region V,

DECIDES:

(1) To re-establish aWorking Group on Meteorological Telecommunications and to give it the following terms of reference:

(a) To keep abreast of developments in new telecommunications technology and equipment and to study their possible adapta tion to the requirements for an efficient regional meteorolo gical telecommunications system in Region V as well as the advantages derived from communications space techniques, in cluding meteorological satellites;

(b) To formulate recommendations on regional activities relating to the World Weather Watch telecommunications system in Region V;

(c) To formulate recommendations for the co-ordination of the im plementation of telecommunications facilities and techniques, if required;

(d) To study problems and develop improved and cost-effective arrangements relating to the exchange of observational data and processed information, both in pictorial and digital form, within Region V and with neighbouring Regions;

(e) To establish any group considered necessary for studying spe cial problems;

(f) To keep under review the regional meteorological telecommuni cation plan, particularly as regards developments in the capa bilities of geostationary satellites for data collection and distribution;

(g) To develop a detailed distribution plan for the exchange of addressed messages within Region V;

(h) To study and accordingly inform the president of RA V as regards the effectiveness of the operation of meteorological telecommunications in Region V on the basis of information \ supplied by Members and the WMO Secretariat; \ \, RESOLUTION 14 49

(i) To advise the president of the Association on regional meteo "rological telecommuhicationsproblems, as assigned to the "group;

(2) That the working group be composed of experts in meteorological telecommunications nominated by Members of RA V wishing to participate actively in the work of the group;

(3) To give the following composition to the group:

(a) The following experts who were nominated in the course of the,' session:

Mr. B. Bradshaw (Australia) Mr. G. Cauchard (French Polynesia) Mr. Kusmanu (Indonesia) Mr. R. Ebstein (New Caledonia) Mr. Tan Suan Foon (Singapore) Mr. F. Donaldson (United States of America) Experts to be nominated by Fiji, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines and Vanuatu

(b) Additional experts who may be nominated later by Members of the Association;

(4) To select, in accordance with Regulation 31 of the General Regula tions, Mr. B. Bradshaw as chairman of the working group.

(5) To request the chairman of the working group to submit, at yearly intervals, progress reports to the president of RA V.

Res. 14 (VIII-RA V) - THE COLLECTION AND DISSEMINATION OF SHIPS' WEATHER REPORTS IN REGION V

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING the report of the Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology in Region V on the survey conducted by him on the system of collection of ships' weather reports and their dissemination in Region V,

NOTING FURTHER:

(1) That most of the reports that were transmitted late were primarily those made close to the end or outside the watch-keeping hours of radio-operators aboard the third and fourth category ships,

(2) That contacts with coastal radio stations posed a problem, as these stations were frequently very busy and thus ships either had to wait, at times for long periods, to clear their messages, or found it difficult even to get these stations to respond,

(3) That the time-limit set for the collection of reports at the National Meteorological Centre (NMC) could not be complied with for more than fifty per cent of the reports mainly because of (a) delays in the transmission of reports by ships, (b) handling delays or incorrect handling at coastal radio stations, and (c) the lack of a direct and reliable communications link between the coastal radio station and the NMC, 50 RESOLUTION 15

(4) That although most reports (ninety-four per cent) were inserted into the GTS within three hours of their receipt from coastal radio stations, there was still a fair amount of delay during the first hour (fifty-eight per cent),

(5) That the daily average number of ships' weather reports originating from Region V and exchanged over the GTS decreased between 1978 and 1981, whereas the number of reports on a global scale increased by thirty-five per cent during the same period,

tNVITES Members concerned to:

(1) Encourage ships' officers to transmit weather reports before they go off-duty, by making observations earlier, if necessary, (but, not earlier than one hour before the time of observation);

(2) Encourage the use of HF radio-telex facilities on board ships;

(3) Reduce the congestion on Maritime Mobile Service frequencies by:

(a) Operating special frequencies and time-slots, say for thirty minutes after every synoptic hour, especially at busy coastal radio stations accepting OBS messages and postponing other messages during that time;

(b) Increasing the number of receiving frequencies at coastal radio stations;

(c) Encouraging more ships to install suitable equipment on board so that they can make use of the communications facilities of the INMARSAT system;

(4) Impress on ships' officers the importance of the use of the "OBS" prefix in ships' weather reports when transmitting the reports;

(5) Eliminate:

(a) The excessive delays in transmission of ships' weather reports by coastal radio stations to the NMC;

(b) The message losses over the GTS by:

(i) Adhering strictly to the established telecommunications procedures,

(ii) Inserting into the GTS all the available ships' reports, including those received up to 24 hours after the time of observation.

Res. 15 (VIII-RA V) - DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL MARINE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 23 (V-RA V) - Meteorological support to marine activities,

(2) Resolution 12 (Cg-VIII) - Marine meteorological and related oceano graphic activities for the period 1980-1983, RESOLUTION 15 51

(3) Abridged final report of CMM-VIII, general summary, paragraph 5.4 - Regional projects related to marine meteorological services,

CONSIDERING:

(1) That growing marine economic activities such as shipping, off-shore drilling, fishing and coastal development, and ocean engineering works call for marine meteorological information, forecasts and warnings,

(2) That in response to an inquiry a specific requirement had been ex pressed by shipmasters for information on sea conditions, particularly swell waves, and on movements of significant pressure systems,

(3) That services to coastal and off-shore activities should include, where necessary, information on storm surges,

(4) That an adequate forecast service to coastal and off-shore areas would need the backing of observational data from these areas and that, in addition, these data would be helpful in building up the statistics for studies on coastal cli matology,

(5) That the organization of marine meteorological services would require in some cases measures to be taken at the planning stage while in many other cases it would require the introduction of specialized services at the existing national marine forecast centres,

URGES Members who are engaged in marine activities:

(1) To establish, if they have not already done so, and develop national marine meteorological services to meet the growing demands of a variety of marine users;

(2) To include in weather and sea bulletins, as appropriate, information on waves above a particular threshold value (say two metres) along with an indication of areas where such waves occur or are expected to occur, as well as on the direction and speed of movement of significant pressure systems;

(3) To introduce services for coastal and off-shore areas, if such ser vices do not already exist, taking advantage, where possible, of satellite products available in the preparation of forecasts and warnings, and to issue warnings on storm surges, where necessary;

(4) To give full consideration to increasing the observations from coastal and off-shore areas by including in the observing programmes of coastal stations and off-shore platforms such sea parameters as waves, sea-surface tempera ture etc., and by e~tablishing data buoy stations;

(5) To train personnel (forecasters and technical staff) at the marine forecast centre in the preparation of specialized marine meteorological and related oceanographic products of national and international interest;

(6) To liaise with national governmental authorities and other user groups in respect of their requirements for the provision of services, including climatolo-. gical information, for planning and operational purposes;

(7) To take full advantage of the facilities available under the provi sions of technical co-operation programmes in respect of (1) and (5) above, by re questing assistance and advice from WMO and other sources. 52 RESOLUTIONS 16 AND 17

Res. 16 (VIII-RA V) - PORT METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) WMO Technical Regulation LA.I.171.1.3,

(2) The results of a recent inquiry with shipmasters on the adequacy of marine meteorological services,

(3) The report of the RA V Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology,

CONSIDERING:

(1) That the port meteorological officers play an important role in maintaining a close liaison with shipping interests and in encouraging ships' person nel to send ships' weather reports from data-sparse areas,

(2) That port meteorological officers should be available at the port location itself for the effective provision of services,

(3) That shipmasters have expressed the need for a forecast and warning service for main ports as well as for the supply of weather charts to outgoing ships,

URGES Members concerned:

(1) To establish, if they have not already done so, port meteorological officer services at main ports and at other ports visited by a significant number of ships;

(2) To consider the location of port meteorological offices if possible on the port premises or at a place easily accessible t6 shipmasters;

(3) To give full consideration to introducing forecast and warning services for major port locations, including the supply of analysis and forecast weather charts to ships leaving the port, in addition to the usual services provided through port meteorological officers.

Res. 17 (VIII-RA V) - RAPPORTEUR ON MARINE METEOROLOGY

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 2 (CMM-VIII) - Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services,

(2) The report of the RA V Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology,

CONSIDERING:

(1) That there is a need for the continuous development of marine meteo rological services at the regional level to meet the requirements of users and, in addition, a need for close co-ordination with similar activities in other regions and with the WMO Commission for Marine Meteorology (CMM), RESOLUTION 18 53

(2) That an expert has to be designated by the Association to serve on the CMM Working Group on Marine Meteorological Services,

DECIDES:

(1) To appoint a Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology with the following terms of reference:

(a) To keep under review the development of marine meteorological activities and services in the Region and make proposals to the president of RA V for such action as necessary;

(b) To advise the presiden-t of RA V on matters concerning marine meteorological programmes and services in the region as well as on regional requirements and their co-ordination;

(2) To invite Mr. Koo Hock Chong (Singapore) to serve_as the Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology;

(3) To request the rapporteur to submit to the president of RA V a first report by the end of 1983 and a final report at least six months before the ninth session of the Association.

Res. 18 (VIII-RA V) - PARTICIPATION IN THE INTEGRATED GLOBAL OCEAN SERVICES SYSTEM (IGOSS)

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING Resolution 12 (VII-RA V) - Participation in the Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS),

CONSIDERING:

(1) The strong need to obtain wider participation by Members in each and every component of the IGOSS programme,

(2) That contributions by Members to any part of the programme constitute valuable steps forward in the successful implementation of IGOSS,

URGES Members to participate in any of the following activities:

(a) Th~ IGOSS Observing System (lOS):

(i) By transmitting over the Global Telecommunication System BATHY/TESAC observations taken by their research and merchant vessels;

(ii) By transmitting over the GTS ocean data buoy observations;

(iii) By making available sea-surface temperature observations ob tained by remote-sensing methods;

(b) The IGOSS Data Processing and Services System (IDPSS), by arranging for the prepar~tion and issue of appropriate IGOSS products; 54 RESOLUTION 19

(c) _ The IGOSS data collection arrangements, by designating coastal radio stations for the reception of BATHV/TESAC reports, particu larly concerning the northern part of the Region, and their trans mission over the GTS;

INVITES Members:

(1) To organize the necessary training programmes for personnel required in the implementation of IGOSS;

(2) To seek technical assistance, as required, for the implementation of IGOSS;

(3) To be represented on the Joint IOC/WMO Working Committee for IGOSS;

ENCOURAGES Members to establish close co-ordination and co-operation between their national Meteorological and Oceanographic Services in the implementation of IGOSS, including the designation of a natiorial representative for IGOSS.

Res. 19 (VIII-RA V) - RAPPORTEUR ON ATMOSPHERIC OZONE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 8 (EC-XXVIII) and Resolution 11 (EC-XXIX),

(2) The report by the Working Group on Atmospheric Ozone submitted to the eighth session of RA V,

CONSIDERING:

(1) The importance of Members' contributions and co-operation to ensure, the successful implementation of the WMO Global Ozone Monitoring and Research Project,

(2) The need for continued encouragement of ozone work in the Region including arrangements for comparisons and the exchange of experience, and the study of specific regional problems,

DECIDES:

(1) To appoint a Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozone with the following terms of reference:

(a) To survey and report upon Members' efforts in establishing ozone stations;

(b) To advise on the conduct of comparisons and intercalibrations between Dobson spectrophotometers in Region V and instruments in other Regions;

(c) To advise on the establishment of new ozonesonde stations in the Region and on matters relating to the monitoring of ozone by meteorological satellites;

(d) To assist Members in the exchange of information and experience; RESOLUTIONS 20,AND 21 55

(e) To assist in carrying out co-operative research projects on ozone within Region Vi

(2) To invite Miss E. Farkas (New Zealand) to serve as Rapporteur on Atmospheric Ozonei

(3) To request the Rapporteur to submit a first report to the president of the Association by the end of 1983 and a final report six months before the next session of the Association.

