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An Exploratory Study of the Problem Solving Strategies Used by Selected Young Adolescents While Playing a Microcomputer Text Adventure

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An Exploratory Study of the Problem Solving Strategies Used by Selected Young Adolescents While Playing a Microcomputer Text Adventure INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. illAccessing the UMIWorld's Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8816360 An exploratory study of the problem solving strategies used by selected young adolescents while playing a microcomputer text adventure Sheriff, Thomas Michael, Ed.D. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Sheriff, Thomas Michael. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES USED BY SELECTED YOUNG ADOLESCENTS WHILE PLAYING A MICROCOMPUTER TEXT ADVENTURE by Thomas Michael Sheriff A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Doctor of Education Greensboro 1987 Approved by Dissertation Adviser APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dissertation Advisor Committee Members l i [/n > i Hr S> 16 1 *1 ^ ~J Date or Acceptance by ^Committee 5 IQ 11 8 7 Date of Final Oral Examination ii © 1987 by Thomas Michael Sheriff SHERIFF, THOMAS MICHAEL, Ed.D. An Exploratory Study of The Problem Solving Strategies Used by Selected Young Adolescents While Playing a Microcomputer Text Adventure. (1987). Directed by Dr. Ernest W. Lee. 208 pp. The purpose of this study was to determine if any problem solving strategies are used by young adolescents as they play a microcomputer text adventure. Thirteen participants took part in the study. Each participant was video taped playing a selected adventure game, specially modified to produce a file containing all interaction between participant and computer. The investigator analyzed both the files and video tapes to determine problem solving strategies used by each participant. Ten specific problem solving strategies were identified as used by the participants. The use of specific problem solving strategies took place 58% of the game playing time with the specific strategy of Guess and Check occupying 77.7% of that time. Participants took inconsequential moves 30.4% of the game playing time, and made moves using previous game experiences 11.6% of the time. Based on the recorded data, determination was made that young adolescents use a variety of problem solving strategies as they play a microcomputer text adventure. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout my doctoral studies I have been especially grateful to Dr. Ernest Lee, my advisor, for his support, guidance, and patience during the coursework and this study. I also extend appreciation to Dr. Kathy White, Dr. John VanHoose, and Dr. Gerld Meisner, for their advice, encouragement, and friendship as members of my committee. I also wish to extend appreciation to Dr. Kieth Wright and Terri Kirchen for their continual encouragement and support. To my wife I owe special thanks for her many hours of doing without television and radio as I was laboring with this study. I am eternally grateful for the hundreds of cups of coffee prepared by her loving hands. I am also grateful to my mother and my father and mother-in-law, who supported and encouraged me throughout all of my doctoral work. Special thanks is also extended to Dr. Francis Harvey, the late Dr. Theodore Hines, and Rosann Collins for fostering my early interests in microcomputing. Special thanks also to Dr. Dale Brubaker and Dr. Fritz Mengert who taught me patience and perseverance by their example. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page APPROVAL PAGE ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . 1 The Setting 1 Statement of the Problem 4 Hypothesis 5 Basic Assumptions 5 Definition of Terms 6 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 9 What is an Adventure? 9 The Beginnings . 11 What is Problem Solving? 13 The Processes of Problem Solving 15 Concept Learning Processes 15 Descriptive Processes 16 Specific Processes 18 Problem Solving Strategies 21 Problem Solving and Microcomputer Adventure Games 29 Producers* Perspective 30 Writers' Perspective 32 Author's Perspective 35 III. PROCEDURE FOR THE INVESTIGATION 37 Procedure 37 Demographics of the Study 38 Observation Methodology 42 IV. EXPLANATION OF GAMES USED IN THE STUDY 46 A Werewolf Howls at Dawn 46 CIA 48 iv Page CHAPTER V. IDENTIFYING PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES IN A MICROCOMPUTER TEXT ADVENTURE 55 Look for a Pattern 56 Construct a Table 56 Account for all Possibilities 57 Act it Out 57 Make a Model 57 Guess and Check 58 Working Backwards ... 58 Make a Drawing, Diagram or Graph 59 Select Appropriate Notation . 59 Restate the Problem 59 Identify Wanted, Given, and Needed Information . 60 Write an Open Sentence 60 Identify a Subgoal 61 Solve a Similar Problem 61 Change Your Point of View 62 Check for Hidden Assumptions 62 Use Logical Deduction 63 Form a Decision Structure 63 VI. SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS 65 Subject 1 65 Summary of Behavior . 65 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 67 Subject 2 70 Summary of Behavior 70 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 70 Subject 3 76 Summary of Behavior 76 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 76 Subject 4 80 Summary of Behavior 80 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 82 Subject 5 84 Summary of Behavior 84 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 86 Subject 6 88 Summary of Behavior 88 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 90 Subject 7 92 Summary of Behavior 93 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 94 v Page CHAPTER VI. SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS (con't) 65 Subject 8 96 Summary of Behavior 96 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 98 Subject 9 101 Summary of Behavior 102 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 103 Subject 10 104 Summary of Behavior 105 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 106 Subject 11 109 Summary of Behavior 110 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 110 Subject 12 112 Summary of Behavior 113 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 114 Subject 13 116 Summary of Behavior 116 Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used 116 VII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 120 Summary 120 Conclusions 121 Recommendations for Further Research 125 BIBLIOGRAPHY 127 APPENDIX A LETTERS, SURVEY AND PARTICIPANT QUESTIONAIRE 132 APPENDIX B PROGRAM LISTINGS 140 APPENDIX C WINNING RUNS OF "WEREWOLF HOWLS AT DAWN" AND "CIA" 167 APPENDIX D PARTICIPANT EPISODE TABLES 179 vi LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1. Grade and Sex of Participants 38 2. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of Subjects Participating in the Study 40 3. Result of Participant Questionnaire 41 4. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the First Subject 66 5. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 1 68 6. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Second Subject 71 7. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 2 72 8. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Third Subject 77 9. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 3 78 10. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Fourth Subject * 81 11. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 4 83 12. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Fifth Subject 85 13. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 5 87 14. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Sixth Subject 89 15. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 6 91 vii Page TABLE 16. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Seventh Subject 93 17. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 7 95 18. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Eighth Subject 97 19. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 8 99 20. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Ninth Subject 102 21. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 9 104 22. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Tenth Subject 105 23. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 10 107 24. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Eleventh Subject 109 25. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 11 ' Ill 26. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers' Perception of the Twelfth Subject 113 27. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 12 115 28. Results of Survey Indicating Teachers* Perception of the Thirteenth Subject 117 29. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Used by Subject 1 3 118 30a. Summary of Problem Solving Strategies Identified During the Study 121 viii Page TABLE 30b. Smiunary of Problem Solving Strategies Identified During the Study 122 31. Percentage Use of inconsequential, Previous Learning, and Combined Problem Solving Strategies ...
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