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Ritari Heidi Pro Gradu 2018.Pdf Pro gradu -tutkielma Geologia HELSINGIN PUISTOJEN MAAPERÄN METALLIPITOISUUKSIEN ARVIOINTI Heidi Ritari 2018 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO MATEMAATTIS-LUONNONTIETEELLINEN TIEDEKUNTA GEOTIETEIDEN JA MAANTIETEEN LAITOS GEOLOGIA PL 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2) 00014 Helsingin yliopisto Tiedekunta/Osasto Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen Geotieteiden ja maantieteen osasto tiedekunta Tekijä/Författare – Author Heidi Ritari Työn nimi / Arbetets titel – Title Helsingin puistojen maaperän metallipitoisuuksien arviointi Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Geologia Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro Gradu 4.12.2018 129 Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract Helsingin puistoissa on aikaisemmin tutkittu maaperän pilaantuneisuutta, mutta tutkimukset ovat lähinnä keskittyneet Helsingin keskustan alueelle. Tässä tutkimuksessa maaperänäytteitä kerättiin 50:stä eri puistosta koko Helsingin alueelta, lukuun ottamatta Östersundomia, jonka lisäksi näytteitä otettiin myös neljältä Helsingin edustan saarelta ja neljältä uimarannalta. Helsingin puistoissa, saarilla ja uimarannoilla As-, Cd-, Co-, Cr-, Cu-, Ni-, Pb-, V- ja Zn-pitoisuudet olivat pääasiassa alhaiset, mutta ohjearvoja ylittäviä pitoisuuksia löytyi Eugen Schaumanin puistosta, Kumtähdenkentältä, Paloheinänhuipulta (täyttömäki), Haaganpuistosta ja Munkinpuistosta. Alueellisesti alhaisimmat metallipitoisuudet olivat Itä- Helsingissä, Helsingin edustan saarilla ja uimarannoilla. Työn tarkoituksena oli myös arvioida pXRF-laitteen soveltuvuutta metallipitoisuuksien mittaamiseen maaperän orgaanisesta pintakerroksesta ja vertailla kahden eri raekoon metallipitoisuuksia toisiinsa: < 2 mm ja < 0,06 mm. Menetelmien vertailussa pXRF-laite antoi korkeammat arseeni-, kromi-, kupari-, lyijy-, vanadiini- ja sinkkipitoisuudet, kuin ICP-MS-menetelmä. Parhaiten pXRF-laite soveltui kupari, sinkki ja lyijypitoisuuksien mittaamiseen, joten kentällä käytettävää pXRF-laitetta voidaan siis hyvin käyttää näiden aineiden kohdalla, mutta todelliset pitoisuudet tulisi tarkistaa laboratoriossa käytettävillä laitteilla, kuten esim. ICP-MS:llä. Arseeni- ja kromipitoisuuksien mittaaminen pXRF-laiteella osoittautui vaikeaksi, sillä näytteiden pitoisuudet olivat etenkin < 2 mm:n raekoossa alle laitteen määritysrajan. Kromissa raekoko vaikutti pXRF-laitteen mittaamiseen, sillä hienoaineksessa R2 oli 0,91, kun puolestaan < 2 mm:n raekoossa se oli 0,46. Lisäksi nikkeli-, kadmium- ja kobolttipitoisuudet olivat kaikki alle pXRF-laitteen määritysrajan, joten tuloksia näille aineille ei saatu pXRF-laitteella. Suomessa maaperän pilaantuneisuutta tutkitaan < 2 mm:n raekoosta, mutta maa-aineksen raekoon on huomattu vaikuttavan näytteen metallipitoisuuksiin. Tässä tutkimuksessa arseeni-, kromi-, kupari-, lyijy-, vanadiini- ja sinkkipitoisuudet olivat korkeampia hienoaineksessa, kuin < 2 mm:n raekoossa. Tämän lisäksi lyijy, sinkki ja kadmium korreloivat parhaiten < 2 mm:n ja < 0,06 mm:n raekoossa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Helsingin puistot, maaperä, PIMA, pilaantunut maaperä, pXRF-laite, ICP-MS, raekoko Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Faculty Laitos/Institution– Department Department of Geosciences and Geography Faculty of Science Tekijä/Författare – Author Heidi Ritari Työn nimi / Arbetets titel – Title Metal concentrations in Helsinki parks Oppiaine /Läroämne – Subject Geology Työn laji/Arbetets art – Level Aika/Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä/ Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s thesis 4.12.2018 129 Tiivistelmä/Referat – Abstract In total, 58 soil samples from the Helsinki area were analysed for the contents of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. Most of the samples (50) were collected from parks, four samples from beach sediments, and four samples from islands in the Helsinki archipelago. Typically, the contents of these metals were low, but in the parks of Eugen Schauman, Kumtähdenkenttä, Paloheinänhuippu, Haaga and Munkki some samples showed concentrations exceeding the guide values. The lowest metal concentrations were found in the samples from the parks of the East-Helsinki area as well as in those from the islands and beaches. Metal concentrations in soil samples were determined using both a field portable XRF device (pXRF) and a ICP-MS instrument using two different grain size fractions (< 2 mm and < 0,06 mm). One of the purposes of the study was to evaluate the applicability of pXRF analyses for prospecting contaminated soil samples. The pXRF analyses showed systematically higher As, Cr, Cu, Pb, V and Zn concentrations compared to those measured by ICP-MS. The best agreement between the two methods was for the abundances