Nomination and Selection Process Eligible Fields for the 2022 Japan Prize ARK Mori Building, East Wing 35th Floor, 1-12-32 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-6035, JAPAN No. 64 Feb. 2021 ■ Every November, the Field Selection Committee of The Japan Prize Foundation designates and announces two fields in which Areas of Tel: +81-3-5545-0551 Fax: +81-3-5545-0554 the Japan Prize will be awarded two years hence. At the same time, the Foundation calls for over 14,000 nominators, strictly Physics, Chemistry, Materials and Production www.japanprize.jp comprised of prominent scientists and researchers from around the world invited by the Foundation, to nominate the Informatics, and Engineering candidates through the web by Web System. The deadline for nominations is the end of January of the following year. Background and Rationale: The discovery and development of new materials with non-conventional properties and the development of advanced production technologies have ■ For each field, a Selection Subcommittee conducts a rigorous evaluation of the candidates’ academic achievements. The brought about numerous innovations, thereby contributing greatly to the sustainable development of our society and to the improvement of safety in conclusions are then forwarded to the Selection Committee, which conducts evaluations of candidates’ achievements from a social infrastructure. We have designed and synthesized artificial materials, such as semiconductors, polymers, nanomaterials, catalysts, magnetic wider perspective, including contributions to the progress of science and technology, and significant advancement towards the materials, and new types of structural materials, and have seen notable progress in materials design for responsible consumption and production. We cause of world peace and prosperity, and finally the selected candidates are recommended for the Prize. have also developed new industrial technologies, such as design and manufacturing technologies supported by computational and data science, high-resolution/highprecision measurement technologies, robotics, and precise nanostructure control process. ■ The recommendations are then sent to the Foundation’s Board of Directors, which makes the final decision on the winners. In order to make effective use of finite resources and build a sustainable society for the future, we are in need of epoch-making innovations in the ■ The nomination and selection process takes almost two years from the time that the fields are decided. Every January, the development of new functional materials and structural materials, as well as in industrial design and production & operation technologies. 2021 Japan Prize Laureates Announced winners of that year’s Japan Prize are announced. The Presentation Ceremony is held in April in Tokyo. Eligible Achievements: The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Materials and Production will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have made momentous scientific and technological breakthroughs that contribute significantly to the sustainable development of society or to its potential for great July - October, 2019 November End January, 2020 November January, 2021 April advances in the future. Such achievements will include the development of materials with new functions, development of new structural materials that support social infrastructure or improvement of technologies for industrial design and production & operation, which enable the creation of Determine Selection Committee the fields eligible new products, services and industries that improve the quality and safety of people's lives. for the 2021 Consider Areas of the fields Japan Prize Announce The 2021 Invite the Closing of Selection Subcommittee Board of the Laureates Japan Prize Life Science, Agriculture, eligible Resources, Energy, for Resources, Energy, for the 2021 nominations the Directors of the 2021 Presentation and Medicine Biological Production, Ecology/Environment Environment, nominations Environment, Social Infrastructure Japan Prize Ceremony Japan Prize Social Infrastructure Selection Subcommittee Background and Rationale: Medical Science, for Medical Science, The existence of humankind is completely dependent on the sustainable and diverse use of Earth’s biological resources. However, the global expansion Medicinal Science Medicinal Science of human activities coupled with the increase in population is decimating the natural environment and biodiversity forcing humanity to reconsider how biological resources are used. Members of the 2021 Japan Prize Selection Committee In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to perceive biological production, the environment, and ecological integrity from a unified viewpoint. This requires advancements in fundamental science that enable us to conserve the invaluable environment and ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and Chairman Members Makoto Asashima Yoshinori Fujiyoshi Yoichiro Matsumoto sustainably use ecosystem services, and the creation of scientific and technological innovations, including earth observation and ecosystem modeling. For Prof. Martin Andrew Green Prof. Bert Vogelstein Dr. Robert A. Weinberg Research Professor, Academic Advisor, Teikyo University Distinguished Professor President the sustainable use of biological productivity, we require new developments including the creation of new breeds through genome editing, the application Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Professor, Johns Hopkins University School Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Academic Advisor, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo University of Science of Medicine Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Medical and Dental University of ICT, AI and robotics for advanced production, the realization of environmentally friendly biological production, the harnessing of useful substances Masayuki Matsushita Australia USA USA Yoshihiro Hayashi Director from organisms, the enhancement of food functionality, and the reduction of food loss and waste. President/Director General The Japan Prize Foundation Fields Eligible for the Award: Fields Eligible for the Award: National Museum of Nature and Science Shojiro Nishio Eligible Achievements : Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure Medical Science, Medicinal Science Hiroto Ishida President The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Biological Production, Ecology/Environment will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have Director Osaka University The Japan Prize Foundation significantly contributed to the creation, development, and dissemination of scientific and technological breakthroughs that enable the sustainable For their pioneering work in conceptualizing Tadatsugu Taniguchi Development of High-Efficiency Kazunori Kataoka Professor Emeritus, Advisor to the Office of President development of human society in harmony with the ecosystem, or to its potential for great advances in the future. This year's Prize places emphasis on a multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application Professor Emeritus/Project Professor, The University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo contributions to the advancement of basic science in ecology and the environment, and progress in biological production technologies. Silicon Photovoltaic Devices Vice Chairperson/Director-General of Innovation Center of and impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion Selection Subcommittee for the “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” field Fields Selection Committee for the 2022 Japan Prize The cost of solar power dropped below the cost of fossil fuel generated In spite of improved survival rates, the grim fate of most diagnosed Chairman Members power in the mid-2010s, and the world began to realize that the adoption of patients is to succumb to the disease or one of its associated comorbidities. Yoichiro Matsumoto Tadafumi Adschiri Hisashi Nakamura Chairman Members solar power could lead to the decarbonization of society through the adoption Improved survival rates over the last several decades are, in part, the result President Professor Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Michiharu Nakamura Yozo Fujino Kazuo Kyuma of solar power had become possible. The reason for this is that improved of discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. The medical advancements Tokyo University of Science Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University The University of Tokyo Counselor to the President President, Josai University President Muneo Hori Suguru Noda Japan Science and Technology Agency Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo National Agriculture and Food Research Organization energy conversion efficiency had resulted in reduced costs of manufacturing underpinning discovery of novel therapeutics and improvements in access to Professor Emeritus, Yokohama National University Director-General Professor Director, The Japan Prize Foundation solar photovoltaic devices, thus enabling the construction of large-scale solar care, and early detection were predicated on innumerable basic and clinical Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Ken Furuya Eiichi Nakamura Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Deputy Chairman Vice Chairman Professor, Graduate School of Science and University Professor power plants. research findings that have elucidated the inner workings of cancer Engineering, Soka University Department of Chemistry Koichi Hishida Yuya Kajikawa Taikan Oki Prof. Martin Green has been researching improvements in energy development and survival mechanisms. Understood as a general principle, Professor, School of Environment and Society Professor Kazuhito Hashimoto Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Professor Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo conversion efficiency in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since the cancer arises through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations Organization for the Strategic Coordination President Mariko Hasegawa Yuichi Sugiyama of Research and Intellectual Properties Norichika Kanie Nobuko Saigusa National Institute for Materials Science President Head 1970s, and has proposed a variety of new technologies emphasizing the and alterations that are favorable to the survival and expansion of the tumor Professor Director, Center for Global Environmental Research The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University National Institute for Environmental Studies Kohei Miyazono SOKENDAI Mariko Takahashi importance of suppressing the recombination of electrons and electron cells. This concept has been termed “multi-step carcinogenesis model” and Noboru Kikuchi Chiharu Tokoro Professor Masaru Kitsuregawa The Science Coordinator “holes”. He achieved an energy conversion efficiency of 24.7% with his has served as a reliable and accepted foundation for subsequent oncological President Professor Department of Molecular Pathology Director General, National Institute of Informatics The Asahi Shimbun Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. Faculty of Science and Engineering Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Professor, Institute of Industrial Science Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar cells in 1999 (certified at research. Many of the seminal studies underpinning the multi-step Waseda University The University of Tokyo Masayuki Yamamoto Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo 25.0% after standards changed in 2008), and PERC solar cells have been carcinogenesis model were the research discoveries made by Drs. Robert Selection Subcommittee for the “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field Professor Emeritus, National Institute for Basic Biology adopted for use in many crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices. Weinberg and Bert Vogelstein. In addition, many of the individuals trained by Prof. Green have brought Chairman Members (alphabetical order, titles as of November, 2020) Tadatsugu Taniguchi Teruo Fujii Rami Suzuki large-scale solar photovoltaic devices to markets around the world, and in Professor Emeritus Executive Vice President, The University of Tokyo CEO and Representative Director Schedule (2022-2024) Advisor to the Office of President Professor Ferring Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. doing so, have contributed to the increased adoption of solar power. The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo The eligible fields for the Japan Prize (2022 to 2024) have been decided for the two research areas, respectively. Hiroshi Hamada Junko Takita Team Leader, Laboratory for Organismal Patterning Professor These fields rotate every year in a three year cycle. RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University Midori Kamimura Kazuhiko Yamamoto Every year the Fields Selection Committee announces the eligible fields for the next three years. The creation of the Japan Prize was motivated by the Japanese The eligible fields of this award cover all fields of science and technology. Deputy Chairman Distinguished research scientist Director government’s desire to “contribute to the development of science and Every year, two fields for the award presentation are chosen by considering TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences technology worldwide by establishing a prestigious international award”. the developments in science and technology. Masanori Hatakeyama Areas of Physics, Chemistry, Informatics, and Engineering Areas of Life Science, Agriculture, and Medicine Professor Hideki Katagiri Motoko Yanagita Supported by numerous private donations, the Japan Prize was established in As a general rule, one award is given for each field and each laureate Graduate School of Medicine Vice Dean Professor Year Eligible Fields Year Eligible Fields 1983 with a cabinet endorsement. receives a certificate of merit, a prize medal and a cash prize. The University of Tokyo Tohoku University School of Medicine Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University This award honors scientists and researchers worldwide who are The Presentation Ceremony is held annually in the presence of Their Noriko Osumi Yoshihiro Yoneda 2022 Materials and Production 2022 Biological Production, Ecology/ Environment recognized for having contributed signifi cantly to the peace and prosperity Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan and is also attended by the Vice President, Tohoku University Director General of humankind through their original and outstanding achievements that have Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of House of Professor, Tohoku University School of Medicine National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition 2023 Electronics, Information, and Communication 2023 Life Science greatly advanced the progress of science and technology. Councilors, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and various ministers as 2024 Resources, Energy, Environment, and Social Infrastructure 2024 Medical Science and Medicinal Science well as eminent figures from various circles. (alphabetical order, titles as of January, 2021) ThereThere exists exists a relation a relation where where the the remainderremainder of e×dof e×d divided divided by (p-1)×(q-1)by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1,is so 1, dso cannot d cannot be becomputed computed without without knowingknowing the the prime prime numbers numbers p and p and q. q.

PrimePrime numbers numbers n and n and q are q are extremely extremely large.large. Even Even a super a super computer computer running running for for10 thousand10 thousand years years would would not not be beable able to computeto compute the the prime prime factorization factorization of n.of n.

