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Türkiye'de Faaliyet Gösteren Yasadişi Sol Örgütlenme

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Türkiye'de Faaliyet Gösteren Yasadişi Sol Örgütlenme T.C. FIRAT ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ TAR İH ANAB İLİM DALI TÜRK İYE’DE FAAL İYET GÖSTEREN YASADI ŞI SOL ÖRGÜTLENME OLARAK TKP/ML-TİKKO YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ HAZIRLAYAN DANI ŞMAN YÜKSEL Ç İÇEK YRD. DOÇ. DR MEHMET ÇEV İK ELAZI Ğ - 2008 T.C. FIRAT ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ TAR İH ANAB İLİM DALI TÜRK İYE’DE FAAL İYET GÖSTEREN YASADI ŞI SOL ÖRGÜTLENME OLARAK TKP/ML-TİKKO YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Bu tez . /…/…. Tarihinde a şağıdaki jüri tarafından oybirli ği / oy çoklu ğu ile kabul edilmi ştir. Danı şman Yrd. Doç. Dr Mehmet ÇEV İK Üye Üye Enstitü Müdürü Doç. Dr. Erdal AÇIKSES ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Türkiye’de Faaliyet Gösteren Yasadı şı Sol Örgütlenme Olarak Tkp/Ml-Tikko Yüksel Ç İÇEK Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı 2008, Sayfa: XV+ 127 Günümüzde sık kullanılan bir terim olmasına ra ğmen terörün uluslararası alanda kabul görmü ş bir tanımı bulunmamaktadır. Terör, en genel anlamıyla, kamu otoritesini veya toplum yapısını yıkmak için giri şilen, korku ve yılgınlık saçan şiddet hareketleri olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu ba ğlamda terörizm ise örgütlü, sistemli ve sürekli terör kullanmayı bir yöntem olarak benimseyen anlayı ştır. Terör, uzun dönemde siyasal düzeni yıkmaya yönelik bir araçtır. Bununla birlikte hedef alınan ulusun moral gücünü yıkmak, otoriteyi küçük dü şürmek ve yı ğınları etkisizle ştirmek kısa vadeli amaçlarıdır. Terör eylemini gerçekle ştirenlerin en önemli iste ği ise; eylemlerinin etkili olması ve bir gündem meydana getirmesidir. Terörizmin özelliklerinden biri de kurbanlarını rasgele seçmesidir. Kurbanların ayrım gözetilmeksizin belirlenmesi, korkunun geni ş kitleler arasında yayılmasına neden olmaktadır. 1920 yılında kurulan TKP, 1960 yılına kadar Türk komünist hareketine tek ba şına hükmetmi ştir. 1960 yılından sonra ise, eski ku şak TKP’liler çıkardıkları “Türk Solu” ve “Yön” dergilerinde yayınladıkları yazılarıyla gençler üzerinde etkili olmu şlardır. Daha sonra bu kadro, “Milli Demokratik Devrim” (MDD) görü şünü formüle etmi ştir. Bu görüşe göre sosyalizme varmak için parlamenter mücadele dı şında daha radikal tezler savunulmu ştur. Döneme etki eden bir di ğer temel unsur da “Türkiye İş çi Partisi”dir. T İP kendinden sonra olu şacak birçok örgütlenmeye gerçek anlamda kaynaklık etmi ştir. T İP’in gençlik örgütü olarak kurulan “Fikir Kulüpleri Federasyonu” (FKF), 1960’lı yılların sonuna do ğru MDD akımı taraftarlarının eline geçmi ş ve sonradan Dev-Genç adını almı ştır. Dönem içinde faaliyet gösteren gruplardan T İP dı şında kalanlar, sol e ğilimli gruplara yön vermeyi tercih eden, daha çok II çıkardıkları dergilerle faaliyet gösteren akımlar olmu şlardır. T İP ise siyasal bir örgütlenme içine girerek sosyalizme varmak için parlamenter yolu seçmi ştir. 1970 sonrası sol hareketler, birçok bakımdan kendinden önceki dönemin izlerini ta şımasına ra ğmen genel olarak silahlı mücadele yöntemini seçtiklerinden dolayı, yasal ve barı şçıl yolu seçmi ş olan 1960 dönemi sol hareketlerinden