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Türkiye'de Siyasal Hayat Ve Cezaevleri: Hayata Dönüş

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Türkiye'de Siyasal Hayat Ve Cezaevleri: Hayata Dönüş Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Siyaset Bilimi TÜRKİYE’DE SİYASAL HAYAT VE CEZAEVLERİ: HAYATA DÖNÜŞ OPERASYONLARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME Cansu PARLAK Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2018 TÜRKİYE’DE SİYASAL HAYAT VE CEZAEVLERİ: HAYATA DÖNÜŞ OPERASYONLARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME Cansu PARLAK Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Siyaset Bilimi Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara, 2018 i ii iii iv TEŞEKKÜR Çalışmalarım süresince beni fikir, öneri ve deneyimleriyle destekleyen değerli büyüğüm, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü’nden emekli Prof. Dr. Ergun AYDINOĞLU hocama, Tez çalışmalarımın her aşamasında, desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğum her anda bana özen ve sabırla yaklaşan, kıymetli zamanını ayıran, engin bilgi, birikim ve tecrübelerini benimle paylaşarak bana örnek olan, üzerimdeki hak ve emeğini asla ödeyemeyeceğim, Hacettepe Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Öğretim Üyesi ve tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Mete Kaan KAYNAR hocama, Arşivini benimle paylaşarak bana destek olan ve yol gösteren Arş. Gör. Barış MUTLUAY hocama, Medya taramasında bana yardımcı olarak ilgisini esirgemeyen Milliyet Gazetesi Ankara Haber Müdürü Sayın Gökçer TAHİNCİOĞLU’na sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Ayrıca çalışmalarımla ilgili olarak, her ihtiyaç duyduğumda yanımda olan, gözlem ve deneyimlerini bana açık yüreklilikle aktarmaktan çekinmeyen sevgili Süleyman ALTUNOĞLU, iyi ki varsın. Yanımda olduğun için minnettarım, sen olmasaydın yapamazdım. v ÖZET PARLAK, Cansu. Türkiye’de Siyasal Hayat ve Cezaevleri: Hayata Dönüş Operasyonları Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2018. Siyasi suç zaman, mekan ve konjonktüre göre farklılık gösteren, üzerinde anlaşmaya varılamayan bir mefhumdur. Bu doğrultuda, siyasi suçluya uygulanan yaptırımlar şartlara göre farklılık göstermiştir. Dolayısıyla ülkemizde de siyasi tutukluyu kapatma pratikleri değişkenlik göstermiştir. Siyasi tutuklu sayısının arttığı askeri müdahale dönemleri bu pratiklerin dönüm noktasını teşkil etmiş ve koğuş tipi cezaevlerinde başlayan tecrit, son olarak, siyasi mahkumların F Tipi Cezaevleri’ne kapatılmasıyla bugünkü pratiğe dönüşmüştür. F Tipi Cezaevleri’ne geçiş süreci hem cezaevlerinde hem de kamuoyunda yankılar uyandırmış, bu dönemde tecrit karşıtı eylemler ve ölüm oruçları yapılmıştır. Nihai olarak, 19 Aralık 2000 Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu F tipi cezaevlerine geçişin son aşaması olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu’na giden süreçte, diğer cezaevi operasyonları ile tecrit karşıtı cezaevi direnişleri, açlık grevleri ve ölüm oruçları siyasal şiddet ve feda bağlamında ele alınacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu, cezaevi, F tipi cezaevi, siyasi tutukluluk, siyasi suç, açlık grevi, ölüm orucu, operasyon, kapatılma. vi ABSTRACT PARLAK, Cansu. Political Life and Prisons in Turkey: A Research on the ‘Operations Back to Life’, Master’s Thesis, Ankara, 2018. Political crime is a nonconcurrent concept that is entirely dependent on time, venue and conjuncture. In this sense, the sanctions applied to political criminals have been circumstantial and accordingly, incarceration techniques in Turkey varied. Military coup administrations, during which the number of political criminals peaked, have been the turning points of incarceration practices of political prisoners. Isolation started in ward - type prisons ended up with incarceration in F - type prisons. Transition to F type prisons had repercussions both in prisons and in public, which resulted in protests and death fasts against isolation. Finally the Operations ‘Back to Life’ conducted on 19 December 2000 have been the last phase of the transition to F type prisons. This study aims to clarify the operations conducted on prisons, hunger strikes, death fasts, and other resistance in prisons, as well as the ones against isolation in the process of the Operations ‘Back to Life’. Keywords Operations ‘Back to Life’, prison, jail, F type prison, political crime, political prisoner, hunger strike, death fast, operation, incarceration vii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY……………………………………………………………………………....i BİLDİRİM………………………………………………………………………………………..ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI..............................................iii ETİK BEYAN..................................................................................................................iv TEŞEKKÜR……………….………………………………………………………….………...v ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………………………vi ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………....vii İÇİNDEKİLER………………………………………………………………………………...viii KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ…………………………………………………...