“Resources,“Resources, Energy, Energy, the the Environment, Environment, and and Social Social Infrastructure Infrastructure” Field” Field TheThe majority majority of ofthose those are are a p-na p-n junction junction solar solar cells, cells, which which have have p-type p-type energyenergy conversion conversion efficiencies efficiencies as ashigh high as as50%. 50%. However, However, most most of ofthose those devices devices “Medical“Medical Science, Science, Medicinal Medicinal Science” Science” field field intointo an aninactive inactive state state to toprevent prevent excessive excessive cell cell growth. growth. On On the the other other hand, hand, siliconsilicon is placedis placed adjacent adjacent to ton-type n-type silicon. silicon. When When struck struck by by photons photons from from areare currently currently in inuse use in inouter outer space space and and other other specialized specialized environments, environments, or orthey they thethe product product of ofthe the mutated mutated RAS RAS continues continues to toremain remain in inthe the active active form; form; in in TheThe ripple ripple effects effects of ofthe the achievements achievements thethe sun, sun, the the energy energy causes causes the the release release of ofa negatively-charged a negatively-charged electron electron and and areare still still in inthe the research research and and development development stage. stage. byby Drs. Drs. Weinberg Weinberg and and Vogelstein Vogelstein AchievementAchievement : developing : developing high-efficiency high-efficiency silicon silicon photovoltaic photovoltaic analogyanalogy to tocar car driving, driving, the the driver driver keeps keeps stepping stepping on on the the accelerator accelerator (Fig. (Fig. 2). 2). a positively-chargeda positively-charged “hole,” “hole,” whereby whereby the the electron electron moves moves into into the the n-type n-type TheThe crystalline crystalline silicon silicon solar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic device device invented invented by by Professor Professor AchievementAchievement : or : or their their pioneering pioneering work work in inconceptualizing conceptualizing a a devicesdevices multi-stepmulti-step model model of ofcarcinogenesis carcinogenesis and and its its application application and and ThisThis “oncogene” “oncogene” was was simultaneously simultaneously discovered discovered by by other other groups, groups, but but siliconsilicon and and the the hole hole moves moves into into the the p-type p-type silicon. silicon. That That charge charge then then flows flows GreenGreen is isnow now in inuse use around around the the world, world, but but he hedid did not not end end his his involvement involvement impactimpact on on improving improving cancer cancer diagnosis diagnosis and and therapy therapy Dr.Dr. Weinberg Weinberg further further advanced advanced his his study study using using primary primary cultured cultured cells, cells, TheThe scientific scientific and and social social contribution contribution of ofthe the work work by by Drs. Drs. Weinberg Weinberg Prof.Prof. Martin Martin Andrew Andrew Green Green (Australia) (Australia) outout the the electrodes electrodes (or (or contacts) contacts) as aselectrical electrical power. power. there.there. He He has has continued continued to perfectto perfect his his invention invention by by improving improving energy energy conver conver- - whichwhich cannot cannot be betransformed transformed by by the the mutant mutant RAS RAS gene gene alone. alone. He He then then andand Vogelstein Vogelstein has has been been immeasurable immeasurable to tothe the cancer cancer field. field. Their Their efforts efforts Born:Born: July July 20, 20, 1948 1948 (Age: (Age: 72) 72) A highA high energy energy conversion conversion rate rate can can be beobtained obtained if everyif every electron-hole electron-hole pair pair sionsion efficiency, efficiency, increasing increasing performance, performance, and and reducing reducing costs. costs. As As a result,a result, Prof.Prof. Bert Bert Vogelstein Vogelstein (USA) (USA) havehave provided provided a paradigma paradigm of ofcancer cancer progression progression that that has has shaped shaped our our Professor,Professor, University University of ofNew New South South Wales Wales (UNSW (UNSW Sydney) Sydney) thatthat is isgenerated generated can can be beextracted extracted as aspower, power, but but in inpractice, practice, energy energy is islost lost he hehas has helped helped make make solar solar power power generation generation a viablea viable means means of ofachieving achieving a a Born:Born: June June 2, 2,1949 1949 (Age: (Age: 71) 71) demonstrateddemonstrated that that these these primary primary cells cells become become cancer cancer cells cells by by introducing introducing viewview up up through through today. today. While While this this has has produced produced important important changes changes in in whenwhen the the electrons electrons and and holes holes recombine. recombine. (See (See figure figure on on following following page.) page.) decarbonizeddecarbonized society. society. Professor,Professor, Johns Johns Hopkins Hopkins University University School School of ofMedicine Medicine multiplemultiple oncogenes. oncogenes. During During this this research, research, Dr. Dr. Weinberg Weinberg also also assumed assumed the the SolarSolar power power is ais cleana clean energy energy source source not not only only because because it emitsit emits no nocarbon carbon presencepresence of ofgenes genes the the products products of ofwhich which suppress suppress cancer cancer cell cell development development howhow cancer cancer is diagnosedis diagnosed and and treated, treated, the the complexity complexity of ofcancer cancer evolution evolution Dr.Dr. Robert Robert A. A. Weinberg Weinberg (USA) (USA) dioxidedioxide when when producing producing power, power, but but also also because because solar solar power power produces produces andand greatly greatly contributed contributed to tothe the discovery discovery of ofRB RB gene, gene, the the first first of ofso-called so-called hashas proven proven much much greater greater than than any any could could have have imagined. imagined. Drs. Drs. Weinberg Weinberg PredictedPredicted Growth Growth of ofSolar Solar Power Power moremore energy energy than than the the energy energy used used to tomanufacture manufacture and and dispose dispose of ofsolar solar cells. cells. Born:Born: November November 11, 11, 1942 1942 (Age: (Age: 78) 78) andand Vogelstein Vogelstein have have published published influential influential conceptual conceptual cornerstones cornerstones Member,Member, Whitehead Whitehead Institute Institute for for Biomedical Biomedical Research Research “tumor“tumor suppressor suppressor genes”; genes”; in inanalogy analogy to tocar car driving, driving, the the driver driver puts puts on on the the PERCPERC solar solar cells cells and and Prof. Prof. Green’s Green’s role role Moreover,Moreover, solar solar power power can can be beflexibly flexibly adapted adapted to tomeet meet various various needs, needs, from from Professor,Professor, Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute Institute of ofTechnology Technology (MIT) (MIT) brakes.brakes. Thus, Thus, these these studies studies lead lead to tothe the establishment establishment of ofa paradigma paradigm that that articlesarticles of ofmodern modern cancer cancer research, research, namely, namely, Hallmarks Hallmarks of ofCancer Cancer by by Dr. Dr. In Inorder order to torealize realize our our dreams dreams of ofachieving achieving a decarbonizeda decarbonized society, society, there there in inimproving improving solar solar cell cell efficiency efficiency large-scalelarge-scale megawatt megawatt and and gigawatt gigawatt level level power power plants plants to small-scaleto small-scale residential residential cancercancer will will arise arise by by the the appearance appearance of ofoncogenes oncogenes and and disappearance disappearance of of Weinberg,Weinberg, together together with with Dr. Dr. Douglas Douglas Hanahan Hanahan (Fig. (Fig. 6), 6), and and Vogelgram Vogelgram needsneeds to beto bea shift a shift towards towards the the use use of ofelectrical electrical power power generated generated by by renewable renewable generationgeneration using using roof-top roof-top solar solar arrays. arrays. Distributed Distributed electric electric power power generation generation byby Dr. Dr. Vogelstein Vogelstein (Fig. (Fig. 5). 5). sourcessources that that do do not not emit emit carbon carbon dioxide, dioxide, a contributinga contributing factor factor to toglobal global In In1954, 1954, Bell Bell Labs Labs invented invented the the p-n-junction p-n-junction crystalline crystalline silicon silicon solar solar pho pho- - throughthrough small-scale small-scale facilities facilities can can help help reduce reduce the the severity severity and and scale scale of ofdamage damage Summary:Summary: Discoveries Discoveries of ofoncogenes oncogenes and and tumor tumor suppressor suppressor tumortumor suppressor suppressor genes genes (Fig. (Fig. 3). 3). Overall,Overall, the the paradigm paradigm set set out out by by these these two two investigators investigators has has estab estab- - warming.warming. Renewables Renewables include include solar, solar, wind, wind, and and geothermal geothermal power, power, but but in inthe the tovoltaictovoltaic device. device. That That device device was was improved improved and and developed developed for for commercial commercial causedcaused during during natural natural disasters. disasters. When When solar solar power power and and other other renewables renewables genes genes and and proposal/verification proposal/verification of ofthe the multi-step multi-step past,past, introducing introducing such such sources sources was was difficult difficult due due to tothe the increased increased costs costs when when useuse at atCOMSAT COMSAT Labs Labs in inthe the US US during during the the 1970s, 1970s, but but energy energy conversion conversion becomebecome the the backbone backbone of ofour our electric electric power power generation generation infrastructure, infrastructure, we we will will carcinogenesiscarcinogenesis model. model. lishedlished principles principles that that have have enabled enabled an anunderstanding understanding of ofthe the complexity complexity comparedcompared to tofossil fossil fuel-fired fuel-fired power power plants plants and and hydroelectric hydroelectric power. power. efficiencyefficiency peaked peaked at at17%. 17%. havehave attained attained the the ability ability to toproduce produce electricity electricity in ina more a more sustainable sustainable way. way. of ofcancer, cancer, especially especially in inproviding providing a stronga strong rationale rationale for for early early cancer cancer In Inthe the mid-2010s, mid-2010s, solar solar power power costs costs dropped dropped below below those those of offossil fossil fuel fuel In In1975, 1975, Professor Professor Green Green pointed pointed out out that that electron electron and and hole hole recombination recombination Dr.Dr. Weinberg Weinberg discovered discovered the the presence presence of ofcellular cellular genes, genes, called called proto-onco proto-onco- - Dr.Dr. Vogelstein’s Vogelstein’s achievements achievements detectiondetection and and intervention. intervention. Their Their accomplishments accomplishments have have served served as asthe the “ “” ” power,power, and and thus thus began began the the era era of ofsolar solar power power plants plants being being able able to tobe bebuilt built neededneeded to tobe besuppressed suppressed in inorder order to toimprove improve energy energy conversion conversion efficiency, efficiency, HistoryHistory of ofimprovements improvements in inpower power generation generation efficiency efficiency genes,genes, which which can can be beconverted converted to tocancer-causing cancer-causing oncogenes oncogenes by by a mutation(s). a mutation(s). basisbasis for for many many of ofthe the contemporary contemporary developments developments of oftargeted targeted cancer cancer cheapercheaper than than fossil fossil fuel fuel plants. plants. Solar Solar power power generation generation is expectedis expected to toundergo undergo andand suggested suggested that that by by doing doing so, so, they they would would be beable able to toimprove improve solar solar cell cell HeHe also also contributed contributed in inthe the discovery discovery of ofa gene, a gene, now now called called a tumor a tumor suppressor suppressor Dr.Dr. Vogelstein Vogelstein took took a differenta different approach, approach, using using methods methods of ofmolecular molecular therapies.therapies. Indeed, Indeed, the the notion notion of of“precision “precision medicine” medicine” in inoncology oncology has has rapidrapid expansion expansion in inthe the future future (see (see above above graph).Behind graph).Behind this this paradigm paradigm shift shift performanceperformance by by 1.5 1.5 times. times. After After achieving achieving efficiencies efficiencies of of18% 18% in in1983, 1983, he he 19541954 BellBell Labs Labs invents invents crystalline crystalline silicon silicon solar solar cell cell geneticsgenetics combined combined with with histopathology histopathology of oflarge large intestinal intestinal lesions lesions to toshow show beenbeen synthesized synthesized from from many many of oftheir their ideas. ideas. Overall, Overall, their their work work has has not not is theis the ability ability of ofsolar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic devices devices (commonly (commonly known known as assolar solar cells) cells) continuedcontinued to toinvent invent new new technologies technologies and and set set new new efficiency efficiency records. records. In In gene,gene, that that is requiredis required for for the the protection protection of ofcells cells to tobecome become cancer cancer cells. cells. Dr. Dr. 19731973 COMSATCOMSAT Labs Labs achieves achieves 17% 17% efficiency, efficiency, remains remains peak peak thereafter thereafter onlyonly advanced advanced basic basic cancer cancer research, research, but but also also created created the the transformative transformative to toconvert convert solar solar energy energy to toelectric electric power power at athigh high rates rates of ofefficiency, efficiency, and and the the 1999,1999, he heachieved achieved that that 1.5 1.5 times times improvement improvement with with an anefficiency efficiency of of24.7% 24.7% VogelsteinVogelstein independently independently searched searched for for actual actual mutated mutated genes genes in inhuman human cancer cancer thatthat a series a series of ofmutations mutations in incancer-associated cancer-associated genes genes (i.e. (i.e., APC, APC, RAS, RAS, TP53, TP53, , reductionreduction in inpower power generation generation costs costs that that have have allowed allowed for for the the construction construction of of (certified(certified at at25% 25% after after changes changes in instandards standards in in2008). 2008). 