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28.7 India Contents 18/7/05 2:44 PM Page 477 NATURE|Vol 436|28 July 2005 www.nature.com/nature INDIA he classic image of India that most people can conjure has cows, beggars, small children and sari-clad women all jostling Tfor space on crowded streets. That image still reflects reality — but with palpable differences. Along some of those streets now are gleaming, modern buildings where men and women churn out medicines for poor countries. Many children are being immunized with affordable vaccines produced by India’s own biotechnology industry. And if the country continues to prosper as it has for the past REUTERS/CORBIS decade, there soon may not be many beggars left. Since 1991, when India discarded its socialist past and instituted broad reforms, its economy has been p496 Editor, Nature growing rapidly. By 2032, India’s economy could be Philip Campbell larger than those of all but the United States and Supplement Editor China, according to an estimate by the investment features Apoorva Mandavilli banking firm Goldman Sachs. Supplement Publisher In the following pages, we look at what effect these 478 Then and now Sarah Greaves Inder Verma Production Editor changes have had on India’s life sciences. Indian Maria Hodges biotechnology companies have been remarkably 480 Biotech boom Senior Art Editor successful, but they have made most of their money K. S. Jayaraman Martin Harrison copying patented drugs. To sustain growth, they will 484 Vaccines on trial Diagrams have to become more innovative. The same is true of Nik Spencer Paroma Basu Layouts basic-research institutes, which have only recently Jane Walker begun to be globally competitive. 485 India’s drug tests Picture Researcher While developed nations are seeing their T. V. Padma Barbara Izdebska populations shrink, half of India’s growing 486 Ayurveda Production population is under the age of 25. The government Susan Gray T. V. Padma must improve India’s ailing universities to educate Marketing 487 Breathing life into biology and train these young people and stem the Claire Aspinall Mriganka Sur haemorrhage of its brightest students to the United States and Europe. It must also untangle the still- 488 Coming home rampant red tape that stifles creativity and set up Satyajit Mayor ethics panels to monitor clinical research. 490 Rivalry and red tape Most important, it must find a way to protect its T. V. Padma people from grave health crises. India has among 492 Among the best the highest rates of HIV/AIDS, diabetes and K. S. Jayaraman tuberculosis, which threaten to sap the country’s resources and derail its progress. 496 The coming epidemic This is a critical juncture for India. The Apoorva Mandavilli opportunities, whether in partnership with multinational pharmaceutical companies or as an outsourcing centre for clinical trials, are many. Seized judiciously, they can allow India to build a scientific and technological future to be proud of. We are pleased to acknowledge financial support from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Metahelix, Avesthagen and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in producing this Outlook. As always, Nature carries sole responsibility for all editorial content. Apoorva Mandavilli, Senior News Editor, Nature Medicine. p488 477 © 2005 Nature Publishing Group © 2005 Nature Publishing Group 28.7 India Verma NEW 20/7/05 2:49 PM Page 478 OUTLOOK INDIA NATURE|Vol 436|28 July 2005 Then and now Inder Verma celebrates the recent success of India’s biotechnology industry, applauds the increased investment and looks to the future. our job is to collect urine in with a plant researcher in another lab. At no Inder Verma believes that young scientists the men’s bathroom and point was I consulted during these arrange- must be able to challenge the status quo. As bring it to the laboratory at ments. I was merely a graduate student a graduate student (inset), Verma felt that he “Ythe end of the day.” These expected to do as my supervisor commanded. had to obey all his thesis adviser’s commands. were the instructions my thesis adviser gave In the years since, the situation has improved, me when I began my graduate career in 1966. and the overbearing attitude of many advisers the world. Funding agencies such as the Coun- Others would then purify factors from the is becoming a thing of the past. Young scien- cil of Scientific and Industrial Research have urine that might function as a male contracep- tists in India are more independent and always emphasized translational research but, tive in monkeys. He pointed to a 20-litre glass increasingly resentful of the autocratic system. because the success of such programmes rests bottle with a broken rim and a small glass fun- For many decades, Indian universities have on a strong foundation of basic science, the nel. I was expected to obey his orders — and I churned out