NOTE: This resolution replaces Resolution 15 (VII-RA V) which is no longer in force~

Res. 20 (VIII-RA V) - REGIONAL OZONE CENTRE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) The report of the chairman of the RA V Working Group on Atmospheric Ozone,

(2) Resolution 8 (VI-RA V) - Regional Ozone Centre,

(3) Resolution 11 (fC-XXIX) - Atmospheric ozone measurements,

(4) Abridged report of Cg-VIII, general summary, paragraph 3.3.1.19,

WELCOMING the offer by Australia to continue the Regional Ozone Centre at Melbourne, Australia,

DECIDES to de8ignate Melbourne, Australia, as the Regional Ozone Centre for Region V.

Res. 21 (VIII-RA V) - THE APPLICATION OF METEOROLOGY TO AGRICULTURE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, ,~ NOTING:

(1) The report of the first session of the Working Group on Climate based Cropping Systems which identifies the agrometeorological problems related to the cropping systems in the Region,

(2) The proceedings of the WMO/IRRI Symposium on Agrometeorology of the- Rice Crop,

(3) WMO Technical Note No. 144 - Rice and \.,reather,

CONSIDERING:

(1) The need for concerted efforts to increase food production in the Region, and that the application of meteorology to agriculture can make useful contri butions in this regard, 56 RESOLUTION 22

(2) That maximum utilization of available resources, methods and techni ques should be used in cropping systems,

URGES Members:

(1) To establish agrometeorological data banks to include synoptic, climatological, hydrological and satellite data as well as "fields" of derived agrometeorological data;

(2) To take maximum advantage of shading and shelter practices of culti vation in efforts to increase crop production;

(3) To maintain drought watch and the monitoring of soil moisture, in cluding water-harvesting, and to promote dry-season cropping;

(4) To promote studies relating to pest-weather, disease-weather and crop-weather models for crop growth, development and yield;

(5) To establish climate-based cropping systems based on the tabulation of the climatic tolerances for plants, diseases and pests; this tabulation would assist in plant translocation assessments, timing for spray applications, irrigation, etc. ;

(6) To develop forecasting and advisory services for agricultural opera tions (irrigation, spraying for pes~and diseases, plant protection, etc.);

(7) To establish close co-operation between agriculturalists and meteoro logists through personal contact, seminars/symposia, secondment of experts, exchange of research findings, joint studies, etc.;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General to provide assistance to Members in the implementation of the resolution.

Res. 22 (VIII-RA V) - RAPPORTEUR ON THE AGROMETEOROLOGY OF THE COCONUT CROP-

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 17 (Cg-VIII) - Application of meteorology to agriculture,

(2) WMO-NO. 396 - Proceedings ~f the WMO Symposium on the Agrometeorology of the Wheat Crop, 1974,

(3) WMO-No. 481 - Proceedings of the Symposium on the Agrometeorology of the Maize (Corn) Crop, 1976,

(4) WMO-No. 423 - Rice and weather,

(5) WMO-No. 541 - Proceedings of the WMO/IRRI Symposium on the Agro meteorolog¥ of the Rice Crop,

(6) Report of the Rapporteur on Guidance Material for Agrometeorological Services to Rice Farmers, RESOLUTION 23 57

CONSIDERING:

(1) That the coconut is an economically important crop in tha Region,

(2) That knowledge available in several of the countries in the Region on the effect of climatic factors on development and yield of this crop has not been sufficiently well collated and summarized,

(3) That such knowledge would be useful to Members in the Region,

DECIDES:

(1)- To appoint a Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Coconut Crop with the following terms of reference:

(a) To survey and summarize existing knowledge on the effect of meteorological factors on the growth, development and yield of the coconut crop;

(b) To make proposals on the need to conduct international ex periments to study the effect of meteorological factors on coconut yield;

(2) To invite an expert from the Philippines to act as Rapporteur on the Agrometeorology of the Coconut Crop,

(3) To request the rapporteur to submit to the president a final report on the results of his work not less than six months before the next session of the Regional Association.

Res. 23 (VIII-RA V) - RAPPORTEUR ON THE APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY TO ENERGY MATTERS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING Resolution 19 (Cg-VIII) - Promotion of applications of meteorology to energy problems, with particular regard to solar and wind energy utilization,

CONSIDERING that due to the increasing energy problems there is an urgent need to promote appropriate regional aspects of the application of meteorology and climatology to the utilization of solar, wind and other renewable energy sources,

DECIDES':

(1) To appoint a Rapporteur on the Applications of Meteorology to Energy Matters, with the following terms of reference:

(a) To identify problems in the prov~s~on of meteorological infor mation for energy planning and utilization purposes in the Region;

(b) To determine the areas where additional meteorological data and information would be needed to assist energy planning, production and use; 58 RESOLUTIONS 24 AND 25

(c) To maintain close liaison with the WMO Commission for Clima tology and Applications of Meteorology on energy matters, and to advise the president of the Association, as appropriate;

(2) To invite Mr. Ram Krishna (Fiji) to serve as Rapporteur on the Appli cations of Meteorology to Energy Matters,

(3) To request the rapporteur to submit to the president of the Associa tion his preliminary report a year after his nomination, and his final report not later than six months before the ninth session of the Association.

Res. 24 (VIII-RA V) - REGIONAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF METEOROLOGY

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING Resolution 20 (Cg-VIII) - Promotion of special applications,

CONSIDERING the substantial benefits that may be derived from the appli cation of weather and climate data and knowledge to various human activities,

INVITES Members:

(1) To ensure and to improve, as necessary, the availability of appro priate weather and climate data required for use in support of various human activi ties such as those relating to: the rational use of energy; land-use planning for. human settlements; urban and building climatology; human health; transport; tourism; sports and recreation; etc.;

(2) To promote the application, at the national level, of meteorology and climatology to the activities listed in (1) above through close collaboration between Meteorological Services and the various institutions organizing the activi ties concerned.

Res. 25 (VIII-RA V) - WORKING GROUP ON HYDROLOGY

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) The report of its Rapporteur on Hydrology,

(2) Resolution 26 (Cg-VII) - wMO Operational Hydrology Programme,

(3) Resolution 30 (Cg-VIII) - Hydrological Operational Multipurpose Subprogramme (HOMS),

(4) Resolution 31 (Cg-VIII) - Co-operation with Hydrological Services,

(5) Resolution 32 (Cg-VIII) - Water Resources Development Programme,

(6) Resolution 8 (EC-XXXII) - Report of the sixth session of the Com mission for Hydrology,

CONSIDERING that Regional Association V has an important and active role to play in the implementation of regional activities in the field of hydrology and water resources, especially in collaboration with RA II and ESCAP, RESOLUTION 25 59

DECIDES:

(1) To establish a Working Group on Hydrology with the following terms of reference:

(a) To provide the necessary assistance and advice to the president of the Association on all regional questions on hydrological matters;

(b) To promote the use of WMO standards and recommended practices and procedures in hydrology in the Region;·

(d) To prepare a detailed status report on networks of hydrological observing stations in the Region and to assess their adequacy, based on analysis of the information collated;

(e) To prepare a full report Dn the needs in the Region for hydro logical forecasting and associated requirements for hydrological data transmission, processing and data banks, including the possible use of WWW facilities;

(f) To co-operate, as appropriate, with other WMO bodies and international organizations on projects related to hydrology and water resources;

(2) To invite Members of the Region to designate national experts, who will normally be the national hydrological advisers to the Permanent Representatives of Members, to serve on the Working Group;

(3) To designate Mr. J. Lirios (Philippines) as the Regional Hydrological Adviser to the president of the Regional Association;

(4) To invite the Regional Hydrological Adviser to serve as the chairman of the Working Group on Hydrology;

REQUESTS the chairman of the Working Group on Hydrology:

(1) To consider designating individual members of the Working Group as specialized rapporteurs on specific topics such as:

(a) HOMS - regional aspects;

(b) Hydrological networks;

(d) Hydrological data transmission, processing and data banks (including possible use of WWW);

(2) To submit a final report to the president of the Association not less than six months prior to the ninth session of the Association;

REQUESTS the Working Group on Hydrology to undertake the work of the group by correspondence whenever possible. 60 RESOLUTIONS 26 AND 27

Res. 26 (VIII-RA V) - RAPPORTEUR ON WORLD CLIMATE APPLICATIONS AND DATA PROGRAMMES

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 29 (Cg-VIII) - World Climate Programme, and its request to the presidents of regional associations to give particular attention to the region al aspects of WCP,

(2) Resolution 6 (EC-XXXII) - World Climate Programme, reiterating the request of Eighth Congress,

CONSIDERING the need to develop the various WCP regional activities with particular reference to the World Climate Applications Programme (WCAP) and the World Climate Data Programme (WCDP),

DECIDES:

(1) To appoint a Rapporteur on Woild Climate Applications and Data Programmes with the following terms of reference:

(a) To act as the regional focal point for the further development of WCAP and WCDP in the Region by:

(i) Promoting an exchange of data and information relating to climatological applications among countries in the Regioni

(ii) Keeping abreast of WMO decisions concerning regional aspects of the WCAP and WCDP and stimulating regional participation in these WCP componentsi

(b) To provide information to the WCP office on plans for regional activities' under WCAP and WCDPi

(2) To invite Mr. A. David (Malaysia) to serve as .the RA V Rapporteur on World Climate Applications and Data Programmesi

(3) To request the rapporteur to submit a final report to the president of RA V not later than six months before the next session of the Association, and interim reports as might be called for.

Res. 27 (VIII-RA V) - REGIONAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Resolution 20 (VII-RA V) - Regional technical assistance,

(2) That regional seminars or conferences are given rather low priority by UNDP in inter-country programming, RESOLUTION 27 61

CONSIDERING:

(1) That meteorological services to various fields of human activity need to be strengthened in order to make an effective contribution to the social and economic development of countries in the Region,

(2) That the information and knowledge gained by scientific studies and experiments as well as new technological advances should be widely disseminated to the meteorological personnel of the countries concerned,

(3) That inter~country or regional assistance projects provide an effi cient and effective contribution to achieving these objectives,

RESOLVES that the following projects in the order of priority stated below should be organized by WMO with the support of UNDP:

(i) First priority Climatological data processing;

Maintenance of conventional meteorolo gical instruments and electronic equipment;

(ii) Second priority Meteorological network inspectors;

(i) First priority Weather forecasting for low-level flight in support of general aviation;

Radiation instruments and measurement techniques;

(ii) Second priority Use of satellite data for weather fore casting;

Application of climatological data and information in the exploitation of renewable energy resources;

(iii) Third priority Automation of non-real-time GDPS functions of RMCs/NMCs;

(i) Tropical cyclones;

URGES Members to submit a formal request to UNDP, through the Resident Representative in their countries, to approve these seminars as regional projects under UNDP;

REQUESTS the Secretary-General:

(1) To assist Members as necessary in formulating these requests for projects; 62 RESOLUTION 28

(2) To advise Members on the most appropriate time for making such re quests, taking into account the availability of host and other facilities;

(3) To make final arrangements for implementing the projects after they have been approved by UNDP.

Res. 28 (VIII-RA V) - REVISION OF PREVIOUS RESOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE ASSOCIATION

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING paragraph 3.7.1 of the general summary of EC-IX,

CONSIDERING:

(1) That a number of its resolutions adopted before its eighth session have been revised and incorporated in resolutions of the eighth session,

(2) That other previous resolutioris of RA V have been incorporcited in appropriate WMO publications or have become obsolete,

(3) That some of the previous resolutions are still to be implemented,

(4) That no previous recommendations of the Association are in force at the time of the eighth session,

DECIDES:

(1) To keep in force Resolution 24 (V-RA V) and update Resolution 8 (VI-RA V) for inclusion under the appropriate agenda item;

(2) Not to keep in force the other resolutions and recommendations adopted before its eighth session;

(3) To publish the text of the resolution kept in force in the annex· to this resolution.