farklı bir konum arz eder. Bu hareket, yasa dı şı yapılanmanın temel alındı ğı tezleri savunmu ştur. Bu dönemde öne çıkan örgütler arasında, Deniz Gezmi ş önderli ğinde kurulan “Türkiye Halk Kurtulu ş Ordusu” (THKO), Mahir Çayan ve arkada şları tarafından kurulan “Türkiye Halk Kurtulu ş Parti-Cephesi” (THKP-C), Ankara Üniversiteli asistanlar ve çalı şanlar tarafından kurulan “Türkiye İhtilalci İş çi Köylü Partisi” (T İİ KP), İbrahim Kaypakkaya’nın kurdu ğu “Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist-Türkiye İş çi Köylü Kurtulu ş Ordusu (TKP/ML-TİKKO) bulunmaktadır. Bu örgütlerden T İİ KP, halk sava şı formülünü benimsemi ş olmasına ra ğmen hiçbir zaman silahlı mücadeleye girmemi ş, bu yüzden pek çok üyesinin tepkisini çekmi ştir. Bu örgütlerin hepsinin ortak özelli ği ise gruplar içindeki farklı görü şler sebebiyle bölünmeleri ve yeni örgütler do ğurmalarıdır. Emniyet Genel Müdürlü ğü kaynaklarına göre 1980 askeri müdahalesi sonrası yasa dı şı faaliyetlerini sürdüren dört sol örgütlenme dikkati çekmektedir. Bunlar THKP-C’den türemi ş Devrimci Halk Kurtulu ş Partisi/Cephesi (DHKP/C), TKP/ML-TİKKO ve bu örgütten ayrılanlar tarafından kurulmu ş Marksist Leninist Komünist Partisi (MLKP) ile Maoist Komünist Parti (MKP) terör örgütleridir. Dünyada sosyalizmin öncüsü SSCB’nin çökmesi sonrasında, bu örgütler yürüttükleri yurt içi ve yurt dı şı faaliyetlerinde sadece terör saçmı şlar, sosyalizmi takiben gelecek komünizm inancını bir kenara bırakmı şlardır. İbrahim Kaypakkaya adında 24 ya şında bir gencin kurdu ğu TKP/ML-TİKKO, Marksizm- Leninizm-Maoizm (MLM) ideolojisini olu şturmu ş ve sürdürmeye çalı şmı ştır. Özellikle Tunceli kırsalında etkin olan grup, ilerleyen zaman içinde, fikir ayrılıkları yüzünden pek çok bölünmeye sahne olmu ştur. Demokratik Halk Devrimi’ni gerçekle ştirmek ideolojisini güden örgüt, silahlı mücadele yöntemini seçmi ştir. Bu yönde kurdu ğu askeri kanadı T İKKO ile eylemlerini sürdürmü ştür. Kırlardan şehirlere do ğru geli şecek devrimle sosyalizmi getirmek istemi şler fakat bunda hiçbir zaman ba şarılı olamamı şlardır. Bu çalı şmanın ilk yarısında, terör ve terörizm kavramları üzerinde durarak, Türkiye’de yasa dı şı sol örgütlenmenin tarihi geli şimi özetlenmi ş ve 1980 sonrası faaliyet gösteren örgütler işlenmi ştir. İkinci yarısında ise özellikle Tunceli bölgesinde yer alan ve eylemler yapan TKP/ML- TİKKO örgütü incelenmi ş, tarihi geli şimi, ideolojisi, stratejileri, liderleri göz önünde bulundurularak, bu örgütün Tunceli faaliyetleri ve elemanları ara ştırılmı ştır. III Çalı şma sırasında kar şıla şılan sorunların ba şında geleni TKP/ML-TİKKO ile ilgili herhangi bir akademik çalı şmaya rastlanmamı ş olmasıdır. Şu ana kadar terör örgütleriyle ilgili yapılan ara ştırmalar DHKP/C, Hizbullah ve PKK hakkındadır. Sol örgütlerin konu oldu ğu çalı şmalar ise dönemsel olarak 1960–80 yılları arasını kapsamaktadır. Bu ba ğlamda, ara ştırma yaparken kaynak sıkıntısı çekilmi ştir. Elde edilen kaynaklar, genelde örgütlerin yayın organları olmu ş ve propaganda amaçlı, olaylara tek taraflı bakan yayınların ayıklanması ve düzenlenmesi gerekmi ştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Terör, Terörizm, Yasadı şı sol örgüt, Tikko, Dhkpc/c, Mkp, Mlkp, Tkp/ml, İbrahim kaypakkaya, Tunceli, Marksizm, Leninzm, Maoizm. IV ABSTRACT Master Thesis As İllegal Leftist