19751975 ProfessorProfessor Green Green proposes proposes new new concept concept suggesting suggesting potential potential 1.5 1.5 times times cellscells and and discovered discovered numerous numerous new new genes genes that that are are critical critical to tothe the development development andand others) others) were were associated associated with with the the progression progression from from benign benign adenomas adenomas to to fieldfield of ofcancer cancer drug drug development development that that is isimproving improving the the lives lives of ofmany many increaseincrease in efficiencyin efficiency using using advanced advanced recombination recombination suppression suppression large-scalelarge-scale solar solar power power plants. plants. Prof. Prof. Green Green has has been been working working on on improving improving Prof.Prof. Green Green brought brought about about that that incredible incredible result result with with the the solar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic of ofcancer. cancer. On On the the basis basis of ofthese these achievements, achievements, the the concept concept of of“multi-step “multi-step increasinglyincreasingly aggressive aggressive colon colon adenocarcinomas, adenocarcinomas, establishing establishing a foundationa foundation cancercancer patients. patients. conversionconversion efficiency efficiency of ofcrystalline crystalline silicon silicon solar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic devices devices since since devicedevice shown shown in inthe the diagram diagram above. above. In Inaddition addition to tousing using other other conventional conventional 19831983 Prof.Prof. Green Green achieves achieves 18% 18% efficiency efficiency carcinogenesiscarcinogenesis model” model” was was established. established. Although Although many many other other investigators investigators of ofmulti-step multi-step carcinogenesis carcinogenesis model model (Fig.5). (Fig.5). In Infact, fact, Dr. Dr. Vogelstein Vogelstein was was thethe 1970s, 1970s, and and he hehas has achieved achieved many many successes successes over over that that time. time. technologies,technologies, recombination recombination is suppressedis suppressed in indifferent different areas areas of ofthis this device device by by AchievedAchieved through through passivation passivation of ofsilicon-electrode silicon-electrode interface interface and and contributedcontributed to tothis this field, field, Drs. Drs. Weinberg Weinberg and and Vogelstein Vogelstein stand stand out out in inthat that amongamong the the first first to todemonstrate demonstrate that that TP53, TP53, which which was was originally originally considered considered FigureFigure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図 oxidizingoxidizing the the front front and and rear rear surfaces surfaces to todeactivate deactivate them them (called (called passivation) passivation) currentcurrent extraction extraction through through local local tunnel tunnel junction junction theythey continued continued their their innovative innovative research research as asthe the pioneers pioneers and and leaders leaders in incorrob corrob- - as asan anoncogene, oncogene, is isa tumora tumor suppressor suppressor gene. gene. His His discoveries, discoveries, in inparallel parallel 転移能転移能をもつをもつ andand by by making making the the interface interface between between the the silicon silicon and and the the electrode electrode as assmall small as as 正常な細胞正常な細胞 過形成過形成 良性腫瘍良性腫瘍 がんがん がんがん 19831983 Prof.Prof. Green Green invents invents PERC PERC oratingorating this this concept. concept. In Infact, fact, Dr. Dr. Weinberg Weinberg experimentally experimentally demonstrated demonstrated the the withwith those those of ofDr. Dr. Weinberg, Weinberg, have have also also led led to tothe the opening opening of ofthe the field field of of possiblepossible to tokeep keep diffusion diffusion local. local. The The structure structure shown shown in inthe the diagram diagram is calledis called UsesUses passivation passivation of offront front and and rear rear surfaces surfaces TheThe mechanisms mechanisms behind behind solar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic devices devices cancercancer genomics, genomics, now now an anespecially especially powerful powerful force force in indiscerning discerning and and devel devel- - 遺伝子変異／遺伝子変異／がん抑制遺伝子①がん抑制遺伝子①がん遺伝子❶がん遺伝子❶がん抑制遺伝子②がん抑制遺伝子② 転移能を制御する転移能を制御する a PERCa PERC or orPERL PERL (Passivated (Passivated Emitter Emitter with with Rear Rear Locally-diffused) Locally-diffused) solar solar requirementrequirement of ofmultiple multiple oncogenes oncogenes to toconvert convert normal normal cells cells into into cancer cancer cells, cells, 異常の蓄積：異常の蓄積：の消失(不活性化）の消失(不活性化） の変異の変異 の消失の消失 遺伝子を遺伝子をONO/ONFF/OにFFするにする andand solar solar power power generation generation Prof.Prof. Green Green achieves achieves 24.7% 24.7% efficiency efficiency cell,cell, and and it isit theis the most most common common type type of ofcrystalline crystalline silicon silicon solar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic 19991999 whilewhile Dr. Dr. Vogelstein Vogelstein verified verified the the concept concept by by molecular molecular genetics genetics combined combined opingoping mechanism-based mechanism-based human human cancer cancer diagnosis diagnosis and and therapeutics. therapeutics. On On the the がん遺伝子❷がん遺伝子❷ の変異の変異 devicedevice in inuse use today. today. 20082008 Prof.Prof. Green Green solar solar cells cells certified certified at at25.0% 25.0% efficiency efficiency withwith histopathology histopathology of oflarge large intestinal intestinal lesions, lesions, from from which which human human colorectal colorectal basisbasis of ofthe the series series of ofdiscoveries, discoveries, Dr. Dr. Vogelstein Vogelstein has has authored authored conceptual conceptual 大腸がんでは：大腸がんでは：APCAPC K-RAK-SRAS TP5TP3 53 ThereThere are are many many types types of ofdevices devices that that generate generate power power from from sunlight, sunlight, cancerscancers arise, arise, to toshow show the the association association of ofa series a series of ofmutations mutations in incancer-asso cancer-asso- - cornerstonecornerstone of ofmodern modern cancer cancer research, research, namely, namely, the the Vogelgram Vogelgram. . butbut crystalline crystalline silicon silicon (a (atype type of ofsemiconductor) semiconductor) is issaid said to tobe befound found in in ciatedciated genes. genes. Thus, Thus, they they revealed revealed pivotal pivotal roles roles for for certain certain human human oncogenes oncogenes FigureFigure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い approximatelyapproximately 95% 95% of ofsolar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic devices devices in inuse use around around the the world. world. LightLight reflection reflection PassivatedPassivated front front surface surface 早期診断早期診断：例えば血中のDNAか：例えば血中のDNAから ら 個別化治療個別化治療：遺伝子解析：遺伝子解析によって、個々のによって、個々の BuildingBuilding a morea more secure secure society society with with solar solar power power generation generation preventionprevention andand tumor tumor suppressor suppressor genes genes in inthe the propagation propagation and and suppression suppression of ofnumerous numerous 初期の変異初期の変異を検出するを検出する がんに対がんに対してしベてストな治療方法を選べるベストな治療方法を選べる ElectrodeElectrode thinning thinning (published(published in 1984 in 1984 paper) paper) InstalledInstalled power power generation generation capacity capacity by bysource source in thein the State State Policies Policies Scenario, Scenario, 200-2040 200-2040 DNADNA RASタンパク質RASタンパク質 変異型RASタ変異型RASタンパク質ンパク質 commoncommon human human cancers. cancers. Their Their discoveries discoveries have have also also led led to tothe the opening opening of ofthe the 指令指令 FearonFearon ER andER and Vogelstein Vogelstein B (1990). B (1990). GW GW(Gigawatts) (Gigawatts) 細胞が増えるために細胞が増えるために A geneticA genetic model model for colorectalfor colorectal tumorigenesis. tumorigenesis. Cell Cell 61, 61,759‒767. 759‒767.より改編より改編 35003500 fieldfield of ofcancer cancer genomics, genomics, now now an anespecially especially powerful powerful force force in indiscerning discerning and and CoalCoal A varietyA variety of ofsolar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic devices devices are are in usein use today, today, and and some some even even have have 必要なタンパク質必要なタンパク質 常に常に SolarSolar PV PVNaturalNatural Gas Gas OxidationOxidation developingdeveloping mechanism-based mechanism-based human human cancer cancer diagnostics diagnostics and and therapeutics. therapeutics. 働いて細胞を働いて細胞を 30003000 p+ p+ 必要な時だけ必要な時だけ FigureFigure Oil Oil 増やし続ける増やし続ける 6：6： “Hallmarks “Hallmarks of ofCancer”の各要素を標的に進められる Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められる NuclearNuclear n+ n+ 働いて細胞を働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発 がん分子標的治療薬の開発 25002500 n-emittern-emitter + + 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異）遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異） NaturalNatural Gas Gas WindWind + p-type+ p-type silicon silicon p p p p p+ p+ 指令指令 増やす増やす CoalCoal SolarSolar PV PV PassivatedPassivated rear rear surface surface 20002000 治療薬治療薬 治療薬治療薬 OtherOther (published(published in 1985 in 1985 paper) paper) Dr.Dr. Weinberg’s Weinberg’s achievements achievements HerceptinHerceptin OxidationOxidation FigureFigure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 CDK4/6CDK4/6 15001500 renewablesrenewables LocalLocal diffusion diffusion TKITKI inhibitor inhibitor (published(published in 1999 in 1999 paper) paper) inhibitorsinhibitors HydroHydro WindWind HydroHydro 原がん遺伝子原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子がん抑制遺伝子 MEKMEK inhibitors inhibitors 10001000 BatteryBattery storage storage 治療薬治療薬 RASRAS inhibitors inhibitors 治療薬治療薬 CommercializedCommercialized version version of Prof.of Prof. Green’s Green’s high high efficiency efficiency solar solar pho photovoltaictovoltaic device device (based (based on on Dr.Dr. Weinberg Weinberg helped helped launch launch this this new new era era of ofhuman human cancer cancer genes. genes. In Inelegant elegant APCAPC AerobicAerobic Anti-PD1Anti-PD1 OtherOther renewables renewables diagramdiagram in his in his1999 1999 paper). paper). The The blue blue text text denotes denotes technologie technologies createds created by Prof.by Prof. Green. Green. andand original original research, research, he heintroduced introduced extracted extracted and and fragmented fragmented DNA DNA from from RASRAS 500500 通常は細胞増殖に必要通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑通常は細胞増殖を抑えるえる glycolysisglycolysis 増殖抑制増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1AntiPD-L1 異常増殖異常増殖 NuclearNuclear cancercancer cells cells and and then then introduced introduced the the fragmented fragmented DNA DNA into into cancerous cancerous cells cells and and inhibitorsinhibitors シグナルシグナル Anti-CTLA4Anti-CTLA4 Oil Oil シグナルシグナル BatteryBattery storage storage からの逃避からの逃避 0 0 foundfound an anappearance appearance of ofcancer cancer cell cell clones clones (Fig. (Fig. 1). 1). When When he hethen then analyzed analyzed the the 変異変異 変異変異 20002000 20052005 2010201020152015 2020202020252025 20302030203520352040204年 0年 1km1km エネルギーエネルギー 免疫からの免疫からの Source:Source: IEA IEA World World Energy Energy Outlook Outlook 2019 2019 Small-scaleSmall-scale hydroelectric hydroelectric cancercancer cell-derived cell-derived genes genes in inthese these cells, cells, he hediscovered discovered a mutateda mutated form form of ofthe the OffshoreOffshore wind wind power power ✖✖ 代謝異常代謝異常 逃避逃避 SourceSource : Google : Google Earth Earth powerpower RASRAS gene. gene. Normal Normal RAS RAS gene gene product product is importantis important for for the the promotion promotion of ofcell cell PricePrice reduction reduction and and spread spread of ofsolar solar photovoltaic photovoltaic devices devices NoorNoor Abu Abu Dhabi Dhabi PV PowerPV Power Plant, Plant, a gigawatt-level a gigawatt-level solar solar power power pla ntpla innt Abu in Abu Dhabi. Dhabi. This This power power plant plant SmartSmart grid grid がん遺伝子の発現がん遺伝子の発現 がん抑制遺伝子の消失がん抑制遺伝子の消失 [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] growthgrowth and and it is it transientlyis transiently activated activated by by cell cell growth growth signals signals and and then then converted converted 治療薬治療薬 is installedis installed with with p-n p-n junction junction crystalline crystalline silicon silicon cells, cells, which which use use the the same same structure structure as theas the PERC PERC （細胞増殖が止ま（細胞増殖が止まらならくなる）なくなる） （細胞増殖（細胞増殖を抑えを抑えられらなれくなる）なくなる） 治療薬治療薬 100100 ProapoptoticProapoptotic アポアポ 無限の無限の developmentdevelopment by byProf. Prof. Green. Green. They They are are considered considered environmentally environmentally friendly friendly because because they they can can BH3BH3 トーシストーシス 増殖能の増殖能の TelomeraseTelomerase generategenerate between between 10 and10 and 30 times30 times the the amount amount of energy of energy required required to produceto produce the the devices, devices, though though mimeticsmimetics 抵抗性抵抗性 獲得獲得 inhibitorsinhibitors 19901990 thisthis is dependent is dependent on onlocation location and and technologies technologies used. used. Module Price Module Price 19801980 FigureFigure 1：がん遺伝子の発見 1：がん遺伝子の発見 細胞のがん化細胞のがん化 10 10 TP53TP53 遺伝子遺伝子 発がん発がん 20102010 20002000 Mega-solar/Giga-solarMega-solar/Giga-solar plant plant 不安定性の不安定性の 促進性慢性促進性慢性 FigureFigure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（ 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53TP53遺伝子産物）の働き遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得獲得 炎症の惹起炎症の惹起 1 1 20152015 ElectronElectron hole hole ElectronElectron 治療薬治療薬 血管血管 湿潤・湿潤・ 治療薬治療薬 FrontFront contact contact がん細胞がん細胞 刺激なし刺激なし 新生促進新生促進 転移能の転移能の PARPPARP anti-anti- Roof-basedRoof-based small-scale small-scale がん化しがん化しそうな細胞をそうな細胞を 獲得獲得 がん化にがん化に inhibitorsinhibitors inflammatoryinflammatory 0.0 0.0 N-typeN-type silicon silicon powerpower generation generation （断片化した）（断片化した） 自殺させる自殺させる Fast-chargingFast-charging station station あと一歩の細胞あと一歩の細胞 drugsdrugs 0.0010.001 0.010.01 0.1 0.1 1 1 10 10 100100 10001000 1000010000 RecombinationRecombination SmartSmart house house (for(for electric electric vehicles) vehicles) DNAを取DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞り出して黄色の細胞に入れるに入れる p5p53 3 CumulativeCumulative production production (GWp) (GWp) 治療薬治療薬 治療薬治療薬 p-np-n junction junction Up Upuntil until 2000, 2000, improvements improvements in conversion in conversion efficiency efficiency were were a major a major factor factor in the in the reduced reduced cost cost of solar of solar InhibitorsInhibitors of of 細胞が完全にがん化した細胞が完全にがん化した InhibitorsInhibitors of of photovoltaicphotovoltaic devices, devices, but but in the in the 2000s, 2000s, the the increased increased size size of power of power plants plants also also began began to contribute to contribute to to 放射線放射線 p5p53 3 VEGFVEGF signaling signaling LargeLarge and and small-scale small-scale solar solar power power plants plants can can be distributedbe distributed thr oughoutthroughout a region a region and and can can be tailoredbe tailored c-Met/HGFc-Met/HGF lowerlower prices. prices. Prof. Prof. Green Green has has contributed contributed to both to both elements elements of t ofhat that equation, equation, having having been been involved involved in in RecombinationRecombination 細胞に導入さ細胞に導入されたれ遺た伝子は遺伝子はRARSAというSという 発がん物質発がん物質 bothboth technological technological development development and and the the cultivation cultivation of individua of individuals whols who are areinvolved involved in the in the evolution evolution to matchto match the the natural natural and and urban urban environments environments of the of the area. area. Other Other types types of renewable of renewable energy energy power power 細胞増殖細胞増殖を止め、を止め、 P-typeP-type silicon silicon タンタパク質をンパク質をコードコードする遺する遺伝子伝で子そでれそにれに andand expansion expansion of solar of solar power power generation. generation. (Source: (Source: Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Report, Report, Fraunhofer Fraunhofer Institute Institute for for plantsplants can can also also be beconstructed, constructed, and and if the if the entire entire system system is connected is connected by bya smart a smart grid, grid, it can it can 損傷したDNAを損傷したDNAを HanahanHanahan D and D and Weinberg Weinberg RA (2011).RA (2011). HallmarksHallmarks of cancer: of cancer: the thenext next generation. generation. Cell Cell 144, 144, 646-674. 646-674. より改編 より改編 SolarSolar Energy Energy Systems, Systems, ISE ISEwith with support support of PSE of PSE Projects Projects GmbH, GmbH, 16 September16 September 2020) 2020) RearRear contact contact redistributeredistribute power power as needed as needed and and ensure ensure continued continued power power supply supply in the in the case case of disaster. of disaster. 変異が生じ変異が生じているていることがことが判明判明 “修復“修復”する”する There exists a relation where the There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q. knowing the prime numbers p and q.