• See Annex XI. RECOMMENDATION ADOPTED BY THE SESSION

Rec. 1 (VIII-RA V) - AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ISSUE OF WEATHER AND SEA BULLETINS

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) The WMO areas of responsibility for the issue of weather and sea . bulletins set forth in the Manual on Marine Meteorological Service~Appendix 11.1,

(2) That the area of responsibility of Mauritius now extends east to 0 0 0 90 E north of 35 S, and that of France (New Amsterdam) extends east to 90 E south of 300 S,

CONSIDERING that the existing boundaries in the central Indian Ocean have unnecessary overlaps,

AGREES that the areas of responsibility for the issue of weather and sea bulletins be amended as follows: 0 0 Indonesia: Sea area within 0° 109 E to 0° 90 E to 100S 900E to 100S 0 0 0 0 160 E to 5 N 160 E to 5~N 119 E; 0 0 Australia: Sea area south of 10 S between 90° to 160 E.I REQUESTS the Secretary-General to take the appropriate action to imple ment the proposed changes, in consultation with the presidents of Regi9nal Associa tions I, II and V and the president of CMM. ANNEX I

Annex to paragraph 4030207 of the general summary

PRESENT OPERATIONAL STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS FOR UPGRADING THE REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL. TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK IN REGION V

Circuit Present operational status Future plan

10 Main Trunk Circuit and its branches

Melbourne - Tokyo Satellite/cabl~ 200 b1t/S Satellite/cable, 4800- data channel 9600 bit/s data + digital FAX channels, (1983)

2. Main Regional Circuit

Melbourne - Cabl~ 75-baud data channel Upgrading under Wellington consideration

3. Regional Circuits

Manila - Singapore Satellite/cabl~ 75-baud data channel

Melbourne - Darwin Cabl~ 75-baud data + FAX channels

Melbourne - Jakarta Satellite,75-baud data channel Melbourne - Cable, 50-baud data channel Port Moresby

Jakarta - Singapore Satellit~ 75-baud data channel Singapore - HF, 75-baud data channel Kuala Lumpur

Wellington - Nandi Cabl~ 50-baud data channel (Shared GTS/AFTN channel)

Wellington - Satellit~ 50-baud data channel Tahi ti Faaa (Shared GTS/AFTN channel)

Nandi - Noumea H~ 50-baud data channel Satellit~ 75-baud data (Shared GTS/AFTN channel) channel (Shared GTS/AFTN channel) (end 1982)

Nandi - Honolulu HF/Satellite,50-baud data Satellite, 50-baud data channel channel (November 1982) ANNEX I 65

Circuit Present operational status Future plan

Nandi - Port Vila Satellit~ 50-baud data channel (Shared GTS/AFTN channel)

4. Inter-regional circuits

Melbourne - Satellit~ 75-baud data channel New Delhi

Kuala Lumpur - Microwav~ 75-baud data channel Bangkok

Manila - Tokyo Cable/Satellit~ 75-baud data channel

Honolulu - Tokyo Cabl~75-baud data channel

Honolulu - Cable,75-baud multi-channels Satellit~ 75-baud multi Washington (data + FAX) channels (data + FAX) (end 1982)

5. Radio broadcasts

Melbourne 1 RTT, 1 FAX

Wellington 1 RTT 1 FAX (1982)

Darwin 1 FAX

Jakarta 1 RTT

6. Satellite broadcasts

Operated by Japan

operational satellite image distribution

Operated by UoS.Ao

GOES-West (l350 W) ) WMCs products plus operational GOES-Central (I07°W) satellite image distribution ANNEX II

Annex to paragraph 4.3.16.2 of the general summary

APPLICATION OF MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES IN ACCORDANCE WITH MODEMS SPECIFIED BY CCITT RECOMMENDATION V.29

1. General

(a) Dedicated circuits should be terminated at both ends with the same modem in accordance with CCITT Rec. Y.29i

(b) A telephone-type circuit refers to a cable, landline, UHF or satellite link with a bandwidth of 300 Hz to 3400 Hz;

(c) The quality of the circuit shall correspond to the requirements laid down in CCITT Rec. M.I020. However, if the quality of the circuit does not exceed the standards of Rec. M.I040 considerably, then there may be no need to call for the use of the special quality circuit Rec. M.I020i

(d) All channels provided by multiplexing have an interface according to CCITT Recs. V.24 and V.28.

2. Possible arrangements for channelling

(a) A telephone-type circuit with a data-signalling rate of 9600 bit/si

(b) A telephone-type circuit with a data-signalling rate of 9600 bit/s sub divided into 2 x 4800 bit/s channels;

(d) A telephone-type circuit with a data-signalling rate of 9600 bit/s sub divided into 1 x 4800 and 2 x 2400 bit/si

(e) In addition to the above specified channelling, one or two l~w-speed channels can be provided in some models of modems. Since these channels are not specified in Rec. V.29, their operation is subject to agreement between adjacent centres.

3. Use of multiplexed channels

(a) All channels can be used;

(b) All channels can be used for coded or non-coded digital facsimile trans mission. A data-signalling rate of 4800 bit/s is recommended for non coded digital facsimile with drum speed of 120 rpm;

(c) All channels with a minimum data-signalling rate of 2400 bit/s can be used for asynchronous data transmission with a speed ranging from 50 to ANNEX II 67

600 bit/s (distortion of a 2400 bit/s channel used for asynchronous transmission with 600 bit/s equalfu25 per cent);

Note: An example of the use of multiplexed channels is given at the end of this annex.

4. Operational conditions

(a) The conventional type of analogue facsimile scanners and recorders can be used for non-coded digital facsimile transmissions with the addition of low-cost analogue-to-digital or digital-to-analogue converters;

(b) The automatic line equalizers incorporated into the modems according to CCITT Tec. V.29 are suitable to cope with marginal circuit conditions of links according to CCITT Rec. M.l020;

(c) Data transmission carried out with an EDC procedure requ~r~ng a separate backward channel (WMO software and hardware EDC procedures as specified in Volume I of the Manual on the GTS, Part II) will occupy two channels provided by multiplexing or one channel provided by multiplexing and another one out of the channels described in 2(e) above.

* * * ~

Analogue V.24-V.28 I fax interfaces"l. 1-----11 A/D conr~~_...., I I scanner verter /

I Channel A 4800 bit/s /

Analogue I I fax D/A con I : receiver 1------11 verter I •

I Modem' I V.29 I Dedicated circuit l>z 1"'1 Z X J"I'1 Telecommunication l> x / ~ "tl H H computer handling Channel 8 ~ II. r- data transmission w 2400 bi t/s ,. / J"I'1 0 with WMO software I .." EDC ~ c / U'J Channel C / J"I'1 2400 bit/s o· / .." c~ r- / -I H / "'0 r- flow-speed i J"I'1 X channel I ' J"I'1 (75 bit/s) 0 I n A/D convector:Analogue to 'digital I ::r:: I converter ! ~z Available for , J"I'1 D/A convector:Analogue to digital r- any use U'J converter ANN E X III

Annex to Resolution 1 (VIII-RA V)

MANUAL ON THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC) .

.1. Regional basic synoptic network of surface and upper-air observing stations

1.1

1.1.1 The regional basic synoptic network of surface and upper-air observing stations has been adopted by a resolution of the Association.

1.1.2 Manned surface land stations included in the regional basic synoptic network shall conform to the specifications laid down for principal land stations in Volume I of the Manual on the Global Observing System:

1.2

All surface stations included in the regional basic synoptic network should make surface observations at the four main standard times of observation, i.e. 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 GMT, and at the four intermediate standard times of obser vation, i.e. 0300, 0900, 1500 and 2100 GMT. Any surface station thot cannot carry out the full observational programme should give priority to the carrying out of the observations at the main standard times.

1.3

1.3.1 All radiowind stations included in the regional basic synoptic network should carry out upper-wind observations up to the 10-hPa level at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT.

1.3.2 All radiosonde stations included in the regional basic synoptic network should carry out observations of pressure, temperature and humidity up to the 10-hPa level at 0000 and 1200 GMT. Any radiosonde station that cannot carry out at present the full observing programme required should give priority to making the 0000 GMT observations.

1.4 Arrangements and procedures for updating and amending the regional basic ~~~~~!!~=~~!~~~~------

Certain minor changes in the regional basic synoptic network of surface and upper-air synoptic stations which do not affect the data requirements of the Region as a whole are inevitable from time to time. To provide a simple and rapid means of effecting changes proposed by the Members concerned, the following procedure shall be followed:

(a) Regional Association V authorizes the president of the Association to approve, at the request of the Member concerned and in consul- 70 ANNEX III

tation with the Secretary-General, minor changes to the regional basic synoptic network without a formal consultation with the Members of the Association, it being understood that any change of substance, i.e. one adversely affecting the density of the network or proposing a change in observational hours, would still require the formal agreement of Members through the adoption of a resolu tion by postal ballot;

(b) The Secretary-General shall notify all Members of WMO by circular letter of changes agreed with the president of the Association.

2. Regional arrangements and procedures for observations

2.1 Pressure-reduction method

. 2.1.1 According to the WMO Technical Regulations, Annex V - Manual on the Global Observing System, Volume I, Part III, Regulation 2.4.4.4.5, the atmospheric pressure at a station shall be reduced to mean sea-level.

2.1.2 The Association did not take any decision regarding the possibility of introducing a uniform method of pressure reduction throughout the Region as it con sidered that, because of the topography of the Region and the fact that a large majori ty of the meteorological stations in the Region have an elevation of less than 300 metres, this was not a matter of great importance. However, a list of countries to gether with an indication of the pressure reduction method they use is given in WMO Publication No. 226 - Technical Note No. 91 on Methods in use for the reduction of atmospheric pressure.

2.2

2.2.1 Each Member in the Region should ensure that the barometer of each synoptic station in its territory be compared with a fixed national standard barometer at least every two years.

2.2.2 Each national standard barometer should be compared with one of the absolute standard barometers recognized by WMO, within or outside the Region, at least every ten years.

2.2.3 The standard barometer in Melbourne shall be recog~ized as the regional standard barometer for the Region.

2.3 Ground weather radar observations

Considering that ground weather radar observations have demonstrated their usefulness for short-range forecasting, for the assessment of precipitation over a given area and for the tracking of tropical cyclones and disturbances, Members who have not already done so are invited to establish and maintain ground weather radar stations.

3. Network of CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Region

The network of CLIMAT and CLlMAT TEMP reporting stations in the Region has been adopted by a resolution of the Association. ANN E X IV

Annex to Resolution 2 (YIII-RA Y) STATIONS AND OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMMES COMPRISING THE BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORK IN W~1D REGION V

STATIONS ET PROGRAM~lES D'OBSERVATIoN CONSTITUANT LE RESEAU SYNoPTIQUE DE BASE DE LA REGION V DE L'oMM ======STATION SURFACE RADIoWIND/ RADIO RADIoVENT SONDE

1 2 3 4

------~------DO 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 DO 12 ======

48601 PENANG/BAYAN LEPAS x X X X X X X X X X X X x X 615 KOlA BHARU X X X X X X X X X X 'X X X X 620 SITIAWAN X X X X X X X X 647 KUALA LUMPUR/SUBANG X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

657 KUANTAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 665 MALACCA X X X X X X X X

698 SINGAPORE/CHANG I x X X X X X X X X X X X X X AIRPORT

91066 MIDWAY ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X. 155 FRENCH FRIGATE X X X X X X X X SHOALS

165 LIHUE, KAUAI, X X X X X X X X X X X X X X HAWAII

182 HONOLULU, OAHU, X X X X X X X X HAWAII

190 KAHULUI AIRPORT, X X X X X X X X MAUl, HAWAII

217 GUAM, MARIANA IS. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 232 SAIPAN (CG), X X X X X X X X X X X X X X MARIANA IS.

