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Devrimci Sol: a Study of Turkey's Revolutionary Left and Its Impact on United States Interests, 1968-1999

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Devrimci Sol: a Study of Turkey's Revolutionary Left and Its Impact on United States Interests, 1968-1999 Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2000-06-01 Devrimci sol: a study of Turkey's revolutionary left and its impact on United States interests, 1968-1999 Kenville, Michael J. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26486 DLEY KNOX LIBRARY POSTGRAD) wtp »<"UO'.epunm ERfV NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS DEVRIMCI SOL: A STUDY OF TURKEY'S REVOLUTIONARY LEFT AND ITS IMPACT ON UNITED STATES INTERESTS, 1968-1999 by Michael J. Kenville June 2000 Thesis Advisor: Maria Jose' Moyano-Rasmussen Second Reader: Harold Trinkunas Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. H00 L REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY U.S.E ONLY (Leave blank) REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2000 Master's Thesis 4. title and subtitle Devrimci Sol: A Study of Turkey's Revolutionary Left 5. FUNDING NUMBERS and Its Impact on United States Interests, 1968-1999 6. AUTHOR(S) Kenville, Michael, J. 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 7. ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) PERFORMING REPORT NUMBER Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Using the evolution of Devrimci Sol, this thesis analyses leftist terrorism against U.S. interests in Turkey between 1968 and 1999. During this period, leftists committed 81 percent of the terrorism-related murders of U.S. citizens. In the 1970s, leftists began targeting U.S. interests, including military personnel. By 1980, the left had killed ten Americans. Although severely crippled following Turkey's 1980 coup, Devrimci Sol—the most prominent group—re-emerged in 1990 and dramatically increased attacks against U.S. interests during the Gulf War, perpetrating 75 percent of all terrorist-related U.S. deaths in 1991. Although devastating Turkish security operations and an internal group schism following the Gulf War drastically reduced the organization's violent activities, the late 1990s witnessed Devrimci Sol's renewed interest in targeting the U.S. The thesis explains leftist development and violence against U.S. interests, suggesting Turkey's rapid modernization and the resulting instability provided fertile ground for the extreme left's emergence. By the 1970s, following periods of increased political liberalization, the rise of Marxist-Leninist ideology coupled with government intolerance to opposition groups elevated terrorism to the sole perceived avenue of change. External support, political amnesties, and reports of government oppression in Turkey support Devrimci Sol's continued survival. It remains a threat. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF Cayan, Dev Gene, Dev Sol, Dev Yol, Devrimci Sol, DHKC, DHKP-C, Karatas, leftist, Marxist- PAGES 313 Leninist, MLAPU, MLSPB, Revolutionary Left, terrorism, THKO, THKP-C, TPLA, TPLF, Turkey, urbanization, Yagan 16. PRICE CODE 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 20. LIMITATION OF 17. SECURITY 19. SECURITY CLASSIFI- CATION THIS PAGE ABSTRACT CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 11 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DEVRIMCI SOL: A STUDY OF TURKEY'S REVOLUTIONARY LEFT AND ITS IMPACT ON UNITED STATES INTERESTS, 1968-1999 Michael J.Xenville Captain, United States Air Force B.A., University of Maryland, 1989 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2000 DUDLEY KNC NAVAL ABSTRACT Using the evolution of Devrimci Sol, this thesis analyses leftist terrorism against U.S. interests in Turkey between 1968 and 1999. During this period, leftists committed 81 percent of the terrorism-related murders of U.S. citizens. In the 1970s, leftists began targeting U.S. interests, including military personnel. By 1980, the left had killed ten Americans. Although severely crippled following Turkey's 1980 coup, Devrimci Sol— the most prominent group—re-emerged in 1990 and dramatically increased attacks against U.S. interests during the Gulf War, perpetrating 75 percent of all terrorist-related U.S. deaths in 1991. Although devastating Turkish security operations and an internal group schism following the Gulf War drastically reduced the organization's violent activities, the late 1990s witnessed Devrimci Sol's renewed interest in targeting the U.S. The thesis explains leftist development and violence against U.S. interests, suggesting Turkey's rapid modernization and the resulting instability provided fertile ground for the extreme left's emergence. By the 1970s, following periods of increased political liberalization, the rise of Marxist-Leninist ideology coupled with government intolerance to opposition groups elevated terrorism to the sole perceived avenue of change. External support, political amnesties, and reports of government oppression in Turkey support Devrimci Sol's continued survival. It remains a threat. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK VI TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. PURPOSE AND ARGUMENT 3 B. RELEVANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE 6 C. RESEARCH SHORTFALLS 7 D. THESIS OUTLINE 8 E. DEFINITIONS 11 F. NOTE ON TURKISH SPELLING 13 II. BACKGROUND: MODERNIZATION AND VIOLENCE IN TURKEY 15 A. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES AND OPPOSITION 18 1. Political Liberalization 18 2. Continuous Economic Difficulties 23 B. URBANIZATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT 27 III. EMERGENCE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT 33 A. STUDENT MOVEMENTS AND INITIAL ACTIONS 34 B. TERRORISM AS A MEANS OF OPPOSITION 39 C. IMPERIALISM: TARGETING THE UNITED STATES 41 D. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN TURKEY: 1968-71 44 IV. DEVRIMCI SOL: RE-EMERGENCE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT 49 A. MARTYRS, ESCAPE AND POLITICAL AMNESTY 50 B. DEVRIMCI SOL: THE SPLINTER OF 1978 54 C. TERRORISM AND THE 1980 MILITARY INTERVENTION 58 D. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN TURKEY: 1971-80 62 V. THE GULF WAR AND DEVRIMCI SOL 69 vii 1 A. THE 1980 COUP'S LEGACY OF REPRESSION AND TORTURE 70 B. EUROPE, POLITICAL RELAXATION AND PRISON BREAKS 74 C. DEVRIMCISOUS COME BACK AND THE GULF WAR 77 D. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN TURKEY: 1980-91 78 VI. AFTERMATH OF THE COLD WAR COLLAPSE 87 A. EUROPE AND AN IDEOLOGICAL CHALLENGE 88 B. TURKISH SECURITY OPERATIONS IN THE NINETIES 90 C. THE SECOND REVOLUTIONARY LEFT SCHISM 91 D. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN TURKEY: 1992-99 93 VII. THE FUTURE THREAT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT 99 A. REVIEW OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE THREAT FACTORS 99 1. Existence 101 2. Capability 101 3. Intentions 102 4. History 102 5. Targeting 102 6. Security Environment 103 B. THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT'S THREAT AND FUTURE 104 APPENDICES 109 APPENDIX A - LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 1 1 APPENDIX B - RAND-ST. ANDREWS CHRONOLOGY SEQUENCE NUMBER CODES 115 APPENDIX C - CHRONOLOGY SOURCES 1 19 APPENDDC D - CHRONOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST INCIDENTS, 1968-99 123 APPENDIX E - INTERNATIONAL TERRORIST INCIDENTS IN TURKEY, 1968-99 199 Vlll APPENDIX F - LEFTIST TARGETING OF U.S. INTERESTS, 1968-99 201 APPENDIX G - LEFTIST TACTICS AGAINST U.S. TARGETS, 1968-99 ... 203 APPENDIX H - LOCATION OF LEFTIST INCIDENTS AGAINST U.S. INCIDENTS, 1968-99 205 APPENDIX I- TURKIYE HALK KURTULU$ ORDUSU MANIFESTO 207 APPENDIX J - DEVRIMCI SOL 'NEWS BULLETIN' NO. 9 213 APPENDIX K - DEVRIMCI SOL COMMUNIQUE ON OPERATION DESERT STORM 215 APPENDIX L - DEVRIMCI SOL 'NEWS BULLETIN' NO. 3 217 APPENDIX M-DHKC'S "PEOPLE'S PARTY" PROGRAM 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 245 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 257 IX Figure 5-4. MTMC Outpost Bombing in Istanbul, 21 January 1991 80 Figure 5-5. Leftist Targeting of U.S. Interests, 1980-91 81 Figure 5-6. Location of Leftist Incidents against U.S. Interests, 1980-91 82 Figure 5-7. Leftist Tactics against U.S. Interests, 1980-91 83 Figure 5-8. Photograph of U.S. Contractor Killing and Devrimci Sol Slogans 85 Figure 6-1. International Terrorist Incidents in Turkey, 1992-99 93 Figure 6-2. Leftist Targeting of U.S. Interests, 1992-99 95 Figure 6-3. Location of Leftist Incidents against U.S. Interests, 1992-99 96 Figure 6-4. Leftist Tactics Used against U.S. Interests, 1992-99 97 xn LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1. Turkish Urban Population Growth, 1935-70 28 Table 4-1. Profession Breakdown of Captured Terrorists, 12 Sep 80-1 1 Sep 82 61 Table 7-1. U.S. Casualties to Terrorism in Turkey, 1968-98 103 xin THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK xiv — EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
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