Prime numbers n and q are extremely Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n. to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, the Environment, and Social Infrastructure” Field The majority of those are a p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type energy“Resources, conversion Energy, efficiencies the Environment, as high as 50%. and However, Social Infrastructure most of those ”devices Field The“Medical majority ofScience, those are Medicinal a p-n junction Science” solar cells, field which have p-type into anenergy inactive conversion state to efficienciesprevent excessive as high cellas 50%. growth. However, On the most other of thosehand, devices “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, silicon is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from are currently in use in outer space and other specialized environments, or they silicon is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from the productare currently of the inmutated use in RASouter continuesspace and toother remain specialized in the active environments, form; in or theyThe ripple effects of the achievements the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements the sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and are still in the research and development stage. the sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and are still in the research and development stage. by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device invented by Professor aAchievement positively-charged : or their“hole,” pioneering whereby the work electron in conceptualizing moves into the n-type a The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device invented by Professor Achievement : or their pioneering work in conceptualizing a devices devices multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Green is now in use around the world, but he did not end his involvement silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Green is now in use around the world, but he did not end his involvement impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientificimpact and on social improving contribution cancer of thediagnosis work by andDrs. therapyWeinberg Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. there.Prof. He Martinhas continued Andrew to perfect Greenhis invention (Australia) by improving energy conver- out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. there. He has continued to perfect his invention by improving energy conver- which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) A high energy conversion rate can be obtained if every electron-hole pair sionBorn: efficiency, July 20, 1948increasing (Age: performance, 72) and reducing costs. As a result, Prof.A high Bert energy Vogelstein conversion rate (USA) can be obtained if every electron-hole pair sion efficiency, increasing performance, and reducing costs. As a result,have providedProf. a paradigmBert Vogelstein of cancer progression (USA) that has shaped our have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost heProfessor, has helped University make solar of powerNew South generation Wales a (UNSWviable means Sydney) of achieving a thatBorn: is Junegenerated 2, 1949 can (Age: be extracted 71) as power, but in practice, energy is lost demonstratedhe has helped that these make primary solar power cells become generation cancer a viable cells bymeans introducing of achieving a Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing view up through today. While this has produced important changes in view up through today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (See figure on following page.) decarbonized society. whenProfessor, the electrons Johns Hopkins and holes University recombine. School (See of figure Medicine on following page.) multipledecarbonized oncogenes. society. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon presenceSolar of genes power the is products a clean ofenergy which source suppress not canceronly because cell development it emits no carbonhow cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces and greatlydioxide contributed when producing to the discovery power, but of RBalso gene, because the first solar of so-calledpower produces has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Predicted Growth of Solar Power morePredicted energy than Growth the energy of Solarused to Power manufacture and dispose of solar cells. Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar cells.and VogelsteinBorn: Novemberhave published 11, 1942 influential (Age: 78) conceptual cornerstones and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, from PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, from Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modernProfessor, cancer Massachusetts research, namely, Institute Hallmarks of Technology of Cancer (MIT) by Dr. brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, there in improving solar cell efficiency large-scaleIn order megawatt to realize and our gigawatt dreams level of achieving power plants a decarbonized to small-scale society, residential there in improving solar cell efficiency large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale residential cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by renewable generationneeds to be using a shift roof-top towards solar the usearrays. of electrical Distributed power electric generated power by generation renewable generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power generationby Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to global In 1954, Bell Labs invented the p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar pho- throughsources small-scale that do not facilities emit carboncan help dioxide, reduce thea contributingseverity and scalefactor of to damage global InSummary: 1954, Bell LabsDiscoveries invented theof oncogenes p-n-junction and crystalline tumor silicon suppressor solar pho- tumorthrough suppressor small-scale genes (Fig.facilities 3). can help reduce the severity and scale of damage Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, but in the tovoltaic device. That device was improved and developed for commercial causedwarming. during Renewables natural disasters.include solar, When wind, solar and power geothermal and other power, renewables but in the tovoltaic genes device. and proposal/verification That device was improved of theand developedmulti-step for commercial caused during natural disasters. When solar power and other renewables genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased costs when use at COMSAT Labs in the US during the 1970s, but energy conversion becomepast, introducing the backbone such of sources our electric was powerdifficult generation due to the infrastructure, increased costs we whenwill usecarcinogenesis at COMSAT Labs model. in the US during the 1970s, but energy conversion become the backbone of our electric power generation infrastructure, we willlished principlescarcinogenesis that have enabled model. an understanding of the complexity lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity compared to fossil fuel-fired power plants and hydroelectric power. efficiency peaked at 17%. havecompared attained to thefossil ability fuel-fired to produce power electricity plants and in ahydroelectric more sustainable power. way. efficiency peaked at 17%. have attained the ability to produce electricity in a more sustainable way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel In 1975, Professor Green pointed out that electron and hole recombination In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel InDr. 1975, Weinberg Professor discovered Green pointedthe presence out that of cellularelectron genes, and hole called recombination proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection andDr. intervention. Weinberg discovered Their accomplishments the presence of cellularhave served genes, as called the proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built needed to be suppressed in order to improve energy conversion efficiency,“ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built needed to be suppressed in order to improve energy conversion efficiency, History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). History of improvements in power generation efficiency basis for manygenes, of which the contemporarycan be converted developments to cancer-causing of targeted oncogenes cancer by a mutation(s). basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo and suggested that by doing so, they would be able to improve solar cell cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo and suggested that by doing so, they would be able to improve solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed,He also contributedthe notion inof the“precision discovery medicine” of a gene, nowin oncology called a tumorhas suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see above graph).Behind this paradigm shift performance by 1.5 times. After achieving efficiencies of 18% in 1983, he rapid1954 expansionBell Labs in theinvents future crystalline (see above silicon graph).Behind solar cell this paradigm shift performance by 1.5 times. After achieving efficiencies of 18% in 1983, he 1954 Bell Labs invents crystalline silicon solar cell genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not is the ability of solar photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) continued to invent new technologies and set new efficiency records. In is the ability of solar photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) continuedgene, that tois requiredinvent new for thetechnologies protection andof cellsset newto become efficiency cancer records. cells. Dr.In gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. 1973 COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, remains peak thereafter 1973 COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, remains peak thereafteronly advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative to convert solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the 1999, he achieved that 1.5 times improvement with an efficiency of 24.7% to convert solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the 1999,Vogelstein he achieved independently that 1.5 searched times improvement for actual mutated with an genes efficiency in human of 24.7% cancer that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, reduction in power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of (certified at 25% after changes in standards in 2008). reduction1975 inProfessor power generationGreen proposes costs new that concept have allowed suggesting for potentialthe construction 1.5 times of (certifiedcells and atdiscovered 25% after numerous changes innew standards genes that in 2008).are critical to the development and others)1975 were Professorassociated Green with proposes the progression new concept from suggesting benign adenomas potential to1.5 timesfield of cancercells anddrug discovered development numerous that is new improving genes that the are lives critical of tomany the development and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression large-scale solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving Prof. Green brought about that incredible result with the solar photovoltaic large-scale solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving of Prof.cancer. Green On brought the basis about of thatthese incredible achievements, result withthe concept the solar of photovoltaic “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation cancer patients.of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation cancer patients. conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since device shown in the diagram above. In addition to using other conventional conversion1983 Prof. efficiency Green achievesof crystalline 18% efficiencysilicon solar photovoltaic devices since devicecarcinogenesis shown in model” the diagram was established.above. In addition Although to usingmany otherother conventionalinvestigators of multi-step1983 carcinogenesisProf. Green achievesmodel (Fig.5). 18% efficiency In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was the 1970s, and he has achieved many successes over that time. technologies, recombination is suppressed in different areas of this device by the 1970s,Achieved and he has through achieved passivation many successes of silicon-electrode over that time. interface and technologies, recombination is suppressed in different areas of this device by Achieved through passivation of silicon-electrode interface and contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図 oxidizing the front and rear surfaces to deactivate them (called passivation) current extraction through local tunnel junction oxidizing the front and rear surfaces to deactivate them (called passivation) current extraction through local tunnel junction they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel they continued their innovative research as the 転移能pioneersをもつ and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 転移能をもつ and by making the interface between the silicon and the electrode as small as and by making the interface between the silicon and the electrode as small as 正常な細胞 過形成 良性腫瘍 がん がん 正常な細胞 過形成 良性腫瘍 がん がん 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those1983 of Dr.Prof. Weinberg, Green invents have also PERC led to the opening of the field of orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of possible to keep diffusion local. The structure shown in the diagram is called Uses passivation of front and rear surfaces possible to keep diffusion local. The structure shown in the diagram is called Uses passivation of front and rear surfaces The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- 遺伝子変異／ がん抑制遺伝子① がん遺伝子❶ がん抑制遺伝子② 転移能を制御する cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- 遺伝子変異／ がん抑制遺伝子① がん遺伝子❶ がん抑制遺伝子② 転移能を制御する a PERC or PERL (Passivated Emitter with Rear Locally-diffused) solar arequirement PERC or PERLof multiple (Passivated oncogenes Emitter to convert with Rearnormal Locally-diffused) cells into cancer solarcells, 異常の蓄積：requirementの消失(不活性化） of multipleの変異 oncogenesの消失 遺伝子をto convertON/O FFnormalにする cells into cancer cells, 異常の蓄積： の消失(不活性化） の変異 の消失 遺伝子をON/OFFにする and solar power generation and solarProf. power Green achievesgeneration 24.7% efficiency Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency cell, and it is the most common type of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic 1999 cell,while and Dr. it Vogelsteinis the most verifiedcommon the type concept of crystalline by molecular silicon geneticssolar photovoltaic combined oping mechanism-based1999 human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the while Dr. Vogelstein verified theがん遺伝子❷ concept by molecular genetics combined oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the がん遺伝子❷ の変異 の変異 device in use today. 2008 Prof. Green solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency devicewith histopathology in use today. of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of2008 the seriesProf. of discoveries,Green solar cellsDr. Vogelstein certified at has 25.0% authored efficiency conceptual with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual 大腸がんでは： APC K-RAS TP53 大腸がんでは： APC K-RAS TP53 There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Figure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Figure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い approximately 95% of solar photovoltaic devices in use around the world. approximately 95% of solar photovoltaicLight reflection devices Passivated in use around front surface the world. Light reflection Passivated front surface 早期診断：例えば血中のDNAから 個別化治療：遺伝子解析によって、個々の 早期診断：例えば血中のDNAから 個別化治療：遺伝子解析によって、個々の Building a more secure society with solar power generation prevention andBuilding tumor suppressor a more secure genes in society the propagation with solar and power suppression generation of numerous prevention 初期の変異and tumorを検出する suppressor genes がんに対in the propagationしてベストな治療方法を選べる and suppression of numerous 初期の変異を検出する がんに対してベストな治療方法を選べる Electrode thinning (published in 1984 paper) Electrode thinning (published in 1984 paper) Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 200-2040 Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 200-2040 DNA RASタンパク質 変異型RASタンパク質 DNA RASタンパク質 変異型RASタンパク質 common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the 指令 common human cancers. Their discoveriesFearon ER and have Vogelstein also led B (1990). to the opening of the 指令 Fearon ER and Vogelstein B (1990). GW (Gigawatts) GW (Gigawatts) 細胞が増えるために A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759‒767.より改編 細胞が増えるために A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759‒767.より改編 3500 3500 field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and Coal A variety of solar photovoltaic devices are in use today, and some even have Coal A variety of solar photovoltaic devices are in use today, and some even have 必要なタンパク質 常に 必要なタンパク質 常に Solar PV Natural Gas Oxidation Solar PV Natural Gas developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Oxidation 働いて細胞を developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. 働いて細胞を 3000 3000 p+ 必要な時だけ p+ Figure 必要な時だけ Figure Oil Oil 増やし続ける 6： “Hallmarks of Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められる 増やし続ける 6： “Hallmarks of Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められる Nuclear n+ Nuclear n+ 働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発 働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発 2500 n-emitter2500 n-emitter + 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異）+ 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異） Natural Gas Wind + p-type silicon Naturalp Gas Wind + p-type silicon p p p+ 指令 p 増やすp+ 指令 増やす Coal Solar PV Coal Passivated Solarrear surface PV Passivated rear surface 2000 2000 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 Other (published Otherin 1985 paper) (published in 1985 paper) Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Dr. Weinberg’sHerceptin achievements Herceptin Oxidation Figure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 Oxidation CDK4/6 Figure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 CDK4/6 1500 renewables Local diffusion1500 renewables Local diffusion TKI inhibitor TKI inhibitor (published in 1999 paper) (published in 1999 paper) inhibitors inhibitors Hydro Wind Hydro Hydro Wind Hydro 原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子 MEK inhibitors 原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子 MEK inhibitors 1000 Battery storage 1000 Battery storage 治療薬 RAS inhibitors 治療薬 治療薬 RAS inhibitors 治療薬 Commercialized version of Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant Commercialized version of Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on Dr. Weinberg helpedAPC launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant APC Aerobic Anti-PD1 Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables diagram in his 1999 paper). The blue text denotes technologieOther renewabless created by Prof. Green. and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from diagram in his 1999 paper). The blue text denotes technologies created by Prof. Green. and originalRAS research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from RAS 500 500 通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑える glycolysis 増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1 通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑える glycolysis 増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1 異常増殖 異常増殖 Nuclear Nuclear cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and inhibitorscancer cells and then introducedシグナル the fragmentedAnti-CTLA4 DNA into cancerous cells and inhibitors シグナル Anti-CTLA4 Oil Oil シグナル シグナル Battery storage Battery storage からの逃避 からの逃避 0 0 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 変異 変異 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 変異 変異 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1km 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1km エネルギー 免疫からの エネルギー 免疫からの Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Source: IEA WorldSmall-scale Energy hydroelectric Outlook 2019 cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the Offshore wind power Offshore wind power ✖ 代謝異常 逃避 ✖ 代謝異常 逃避 Source : Google Earth power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for theSource promotion : Google ofEarth cell power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Price reduction and spreadSmart ofgrid solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant がん遺伝子の発現 Smart gridがん抑制遺伝子の消失 がん遺伝子の発現 がん抑制遺伝子の消失 [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted 治療薬 growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted 治療薬 is installed with p-n junction crystalline silicon cells, which use the same structure as the PERC is installed with p-n junction crystalline silicon cells, which use the same structure as the PERC （細胞増殖が止まらなくなる） （細胞増殖を抑えられなくなる） 治療薬 （細胞増殖が止まらなくなる） （細胞増殖を抑えられなくなる） 治療薬 100 100 Proapoptotic アポ 無限の Proapoptotic アポ 無限の development by Prof. Green. They are considered environmentally friendly because they can development by Prof. Green. They are considered environmentally friendly because they can BH3 トーシス 増殖能の Telomerase BH3 トーシス 増殖能の Telomerase generate between 10 and 30 times the amount of energy required to produce the devices, though generate between 10 and 30 times the amount of energy required to produce the devices, though mimetics 抵抗性 獲得 inhibitors mimetics 抵抗性 獲得 inhibitors 1990 this is dependent on location and technologies used. 1990 this is dependent on location and technologies used. Module Price 1980 Module Price 1980 Figure 1：がん遺伝子の発見 細胞のがん化 Figure 1：がん遺伝子の発見 細胞のがん化 10 10 TP53 TP53 遺伝子 発がん 遺伝子 発がん 2010 2010 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant 不安定性の 促進性慢性 不安定性の 促進性慢性 Figure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得 炎症の惹起 Figure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得 炎症の惹起 1 2015 1 2015 Electron hole Electron Electron hole Electron 治療薬 血管 湿潤・ 治療薬 治療薬 血管 湿潤・ 治療薬 Front contact Front contact がん細胞 刺激なし 新生促進 転移能の がん細胞 刺激なし 新生促進 転移能の PARP anti- PARP anti- Roof-based small-scale Roof-basedがん化し そsmall-scaleうな細胞を 獲得 がん化しそうな細胞を 獲得 がん化に inhibitors がん化に inflammatory inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon 0.0 power generation N-type silicon （断片化した） 自殺させるpower generation （断片化した） 自殺させる Fast-charging station あと一歩の細胞 Fast-charging station あと一歩の細胞 drugs drugs 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Recombination Smart house (for electric vehicles) DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞Recombination に入れる p53 Smart house (for electric vehicles) DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞に入れる p53 Cumulative production (GWp) Cumulative production (GWp) 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 p-n junction p-n junction Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of 細胞が完全にがん化した Inhibitors細胞が完全にがん化した of Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to 放射線 p53 VEGF signaling 放射線 p53 VEGF signaling Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored c-Met/HGF c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both elements of that equation, having been involved in Recombination lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both elements of that equation, having been involved in 細胞に導入されRecombinationた遺伝子はRASという 発がん物質 細胞に導入された遺伝子はRASという 発がん物質 both technological development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution toboth match technological the natural development and urban environments and the cultivation of the ofarea. individua Other lstypes who of are renewable involved in energy the evolution power to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other細胞増殖 types of renewableを止め、 energy power 細胞増殖を止め、 P-type silicon P-type silicon タンパク質をコードする遺伝子でそれに タンパク質をコードする遺伝子でそれに and expansion of solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for plantsand expansion can also ofbe solar constructed, power generation. and if the (Source: entire system Photovoltaics is connected Report, byFraunhofer a smart grid,Institute it can for plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected損傷したDNAを by a smart grid, it can Hanahan D and Weinberg RA (2011). 損傷したDNAを Hanahan D and Weinberg RA (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646-674. より改編 Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646-674. より改編 Solar Energy Systems, ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistributeSolar Energy power Systems, as needed ISE with and support ensure of continued PSE Projects power GmbH, supply 16 September in the case 2020) of disaster. Rear contact 変異が生じていることが判明 redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply“修復 in the”する case of disaster. 変異が生じていることが判明 “修復”する There exists a relation where the There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q. knowing the prime numbers p and q.