245 WAKE ISLAND AIRFIELD X X X X X X X X X X X X X X WAKE ISLAND

250 ENEWETAK,MARSHALL IS X X X X X X X X X X X X 275 JOHNSTON ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

285 HILO/GEN. LYMAN, X X X X X X X X X X X X X X HAWAII, HAWAII

317 WOLEAI ATOLL, X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CAROLINE IS. 72 ANNEX IV

======1 2 3 4 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======

91334 TRUK, x X X X X X X X X X X X X X CAROLINE IS. 348 PONAPE, X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CAROLINE IS. 356 KOSRAE (LELU) EAST X X X X X X X X X X X X CAROLINE IS. 366 KWAJALEIN/BUCHOLZ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AAF, MARSHALL IS. 369 JALUIT ATOLL, X X X X X" X X X t~ARSHALL IS. 371 WOTJE ATOLL, X X X X X X X X t·tARSHALL IS.

376 ~lAJURO/t-1ARSHALL IS. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X INTNL. 385 PAUWRA ISLAND X X X X X X X X 408 KOROR, PALAU IS. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 413 YAP, CAROLINE IS. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 425 NUKUORO ATOLL, X X X X X X X X CAROLINE IS. 434 "KAPINGAMARANGI ATOLL X X X X X X X X X X X X X X CAROLINE IS. 487 FANNING ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 490 CHRISTMAS ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X LISIANSKI IS. HAWAII X X X X X X X X (APPROX. 26N, 174W) IAUNGI ATOLL, MARSH X X X X X X X X ALL IS.(APPRUX. 30N ,I69E) HOWLAND IS. (APPRDX. X X X X X X X X DIN, 176 301~) 503 r·1UNDA X X X X X X X X 507 AUKI X X X X X X X X 517 HONIARA X X X X X X ANNEX IV 73

======1 2 3 4 ------~------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======~======

91520 HONIARA/HENDERSON x X X X X X X X 541 SANTA CRUZ X X X X X X X X 530 NAURU X X X X·X X X X X X X X 533 BAN ABA X X X X X X X X 551 SOLA (VANUA LAVA) X X X X X X X X 554 PEKOA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X (ESPIRITU-SANTO) 555 LAMAP (MALEKULA) X X X X X X X X 558 VILA (EFATE) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 565 BURTONFIELD (TANNA) X X X X X X X X 568 ANEITVUM X X X X X X X X 570 ILE SURPRISE X X X X X X X X 574 ILE LOOP X X X X X X X X (CHESTERFIELD) .

577 KOUMAC X X X X X X X X (NLLE-CALEDONIE) 582 OUANAHAM (ILE LIFOU) X X X X X X X X 592 NOUMEA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (NLLE-CALEDONIE) 598 MATTHEW (ILOT) X X X X X X X X 601 BUTARITARI X X X X X X X X 610 TARAWA x X. X X X X X X X X X X X X 623 BERU X X X X X X X X 629 ARORAE X X X X X X X X 631 NANUMEA X X X X X X X X

636 NUl X X X X X X X X 643 FUNAFUTI X X X X X X X X X X X X x X 648 NIULAKITA X X X X X X X X 650 ROTUMA X X X X X X X X 74 ANNEX IV

======'======:======1 2 3 4

00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======

91652 UNDU POINT x X X X X X X X 659 NAMBOUWALU .. X X X X X X X X 660 YASAWA-I-RARA X X X X X X X X 680 NANDI X X X X X X· X X X X X X X X . 683 NAUSORI X X X X X X X X 691 LAKEMBA X X X X X X X X 693 VUNISEA X X X X X 'X X X 697 MATUKU X X X X X X X X

699 ONO-I-LAU X. X X X X X X X 700 CANTON ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 705 GARDNER ISLAND X X X X X X X X

724 NUKUNONO X X X X X X X X 727 FENUAFALA/FAKAOFO X X X X X X X X 753 HIHIFO X X X X X X X X (ILE WALLIS) 762 APIA X X X X X X X X

765 PAGO PAGO/INT.AIRP., X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AMERICAN SAMOA 776 KEPPEL X X X X X X X X

780 VAVAU X X X' X X X X X 784 HAAPAI X X X X X X X X

788 NUKUALOFA X X X X X X X X X X X X 800 PENRHYN x X X X X X X X 801 PENRHYN X X X X 804 RAKAHANGA X X X X X X X X 811 PUKAPUKA X X X X X X X X 822 ALUFl/NIUE X X X X X X X X X X X X 826 PAU4ERSTON X X X X X XX X ANNEX IV 75

======1======2======3======4===

00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ==~======-======

91830 AITUTAKI x X X X X X X X 840 MAUKE X X X X X X X X 843 RARoToNGA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SUWARRoW (APPRoX. X X X X X X X X 13S, 163W) 902 MALDEN ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (NORPAX) 908 FLINT ISLAND (APPRoX X X X X X X X X 11 30S, 152W) 925 ATUONA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 930 BORA-BORA X X X X X X X X 938 TAHITI-FAAA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 943 TAKAROA X X X X X X X X 944 HAO X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 945 HEREHERETUE X X X X X X X X 948 RIKITEA X X X X 'X X X X X X· X X X X 952 MURUROA X X X X X X X X 954 TUBUAI X X X X X X X X 958 RAPA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 960 PITCAIRN ISLAND X X X· X X X X X X X X X X X 997 RAOUL ISLAND, X X X X X X X X X X X X X X KERMADEC IS. 998 DUCIE IS.(APPROX. X X X X X X X X X X X X 25S, 125W) 93003 CAPE REINGA X X X X X X X X 011 KAITAIA AERODROME X X X X X X X X 119 AUCKLAND AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

185 TAllf?ANGA AERODRO~lE X X X X X X X X 198 EAST CAPE X X X X X X X X 76 ANNEX IV

======1 2 3 4 ------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======'======

93199 EAST CAPE x X X X X X X X

291 GISBoRNE AERODRO~lE X X X X X X X X ,; . 308 NEW PLYMOUTH X X X X X X X X AERODROME 334 WAlOURU X X X X X X X X 337 WAIOURU X X X X X X X X

372 NAPIER AERODRO~1E X X X X X X X X 401 OHAKEA X X X X X X X X X X X X 434 WELLINGTON X X X X X X X X X X X X 526 FAREWELL SPIT X X X X X X X X 527 FAREWELL SPIT X X X X X X X X 545 NELSON AERODROME X X X X X X X X 59.8 CAPE CAMPBELL X X X X X X X X 614 HOKITIKA AERODROME X X X X X X X X 709 HAAST X X X X X X X X 780 CHRISTCHURCH AIRPORT X X. X X X X X X X X X X X X 806 PUYSEGUR POINT X X X X X X X X 844 INVERCARGILL X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AERODRUME 896 TAIAROA HEAD X X X X X X X X 944 CAt4PBELL ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 986 CHATHAH ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

94014 MADANG M.D. X X X X X X X X

027 LAE 1'1.0. X X .X X X X X X X X X X

035 PORT HORESBY M.D. X X X X X X X X X X X X

044 1>10f'<10TE H.O. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

085 RABAUL ~1. O. X X X X X X X X X X X X

087 HISI"'IA "'1.0. X X X X X X X X ANNEX IV 77

=;z======1 2 3 4 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======

94--- TROUGHTON' ISLAND x X X X X X X X 103 BROWSE ISLAND AWS X X X X X X X X 105 SCOTT REEF AWS X X X X X X X X III PORT KEATS AWS X X X X X X X X 120 DARWIN AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 122 BATHURST ISLAND AWS X X X X X X X X 132 KATHERINE X X X X X X X X 146 ELCHO ISLAND X X X X X X X X 147 CAPE WESSEL AWS X X X X X X X X 150 GOVE AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 151 NORTH EAST IS AWS X X X X X X X X 171 WEIPA X X X X X X X X 175 THURSDAY ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X 185 COEN X X X X X X X X 200 MANDORA X X X X X X X X 203 BROOME AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 205 DERBY. X X X X X X X X 207 ROWLEY SHOALS AWS X X X X X X X X 209 FITZROY CROSSING X X X X X X X X 212 HALLS CREEK AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 214 WYNDHAM X X X X X X X X 234 DALY WATERS X X X X X X X X 238 TENNANT CREEK X X X X X X X X X X X X AIRPORT

248 CENTRE ISLAND X X X ~ X X X X 255 CAMOOWEAL X X X X X X X X

267 NOR~lANTON X X X X X X X X 78 ANNEX IV

======1 2 3 4 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ==-======-======::.======

94268 KOWANYANA x X X X X X X X 275 GEORGETOWN X X· X X X X X X 283 COOKTOWN X X X X X X X X 287 CAIRNS AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X 290 FLINDERS REEF AWS X X X X X X X X 294 TOWNSVILLE AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X· X X X 296 LIHOU REEF AviS X X X X X ,X X X 298 NARION REEF AWS X X X X X X X X 299 WILLIS ISLAND X. X X X X X X X X X X X X X 300 CARNARVON AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 302 LEARMONTH AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X 312 PORT HEDLAND AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 313 WITTENOOM X X X X X. X X X BALGO X X X X X X X X (20 09S, 127 5BE) 322 RABBIT FLAT X X X X X X X X 324 YUENDUMU X X 'X X X X X X 326 ALICE SPRINGS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AIRPORT 332 MT ISA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X' X X X X 333 BOULIA X X X X X X X X 340 RICHr40ND X X X X X X X X 346 LONGREACH AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X

355 TAt~BO X X X X X X X X 363 EMERALD X X X X X X X X 366 BOWEN X X X X X X X X 367 NACKAY X X X X X X X X X X X X 372 PINE ISLET X X X X X X X X ANNEX IV 79

======~======1 2 3 4

------~------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12

::=:=:::::=:::==:::::::::=:=:::=:::::::::=::::::::z::: ~======

94380 GLADSTONE x X X X X X X X X X X X X X 388 LADY ELLIOT ISLAND X X X X X X X X

393 FREDERICK REEF AWS X X X X X X X X 394 CATO ISLAND AWS X X X X X X X X 402 NANGA X X X X X X X X 403 GERALDTON AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X MT MAGNET X X X X X X X X .30 MEEKATHARRA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X 445 YAMARNA X X X X X X X X 448 LEONORA X X X X X X X X

450 EARAHEEDY X X X X X X X X 461 GILES X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

464 ERNABELLA X X X X X X X X

476 OODNADATTA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X

480 MARREE X X X X X X X X 482 BIRDSVILLE X X X X X X X X

488 WINDORAH X X X X X X X X 492 THARGOMINDAH X X X X X X X X

500 CUNNAMULLA X X X X X X X X 510 CHARLEVILLE AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

515 ROMA X X X X X X X X 527 t10REE X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

578 BRISBANE AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 601 CAPE LEEUWIN X X X X X X X X

610 PERTH AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 634 SOUTHERN CROSS X X X X X X X X

635 LAKE GRACE X X X X X X X X 80 ANNEX IV

======•• = 1 2 3 4

------~------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======~======~======