…………………..xi GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………................….…1 1.BÖLÜM : KOLEKTİF POLİTİK ŞİDDET VE FEDA………………...…………..………5 1.1. Kolektif Şiddetin Sosyolojisi……………………….………………..…....…5 1.1.1. Siyasal Şiddete Empirik ve Normatif Yaklaşımlar……………..….7 1.1.2. Kolektif Şiddete Grupsal Yaklaşım………………………….…..….7 1.1.3. Kolektif Şiddete Bireysel Yaklaşım………………………..….......11 1.1.4. Kolektif Şiddete Marksist Yaklaşım…………………………..……19 1.2. Kolektif Şiddet Bağlamında Devrim…………………...…....……………..21 1.2.1. Devrim Kavramı………………………………………………...…….21 1.2.3. Devrimin Belirleyicileri ve Türleri………………………..…..…...…24 1.3. Marksist Devrim Kavramı ve Feda Kavramı...……………………...…….28 1.3.1. Marksizmin Felsefi Temelleri………………………………...……..28 1.3.2. Tarihsel Materyalizm ve Sınıf Savaşımı…….……………..………32 1.3.3. Devrimci Şiddet Bağlamında Feda Kavramı……………...………35 viii 2. BÖLÜM: TÜRKİYE’DE SİYASİ MAHKUMUN KAPATILMASI…..………….……….42 2.1. Geçmişten Günümüze Cezaevinin Evrimi……..………………….………42 2.2. Türkiye’de Siyasi Suç Kavramı ve Kapatılma…..………………….….....50 2.2.1. Tecrit…………………..........…………..……………....…..….........61 2.2.2. İdari Tecrit………….......……………..……………...…...……........64 3. BÖLÜM: HAYATA DÖNÜŞ OPERASYONU…………………….………….........…...73 3.1. 1980-2000 Arası Türkiye Solu……………………………………......…..….73 3.1.1. 12 Eylül’e Giden Süreçte Türkiye Solunun Örgütsel Yapısı........73 3.1.2. Bir Direniş Mekanı Olarak Cezaevleri……………………….….....85 3.1.3. 12 Eylül Sonrası Solun Yeniden Yapılanma Süreci……...........100 3.2. Türkiye’de Cezaevi Operasyonları……..………………………....….…..109 3.2.1. 1991 Eskişehir Özel Tip Cezaevi Operasyonu………..….…....110 3.2.2. 1995 Buca Cezaevi Operasyonu……………………..….……...113 3.2.3. 1996 Ümraniye Cezaevi Operasyonu………………..….....…...115 3.2.4. 1996 Ölüm Oruçları ………………………………….….………...118 3.2.5. 1996 Diyarbakır Cezaevi Operasyonu……………..….….……..123 3.2.6. 1999 Ulucanlar Cezaevi Operasyonu……………..….…...…….125 3.2.7. 2000 Metris Cezaevi Operasyonu………………..….…...……...128 3.2.8. 2000 Burdur Cezaevi Operasyonu...........................................130 3.2.9. 2000 Bergama Cezaevi Operasyonu........................................131 3.2.10. Cezaevi Operasyonları ve Medya...........................................132 3.3. BÖLÜM: Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu....................................................145 3.3.1. Operasyon Hazırlıkları...........................................................146 3.3.1.1. Hukuki Hazırlık...........................................................146 3.3.1.2. Kamuoyu Hazırlığı......................................................152 3.3.1.3. Fiziki Hazırlık..............................................................156 3.3.1.4. Askeri Hazırlık..............................................................157 3.3.2. Operasyona Giden Süreç...........................................................160 ix 3.3.3. Operasyon.............................................................................169 3.3.3.1. Bayrampaşa Cezaevi Bayanlar Koğuşu..................170 3.3.3.2.Bayrampaşa Cezaevi Erkekler Koğuşu....................172 3.3.3.3. Ümraniye Cezaevi...................................................174 3.3.3.4. Çanakkale Cezaevi..................................................176 3.3.3.5. Bursa Cezaevi.........................................................178 3.3.3.6. Ceyhan Cezaevi......................................................179 3.3.3.7. Çankırı Cezaevi.......................................................180 3.3.3.8. Uşak Cezaevi..........................................................182 3.3.3.9. Buca Cezaevi..........................................................183 3.3.10. Niğde Cezaevi..........................................................184 3.3.3.11. Bartın Cezaevi.......................................................185 3.3.3.12. Malatya Cezaevi....................................................185 3.3.3.13. Aydın Cezaevi........................................................186 3.3.4. Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu ve Medya......................................187 3.3.5. Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu ve Yargılamalar............................195 SONUÇ..........................................................................................................203 KAYNAKÇA..................................................................................................207 EK-1 1980-2000 Arası Cezaevlerindeki Olaylar Kronolojisi................223 EK-2 Rakamlarla Hayata Dönüş Operasyonu......................................229 EK-3 Etik Kurul İzin Muafiyet Formu......................................................230 EK-4 Tez Orijinallik Raporu...................................................................231 x KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ABD Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ADYÖD Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğretim Derneği AEP Arnavutluk Emek Partisi AİHM Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi AP Adalet Partisi bkz. Bakınız CHP Cumhuriyet
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