of Pb, Zn and Cu, suggesting that pXRF may be used to evaluate the contamination of these metals in soil samples. The contents of As and Cr had lower correlations between the ICP-MS and pXRF results, especially in the grain size fraction of < 2 mm or in samples with low abundances of metals. The contamination of soil samples is in Finland determined using the < 2 mm grain size fraction. However, many studies have demonstrated that the grain size affects the metal concentration data. In this study, it was observed that the contents of As, Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, V, Zn and Cu were higher in the < 0,06 mm grain size fraction than those in the < 2 mm fraction. Best correlations between the analyses from the two grain size fractions were observed for the abundances of Pb, Zn and Cd. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Helsinki parks, soil, metal concentrations, contaminated soils, pXRF, ICP-MS, grain size Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 1. JOHDANTO ................................................................................................................ 4 2. GEOLOGINEN TAUSTA ......................................................................................... 6 2.1 Geologinen historia ............................................................................................... 6 2.2 Helsingin puistojen maankäyttö historia ............................................................ 9 3. AINEISTO ................................................................................................................. 13 4. TUTKIMUSMENETELMÄT ................................................................................. 16 4.1 Esikäsittely ........................................................................................................... 16 4.2 pXRF-laite ............................................................................................................ 17 4.3 ICP-MS ................................................................................................................. 19 5. TULOKSET .............................................................................................................. 21 5.1 Rinnakkais-, nolla- ja vertailunäytteet .............................................................. 21 5.2 ICP-MS-menetelmän ja pXRF-laitteen vertailu .............................................. 28 5.3 Hienoaineksen ja < 2 mm raekoon metallipitoisuuksien vertailu ................... 35 5.4 Puisto, saari- ja uimarantanäytteiden metallipitoisuudet ............................... 45 5.4.1 Arseeni ............................................................................................................ 46 5.4.2 Kadmium ........................................................................................................ 49 5.4.3 Koboltti ........................................................................................................... 52 5.4.4 Kromi .............................................................................................................. 55 5.4.5 Kupari ............................................................................................................. 58 5.4.6 Nikkeli ............................................................................................................. 61 5.4.7 Lyijy ................................................................................................................ 64 5.4.8 Vanadiini ........................................................................................................ 67 5.4.9 Sinkki .............................................................................................................. 70 5.4.10 Uimarannat .................................................................................................. 73 6. TULOSTEN TARKASTELU .................................................................................. 76 6.1 ICP-MS-menetelmän ja pXRF-laitteen metallipitosuuksien vertailu ............ 76 6.2 Hienoaineksen ja < 2 mm raekoon metallipitoisuuksien vertailu .................. 79 6.3 Helsingin puistojen, saarien ja uimarantojen metallipitoisuudet .................. 82 6.3.1 Arseeni ............................................................................................................ 82 6.3.2 Kadmium ........................................................................................................ 84 6.3.3 Koboltti ........................................................................................................... 87 6.3.4 Kromi .............................................................................................................. 88 6.3.5 Kupari ............................................................................................................
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