94637 KALGOORLIE AIRPORT x X X X X X X X X X X X X X 638 ESPERANCE X X X X X' X X X X X X X (>,X X

643 RAWLINNA X X X X X X X X 646 FORREST AIRPORT· X X X X X X X' X X X X X X X

649 COOK X X X X X X X X 653 CEDUNA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X

659 WOOMERA AERODROME X X X X X 'X X X X X X X X X 666 PORT AUGUSTA X X X X X X X X

672 ADELAIDE AIRPORT X· X X X X X X X X X X X X X 689 BROKEN HILL X X X X X X X X

693 I>1ILDURA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X

700 HILLSTUN X X X X X X X X 711 COBAR X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 719 DUBBO X X X X X X X X

767 SYDNEY AIRPORT X X X X X X X X

776 WILLIAMTOWN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AERODROME

791 COFFS HARBOUR X X X X X X X X X X X X AIRPORT

802 ALBANY AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

804 NEPTUNE ISLAND X X X X. X X X X

821 MT GAt4B IER AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

827 NHILL X X X X X X X X 842 CAPE OTWAY X X X X X X X X

851 CURRIE X X· X X X X X X

861 ECHUCA X X X X X X X X

865 LAVERTON AERODROME X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 893 WILSONS PROMONTORY X X X X X X X X ANNEX . IV 81

== •••• ======1 2 3 4 00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======

94907 EAST SALE AERODROME . X X X X X X X X 910 WAGGA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X XX XX X X 926 CANBERRA AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X 933 GABO ISLAND X X X X X X X X 940 POINT PERPENDICULAR X X X X X X X X 956 STRAHAN AIRPORT AWS X X X X X X X X 967 CAPE BRUNY X X X X X X X X 968 LAUNCESTON AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X 975 HOBART AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 983 EDDYSTONE POINT X X X X X X X X 995 LORD HOWE ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 996 NORFOLD ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AIRPORT

998 ~lACQUARIE ISLAND X X X X X X X X X X X X X X GREAT SANDY DESERT X X X X X X X X (APPROX. 22S, 124E) 95314 NEWMAN X X X X X X X X 96009 LHOKSEUMAWE/ X X X X X X X X MALIKUSSALEH 011 BANDA ACEH/ X X X X X X X X X X X X BLANGBINTANG 035 MEDAN/POLONIA XXX X XX X X X X X' X X X 073 SIBOLGA/PINANGSORI X X X X X X X X 091 TANJUNGPINANG/KIJANG X X X X X X X X 109 PAKANBARU/ X X X X X X X X SIMPANGTIGA 145 TAREMPA X X X X X X X X 147 RANAI/RANAI X X X X X X X X X X X X 163 PADANG/TABING X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 82 ANNEX IV

==ssa======1 2 3 4 ------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======

96179 SINGKEP/DABO X X X X X X X X

195 JAI~BI/SULTAN TAHA X X X X X X X X

221 PAlD1BANG/ X X X X X X X X TALANGBETUTU

237 PANGKALPINANG/ X X X X X X- X X X X X X X X PANGKALPINANG

249 TANJUNGPANDAN/ X X X X X X X X BULUH TUMBANG

253 BENGKULU/ X X X X X X X X PADANGKEMILING

295 TELUKBETUNG/BERANTI X X X X X X X X

413 KUCHING X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 421 SlBU X X X X X X X X

441 BINTULU X X X X X X X X

449 MIRI X X X X X X X X

465 LABUAN X X X X X X X X

471 KOTA KINABALU X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

491 ·SANDAKAN X X X X X X X X

509 TARAKAN/JUWATA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

581 PONTIANAK/SUPADIO X X X X X X X X

633 BALIKPAPAN/SEPINGGAN X X X X X X X X

645 PANGKALAN BUN/ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ISKANDAR

655 PALANGKARAYA/ X X X X X X X X PANARUNG

685 BANJARMASIN/ X X X X X X X X SYAt~SUDDIN NooR

743 JAKARTA/KEHAYoRAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

781 BANDUNG/HUSEIN X X X X X X X X

805 CILACAP X X X X X X X X ANNEX IV 83

=== •• ======1 2 3 4 ------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======-======

96839 SEMARANG/AHMADYANI X X X X X X X X

933 SURABAYA/PERAK X X X X X X X X X X X X X X .

995 CHRISTMAS ISLAND X X X X X X X X AIRPORT

996 COCOS ISLAND AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

97014 MENADO/DR. SAM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X RATULANGI

028 TOLI-TOLI/LALOS X X X X X X X X

048 GORONTALO/JALALUDDIN X X X X X X X X

072 PALU/MUTIARA X X X X X X X X X X X X

086 LUWUK/BUBUNG X X X X X X X X

096 POSO/KASIGUNCU X X X X X X X X

120 MAJENE X X X X X X X X

146 KENDARI/WOLTERMON- X X X X X X X X GINSIDI

180 UJUNG PANDANG/ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X HASANUDDIN

192 BAU-BAU/BETO AMBIRI X X X X X X X X

230 DENPASAR/NGURAH-RAI X X X X X X X X

260 SUMBAWA BESAR/ X X X X X X X X SUMBAWA BESAR

270 BH4A X X X X X X X X

300 MAUMERE/WAI OTI X X X X X X X X

340 WAINGAPU/MAU HAU X X X X X ·X X X

372 KUPANG/EL TARI X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

385 OE-CUSSE/OE CUSSE X X X X X X X X

390 DII-LI/D ILLI AIRPORT X X X X X X X X

430 TERNATE/BABULLAH X X X X X X X X

460 LABUHA/TALIABU X X X X X X X X 84 ANNEX IV

======1 2 3 4

00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 00 12 ======.======

97502 SORONG/JEfMAN x X X X X X X X X X X X 530 MANOKWARI/RENDANI X X X X X X X X

560 BIAK/MOKMER X X X X X X X X x X X X X X 580 SARMI X X X X X X X X'

600 SANANA X X X X X X X X 686 WAMENA/WAMENA X X X X X X X X

690 JAYAPURA/SENTANI X X X X X X X X 724 AMBON/PATTIMURA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

748 GESER X X X X X X X X 760 KAIf.1ANA/UTAROM X X X X X X X X

796 KOKONAO/TIMUKA X X X X X X X X 810 TUAL/DUMATUBUN X X X X X X X X

876 TANAH MERAH/TANAH X X X X X X X X t4ERAH

900 SAUt4LAKI X X X X X X X X X X X X

980 MERAUKE/MOPAH X X X X X X X X

98133 CALAYAN X X X X X X X X

135 BASCO X X X X X X X X 223 LAOAG X X X X X X X X x X X X X X

232 APARRI X X X X X X X X 325 DAGUPAN X X X X ·X X X X

328 BAGUIU X X X X X X X X

329 NUNOZ X X X X X X X X

336 CASIGURAN X X X X X X X X

429 MANILA INTERNATIONAL X X X X X X X X X X X X X X AIRPORT

431 CALAPAN X X X X X X X X 440 DAET X X X X X X X X ANNEX IV 85

======1 2 3 4 ------00 03 06 09 12 15 18 21 00 06 12 18 UO 12 ======

98444 LEGASPI X X X X X X X X X X X X

526 CORON X X X X X X X X

536 Rm1BUJN X X X X X X X X

543 MASBATE X X X X X X X X

550 TACLOBAN X X X X X X X X

618 PUERTO PRINCESA X X X X X X X X X X X X

630 CUYO X X X X X X X X

637 ILOILO X X X X X X X X

646 t4ACTAN X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

741 DIPOLOG X X X X X X X X

748 CAGAYAN DE ORO X X X X X X X X

753 DAVAO AIRPORT X X X X X X X X X X X X

755 HINATUAN X X X X X X X X

836 ZAMBOANGA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ANNEX V

Annex to Resolution 4 (VIII-RA V)

NETWORK OF CLIMAT AND CLIMAT TEMP REPORTING STATIONS IN REGION V

RESEAU DE STATIONS DEVANT TRANSMETTRE DES MESSAGES CLIMAT ET CLIMAT TEMP DE LA REGION V

Index number Name of the station CLIMAT CLIMAT Chiffre Nom de la station TEMP indicati f

48601 Penang/Bayan Lepas x x 615 Kota Bharu x x 647 Kuala Lumpur/Subang x x 657 Kuantan x x 665 Malacca x 698 Singapore/Changi x x

91066 Midway Island x x 165 Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii x x 182 Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii x 217 Guam, Mariana Islands x x 245 Wake Island x x 250 Enewetak, Marshall Islands x 275 Johnston Island x x 285 Hilo/General Lyman, Hawaii x x 334 Truk, Caroline Islands x x 348 Ponape, Caroline Islands x x 366 Kwajalein/Bucholz, Marshall Islands x x 376 Majuro, Marshall Islands x x 408 Koror, Palau Island x x 413 Yap, Caroline Islands x x 487 Fanning Island x 490 Christmas Island x x 503 Munda x 517 Honiara x 520 Honiara/Henderson x 530 Nauru x 533 Ocean Island x 541 Santa Cruz x 554 Luganville x 558 Vila x x 568 Aneityum x 577 Koumac x 592 Noumea x x 601 Butaritari x ANNEX V 87

91610 Tarawa x x 623 Beru x 629 Arorae x 631 Nanumea x 643 Funafuti x x 648 Niulakita x 650 Rotuma x x 652 Vunikondi x 680 Nandi x x 683 Nausori x 699 Ono~I-Lau x 724 Nukunono x 753 Hihifo x 762 Apia x 765 Pago Pago/International Airport x x 788 Nukualofa x 800 Penrhyn x 804 Rakahanga x 811 Pukapuka x 822 Niue x 826 Palmers ton Island x 843 Rarotonga x x 925 Atuona x x 930 Bora-Bora x 945 Hereheretue x 938 Tahi ti/Faaa x x 943 Takaroa x 944 Hao x x 948 Rikitea x x 958 Rapa x x 997 **Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands x x

93011 Kaitaia Aerodrome x 119 Auckland/Airport x x 291 Gisborne Aerodrome x 308 New Plymouth Aerodrome x 434 Wellington x 614 Hokitika Aerodrome x 780 Christchurch/Airport x x 844 Invercargill Aerodrome x x 944 Campbell Island x x 986 Chatham Island x x 997 (See under block number 91)

94097 Kieta x 014 Madang x 027 Lae x 035. Port Moresby x 044 Momote x 085 Rabaul x 120 Darwin/Airport x x 175 Thursday Island x 203 Broome/Airport x x 212 Halls Creek/Airport x 238 Tennant Creek/Airport x

** Also appears under block number 93 88 ANNEX V

94287 Cairns/Airport x 294 Townsville/Airport x x 299 Willis Island x x 300 Carnarvon/Airport x x 302 Learmonth/Airport x 312 Port Hedland/Airport x x 326 Alice Springs/Airport x x 332 Mount Isa/Airport x x 346 Longreach/Airport x 367 Mackay x 380 Gladstone x 403 Geraldton/Airport x 430 Meekatharra/Airport x 461 Giles x x 476 Oodnadatta/Airport x 510 Charleville/Airport x x 527 Moree x x 578 Brisbane/Airport x x 610 Perth/Airport x x 637 Kalgoorlie/Airport x x 638 Esperance x x 646 Forrest/Airport x x 653 Ceduna/Airport x 659 Woomera Aerodrome x x 672 Adelaide/Airport x x 693 Mildura/Airport x 711 Cobar x x 767 Sydney/Airport x 776 Williamtown Aerodrome x x 791 Coffs Harbour/Airport x 802 Albany/Airport x x 821 Mount Gambier/Airport x x 865 Laverton Aerodrome x x 907 East Sale Aerodrome x 910 Wagga/Airport x x 926 Canberra/Airport x 975 Hobart/Airport x x 995 Lord Howe Island x x 996 Norfolk Island x x 998 Macquarie Island x x