Prime numbers n and q are extremely Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n. to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, the Environment, and Social Infrastructure” Field The majority of those are a p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type energy conversion efficiencies as high as 50%. However, most of those devices “Medical“Resources, Science, Energy, theMedicinal Environment, Science” and Social field Infrastructure” Field intoThe an majorityinactive stateof those to prevent are a excessivep-n junction cell solargrowth. cells, On whichthe other have hand, p-type energy conversion efficiencies as high as 50%. However, most of those devices “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, silicon is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from are currently in use in outer space and other specialized environments, or they thesilicon product is ofplaced the mutated adjacent RAS to n-type continues silicon. to remain When in struck the active by photons form; in from The rippleare currentlyeffects ofin theuse inachievements outer space and other specialized environments, or they the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements the sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and are still in the research and development stage. the sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and by Drs. areWeinberg still in the and research Vogelstein and development stage. by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device invented by Professor Achievement : or their pioneering work in conceptualizing a a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device invented by Professor Achievement : or their pioneering work in conceptualizing a devices multi-step model devicesof carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Green is now in use around the world, but he did not end his involvement silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Green is now in use around the world, but he did not end his involvement impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. there. He has continued to perfect his invention by improving energy conver- Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. there. He has continued to perfect his invention by improving energy conver- which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) A high energy conversion rate can be obtained if every electron-hole pair sion efficiency, increasing performance, and reducing costs. As a result, Prof.Born: Bert July 20, Vogelstein 1948 (Age: 72) (USA) A high energy conversion rate can be obtained if every electron-hole pair have providedsion aefficiency, paradigm increasingof cancer progressionperformance, that and has reducing shaped costs. our As a result, Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost he has helped make solar power generation a viable means of achieving a Born:Professor, June 2, University 1949 (Age: of 71) New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) demonstratedthat is generated that these can beprimary extracted cells as become power, cancer but in cells practice, by introducing energy is lost he has helped make solar power generation a viable means of achieving a Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing view up through today. While this has produced important changes in view up through today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (See figure on following page.) decarbonized society. Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiplewhen the oncogenes. electrons During and holes this recombine. research, Dr. (See Weinberg figure on also following assumed page.) the decarbonized society. Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development how cancer is diagnosedSolar power and is atreated, clean energy the complexity source not of only cancer because evolution it emits no carbon presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called has proven muchdioxide greater when thanproducing any could power, have but imagined. also because Drs. Weinberg solar power produces and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Predicted Growth of Solar Power more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar cells. Born:Predicted November Growth 11, 1942 of (Age: Solar 78) Power and Vogelsteinmore energyhave publishedthan the energy influential used to conceptual manufacture cornerstones and dispose of solar cells. Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, from PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, from Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, there in improving solar cell efficiency large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale residential In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, there in improving solar cell efficiency large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale residential cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by renewable generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power generation needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by renewable by Dr. Vogelsteingeneration (Fig. using 5). roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power generation by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to global In 1954, Bell Labs invented the p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar pho- through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and scale of damage sourcesSummary: that do Discoveries not emit carbon of oncogenes dioxide, aand contributing tumor suppressor factor to global tumorIn suppressor 1954, Bell genesLabs invented(Fig. 3). the p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar pho- through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and scale of damage Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, but in the tovoltaic device. That device was improved and developed for commercial caused during natural disasters. When solar power and other renewables warming. genes and Renewables proposal/verification include solar, wind, of theand multi-stepgeothermal power, but in the tovoltaic device. That device was improved and developed for commercial caused during natural disasters. When solar power and other renewables genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased costs when use at COMSAT Labs in the US during the 1970s, but energy conversion become the backbone of our electric power generation infrastructure, we will past,carcinogenesis introducing such model. sources was difficult due to the increased costs when use at COMSAT Labs in the US during the 1970s, but energy conversion lished principlesbecome that the have backbone enabled of ouran understandingelectric power generationof the complexity infrastructure, we will carcinogenesis model. lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity compared to fossil fuel-fired power plants and hydroelectric power. efficiency peaked at 17%. have attained the ability to produce electricity in a more sustainable way. compared to fossil fuel-fired power plants and hydroelectric power. efficiency peaked at 17%. of cancer, especiallyhave attained in theproviding ability to a produce strong electricityrationale infor a earlymore sustainablecancer way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel In 1975, Professor Green pointed out that electron and hole recombination Dr.In Weinberg the mid-2010s, discovered solar the power presence costs of dropped cellular genes,below calledthose proto-oncoof fossil fuel- Dr.In Vogelstein’s1975, Professor achievements Green pointed out that electron and hole recombination detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built needed to be suppressed in order to improve energy conversion efficiency, “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built needed to be suppressed in order to improve energy conversion efficiency, History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). basis for manyHistory of theof improvements contemporary in developments power generation of targeted efficiency cancer genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo and suggested that by doing so, they would be able to improve solar cell cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo and suggested that by doing so, they would be able to improve solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see above graph).Behind this paradigm shift performance by 1.5 times. After achieving efficiencies of 18% in 1983, he 1954 Bell Labs invents crystalline silicon solar cell rapid expansion in the future (see above graph).Behind this paradigm shift performance by 1.5 times. After achieving efficiencies of 18% in 1983, he 1954 Bell Labs invents crystalline silicon solar cell genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not is the ability of solar photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) continued to invent new technologies and set new efficiency records. In gene,is the that ability is required of solar for photovoltaic the protection devices of cells (commonly to become known cancer as cells.solar cells)Dr. continued to invent new technologies and set new efficiency records. In gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. 1973 COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, remains peak thereafter only advanced1973 basic cancerCOMSAT research, Labs achieves but also 17%created efficiency, the transformative remains peak thereafter only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative to convert solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the 1999, he achieved that 1.5 times improvement with an efficiency of 24.7% Vogelsteinto convert independently solar energy tosearched electric for power actual at mutated high rates genes of efficiency,in human cancer and the that1999, a series he achievedof mutations that in1.5 cancer-associated times improvement genes with (i.e. an, APC efficiency, RAS, TP53 of 24.7%, Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, reduction in power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of (certified at 25% after changes in standards in 2008). 1975 Professor Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cellsreduction and discovered in power numerous generation new costs genes that thathave are allowed critical for to thethe constructiondevelopment of and(certified others) wereat 25% associated after changes with thein standardsprogression in from2008). benign adenomas to field of cancer1975 drug developmentProfessor Green that proposes is improving new concept the livessuggesting of many potential 1.5 times cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression large-scale solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving Prof. Green brought about that incredible result with the solar photovoltaic oflarge-scale cancer. On solar the powerbasis ofplants. these Prof.achievements, Green has thebeen concept working of on“multi-step improving increasinglyProf. Green aggressive brought colon about adenocarcinomas, that incredible result establishing with the solar a foundation photovoltaic cancer patients. of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation cancer patients. conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since device shown in the diagram above. In addition to using other conventional 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency carcinogenesisconversion efficiency model” wasof crystalline established. silicon Although solar manyphotovoltaic other investigators devices since of devicemulti-step shown carcinogenesis in the diagram model above. (Fig.5). In addition In fact, to using Dr. Vogelstein other conventional was 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was the 1970s, and he has achieved many successes over that time. technologies, recombination is suppressed in different areas of this device by Achieved through passivation of silicon-electrode interface and the 1970s, and he has achieved many successes over that time. technologies, recombination is suppressed in different areas of this device by Achieved through passivation of silicon-electrode interface and contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図 contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図 oxidizing the front and rear surfaces to deactivate them (called passivation) current extraction through local tunnel junction oxidizing the front and rear surfaces to deactivate them (called passivation) current extraction through local tunnel junction they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 転移能をもつ they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 転移能をもつ and by making the interface between the silicon and the electrode as small as and by making the interface between the silicon and the electrode as small as 正常な細胞 過形成 良性腫瘍 がん がん 正常な細胞 過形成 良性腫瘍 がん がん 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of possible to keep diffusion local. The structure shown in the diagram is called Uses passivation of front and rear surfaces possible to keep diffusion local. The structure shown in the diagram is called Uses passivation of front and rear surfaces The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- 遺伝子変異／ がん抑制遺伝子① がん遺伝子❶ がん抑制遺伝子② 転移能を制御する cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- 遺伝子変異／ がん抑制遺伝子① がん遺伝子❶ がん抑制遺伝子② 転移能を制御する a PERC or PERL (Passivated Emitter with Rear Locally-diffused) solar requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, a PERC or PERL (Passivated Emitter with Rear Locally-diffused) solar 異常の蓄積： の消失(不活性化） の変異 の消失 遺伝子をON/OFFにする requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, 異常の蓄積： の消失(不活性化） の変異 の消失 遺伝子をON/OFFにする and solar power generation Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency and solar power generation Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency cell, and it is the most common type of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic 1999 while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined opingcell, mechanism-based and it is the most humancommon cancer type ofdiagnosis crystalline and silicon therapeutics. solar photovoltaic On the 1999 がん遺伝子❷ while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the がん遺伝子❷ の変異 の変異 device in use today. 2008 Prof. Green solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basisdevice of the in useseries today. of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual 2008 Prof. Green solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual 大腸がんでは： APC K-RAS TP53 大腸がんでは： APC K-RAS TP53 There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, cancersThere arise, are to many show thetypes association of devices of athat series generate of mutations power in from cancer-asso sunlight,- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Figure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Figure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い approximately 95% of solar photovoltaic devices in use around the world. Light reflection Passivated front surface approximately 95% of solar photovoltaic devices in use around the world. 早期診断：例えば血中のDNAから 個別化治療：遺伝子解析Light reflectionに よって、個々のPassivated front surface 早期診断：例えば血中のDNAから 個別化治療：遺伝子解析によって、個々の Building a more secure society with solar power generation prevention and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous Building a more secure society with solar power generation 初期の変異を検出する がんに対してベpreventionストな治療方法を選べる and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous 初期の変異を検出する がんに対してベストな治療方法を選べる Electrode thinning (published in 1984 paper) Electrode thinning (published in 1984 paper) Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 200-2040 Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 200-2040 DNA RASタンパク質 変異型RASタンパク質 DNA RASタンパク質 変異型RASタンパク質 common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the 指令 Fearon ER and Vogelstein B (1990). common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the 指令 Fearon ER and Vogelstein B (1990). GW (Gigawatts) GW (Gigawatts) 細胞が増えるために A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759‒767.より改編 細胞が増えるために A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759‒767.より改編 3500 field of3500 cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and Coal A variety of solar photovoltaic devices are in use today, and some even have Coal A variety必要なタンパク質 of solar photovoltaic devices are in use today, and some常に even have 必要なタンパク質 常に Solar PV Natural Gas Oxidation developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnosticsSolar andPV therapeutics.Natural Gas 働いて細胞を Oxidation developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. 働いて細胞を 3000 p+ 3000 必要な時だけ Figure p+ 必要な時だけ Figure Oil Oil 増やし続ける 6： “Hallmarks of Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められる 増やし続ける 6： “Hallmarks of Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められる Nuclear n+ Nuclear 働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発n+ 働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発 2500 n-emitter 2500 n-emitter + 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異） + 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異） Natural Gas Wind + p-type silicon p Natural Gas Wind + p-type silicon p p p+ 指令 増やす p p+ 指令 増やす Coal Solar PV Passivated rear surface Coal Solar PV Passivated rear surface 2000 2000 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 Other (published in 1985 paper) Other (published in 1985 paper) Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin Oxidation Figure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 CDK4/6Oxidation Figure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 CDK4/6 1500 renewables Local diffusion 1500 renewables Local diffusionTKI inhibitor TKI inhibitor (published in 1999 paper) (published in 1999 paper) inhibitors inhibitors Hydro Wind Hydro Hydro Wind Hydro 原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子 MEK inhibitors 原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子 MEK inhibitors 1000 Battery storage 1000 Battery storage 治療薬 RAS inhibitors 治療薬 治療薬 RAS inhibitors 治療薬 Commercialized version of Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant Commercialized versionAPC of Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant APC Aerobic Anti-PD1 Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables diagram in his 1999 paper). The blue text denotes technologies created by Prof. Green. and original research, he introduced extractedOther renewables and fragmented DNA from diagram in RAShis 1999 paper). The blue text denotes technologies created by Prof. Green. and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from RAS 500 500 通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑える glycolysis 増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1 通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑える glycolysis 増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1 異常増殖 異常増殖 Nuclear cancer cells and Nuclearthen introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and inhibitors シグナル Anti-CTLA4 cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and inhibitors シグナル Anti-CTLA4 Oil Oil シグナル シグナル Battery storage Battery storage からの逃避 からの逃避 0 found an0 appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 変異 変異 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 変異 変異 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1km 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1km エネルギー 免疫からの エネルギー 免疫からの Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in theseSource: cells, IEA World he discovered Energy Outlook a mutated2019 form of the Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the Offshore wind power ✖ 代謝異常Offshore wind power 逃避 ✖ 代謝異常 逃避 Source : Google Earth power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Source : Google Earth power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu がん遺伝子の発現Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-levelがん抑制遺伝子の消失 solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid がん遺伝子の発現 がん抑制遺伝子の消失 [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] growth[Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted 治療薬 growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted 治療薬 is installed with p-n junction crystalline silicon cells, which use the same structure as the PERC is installed（細胞増殖が止ま with p-n junctionらなくなる） crystalline silicon（細胞増殖 cells, whichを抑え useられ theなくなる） same structure as the PERC 治療薬 （細胞増殖が止まらなくなる） （細胞増殖を抑えられなくなる） 治療薬 100 100 Proapoptotic アポ 無限の Proapoptotic アポ 無限の development by Prof. Green. They are considered environmentally friendly because they can development by Prof. Green. They are considered environmentally friendly because they can BH3 トーシス 増殖能の Telomerase BH3 トーシス 増殖能の Telomerase generate between 10 and 30 times the amount of energy required to produce the devices, though generate between 10 and 30 times the amount of energy required to produce the devices, though mimetics 抵抗性 獲得 inhibitors mimetics 抵抗性 獲得 inhibitors 1990 this is dependent on location and technologies used. 1990 this is dependent on location and technologies used. Module Price 1980 FigureModule Price 1：がん遺伝子の発見1980 細胞のがん化 Figure 1：がん遺伝子の発見 細胞のがん化 10 10 TP53 TP53 遺伝子 発がん 遺伝子 発がん 2010 2010 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar不安定性の plant 促進性慢性 不安定性の 促進性慢性 Figure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得 炎症の惹起 Figure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得 炎症の惹起 1 2015 1 2015 Electron hole Electron Electron hole Electron 治療薬 血管 湿潤・ 治療薬 治療薬 血管 湿潤・ 治療薬 Front contact がん細胞 Front刺激なし contact 新生促進 転移能の がん細胞 刺激なし 新生促進 転移能の PARP anti- PARP anti- Roof-based small-scale がん化しそうな細胞を 獲得 Roof-based small-scale がん化しそうな細胞を 獲得 がん化に inhibitors inflammatory がん化に inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation 0.0 （断片化した） N-type silicon 自殺させる power generation （断片化した） 自殺させる Fast-charging station あと一歩の細胞 Fast-charging stationdrugs あと一歩の細胞 drugs 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Recombination Smart house (for electric vehicles) DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞に入れる p53 Recombination Smart house (for electric vehicles) DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞に入れる p53 Cumulative production (GWp) Cumulative production (GWp) 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 p-n junction p-n junction Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of Inhibitors of 細胞が完全にがん化した Inhibitors of 細胞が完全にがん化した Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to 放射線 p53 VEGF signaling 放射線 p53 VEGF signaling Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored Large and small-scale solar power plantsc-Met/HGF can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both elements of that equation, having been involved in Recombination lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to細胞に導入さ both elements れof たthat遺 equation,伝子はR havingASという been involved in 発がん物質 Recombination 細胞に導入された遺伝子はRASという 発がん物質 both technological development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power both technological development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution 細胞増殖を止め、 to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power 細胞増殖を止め、 P-type silicon タンパク質をコードする遺伝子でそれに P-type silicon タンパク質をコードする遺伝子でそれに and expansion of solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can and expansion of solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for 損傷したDNAを plants can also be constructed, and ifHanahan the entire D and system Weinberg is RA connected (2011). by a smart grid, it can 損傷したDNAを Hanahan D and Weinberg RA (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646-674. より改編 Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646-674. より改編 Solar Energy Systems, ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster. Solar Energy Systems, ISE with support of PSE Projects変異が生じ GmbH, て16いる Septemberことが 2020)判明 Rear contact “修復”する redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster. 変異が生じていることが判明 “修復”する There exists a relation where the There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q. knowing the prime numbers p and q.