Organization Being activity TKP/ML-TİKKO in Turkey Yüksel Ç İÇEK Firat University The Institute of Social Science Department of history 2008, Page: XV+ 127 There is no admissible definition of terror in the international arena due to the fact that it is a commonly used term at the present day. Terror can be defined, in general, as violent acts that are undertaken to damage public authority and social structure while causing fear and disgust. In connection to this, terrorism is an organised, systematic idea that accepts using terror continuously. Terror is a medium to demolish the political order in the long term. In addition, destroying the humor of the target nation, despising the authority and deactivating the crowd are its short term aims. The most important desire of the ones that realize the terror acts is that the actions are effective and create popularity. Selecting the victims randomly is one of the characteristics of terrorism. Determinations of the victims without differentiation results in its’ spreading among broad population. TKP (Communist Party of Turkey), founded in 1920, ruled the Turkish communist act all alone until 1960. After 1960, it became effective on the youth by the articles published in “Türk Solu” (Turkish Leftist) and “Yön” magazines, raised by the old generation TKP members. Later, these members formulised the “Milli Demokratik Devrim” (MDD) (National Democratic Revolution) idea. According to this idea, more radical thesis were to be brought up, apart from the parliamentary struggle, for achieving socialism. Another basic element that influenced the period was “Türkiye İş çi Partisi” (Workers' Party of Turkey). T İP has been a resource for a plenty organizations actually, after itself. “Fikir Kulüpleri Federasyonu” (FKF) (Idea Clubs Association), that has been established as the youth organization, was taken in charge of the supporters of MDD trend and later was called as Dev-Genç (Revolutionist-Youth). The groups that were active in this period, except T İP, preferred to manage the leftist groups and their actions were mostly based on publishing ideological magasines. On the V other hand, T İP started a political organisation and has selected the democratical way to achieve socialism. Although the leftist acts after 1970’s were having a lot of similarities with the previous period, they generally used armed force. So, they differ from the leftist acts of 1960’s, which had used legal and peaceful methods. The acts after 1970’s defended the ideas based on the illegal formation. The leading organisations of this period were as fallows: “Türkiye Halk Kurtulu ş Ordusu” (THKO) (Turkey Nation Independence Army) founded by the leadership of Deniz Gezmi ş, “Türkiye İhtilalci İş çi Köylü Partisi” (T İİ KP) (Turkey Revolutionist Worker’s Peasant’s Party) associated by the members and assistants of Ankara University and “Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist-Türkiye İş çi Köylü Kurtulu ş Ordusu” (TKP/ML-TİKKO) (Communist Party of Turkey /Marxist Leninist Worker’s Peasant’s Independence Army) founded by İbrahim Kaypakkaya. Among these organizations, T İİ KP never used armed forces although it had considered nation’s war formula, thus annoyed many militants. The common feature of all these organizations is that
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