96011 Banda Aceh/Blangbintang x 035 Medan/Po16nia x x 073 Sibolga/Pinangsori x 109 Pakanbaru/Simpangtiga x 163 Padang/Tabing x 171 Rengat/Japura x 221 Palembang/Talangbetutu x 237 Pangkal Pinang x 249 Tanjungpandan/Buluhtumbang x 295 Telukbetung/Tanjungkarang x 413 Kuching x x 471 Kota Kinabalu x x 509 Tarakan/Juwata x x 581 Pontianak/Supadio x 633 Balikpapan/Sepinggan x 685 Banjarmasin/Syamsuddin Noor x ANNEX V 89

96739 Curug/Budiarto x 743 Jakarta/Kemayoran x x 747 Jakarta/Halim Perdanakusuma x 753 Bogor/Dramaga x 783 Bandung x 791 Jatiwangi x 797 Tegal x 805 Cilacap x 839 Semarang/Ahmadyani x 933 Surabaya/Perak x x 996 Cocos Island/Airport x x

97014 Menado/Dr. Sam Ratulangi x x 048 Goronta1o/Jalaluddin x 072 Palu/Mutiara x 146 Kendari/Woltermonginsidi x 180 Ujung Padang/Hasanuddin x x 230 Denpasar/Ngurah-Rai x 240 Ampenan/Rembiga x 260 Sumbawabesar x 340 Waingapu/Mau Hau x 372 Kupang/Penfui x x 390 Dili x 502 Jefman x 530 Manokwari/Rendani x 560 Biak/Mokmer x x 686 Wamena x 690 Sentani x 724 Ambon/Pattimura x x 760 Kaimana/Utarom x 876 Tanahmerah x 900 Saumlaki x 980 Merauke/Mopah x

98135 Basco x 223 Lacag x x 232 Aparri x 325 Dagupan x 429 Manila/International Airport x x 444 Legaspi x 550 Tacloban x 637 Iloilo x 646 Mactan x x 653 Surigao x 836 Zamboanga x x ANN' E X VI

Annex to Resolution 5 (VIII-RA V) MANUAL ON THE GDPS - REGIONAL ASPECTS, VOLUME II, REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

PART I

REAL-TIME DATA PROCESSING - REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS

1. Minimum standards for quality control of real-time data in the Region

1.1

Regional standards for real-time quality control of both observational and processed data should be the same as the existing minimum global standards.

NOTE: Minimum standards for quality control of real-time data for use in the GDPS are given in Volume I, Attachment ILL

No agreements exist between Members for quality control of real-time data in the Region. However, agreements made for the FGGE on an interim basis (by the U.S.A.) have been continued.

1.3 Standards established nationally, not included in global or regional 5tandard5~-and-of-Intere5t-to-other-Member5------In the U.S.A., real-time standards have been established with respect to the receipt time deadlines, completeness of reports and integrity of data. Standards vary according to data type and boundaries of models.

NOTE: Standards established nationally are included in WHO Publication No.9, Volume B - Data processing.

2. Observational data requirements and times of receipt of observational data for regional exchange in the Region

NOTE: The global standard practices and procedures for requirements of observational data and times of receipt of observational data are given in Volume I, Part II, paragraphs 2.2 and 2.3.

A. Typesof observational data required within the Region, are obtained from:

(a) Regional basic synoptic network: The Regional Association has agreed to the following observing programme for surface and upper-air obser vations:

(i) All the surface stations included in the regional basic synop tic network should make surface synoptic observations at the ANNEX VI 91

four main standard times of observation, i.e. 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT, -and at the four intermediate standard times of observation, i.e. 0300, 0900, 1500 and 2100 GMT. Any surface station which cannot carry out the full obser vdtional programme should give priority to the carrying out of the observations at the main standard times;

(ii) All the radiowind stations included in the regional basic synoptic network should make upper-wind observations up to the 10-hPa level at 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 GMT;

(iii) All the radiosonde stations included in the regional basic synoptic network should make observations of pressure, tem perature and humidify up to the 10-hPa level at 0000 and 1200 GMT;

(iv) Any radiosonde station which cannot at present carry out their full programmes should give priority to making and dissemi nating the 0000 GMT observations (Res. 21 (CBS-VI)).

NOTE: Information on the state of implementation of the Region V basic network of observing stations is given in WMO Publication No. 217.

(b) Mobile ships;

(d) Ground weather radar stations;

(e) Near-polar~or-biting meteorological satellites, in particular the following:

(i) Vertical temperature and moisture soundings;

(ii) Sea-surface temperature;

(iii) Imagery;

(f) Geostationary environmental meteorological satellites and certain WEFAX products received from WMC Washington, in particular:

(i) Wind vectors;

(ii) Imagery.

B. In addition, types of observational data required within the Region include:

Hourly or three-hourly surface observations from land and sea stations, exchanged regionally or according to bilateral agreements.

2.2

Same as those for global exchange listed in Volume I~ Attachment 11.2 and Volume. I of the Manual on the GTS (WMO-No. 386), Attachment 1.3. 92 ANNEX VI

NOTE: Stations for regional exchange of SYNOP reports at the main standard times of observation are listed in Volume II of the Manual on the GTS (WMO-No. 386), Attachment PS-l.

(a) From within the Region:

H + 2 hrs. ) SYNOP ) to be received by ) H + 3 hrs. ) TEMP and PILOT )

(b) From outside the Region:

SYNOP + 4 hrs. ) ) to be received by H ) H + 4 hrs. ) TEMP and PILOT )

NOTE: Times of receipt of observational data for use in the GDPS are given in Volume I, Attachment 11.3.

3. Pictorial representation of information - regional and national aspects in the Region

3.1

Special practices followed by certain Members are given below:

Indonesia For stream and stream-function charts between latitude o 0 20 Nand 15 S, mercator projection is used, with scale 1:2OM

New Caledonia Tropical and temperate regions: Mercator projection Polar regions Stereographic projection

U.S.A. Scales Polar Stereographic - 1:2aM 1:4aM Mercator - 1:2aM 1:4aM

NOTE: A selection of scales which should be used for weather charts in the GDPS are given in Volume I, Part II, paragraph 4.1.2. 3.2 meteorologicaI-charts------Symbols for pictorial representation of data, analyses and forecasts on ------Same as those given in Volume I, Attachment 11.4.

4. Exchange of processed products between centres - regional practices in the Region

NOTE: The global standard and recommended practices and procedures concerning the programmes of output products, the transmission priorities and the responsi bilities of Members for providing information on their real-time data processing activities are laid down in Volume I, Part II, paragraphs5.2, 5.3 and 5.~respectively. Several lists dealing with WMC/RMC output products are given in the attachment to paragraphs5.2 and 5.3. Detailed information ANNEX VI 93

on the programmes for preparation of output products by WWW centres is given in WMO Publication No.9, Volume B- - Data processing.

4.1 Requirements for WMC and RMC output products from outside the Region ------~- The following special requirements have been indicated by Members:

(a) Extended period forecasts from global models run by N.H. Centres (e.g. European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts)(by Australia);

(b) All processed data of satellite imageries (GOES-W) concerning the South Pacific (upper-winds, temperature, state of sea) produced by WMC Washington (by French Polynesia);

(i) Objectively analysed upper-air data at grid points;

(ii) Predicted upper-air data at grid points.

4.2

A. The requirements are the same as those given in Attachments 11.8 to 11.12 of Volume I;

B. The following special requirements have been indicated by Members:

(a) Observational and processed data for the area from the -Equator to 200 N (Pacific Islands) for safety of international flights towards Tokyo (by New Caledonia);

(b) Reports of solar energy, soil temperature and soil moisture obser vations to be used in developing agricultural weather products (by the U.S.A.);

(c) Consistent reports of 24-hour precipitation amounts, extreme tempe ratures, state of the ground, snow depth and new snowfall (by the U.S.A.);

(d) Southern hemisphere analysis and prognosis for MSL and 500 hPa (by New Zealand), 4.3 Transmission------r------priorities for WMC and RMC output products exchanged on the ~=~~~~~~_~=:!~~~~_~i_!~=_~!~: First priority Area Forecast System charts, issued in accordance with the appropriate ICAO Regional Air Navigation Agreements, including prognoses for:

* As agreed to by VII-RA V (see the Abridged final report, general summary, paragraph 4.2.2.1) 94 ANNEX VI

500, 300, 250, 200 and 100 mb (if required for SST operations);

Tropopause/Maximum wind;

Tropopause/vertical wind shear;

Significant weather charts.

Second priority Analyses and prognoses from the WMC and RMCs in Region V;

Third priority Certain critical analyses and prognoses required from RMCs from outside Region V;

Fourth priority: A selection of WMC products.

4.4 WMC and RMC output products which must be exchanged in- pictorial form ~!!~!~=!~~=~~~!~~------

(To be developed)

4.5 WMC and RMC output products which are to be exchanged within the Region ~~!~~=!~~=~~=!~:~=~~!~=~~~Z~~=~~=!~:~!!=~~~~=~~~~~------(To be developed)

PART II

NON-REAL TIME DATA PROCESSING - REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS

1. Data to be stored at centres (RMCs and NMCs) within the Region

NOTE: The general responsibilities for storage of data at RMCs are given in Volume I, Part III, paragraph 2.1.2 and Attachment III.2. 1.1 ResponsibilitiesRMCs-wIthIn-the-RegIon------for storage of observational and processed data at ------(a) Members concerned ensure that their RMCs provide for the storage and retrieval of basic observational data received through the GTS for the zones of responsibility as indicated below:

Melbourne RMC The zones of responsibility of WMC/RTH Melbourne for collection of dbservational data (Acting for RMC Darwin)

Wellington RMC: The zone of responsibility of RTH Wellington for collection of observational data;

(b) The following regional practices are recommended:

(i) Basic SYNOP and TEMP data should be stored on magnetic tapes; ANNEX VI 95

(ii) Analysed products should be stored on microfilm;

(iii) A thorough archive of observational and numerical model data needs to be constructed;

(iv) Observational data should be stored permanently and processed data for at least 20 years. Processed data like the numerical model forecasts or analyses need to be stored only for 10-15 years.

1.2 Special requirements for storage of observational and processed data at ~~~~=~!!~!~=!~~=~~2!~~------~------

(a) Observational and processed data at the NMCs should be stored on magnetic tape or disc in a standardized inteinational digital format;

(b) See remark under 1.1 (d).

2. Minimum standards for quality control of non-real-time.data in the Region

NOTE: Minimum standards for quality control of data for non-real-time use in the GDPS are given in Volume I, Attachment II.l.

2.1

Regional standards for quality control of non-real~time data are the same as those specified in Volume I, Attachment II.l.

2.2

New Zealand performs on an interim basis non-real-time quality control of data on behalf of Cook Island, the Kingdom of Tonga, Kiribati and Tuvalu.

2.3 standards;-and-ot-Interest-to-other-Members------Standards established nationally, not included in global or regional ------~-----~-~-~------~--- In the U.S.A., standards have been established nationally, based on rela tive performance among reporting locations. Standards are continuously raised by concentrating on below-average stations and communication links. Performance evalua tions are issued weekly, fortnightly, monthly, semi-annually and annually. Sub standard performance is identified, evaluated and corrected.

3. Classification and cataloguing of stored data in the Region

NOTE: Volume I, Part III, paragraph 4 establishes recommended procedures for classi fication and cataloguing of stored data.

3.1

No regional procedures exist. It is recommended that:

(a) The stored data be classified into two categorie~ namely:

(i) Basic surface and upper-air data;

(ii) Analysed data such as surface and upper-air charts. 96 ANNEX VI

The first category can be further classified into hourly, daily and monthly data types, while the second category can be classified into daily and monthly mean charts;

(b) A catalogue at one or more centres in Region V be maintained;

3.2

See remarks under paragraph 3.1.