Prime numbers n and q are extremely Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n. to compute the prime factorization of n.

“Resources, Energy, the Environment, and Social Infrastructure” Field The majority of those are a p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type energy conversion efficiencies as high as 50%. However, most of those devices “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, “Resources, Energy, the Environment, and Social Infrastructure” Field The majority of those are a p-n junction solar cells, which have p-type energy conversion efficiencies as high as 50%. However, most of those devices “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field into an inactive state to prevent excessive cell growth. On the other hand, silicon is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from are currently in use in outer space and other specialized environments, or they the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements silicon is placed adjacent to n-type silicon. When struck by photons from are currently in use in outer space and other specialized environments, or they the product of the mutated RAS continues to remain in the active form; in The ripple effects of the achievements the sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and are still in the research and development stage. by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein the sun, the energy causes the release of a negatively-charged electron and are still in the research and development stage. by Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). Achievement : developing high-efficiency silicon photovoltaic analogy to car driving, the driver keeps stepping on the accelerator (Fig. 2). a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device invented by Professor Achievement : or their pioneering work in conceptualizing a a positively-charged “hole,” whereby the electron moves into the n-type The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic device invented by Professor Achievement : or their pioneering work in conceptualizing a devices multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but devices multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application and This “oncogene” was simultaneously discovered by other groups, but silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Green is now in use around the world, but he did not end his involvement silicon and the hole moves into the p-type silicon. That charge then flows Green is now in use around the world, but he did not end his involvement impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy Dr. Weinberg further advanced his study using primary cultured cells, The scientific and social contribution of the work by Drs. Weinberg Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. there. He has continued to perfect his invention by improving energy conver- Prof. Martin Andrew Green (Australia) out the electrodes (or contacts) as electrical power. there. He has continued to perfect his invention by improving energy conver- which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts which cannot be transformed by the mutant RAS gene alone. He then and Vogelstein has been immeasurable to the cancer field. Their efforts Born: July 20, 1948 (Age: 72) A high energy conversion rate can be obtained if every electron-hole pair sion efficiency, increasing performance, and reducing costs. As a result, Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) haveBorn: provided July 20, a 1948 paradigm (Age: of72) cancer progression that has shaped our A high energy conversion rate can be obtained if every electron-hole pair sion efficiency, increasing performance, and reducing costs. As a result, Prof. Bert Vogelstein (USA) have provided a paradigm of cancer progression that has shaped our Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost he has helped make solar power generation a viable means of achieving a Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) that is generated can be extracted as power, but in practice, energy is lost he has helped make solar power generation a viable means of achieving a Born: June 2, 1949 (Age: 71) demonstrated that these primary cells become cancer cells by introducing view up through today. While this has produced important changes in view up through today. While this has produced important changes in when the electrons and holes recombine. (See figure on following page.) decarbonized society. Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the when the electrons and holes recombine. (See figure on following page.) decarbonized society. Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine multiple oncogenes. During this research, Dr. Weinberg also assumed the Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution Solar power is a clean energy source not only because it emits no carbon presence of genes the products of which suppress cancer cell development how cancer is diagnosed and treated, the complexity of cancer evolution Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) Dr. Robert A. Weinberg (USA) dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg dioxide when producing power, but also because solar power produces and greatly contributed to the discovery of RB gene, the first of so-called has proven much greater than any could have imagined. Drs. Weinberg Predicted Growth of Solar Power more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar cells. Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and PredictedVogelstein Growth have published of Solar Powerinfluential conceptual cornerstones more energy than the energy used to manufacture and dispose of solar cells. Born: November 11, 1942 (Age: 78) and Vogelstein have published influential conceptual cornerstones Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research “tumor suppressor genes”; in analogy to car driving, the driver puts on the PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, from PERC solar cells and Prof. Green’s role Moreover, solar power can be flexibly adapted to meet various needs, from Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) brakes. Thus, these studies lead to the establishment of a paradigm that articles of modern cancer research, namely, Hallmarks of Cancer by Dr. In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, there in improving solar cell efficiency large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale residential In order to realize our dreams of achieving a decarbonized society, there in improving solar cell efficiency large-scale megawatt and gigawatt level power plants to small-scale residential cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram cancer will arise by the appearance of oncogenes and disappearance of Weinberg, together with Dr. Douglas Hanahan (Fig. 6), and Vogelgram needs to be a shift towards the use of electrical power generated by renewable generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power generation byneeds Dr. Vogelsteinto be a shift towards(Fig. 5). the use of electrical power generated by renewable generation using roof-top solar arrays. Distributed electric power generation by Dr. Vogelstein (Fig. 5). sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to global In 1954, Bell Labs invented the p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar pho- through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and scale of damage Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). sources that do not emit carbon dioxide, a contributing factor to global In 1954, Bell Labs invented the p-n-junction crystalline silicon solar pho- through small-scale facilities can help reduce the severity and scale of damage Summary: Discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor tumor suppressor genes (Fig. 3). Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- Overall, the paradigm set out by these two investigators has estab- warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, but in the tovoltaic device. That device was improved and developed for commercial caused during natural disasters. When solar power and other renewables genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step warming. Renewables include solar, wind, and geothermal power, but in the tovoltaic device. That device was improved and developed for commercial caused during natural disasters. When solar power and other renewables genes and proposal/verification of the multi-step past, introducing such sources was difficult due to the increased costs when use at COMSAT Labs in the US during the 1970s, but energy conversion become the backbone of our electric power generation infrastructure, we will carcinogenesis model. lishedpast, introducingprinciples thatsuch have sources enabled was difficultan understanding due to the ofincreased the complexity costs when use at COMSAT Labs in the US during the 1970s, but energy conversion become the backbone of our electric power generation infrastructure, we will carcinogenesis model. lished principles that have enabled an understanding of the complexity compared to fossil fuel-fired power plants and hydroelectric power. efficiency peaked at 17%. have attained the ability to produce electricity in a more sustainable way. ofcompared cancer, toespecially fossil fuel-fired in providing power plantsa strong and rationale hydroelectric for earlypower. cancer efficiency peaked at 17%. have attained the ability to produce electricity in a more sustainable way. of cancer, especially in providing a strong rationale for early cancer In the mid-2010s, solar power costs dropped below those of fossil fuel In 1975, Professor Green pointed out that electron and hole recombination Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detectionIn the andmid-2010s, intervention. solar powerTheir accomplishmentscosts dropped below have those served of fossil as the fuel In 1975, Professor Green pointed out that electron and hole recombination Dr. Weinberg discovered the presence of cellular genes, called proto-onco- Dr. Vogelstein’s achievements detection and intervention. Their accomplishments have served as the “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built needed to be suppressed in order to improve energy conversion efficiency, “ ” power, and thus began the era of solar power plants being able to be built needed to be suppressed in order to improve energy conversion efficiency, History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer History of improvements in power generation efficiency genes, which can be converted to cancer-causing oncogenes by a mutation(s). basis for many of the contemporary developments of targeted cancer cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo and suggested that by doing so, they would be able to improve solar cell cheaper than fossil fuel plants. Solar power generation is expected to undergo and suggested that by doing so, they would be able to improve solar cell He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has He also contributed in the discovery of a gene, now called a tumor suppressor Dr. Vogelstein took a different approach, using methods of molecular therapies. Indeed, the notion of “precision medicine” in oncology has rapid expansion in the future (see above graph).Behind this paradigm shift performance by 1.5 times. After achieving efficiencies of 18% in 1983, he 1954 Bell Labs invents crystalline silicon solar cell rapid expansion in the future (see above graph).Behind this paradigm shift performance by 1.5 times. After achieving efficiencies of 18% in 1983, he 1954 Bell Labs invents crystalline silicon solar cell genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not genetics combined with histopathology of large intestinal lesions to show been synthesized from many of their ideas. Overall, their work has not is the ability of solar photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) continued to invent new technologies and set new efficiency records. In gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. is the ability of solar photovoltaic devices (commonly known as solar cells) continued to invent new technologies and set new efficiency records. In gene, that is required for the protection of cells to become cancer cells. Dr. 1973 COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, remains peak thereafter only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative 1973 COMSAT Labs achieves 17% efficiency, remains peak thereafter only advanced basic cancer research, but also created the transformative to convert solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the 1999, he achieved that 1.5 times improvement with an efficiency of 24.7% Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, to convert solar energy to electric power at high rates of efficiency, and the 1999, he achieved that 1.5 times improvement with an efficiency of 24.7% Vogelstein independently searched for actual mutated genes in human cancer that a series of mutations in cancer-associated genes (i.e., APC, RAS, TP53, reduction in power generation costs that have allowed for the construction of (certified at 25% after changes in standards in 2008). 1975 Professor Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to fieldreduction of cancer in power drug generation development costs that that ishave improving allowed forthe the lives construction of many of (certified at 25% after changes in standards in 2008). 1975 Professor Green proposes new concept suggesting potential 1.5 times cells and discovered numerous new genes that are critical to the development and others) were associated with the progression from benign adenomas to field of cancer drug development that is improving the lives of many increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression increase in efficiency using advanced recombination suppression large-scale solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving Prof. Green brought about that incredible result with the solar photovoltaic of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation cancerlarge-scale patients. solar power plants. Prof. Green has been working on improving Prof. Green brought about that incredible result with the solar photovoltaic of cancer. On the basis of these achievements, the concept of “multi-step increasingly aggressive colon adenocarcinomas, establishing a foundation cancer patients. conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since device shown in the diagram above. In addition to using other conventional 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since device shown in the diagram above. In addition to using other conventional 1983 Prof. Green achieves 18% efficiency carcinogenesis model” was established. Although many other investigators of multi-step carcinogenesis model (Fig.5). In fact, Dr. Vogelstein was the 1970s, and he has achieved many successes over that time. technologies, recombination is suppressed in different areas of this device by Achieved through passivation of silicon-electrode interface and the 1970s, and he has achieved many successes over that time. technologies, recombination is suppressed in different areas of this device by Achieved through passivation of silicon-electrode interface and contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図 contributed to this field, Drs. Weinberg and Vogelstein stand out in that among the first to demonstrate that TP53, which was originally considered Figure5：がん化は多段階を経て起こる；模式図 oxidizing the front and rear surfaces to deactivate them (called passivation) current extraction through local tunnel junction oxidizing the front and rear surfaces to deactivate them (called passivation) current extraction through local tunnel junction they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 転移能をもつ they continued their innovative research as the pioneers and leaders in corrob- as an oncogene, is a tumor suppressor gene. His discoveries, in parallel 転移能をもつ and by making the interface between the silicon and the electrode as small as 正常な細胞 過形成 良性腫瘍 がん がん and by making the interface between the silicon and the electrode as small as 正常な細胞 過形成 良性腫瘍 がん がん 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of 1983 Prof. Green invents PERC orating this concept. In fact, Dr. Weinberg experimentally demonstrated the with those of Dr. Weinberg, have also led to the opening of the field of possible to keep diffusion local. The structure shown in the diagram is called Uses passivation of front and rear surfaces possible to keep diffusion local. The structure shown in the diagram is called Uses passivation of front and rear surfaces The mechanisms behind solar photovoltaic devices cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- 遺伝子変異／The mechanismsがん抑制遺伝子① behindがん遺伝子❶ solarがん抑制遺伝子② photovoltaic転移能を制御する devices cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and devel- 遺伝子変異／ がん抑制遺伝子① がん遺伝子❶ がん抑制遺伝子② 転移能を制御する a PERC or PERL (Passivated Emitter with Rear Locally-diffused) solar requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, 異常の蓄積： の消失(不活性化） の変異 の消失 遺伝子をON/OFFにする a PERC or PERL (Passivated Emitter with Rear Locally-diffused) solar requirement of multiple oncogenes to convert normal cells into cancer cells, 異常の蓄積： の消失(不活性化） の変異 の消失 遺伝子をON/OFFにする and solar power generation Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency and solar power generation Prof. Green achieves 24.7% efficiency cell, and it is the most common type of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic 1999 while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the がん遺伝子❷ cell, and it is the most common type of crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic 1999 while Dr. Vogelstein verified the concept by molecular genetics combined oping mechanism-based human cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. On the がん遺伝子❷ の変異 の変異 device in use today. 2008 Prof. Green solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual device in use today. 2008 Prof. Green solar cells certified at 25.0% efficiency with histopathology of large intestinal lesions, from which human colorectal basis of the series of discoveries, Dr. Vogelstein has authored conceptual 大腸がんでは： APC K-RAS TP53 大腸がんでは： APC K-RAS TP53 There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. There are many types of devices that generate power from sunlight, cancers arise, to show the association of a series of mutations in cancer-asso- cornerstone of modern cancer research, namely, the Vogelgram. but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in but crystalline silicon (a type of semiconductor) is said to be found in ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Figure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い ciated genes. Thus, they revealed pivotal roles for certain human oncogenes Figure 2：正常型と変異型RASタンパク質の働きの違い approximately 95% of solar photovoltaic devices in use around the world. Light reflection Passivated front surface approximately早期診断：例えば血中のDNAか 95% of solarら photovoltaic個別化治療 devices：遺伝子解析 in useに よって、個々のaround the world. Light reflection Passivated front surface 早期診断：例えば血中のDNAから 個別化治療：遺伝子解析によって、個々の Building a more secure society with solar power generation prevention and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous 初期の変異を検出する がんに対してベストな治療方法を選べる Building a more secure society with solar power generation prevention and tumor suppressor genes in the propagation and suppression of numerous 初期の変異を検出する がんに対してベストな治療方法を選べる Electrode thinning (published in 1984 paper) Electrode thinning (published in 1984 paper) Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 200-2040 DNA RASタンパク質 変異型RASタンパク質 Installed power generation capacity by source in the State Policies Scenario, 200-2040 DNA RASタンパク質 変異型RASタンパク質 common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the 指令 Fearon ER and Vogelstein B (1990). common human cancers. Their discoveries have also led to the opening of the 指令 Fearon ER and Vogelstein B (1990). GW (Gigawatts) 細胞が増えるために GW (Gigawatts) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759‒767.