biologists, many of whom move results were often dismal. Indian medical did. (My only intellectual contribution was to to the United States or Europe. Those that schools, lacking resources for research, have switch to a larger funnel, which made it easier remain in India are usually destined to publish failed to train scientists in translational for both the donors and for me.) in local or low-impact scientific journals. Life- research. Not surprisingly, India has not pro- A few months later I was told that monkeys science research in India has been constrained duced a single original drug sold in the world were no longer available and the study was by insufficient funds and equipment coupled market. All this, I hope, is about to change. being shelved. From now on I would work with a lack of will to compete with the rest of I’ve been to India every year for the past 35 years, have visited many institutions, met many colleagues, students and young investi- gators and participated in countless meet- ings. In that time, I’ve witnessed the growth of Indian biosciences with concern and pride. BETTMAN/CORBIS Recently, I’ve been delighted by a run of excellent papers published in top-tier journals P. PARANJPE/REUTERS/CORBIS by scientists in India. And I’ve been impressed by the desire of the biotech and pharmaceuti- cal industry to undertake novel challenges. The first prime minister of India, Jawahar- lal Nehru, believed that science is the way out of poverty. The scientific opportunities in India may well prove him to be a true vision- ary, but there is much work to be done first. Novel ideas Biotechnology companies are among the most profitable in the country. Today, Indian companies provide 22% of the world’s generic drugs — copies of brand-name drugs. India Science has always been important to the Indian government. It’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal also manufactures a significant proportion of Nehru, greatly admired Albert Einstein. Current leader Manmohan Singh has made science a priority. vaccines made for the developing world. 478 © 2005 Nature Publishing Group © 2005 Nature Publishing Group 28.7 India Verma NEW 20/7/05 2:49 PM Page 479 NATURE|Vol 436|28 July 2005 OUTLOOK INDIA Within India, vaccines against hepatitis if they can learn from the success of the INDIAN GOVERNMENT BUDGET, 2005–06 B are manufactured by Indian compa- IT sector. Total: US$118 billion nies and sold for less than 30 cents per India’s position in the global IT indus- dose. True, most of India’s biotech and Agriculture and allied try is a source of pride and confidence. Social services, activities, 3% pharmaceutical industry is based on 26% Rural development, Graduates of the Indian Institutes of duplicating existing products, but that General economic 7% Technology (IIT) have started numer- still requires considerable sophistication services, 2% Energy, ous companies worldwide, and their and know-how. But with the passage of 27% innovative spirit should inspire biolo- FINANCE OF MINISTRY SOURCE: a new law on 23 March this year forbid- gists to be more adventurous. ding companies from making copycat Last year, 60 Minutes, a popular inves- drugs (see page 480), Indian companies tigative television programme in the will be forced to be more innovative. United States, featured the IITs. When But how do we encourage such inno- Science, technology, Industry and minerals, the interviewer asked N. R. Naryana vation? In the mid-1980s, the Indian environment, 3% 6% Murthy, founder and chairman of the government established the Department Transport, 20% multibillion-dollar company Infosys, of Biotechnology (DBT) and invited Communication, 7% what his son would do if he did not pass several researchers —including me — to the arduous entrance examination for serve on its overseas advisory committee. We problem is compounded by the lack of lateral the IITs, Murthy replied, without skipping a encouraged the DBT to furnish state-of-the- mobility in India. Most scientists who train beat: “Well, we have back-ups like Cornell, art laboratories, provide increased funds for abroad return to India for family reasons and MIT and Stanford.” research, reduce the bureaucracy required for are loath to live away from their home town. I don’t usually support starting new institu- importing research materials such as restric- They would sooner go back abroad than swap tions, but an Indian Institute of Integrative tion enzymes, initiate projects that promote cities or states within India. Biology, much like the successful IITs, is the sharing of expensive equipment, offer But science thrives when there is a nucleus worth considering. Alternatively, the IITs visiting fellowships and build manpower to of scientists striving for excellence. The Indian could broaden their curriculum to include support the biotech industry. Institute of Science in Bangalore and the degrees in biology and biotechnology.