4. Media and formats for exchange of stored data in the Region

NOTE: Volume I, Part III, paragraphs 5.1 and 5.2 give recommended media and formats for exchange of stored data.

4.1

The following medium is recommended for use in the Region:

Magnetic tape with 9 tracks, t inch wide, with 800 or 1600 BPI.

4.2

The standard format as given in WMO Publication No. 469 is recommended.

4.3 Responsibilities of Members for exchange of non-real-time data within !~~=~~~!~~------

The following recommendations are made for use in the Region:

(a) Inventories of stored data be produced and disseminated by Members to facilitate easy reference;

(b) Routine CLlMAT and CLIMAT TEMP messages be exchanged;

PART III

MONITORING OF THE GDPS - REGIONAL AND NATIONAL ASPECTS

Note: Volume I, Attachment II.14 contains the Plan for Monitoring the Operation of the WWW. In this plan, general guidelines and priorities are given for both real-time and non-real-time monitoring. Most of the items included in the monitoring programme are concerned with the quality of observations (see sub section 1 of Part I and sub-section 2 of Part II) and with telecommunication procedures. There are two items which can be considered as involving real time data processing, namely: ANNEX VI 97

(a) Adherence to regional coding procedures;

(b) Evaluation of processed information received at RMCs and NMCs.

1. Regional procedures for carrying out real-time monitoring of the GDPS

1.1

The following recommendations are made for use in the Region:

(a) Periodic automatic and manual checks should be undertaken by the centre;

(b) NMCs should be responsible for meteorological checking of information collected and should ensure adherence to regional coding procedures before insertion on the GTS;

(c) Monitoring should be done as specified in Volume I, Attachment 11-14. In particular, the heading, the correct number of groups and the correct number of figures of all messages should be checked;

1.2

The following recommendations are made for use in the Region:

(a) Analysed charts should be checked by examining the correct positioning of the Lows and Highs and direction of the streamlines;

(b) Processed data should be reviewed or re-analysed prior to storage;

2. Regional procedures for carrying out non-real-time monitoring of the GDPS

2.1

See paragraph 1.2 above. ANN E X VII

Annex to Resolution 7 (VIII-RA V)

STANDARDIZATION OF VOLUME II OF THE MANUAL ON CODES - REGIONAL CODING PROCEDURES OF RA V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

A-I INTERNATIONAL CODE FORMS, NOTES AND REGULATIONS

FM 12-VII SYNOP and FM 13-VII SHIP

Comment: No change in the notes and regulatibns in Volume II of the Manual on Codes.

FM 32-V PILOT and FM 33-V PILOT SHIP

5/32.1 Parts A and C, Section 2

When no pressure measurements are available, wind data shall be reported for altitudes which constitute the best approximation to the standard isobaric surface, and which shall be determined nationally.

5/32.2 Parts A and C, Section 3

The levels reported, in addition to the level of the greatest maximum wind speed (or the highest level attained by the sounding, if the wind speed there is the greatest), shall be the level of other speed maxima in the sounding, provided their speeds exceed the intervening minimum speeds by more than 10 ms-l

5/32.3 Part B, Section 4

In addition to wind data at significant levels, altitudes of which shall be given in geopotential units, data, whenever available, shall be re ported for the following levels: 900 m, 2100 m and 4200 m.

5/32.4 Requirements for international exchange

All Parts A, B, C and D shall be included in international exchange.

FM 35-V TEMP and FM 36-V TEMP SHIP

Note: Regional regulations have not been developed for the sections in Parts A, B, C and D.

5/35.1 Requirements for international exchange

All Parts A, B, C and D shall be included in international exchange. ANNEX VII 99

FM 45-IV lAC

Positions in the international analysis code FM 45-IV shall be reported to the nearest half-degree, where this accuracy is practicabler by the use of the position group L L L L k. a a 0 0 FM 48-V ARMET

Group QL L L L a a 0 0

This group shall be used to report positions o

5/48.2 Group ddfffTT

Negative temperatures shall be indicated by inserting the letter M

before the absolute value of the temperature o

FM 85-VI SAREP

Comment: No change in the notes and regulations in Volume II of the Manual on Codes. ANNE X VIII

Annex to Resolution 10 (VIII-RA V)

AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON THE GTS, VOLUME II "'" REGIONAL ASPECTS , SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, PART I - ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL TELECOMMUNICATION PLAN FOR REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC) ·FOR THE WORLD WEATHER WATCH

(1) Paragraph 2.1.1 to read:

" •• 0 WWW requirements as defined in 2.4 and 3.3, Part I, Volume I of the Manual on the GTS. Arrangements to meet the requirements for meteorological information within the country will be the responsibility of the Member concerned" 0

(2) Paragraph 2.402 to read:

"2.4.2 If, however, to satisfy these requirements the capacity of these circuits is not sufficient to carryall the traffic between the RTH(s) and NMC(s) concerned, the exchange of this information should be made by radio broadcasts. In this case, the NMC concerned should be equipped with at least two RTT and one facsimile receiving sets complete with directional antennae to be able to receive the required information from the associated RTH (see 3.6 below)o"

0) Paragraph 2.5.1: Transmission programmes of NMCs to RTHs (a) under (f) to read: "BATHY and TESAC reports, as available"; (b) to add (g): "Other types of information as agreed".

(4) Paragraph 3.3.2(c) to read:

"Selective distribution on point-to-point circuits and/or by radio broadcasts of meteorological information from its own zone of responsibility and retrans mission of meteorological information received from WMCs, RMCs, AFCs or other RTHs to meet primarily ••• "

(5) Paragraph 3.4, Note 2: Regional AssociationsII and V agreed that for the effi ciency of the GTS, as an interim measure until full implementation of the regional meteorological telecommunication network plan, the RTH Tokyo (situated in Region II) should collect the above-mentioned da'ta from the NMC Manila (situated in Region V).

(6) Paragraph 3.8.1(a) to read:

"(a) The exchange and distribution of observational data within the Region should start ••••• " ANNEX VIII 101

~) Paragraph 3.9 to read:

"3 0 9 Exchange and distribution of processed meteorological information (output products) in Region V.

3.9.1 The regional telecommunications network should be capable of exchanging and distributing the output products of WMCs, RMCs and AFCs to meet the re requirements of Members of RA V in this connectio~.

3.9.2 The exchange "

(8) Figure I Target regional meteorological telecommunication network for Region V (South-West Pacific).

Add:

i. regional circuit: Manila - Singapore ii. regional circuit: Tahiti Faaa - Wellington

Replace:

Papeete FAAA by Tahiti Faaa

Delete:

regional circuit in Papeete Faaa - Nandi ANN E X IX

Annex to Resolution 11 (VIII-RA V)

AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON THE GTS, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, PART II - TELECOMMUNICATION PROCEDURES FOR REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

(1) Paragraph 1.3 to read:

"1.3 Exchange of regional observational data.

1.3.1 In order to facilitate the rapid exchange of regional observational data, the NMCs should compile and edit their data and transmit them in standard message format (see 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, Part II, Volume I of the Manual on the GTS).

1.3.2 Telecommunication centres (WMCs, RMCs, RTHs and NMCs) which, at pre~ent, are not capable of separating the regional sections of the report from the global section, should compile bulletins for international exchange containing reports in which the global and regional sections of the code for surface observations (FM 12-VII and FM 13-VII) ar~ included. .

1.3.3 The further relay of global data messages"by the RTHs concerned sh001d be given high priority.

Note: Lists of ••••• "

(2) Insert the following new paragraph 3.3:

"Requests for repetition of meteorological messages and analogue facsimile transmissions shall be made as soon as possible, as defined in 2.5, Part II, Volume I of the Manual on the GTS."

(3) Paragraph 5: Aircraft reports for synoptic purposes

Paragraph 5.1 should read:

"5.1 Each collecting centre, designated by ICAO, transmits aircraft reports to the NMC of the country in which the collecting centre is situated. The NMC transmits these aircraft reports to the appropriate regional collecting centre. The appropriate regional collecting centr~ is the RTH in Region V in which zone of responsibility the NMC is located."

(4) Paragraph 7: Meteorological satellites

It is proposed that paragraph 7 should read as follows:

"7.1 Satellite data issued by WMCs/RMCs or special satellite centres concerning Region V and extending the neighbouring regions should be included by the RTHs/ RMC in Region V in their respective point-to-point transmissions and/or broad casts. ANNEX IX 103

7.2 The RTHs/RMC in Region V should include messages containing orbital information (e.~. APT PREDICT) and other information on the operation of polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites, as available, in their respective transmissions and broadcasts."

(5) Insert the following paragraph as a new paragraph 8:

"8. Buoy data

8.1 Data from drifting and anchored buoys should be distributed by the WMC/ RTHs in Region V, as required.

8.2 Members operating drifting or anchored buoys should transmit these data to the associated WMC/RTHs for further regional and global distribution, as required."

(6) Renumber the present paragraph 8: Operation of the national collection system using the public telecommunication system, as paragraph 9.

(7) Taking into account the adopted Plan for Monitoring the Operation of the WWW (reference: Volume I - Global aspects - Part I - Attachment 1-5), the Associa tion may agree that the present paragraph 9 be renumbered and amended to read as follows:

"10. Monitoring of the operation of the GTS

10.1 Besides participating in the Plan for Monitoring the Operation of the WWW.asincluded in the Manual on the GTS, Volume I, Global aspects, Part I, Attachment 1-5, each Member of RA V should carry out its own monitoring at its own meteorological telecommunication centre(s) regarding:

(a) The availability and timely reception of observational data for regional and global exchange from observing stations in the zone or area of responsibility of each centre;

(b) Adherence to WMO standard meteorological telecommunication procedures and contents of bulletins;

10.2 Members responsible for the operation of the WMC/RTHs should carry out periodic surveys on the availability of bulletins transmitted from its asso ciated NMCs. The results of these surveys should be exchanged between the centres concerned and, when necessary, sent to the WMO Secretariat in order to initiate remedial action for improving shortcomings revealed from the results.

10.3 Members responsible for the operation of the WMC/RTHs should arrange, in 'consultation with the centres concerned, to use the internQtional Q code in the text of addressed messages in order to overcome language difficulties between the centres concerned.

10.4 If applicable, Members of RA V should monitor their meteo~ological broad casts by intercepting the radio emission. Provision should also be made for an easy transfer of monitoring from one frequency to another.

10.5 Recipients of meteorological broadcasts should report each month on the quality of reception of these broadcasts to the meteorological authorities of the countries concerned and also inform -them of all deficiencies that may occur." 104 ANNEX IX

(8) The present paragraph 10: METNO and WIFMA messages - should be renumbered as paragraph 11.

(9) The present paragraph 11 should be renumbered as paragraph 12 and amended to read as follows:

"12. Checking and preparation of meteorological bulletins:

Each NMC is responsible for the meteorological checking of all the meteorological reports it collects before they are included in bulletins for dissemination."

~O) Add the following new paragraph 13:

"13. Re-routeing p-rocedures for the regional meteorological telecommunication network for Region V.

13.1 The re-routeing procedures in cases of outages of centres and circuits to be applied in the regional meteorological telecommunication network for Region V should, as far as possible, comply with the provisions included in Attachment 11-12 - Re-routeing procedures for the MTC-and its branches, Part II of Volume-I of the Manual on the GTS.

13.2 Service messages concerning important operational matters (including outages of centres and circuits) should be exchanged between centres con cerned. When no GTS circuit is available for the transmission of such ser vice messages, they can be routed on the AFTN (in this case, service messages shall conform to the fo~mat prescribed by ICAO)." ANNEX X

Annex to Resolution 12 (VIII-RA V)

AMENDMENTS TO THE MANUAL ON THE GTS, VOLUME II - REGIONAL ASPECTS, SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC, PART III - ENGINEERING OF RADIO CIRCUITS AND CENTRES IN REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC)

PART III to read:

"PART III - ENGINEERING OF CENTRES AND CIRCUITS IN REGION V SOUTH_WEST PACIFIC

1. Engineering of centres

1.1

The RTHs in Region V shall be engineered so as to be capable of performing the functions laid down in 2.2, Part I of the Manual on the GTS.