より改編 細胞が増えるために A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61, 759‒767.より改編 3500 field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and 3500 field of cancer genomics, now an especially powerful force in discerning and Coal A variety of solar photovoltaic devices are in use today, and some even have 必要なタンパク質 常に Coal A variety of solar photovoltaic devices are in use today, and some even have 必要なタンパク質 常に Solar PV Natural Gas Oxidation developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. 働いて細胞を Solar PV Natural Gas Oxidation developing mechanism-based human cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. 働いて細胞を 3000 p+ 必要な時だけ Figure3000 p+ 必要な時だけ Figure Oil 増やし続ける 6： “Hallmarks of Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められるOil 増やし続ける 6： “Hallmarks of Cancer”の各要素を標的に進められる Nuclear n+ 働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発 Nuclear n+ 働いて細胞を がん分子標的治療薬の開発 2500 n-emitter 2500 n-emitter + 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異） + 遺伝子配列が変化（遺伝子変異） Natural Gas Wind + p-type silicon p Natural Gas Wind + p-type silicon p p p+ 指令 増やす p p+ 指令 増やす Coal Solar PV Passivated rear surface Coal Solar PV Passivated rear surface 2000 2000 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 治療薬 Other (published in 1985 paper) Other (published in 1985 paper) Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin Dr. Weinberg’s achievements Herceptin Oxidation Figure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 CDK4/6 Oxidation Figure 3：がん細胞の発生；概略 CDK4/6 1500 renewables Local diffusion 1500 TKI inhibitor renewables Local diffusion TKI inhibitor (published in 1999 paper) inhibitors (published in 1999 paper) inhibitors Hydro Wind Hydro 原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子 MEK inhibitorsHydro Wind Hydro 原がん遺伝子 がん抑制遺伝子 MEK inhibitors 1000 Battery storage 治療薬1000 RAS inhibitors 治療薬Battery storage 治療薬 RAS inhibitors 治療薬 Commercialized version of Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant APC Commercialized version of Prof. Green’s high efficiency solar photovoltaic device (based on Dr. Weinberg helped launch this new era of human cancer genes. In elegant APC Aerobic Anti-PD1 Aerobic Anti-PD1 Other renewables diagram in his 1999 paper). The blue text denotes technologies created by Prof. Green. and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from RAS Other renewables diagram in his 1999 paper). The blue text denotes technologies created by Prof. Green. and original research, he introduced extracted and fragmented DNA from RAS 500 通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑える glycolysis500 増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1 通常は細胞増殖に必要 通常は細胞増殖を抑える glycolysis 増殖抑制 AntiPD-L1 異常増殖 異常増殖 Nuclear cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and inhibitors Nuclear シグナル Anti-CTLA4 cancer cells and then introduced the fragmented DNA into cancerous cells and inhibitors シグナル Anti-CTLA4 Oil シグナル Oil シグナル Battery storage からの逃避Battery storage からの逃避 0 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 変異 変異 0 found an appearance of cancer cell clones (Fig. 1). When he then analyzed the 変異 変異 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1km 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040年 1km エネルギー 免疫からの エネルギー 免疫からの Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2019 Small-scale hydroelectric cancer cell-derived genes in these cells, he discovered a mutated form of the Offshore wind power ✖ 代謝異常 逃避 Offshore wind power ✖ 代謝異常 逃避 Source : Google Earth power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Source : Google Earth power RAS gene. Normal RAS gene product is important for the promotion of cell Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid がん遺伝子の発現 がん抑制遺伝子の消失 Price reduction and spread of solar photovoltaic devices Noor Abu Dhabi PV Power Plant, a gigawatt-level solar power plant in Abu Dhabi. This power plant Smart grid がん遺伝子の発現 がん抑制遺伝子の消失 [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted [Inflation adjusted Euros (2019)/Wp] 治療薬 growth and it is transiently activated by cell growth signals and then converted 治療薬 is installed with p-n junction crystalline silicon cells, which use the same structure as the PERC （細胞増殖が止まらなくなる） （細胞増殖を抑えられなくなる） 治療薬 is installed with p-n junction crystalline silicon cells, which use the same structure as the PERC （細胞増殖が止まらなくなる） （細胞増殖を抑えられなくなる） 治療薬 100 Proapoptotic100 アポ 無限の Proapoptotic アポ 無限の development by Prof. Green. They are considered environmentally friendly because they can development by Prof. Green. They are considered environmentally friendly because they can BH3 トーシス 増殖能の Telomerase BH3 トーシス 増殖能の Telomerase generate between 10 and 30 times the amount of energy required to produce the devices, though generate between 10 and 30 times the amount of energy required to produce the devices, though mimetics 抵抗性 獲得 inhibitors mimetics 抵抗性 獲得 inhibitors 1990 this is dependent on location and technologies used. 1990 this is dependent on location and technologies used. Module Price 1980 Figure 1：がん遺伝子の発見 細胞のがん化 Module Price 1980 Figure 1：がん遺伝子の発見 細胞のがん化 10 10 TP53 TP53 遺伝子 発がん 遺伝子 発がん 2010 2010 2000 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant 不安定性の 2000 促進性慢性 Mega-solar/Giga-solar plant 不安定性の 促進性慢性 Figure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得 炎症の惹起 Figure 4：正常ながん抑制因子ｐ53（TP53遺伝子産物）の働き 獲得 炎症の惹起 1 2015 1 2015 Electron hole Electron 治療薬 血管 湿潤・ 治療薬 Electron hole Electron 治療薬 血管 湿潤・ 治療薬 Front contact がん細胞 刺激なし 新生促進 転移能の Front contact がん細胞 刺激なし 新生促進 転移能の PARP anti- PARP anti- Roof-based small-scale がん化しそうな細胞を 獲得 Roof-based small-scale がん化しそうな細胞を 獲得 がん化に inhibitors inflammatory がん化に inhibitors inflammatory 0.0 N-type silicon power generation （断片化した） 自殺させる 0.0 N-type silicon power generation （断片化した） 自殺させる Fast-charging station あと一歩の細胞 drugs Fast-charging station あと一歩の細胞 drugs 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Recombination Smart house (for electric vehicles) DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞に入れる p53 Recombination Smart house (for electric vehicles) DNAを取り出して黄色の細胞に入れる p53 Cumulative production (GWp) Cumulative治療薬 production 治療薬(GWp) 治療薬 治療薬 p-n junction p-n junction Up until 2000, improvements in conversion efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Up until 2000, improvementsInhibitors in conversion of efficiency were a major factor in the reduced cost of solar Inhibitors of 細胞が完全にがん化した Inhibitors of 細胞が完全にがん化した Inhibitors of photovoltaic devices, but in the 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to 放射線 p53 photovoltaic devices, butVEGF in the signaling 2000s, the increased size of power plants also began to contribute to 放射線 p53 VEGF signaling Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored c-Met/HGF Large and small-scale solar power plants can be distributed throughout a region and can be tailored c-Met/HGF lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both elements of that equation, having been involved in Recombination 細胞に導入された遺伝子はRASという 発がん物質 lower prices. Prof. Green has contributed to both elements of that equation, having been involved in Recombination 細胞に導入された遺伝子はRASという 発がん物質 both technological development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power 細胞増殖を止め、 both technological development and the cultivation of individuals who are involved in the evolution to match the natural and urban environments of the area. Other types of renewable energy power 細胞増殖を止め、 P-type silicon タンパク質をコードする遺伝子でそれに P-type silicon タンパク質をコードする遺伝子でそれに and expansion of solar power generation. (Source: Photovoltaics Report, Fraunhofer Institute for plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can 損傷したDNAを and expansion of solar power generation. (Source: PhotovoltaicsHanahan D and Report, Weinberg Fraunhofer RA (2011). Institute for plants can also be constructed, and if the entire system is connected by a smart grid, it can 損傷したDNAを Hanahan D and Weinberg RA (2011). Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646-674. より改編 Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 144, 646-674. より改編 Solar Energy Systems, ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster. 変異が生じていることが判明 “修復”する Solar Energy Systems, ISE with support of PSE Projects GmbH, 16 September 2020) Rear contact redistribute power as needed and ensure continued power supply in the case of disaster. 変異が生じていることが判明 “修復”する Nomination and Selection Process Eligible Fields for the 2022 Japan Prize ARK Mori Building, East Wing 35th Floor, 1-12-32 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-6035, JAPAN No. 64 Feb. 2021 ■ Every November, the Field Selection Committee of The Japan Prize Foundation designates and announces two fields in which Areas of Tel: +81-3-5545-0551 Fax: +81-3-5545-0554 the Japan Prize will be awarded two years hence. At the same time, the Foundation calls for over 14,000 nominators, strictly Physics, Chemistry, Materials and Production www.japanprize.jp comprised of prominent scientists and researchers from around the world invited by the Foundation, to nominate the Informatics, and Engineering candidates through the web by Web System. The deadline for nominations is the end of January of the following year. Background and Rationale: The discovery and development of new materials with non-conventional properties and the development of advanced production technologies have ■ For each field, a Selection Subcommittee conducts a rigorous evaluation of the candidates’ academic achievements. The brought about numerous innovations, thereby contributing greatly to the sustainable development of our society and to the improvement of safety in conclusions are then forwarded to the Selection Committee, which conducts evaluations of candidates’ achievements from a social infrastructure. We have designed and synthesized artificial materials, such as semiconductors, polymers, nanomaterials, catalysts, magnetic wider perspective, including contributions to the progress of science and technology, and significant advancement towards the materials, and new types of structural materials, and have seen notable progress in materials design for responsible consumption and production. We cause of world peace and prosperity, and finally the selected candidates are recommended for the Prize. have also developed new industrial technologies, such as design and manufacturing technologies supported by computational and data science, high-resolution/highprecision measurement technologies, robotics, and precise nanostructure control process. ■ The recommendations are then sent to the Foundation’s Board of Directors, which makes the final decision on the winners. In order to make effective use of finite resources and build a sustainable society for the future, we are in need of epoch-making innovations in the ■ The nomination and selection process takes almost two years from the time that the fields are decided. Every January, the development of new functional materials and structural materials, as well as in industrial design and production & operation technologies. 2021 Japan Prize Laureates Announced winners of that year’s Japan Prize are announced. The Presentation Ceremony is held in April in Tokyo. Eligible Achievements: The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Materials and Production will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have made momentous scientific and technological breakthroughs that contribute significantly to the sustainable development of society or to its potential for great July - October, 2019 November End January, 2020 November January, 2021 April advances in the future. Such achievements will include the development of materials with new functions, development of new structural materials that support social infrastructure or improvement of technologies for industrial design and production & operation, which enable the creation of Determine Selection Committee the fields eligible new products, services and industries that improve the quality and safety of people's lives. for the 2021 Consider Areas of the fields Japan Prize Announce The 2021 Invite the Closing of Selection Subcommittee Board of the Laureates Japan Prize Life Science, Agriculture, eligible Resources, Energy, for Resources, Energy, for the 2021 nominations the Directors of the 2021 Presentation and Medicine Biological Production, Ecology/Environment Environment, nominations Environment, Social Infrastructure Japan Prize Ceremony Japan Prize Social Infrastructure Selection Subcommittee Background and Rationale: Medical Science, for Medical Science, The existence of humankind is completely dependent on the sustainable and diverse use of Earth’s biological resources. However, the global expansion Medicinal Science Medicinal Science of human activities coupled with the increase in population is decimating the natural environment and biodiversity forcing humanity to reconsider how biological resources are used. Members of the 2021 Japan Prize Selection Committee In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to perceive biological production, the environment, and ecological integrity from a unified viewpoint. This requires advancements in fundamental science that enable us to conserve the invaluable environment and ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and Chairman Members Makoto Asashima Yoshinori Fujiyoshi Yoichiro Matsumoto sustainably use ecosystem services, and the creation of scientific and technological innovations, including earth observation and ecosystem modeling. For Prof. Martin Andrew Green Prof. Bert Vogelstein Dr. Robert A. Weinberg Research Professor, Academic Advisor, Teikyo University Distinguished Professor President the sustainable use of biological productivity, we require new developments including the creation of new breeds through genome editing, the application Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Professor, Johns Hopkins University School Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Academic Advisor, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo University of Science of Medicine Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Medical and Dental University of ICT, AI and robotics for advanced production, the realization of environmentally friendly biological production, the harnessing of useful substances Masayuki Matsushita Australia USA USA Yoshihiro Hayashi Director from organisms, the enhancement of food functionality, and the reduction of food loss and waste. President/Director General The Japan Prize Foundation Fields Eligible for the Award: Fields Eligible for the Award: National Museum of Nature and Science Shojiro Nishio Eligible Achievements : Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure Medical Science, Medicinal Science Hiroto Ishida President The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Biological Production, Ecology/Environment will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have Director Osaka University The Japan Prize Foundation significantly contributed to the creation, development, and dissemination of scientific and technological breakthroughs that enable the sustainable For their pioneering work in conceptualizing Tadatsugu Taniguchi Development of High-Efficiency Kazunori Kataoka Professor Emeritus, Advisor to the Office of President development of human society in harmony with the ecosystem, or to its potential for great advances in the future. This year's Prize places emphasis on a multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application Professor Emeritus/Project Professor, The University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo contributions to the advancement of basic science in ecology and the environment, and progress in biological production technologies. Silicon Photovoltaic Devices Vice Chairperson/Director-General of Innovation Center of and impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion Selection Subcommittee for the “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” field Fields Selection Committee for the 2022 Japan Prize The cost of solar power dropped below the cost of fossil fuel generated In spite of improved survival rates, the grim fate of most diagnosed Chairman Members power in the mid-2010s, and the world began to realize that the adoption of patients is to succumb to the disease or one of its associated comorbidities. Yoichiro Matsumoto Tadafumi Adschiri Hisashi Nakamura Chairman Members solar power could lead to the decarbonization of society through the adoption Improved survival rates over the last several decades are, in part, the result President Professor Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Michiharu Nakamura Yozo Fujino Kazuo Kyuma of solar power had become possible. The reason for this is that improved of discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. The medical advancements Tokyo University of Science Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University The University of Tokyo Counselor to the President President, Josai University President Muneo Hori Suguru Noda Japan Science and Technology Agency Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo National Agriculture and Food Research Organization energy conversion efficiency had resulted in reduced costs of manufacturing underpinning discovery of novel therapeutics and improvements in access to Professor Emeritus, Yokohama National University Director-General Professor Director, The Japan Prize Foundation solar photovoltaic devices, thus enabling the construction of large-scale solar care, and early detection were predicated on innumerable basic and clinical Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Ken Furuya Eiichi Nakamura Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Deputy Chairman Vice Chairman Professor, Graduate School of Science and University Professor power plants. research findings that have elucidated the inner workings of cancer Engineering, Soka University Department of Chemistry Koichi Hishida Yuya Kajikawa Taikan Oki Prof. Martin Green has been researching improvements in energy development and survival mechanisms. Understood as a general principle, Professor, School of Environment and Society Professor Kazuhito Hashimoto Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Professor Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo conversion efficiency in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since the cancer arises through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations Organization for the Strategic Coordination President Mariko Hasegawa Yuichi Sugiyama of Research and Intellectual Properties Norichika Kanie Nobuko Saigusa National Institute for Materials Science President Head 1970s, and has proposed a variety of new technologies emphasizing the and alterations that are favorable to the survival and expansion of the tumor Professor Director, Center for Global Environmental Research The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University National Institute for Environmental Studies Kohei Miyazono SOKENDAI Mariko Takahashi importance of suppressing the recombination of electrons and electron cells. This concept has been termed “multi-step carcinogenesis model” and Noboru Kikuchi Chiharu Tokoro Professor Masaru Kitsuregawa The Science Coordinator “holes”. He achieved an energy conversion efficiency of 24.7% with his has served as a reliable and accepted foundation for subsequent oncological President Professor Department of Molecular Pathology Director General, National Institute of Informatics The Asahi Shimbun Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. Faculty of Science and Engineering Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Professor, Institute of Industrial Science Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar cells in 1999 (certified at research. Many of the seminal studies underpinning the multi-step Waseda University The University of Tokyo Masayuki Yamamoto Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo 25.0% after standards changed in 2008), and PERC solar cells have been carcinogenesis model were the research discoveries made by Drs. Robert Selection Subcommittee for the “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field Professor Emeritus, National Institute for Basic Biology adopted for use in many crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices. Weinberg and Bert Vogelstein. In addition, many of the individuals trained by Prof. Green have brought Chairman Members (alphabetical order, titles as of November, 2020) Tadatsugu Taniguchi Teruo Fujii Rami Suzuki large-scale solar photovoltaic devices to markets around the world, and in Professor Emeritus Executive Vice President, The University of Tokyo CEO and Representative Director Schedule (2022-2024) Advisor to the Office of President Professor Ferring Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. doing so, have contributed to the increased adoption of solar power. The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo The eligible fields for the Japan Prize (2022 to 2024) have been decided for the two research areas, respectively. Hiroshi Hamada Junko Takita Team Leader, Laboratory for Organismal Patterning Professor These fields rotate every year in a three year cycle. RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University Midori Kamimura Kazuhiko Yamamoto Every year the Fields Selection Committee announces the eligible fields for the next three years. The creation of the Japan Prize was motivated by the Japanese The eligible fields of this award cover all fields of science and technology. Deputy Chairman Distinguished research scientist Director government’s desire to “contribute to the development of science and Every year, two fields for the award presentation are chosen by considering TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences technology worldwide by establishing a prestigious international award”. the developments in science and technology. Masanori Hatakeyama Areas of Physics, Chemistry, Informatics, and Engineering Areas of Life Science, Agriculture, and Medicine Professor Hideki Katagiri Motoko Yanagita Supported by numerous private donations, the Japan Prize was established in As a general rule, one award is given for each field and each laureate Graduate School of Medicine Vice Dean Professor Year Eligible Fields Year Eligible Fields 1983 with a cabinet endorsement. receives a certificate of merit, a prize medal and a cash prize. The University of Tokyo Tohoku University School of Medicine Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University This award honors scientists and researchers worldwide who are The Presentation Ceremony is held annually in the presence of Their Noriko Osumi Yoshihiro Yoneda 2022 Materials and Production 2022 Biological Production, Ecology/ Environment recognized for having contributed signifi cantly to the peace and prosperity Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan and is also attended by the Vice President, Tohoku University Director General of humankind through their original and outstanding achievements that have Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of House of Professor, Tohoku University School of Medicine National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition 2023 Electronics, Information, and Communication 2023 Life Science greatly advanced the progress of science and technology. Councilors, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and various ministers as 2024 Resources, Energy, Environment, and Social Infrastructure 2024 Medical Science and Medicinal Science well as eminent figures from various circles. (alphabetical order, titles as of January, 2021) Nomination and Selection Process Eligible Fields for the 2022 Japan Prize ARK Mori Building, East Wing 35th Floor, 1-12-32 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-6035, JAPAN No. 64 Feb. 2021 ■ Every November, the Field Selection Committee of The Japan Prize Foundation designates and announces two fields in which Areas of Tel: +81-3-5545-0551 Fax: +81-3-5545-0554 the Japan Prize will be awarded two years hence. At the same time, the Foundation calls for over 14,000 nominators, strictly Physics, Chemistry, Materials and Production www.japanprize.jp comprised of prominent scientists and researchers from around the world invited by the Foundation, to nominate the Informatics, and Engineering candidates through the web by Web System. The deadline for nominations is the end of January of the following year. Background and Rationale: The discovery and development of new materials with non-conventional properties and the development of advanced production technologies have ■ For each field, a Selection Subcommittee conducts a rigorous evaluation of the candidates’ academic achievements. The brought about numerous innovations, thereby contributing greatly to the sustainable development of our society and to the improvement of safety in conclusions are then forwarded to the Selection Committee, which conducts evaluations of candidates’ achievements from a social infrastructure. We have designed and synthesized artificial materials, such as semiconductors, polymers, nanomaterials, catalysts, magnetic wider perspective, including contributions to the progress of science and technology, and significant advancement towards the materials, and new types of structural materials, and have seen notable progress in materials design for responsible consumption and production. We cause of world peace and prosperity, and finally the selected candidates are recommended for the Prize. have also developed new industrial technologies, such as design and manufacturing technologies supported by computational and data science, high-resolution/highprecision measurement technologies, robotics, and precise nanostructure control process. ■ The recommendations are then sent to the Foundation’s Board of Directors, which makes the final decision on the winners. In order to make effective use of finite resources and build a sustainable society for the future, we are in need of epoch-making innovations in the ■ The nomination and selection process takes almost two years from the time that the fields are decided. Every January, the development of new functional materials and structural materials, as well as in industrial design and production & operation technologies. 2021 Japan Prize Laureates Announced winners of that year’s Japan Prize are announced. The Presentation Ceremony is held in April in Tokyo. Eligible Achievements: The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Materials and Production will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have made momentous scientific and technological breakthroughs that contribute significantly to the sustainable development of society or to its potential for great July - October, 2019 November End January, 2020 November January, 2021 April advances in the future. Such achievements will include the development of materials with new functions, development of new structural materials that support social infrastructure or improvement of technologies for industrial design and production & operation, which enable the creation of Determine Selection Committee the fields eligible new products, services and industries that improve the quality and safety of people's lives. for the 2021 Consider Areas of the fields Japan Prize Announce The 2021 Invite the Closing of Selection Subcommittee Board of the Laureates Japan Prize Life Science, Agriculture, eligible Resources, Energy, for Resources, Energy, for the 2021 nominations the Directors of the 2021 Presentation and Medicine Biological Production, Ecology/Environment Environment, nominations Environment, Social Infrastructure Japan Prize Ceremony Japan Prize Social Infrastructure Selection Subcommittee Background and Rationale: Medical Science, for Medical Science, The existence of humankind is completely dependent on the sustainable and diverse use of Earth’s biological resources. However, the global expansion Medicinal Science Medicinal Science of human activities coupled with the increase in population is decimating the natural environment and biodiversity forcing humanity to reconsider how biological resources are used. Members of the 2021 Japan Prize Selection Committee In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to perceive biological production, the environment, and ecological integrity from a unified viewpoint. This requires advancements in fundamental science that enable us to conserve the invaluable environment and ecosystems, protect biodiversity, and Chairman Members Makoto Asashima Yoshinori Fujiyoshi Yoichiro Matsumoto sustainably use ecosystem services, and the creation of scientific and technological innovations, including earth observation and ecosystem modeling. For Prof. Martin Andrew Green Prof. Bert Vogelstein Dr. Robert A. Weinberg Research Professor, Academic Advisor, Teikyo University Distinguished Professor President the sustainable use of biological productivity, we require new developments including the creation of new breeds through genome editing, the application Professor, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Professor, Johns Hopkins University School Member, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Academic Advisor, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo University of Science of Medicine Professor, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Medical and Dental University of ICT, AI and robotics for advanced production, the realization of environmentally friendly biological production, the harnessing of useful substances Masayuki Matsushita Australia USA USA Yoshihiro Hayashi Director from organisms, the enhancement of food functionality, and the reduction of food loss and waste. President/Director General The Japan Prize Foundation Fields Eligible for the Award: Fields Eligible for the Award: National Museum of Nature and Science Shojiro Nishio Eligible Achievements : Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure Medical Science, Medicinal Science Hiroto Ishida President The 2022 Japan Prize in the fields of Biological Production, Ecology/Environment will be awarded to an individual or individuals who have Director Osaka University The Japan Prize Foundation significantly contributed to the creation, development, and dissemination of scientific and technological breakthroughs that enable the sustainable For their pioneering work in conceptualizing Tadatsugu Taniguchi Development of High-Efficiency Kazunori Kataoka Professor Emeritus, Advisor to the Office of President development of human society in harmony with the ecosystem, or to its potential for great advances in the future. This year's Prize places emphasis on a multi-step model of carcinogenesis and its application Professor Emeritus/Project Professor, The University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo contributions to the advancement of basic science in ecology and the environment, and progress in biological production technologies. Silicon Photovoltaic Devices Vice Chairperson/Director-General of Innovation Center of and impact on improving cancer diagnosis and therapy NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion Selection Subcommittee for the “Resources, Energy, Environment, Social Infrastructure” field Fields Selection Committee for the 2022 Japan Prize The cost of solar power dropped below the cost of fossil fuel generated In spite of improved survival rates, the grim fate of most diagnosed Chairman Members power in the mid-2010s, and the world began to realize that the adoption of patients is to succumb to the disease or one of its associated comorbidities. Yoichiro Matsumoto Tadafumi Adschiri Hisashi Nakamura Chairman Members solar power could lead to the decarbonization of society through the adoption Improved survival rates over the last several decades are, in part, the result President Professor Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Michiharu Nakamura Yozo Fujino Kazuo Kyuma of solar power had become possible. The reason for this is that improved of discovery of novel anti-cancer agents. The medical advancements Tokyo University of Science Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University The University of Tokyo Counselor to the President President, Josai University President Muneo Hori Suguru Noda Japan Science and Technology Agency Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo National Agriculture and Food Research Organization energy conversion efficiency had resulted in reduced costs of manufacturing underpinning discovery of novel therapeutics and improvements in access to Professor Emeritus, Yokohama National University Director-General Professor Director, The Japan Prize Foundation solar photovoltaic devices, thus enabling the construction of large-scale solar care, and early detection were predicated on innumerable basic and clinical Research Institute for Value-Added-Information Generation Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University Ken Furuya Eiichi Nakamura Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Deputy Chairman Vice Chairman Professor, Graduate School of Science and University Professor power plants. research findings that have elucidated the inner workings of cancer Engineering, Soka University Department of Chemistry Koichi Hishida Yuya Kajikawa Taikan Oki Prof. Martin Green has been researching improvements in energy development and survival mechanisms. Understood as a general principle, Professor, School of Environment and Society Professor Kazuhito Hashimoto Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Professor Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo conversion efficiency in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices since the cancer arises through the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic mutations Organization for the Strategic Coordination President Mariko Hasegawa Yuichi Sugiyama of Research and Intellectual Properties Norichika Kanie Nobuko Saigusa National Institute for Materials Science President Head 1970s, and has proposed a variety of new technologies emphasizing the and alterations that are favorable to the survival and expansion of the tumor Professor Director, Center for Global Environmental Research The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University National Institute for Environmental Studies Kohei Miyazono SOKENDAI Mariko Takahashi importance of suppressing the recombination of electrons and electron cells. This concept has been termed “multi-step carcinogenesis model” and Noboru Kikuchi Chiharu Tokoro Professor Masaru Kitsuregawa The Science Coordinator “holes”. He achieved an energy conversion efficiency of 24.7% with his has served as a reliable and accepted foundation for subsequent oncological President Professor Department of Molecular Pathology Director General, National Institute of Informatics The Asahi Shimbun Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. Faculty of Science and Engineering Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Professor, Institute of Industrial Science Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) solar cells in 1999 (certified at research. Many of the seminal studies underpinning the multi-step Waseda University The University of Tokyo Masayuki Yamamoto Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo 25.0% after standards changed in 2008), and PERC solar cells have been carcinogenesis model were the research discoveries made by Drs. Robert Selection Subcommittee for the “Medical Science, Medicinal Science” field Professor Emeritus, National Institute for Basic Biology adopted for use in many crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic devices. Weinberg and Bert Vogelstein. In addition, many of the individuals trained by Prof. Green have brought Chairman Members (alphabetical order, titles as of November, 2020) Tadatsugu Taniguchi Teruo Fujii Rami Suzuki large-scale solar photovoltaic devices to markets around the world, and in Professor Emeritus Executive Vice President, The University of Tokyo CEO and Representative Director Schedule (2022-2024) Advisor to the Office of President Professor Ferring Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. doing so, have contributed to the increased adoption of solar power. The University of Tokyo Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo The eligible fields for the Japan Prize (2022 to 2024) have been decided for the two research areas, respectively. Hiroshi Hamada Junko Takita Team Leader, Laboratory for Organismal Patterning Professor These fields rotate every year in a three year cycle. RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University Midori Kamimura Kazuhiko Yamamoto Every year the Fields Selection Committee announces the eligible fields for the next three years. The creation of the Japan Prize was motivated by the Japanese The eligible fields of this award cover all fields of science and technology. Deputy Chairman Distinguished research scientist Director government’s desire to “contribute to the development of science and Every year, two fields for the award presentation are chosen by considering TEIJIN PHARMA LIMITED RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences technology worldwide by establishing a prestigious international award”. the developments in science and technology. Masanori Hatakeyama Areas of Physics, Chemistry, Informatics, and Engineering Areas of Life Science, Agriculture, and Medicine Professor Hideki Katagiri Motoko Yanagita Supported by numerous private donations, the Japan Prize was established in As a general rule, one award is given for each field and each laureate Graduate School of Medicine Vice Dean Professor Year Eligible Fields Year Eligible Fields 1983 with a cabinet endorsement. receives a certificate of merit, a prize medal and a cash prize. The University of Tokyo Tohoku University School of Medicine Graduate Schools Medicine, Kyoto University This award honors scientists and researchers worldwide who are The Presentation Ceremony is held annually in the presence of Their Noriko Osumi Yoshihiro Yoneda 2022 Materials and Production 2022 Biological Production, Ecology/ Environment recognized for having contributed signifi cantly to the peace and prosperity Majesties the Emperor and Empress of Japan and is also attended by the Vice President, Tohoku University Director General of humankind through their original and outstanding achievements that have Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President of House of Professor, Tohoku University School of Medicine National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition 2023 Electronics, Information, and Communication 2023 Life Science greatly advanced the progress of science and technology. Councilors, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and various ministers as 2024 Resources, Energy, Environment, and Social Infrastructure 2024 Medical Science and Medicinal Science well as eminent figures from various circles. (alphabetical order, titles as of January, 2021)