1.2

The NMCs in Region V shall be engineered so as to be capable of performing the functions laid down in 2.4, Part I of the Manual on the GTS.

2. Technical specifications of the main regional and regional circuits in Region V

The main regional and regional circuits shall in general be engineered by making use of cable, satellite or microwave facilities. If these facilities are not available, HF radio circuits with the technical specifications given in para- . graph 3.2 below should be used.

3. Engineering principles of radio circuits

3.1 Introductory note ------~- In addition to the guiding principles for the engineering of centres and circuits given in 1 and 2 above and to the technical characteristics and specifica tions contained in Part III, Volume I of the Manual on the GTS, the material given below is intended to provide further information and guidance relating to the mainte nance of radio point-to-point telegraph circuits and radio broadcasts in Region V in accordance with the relevant CCIR specifications and good engineering practice.

3.2

3.2.1 Signal-to noise ratio ------The signal-to-noise ratio should not be less than that recommended by the CCIR for the mode of operation. The factors contributing to a satisfactory signal-to noise ratio are: 106 ANNEX X

(a) Choice of frequency;

(b) Selection of receiving site;

(d) Adequate transmitted power.

3.2.2 ~r~q~e~cte~ The radio frequencies used should be selected to suit diurnal and sea' sonal variations as well as solar activity.

3.2.3

The receiving station should be located in an area relatively free from local radio and electrical interference so that a signal of reasonable field strength will provide the desired signal-to-noise ratio.

3.2.4 Antennae

Efficient directional antennae (e.g. rhombic, log periodic or dipole arrays) for the frequency bands concerned should be employed at both transmitting and receiving stations.

3.2.5

The power output of a transmitter should be adequate for the circuit for which it is used. The power should be calculated by the methods given in standard publications, taking into consideration other relevant factors:

(a) The location of the transmitter and the distance from the receiving station;

(b) The noise level at the receiving site;

(d) The gain of the transmitting and receiving antennae;

(e) The time of transmission;

(f) The allowances to be made for th~ fading of the received signal;

(g) The acceptable percentage of time for reliable reception.

3.2.6

To improve the average signal strength and to minimize effects of fading, diversity systems should be employed. Of the various systems, space diversity offers the greatest advantages and should be employed wherever possible. If space is limited, however, polarization diversity should be employed.

3.2.7

(a) The mode of operation should be independent side-band (ISB). Provision should be made according to the traffic density so that one 3 kHz channel can be used for facsimile (analogue) transmission while telegraph signals ANNEX X 107

are carried on another 3 kHz side-band. For the establishment of voice frequenc~ telegraph (VFT) equipment, two-tone keying should be used;

(b) The modulation rate should be 75 bauds {alternative modulation rates may be.used as agreed bilaterally, using the International Telegraph Alphabet No.2).

3.2.8

Receivers for ISB operation with the necessary VFT equipment should be used (channelling to be agreed bilaterally).

3.2.9

Error detection and correction systems should be employed as agreed bilaterally.

3.3 RTH broadcasts

3.3.1 Transmission

(a) Employed at least two radio frequencies simultaneously;

(b) The transmitter output power should be adequate to provide the proper signal-to-noise ratio at the receiving centres in the area in which the

broadcast is intended to be intercepted o It is considered that the average value of this power should be 10kW PEP;

(d) Modulation rate 75 bauds (alternative b~gher modulation rates subject to agreement by all Members concerned using the International Alphabet No.2);

Signal distortion of outgoing signals less than 10 per cent.

NOTE: When the same broadcast is used to serve shipping, any ~hange should take into account the reception capabilities of ships.

3.3.2 Reception

Receivers for Fl and F4 mode of operation; preferably diversity systems should be used for Fl reception.

3.3. 3 Multiplexing of point-to-point channels on the same radio circuits; the standards employed should conform to the CCIR specifications and be subject to an agreement between the two terminals concerned.

3.3.4 It should be noted that, when new equipment has to be purchased for the recommended scheme, such equipment should be capable of being easily adapted to ISB operation.

3.4 Engineering of radio transmission and reception facilities at NMCs

The following minimum telecommunication equipment should be available at an NMC having one HF point-to-point circuit to its associated RTH. This list does not include stand-by equipment. 108 ANNEX X

(a) Transmitting station

One directional transmitting antenna system for the frequency bands concerned; One transmitter with minimum power of 3-5 kW PEP.

(b) Receiving station

One diversity directional receiving antenna system for the frequency bands concerned; Two receivers for diversity operation; One VFT equipment, equipped for the number of channels to be received; One FM/AM converter.

One receive teleprinter with re-perforator attachment; One send teleprinter with auto-transmitter attachment; One send/receive teleprinter with auto-transmitter and perforator attach ments, as stand-by; One perforator with back-spacing facilities; One facsimile recorder; One tone keyer for FS~ keying." ANN E X XI

Annex to Resolution 28 (VIII-RA V)

RESOLUTION ADOPTED PRIOR TO THE EIGHTH SESSION AND MAINTAINED IN FORCE

Res. 24 (V-RA V) - APPLICATION OF CLIMATOLOGY TO BUILDING AND CITY PLANNING

THE REGIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC,

NOTING:

(1) Abridged Final Report of CCI-V, general summary, paragraphs 16.8 to 16.16,

(2) The proceedings of the WMO/WHO Symposium on Urban Climate and Building Climatology, Brussels 1968 (WHO Technical Notes Nos. 108 and 109),

CONSIDERING:

(1) That more research is needed by town planners and meteorologists on atmospheric conditions affecting urgan design,

(2) The need for closer collaboration between architects and specialists on building research on the one hand and meteorologists on the other,

(3) The urgent need for climatological information especially designed for building purposes,

INVITES Members:

(1) To arrange for increased co-operation between climatologists and city planners at the national level in order to define in more detail the needs for clima tolo9i9al information to be applied in tity planning;

(2) To arrange for or to extend present arrangements for a close working relationship between their national Meteorological Services and national authorities dealing with building research and industry;

(3) To encourage studies of ways and means to provide climatological data in the most suitable form for the building industry at the national level. LIST OF DOCUMENTS

I. "Doc" series

Doc. Agenda Title Submitted by No. item

1 Provisional agenda 2.2

2 Explanatory memorandum relating 2.2 to the provisional agenda

3 Marine meteorology, IGOSS and 4.4 Secretary-General other ocean-related activities

4 Hydrology and Water Resources 7 Secretary-General Programme - Regional aspects

5 Education and Training Programme 8 Secretary-General Regional aspects

6 Marine meteorology, IGOSS and 4.4 Rapporteur other ocean-related activities

Report of the Rapporteur on Marine Meteorology in Region V

7 Review of previous resolutions and 12 Secretary-General recommendations of the Association and of relevant Executive Committee resolutions

8 Technical co-operation activities 10 Secretary-General

9 Research and Development Programme - 5.1 Secretary-General Regional aspects

Atmospheric research, including radiation and atmospheric ozone

10 World Weather Watch programme - 4.2 Rapporteur Regional aspects - Data-processing system

Report of the Rapporteur on Codes

11 Meteorological Applications and 6.1 Secretary-General Environment Prog~amme - Regional aspects

Agricultural meteorology, including regional aspects of the WMO agriculture and desertification programme LIST OF DOCUMENTS III

Agenda Doc. Title Submitted by No. item

12 World Climate Programme - Regional 9 Secretary-General aspects

13 World Weather Watch programme - 4.1 Secretary-General Regional aspects

Observing system, including instru ments and methods of observation

Observing system

14 Meteorological Applications and 6.1 Secretary-General Environment Programme ~ Regional aspects

Agricultural meteorology

Guidance material for agrometeorological services to rice farmers

15 Meteorological Applications and Environ 6.1 Chairman of the ment Programme - Regional aspects working group

Agricultural meteorology - Climate based cropping system

16 Atmospheric research, including radiation 5.1 Chairman of the and atmospheric ozone Working Group on Atmospheric Ozone

17 Hydrology and Water Resources Programme - 7 Rapporteur Regional aspects

Report of the Rapporteur on Hydrology

18 Telecommunications system 4.3 Chairman of the working group

Report of the chairman of the RA V Working Group on Meteorological Telecommunications

ADD. 1

19 Atmospheric research, including 5.1 Rapporteur radiation and atmospheric ozone

Report of the Rapporteur on Research in Tropical Meteorology

20 Telecommunications system 4.3 Secretary-General 112 LIST OF DOCUMENTS

Doc. Agenda Title Submi tted by No. item

Status of implementation of the regional meteorological telecom munication plan for Region V - South-West Pacific

Monitoring results and matters related to the operation of the regional meteorological telecom munication network in Region V

21 Telecommunications system 4.3 Secretary-General

22 Report by the president of the 3 President of RA V Association

23 Tropical Cyclone Programme 5.2 Secretary-General

24 Environmental pollution 6.3 Secretary~General

25 Aviation meteorology 4.5 Secretary-General

26 Data-processing system, including 4.2 Secretary-General code matters

ADD. 1

27 Climatology and applications of 6.2 Secretary-General meteorology, including regional aspects of the WMO energy and special applications programme

28 The Global Atmospheric Research 5.3 Secretary-General Programme (GARP)

29 World Weather Watch programme - 4.6 Secretary-General Regional aspects

The Integrated WWW System Study

30 Australian marine areas of 4.4 Australia responsibili ty

II. "PINK" series

1 Opening of the session 1 Secretariat

2 Organization of the session 2 President of the Association

3 Report by the president of the Association 3 President of the Association LIST OF DOCUMENTS 113

Pink Agenda Title Submitted by No. item

4 World Weather Watch programme - 4.6 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

The Integrated WWW System Study

5 Scientific lectures and discussions 11 President of the Association

6 World Weather Watch programme - 4.1 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

Observing system, including instruments and methods of observation

7 World Weather Watch programme - 4.2 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

Data-processing system, including code matters

8 Wor Id Weather Watch programme - 4.3 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

Telecommunications system

9 World Weather Watch programme - 4.4 Chairman, committe~ Regional aspects

Marine meteorology, IGOSS and other ocean-related activities

10 World Weather Watch programme - 4.5 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

Aviation meteorology

11 Research and Development Programme - 5.1 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

Atmospheric research including radiation and atmospheric ozone

12 Research and Development Programme - 5.2 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

Tropical Cyclone Programme

13 Research and Development Programme - 5.3 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

The Global Atmospheric Research Programme

14 Meteorological .Applications and Environment 6.1 Chairman, committee Programme - Regional aspects 114 LIST OF DOCUMENTS

Pink Agenda Title Submi tted by No. item

Agricultural meteorology, including regional aspects of the WMO agri culture and desertification programme

15 Meteorological Applications and 6.2 Chairman, committee Environment Programme - Regional aspects

Climatology and applications of meteo rology, including regional aspects of the WMO energy and special applications programme

16 Meteorological Applications and Environ 6.3 Chairman, committee ment Programme - Regional aspects

Environmental pollution

17 Review of previous resolutions and 12 Chairman, committee recommendations of the Association and of relevant Executive Committee resolutions

18 Hydrology and Water Resources Programme - 7 Chairman, ~ommittee Regional aspects

19 Education and Training Programme - Regional 8 Chairman, committee aspects CORR. 1 20 World Climate Programme - Regional aspects 9 Chairman, committee

21 . Technical co-ope~ation activities - 10 Chairman, committee Regional aspects

22 Election of officers 13 President of the Association