NPS Form 10-900 OMSNo. 10024-0018 Oct. 1990 ,. UnitedStatesDepartmentofthe Interior NationalParkService.
NationalRegisterof HistoricPlaces RegistrationForm
Thisformisforuseinnominatingorrequestingdeterminationsforindividualpropertiesanddistricts.SeeinstructionsinHowtoCompletetheNational RegisterofHistoricPlacesRegistrationForm(NationalRegisterBulletin16A)Completeeachitembymarking'x' intheappropriateboxorbyentering theinformationrequested.Ifanitemdoesnotapplytothepropertybeingdocumented,enter'N/A'for"notapplicable."Forfunctions,architectural classification,materials,andareasofsignificance,enteronlycategoriesandsubcategoriesfromtheinstructions.Placeadditionalentriesandnarrative itemsoncontinuationsheets(NPSForm10-9000a).Useatypewriter,wordprocessor,orcomputer,tocompleteallitems.
1.Nameof Property
Historic name The DennisQuarry Other name/site number 14P057
2.Location
Street&number N/A [gJnotfor publication Cityortown Onagavicinity [gJvicinity StateKansas CodeKS CountyPottawatomieCode 149 Zipcode 66521
3.State/FederalAgency Certification
AsthedesignatedauthorityundertheNationalHistoricPreservationAct,asamended,I herebycertifythatthis['8Jnomination 0 requestfordeterrriinationofeligibilitymeetsthedocumentationstandardsforregisteringpropertiesintheNationalRegisterof HistoricPlacesandmeetstheproceduralandprofessionalrequirementssetforthin36CFRPart60. Inmyopinion,theproperty ['8Jmeets0 doesnotmeettheNationalRegistercriteria.I recommendthatthispropertybeconsideredsignificant 0 nationally['8Jstatewide0 locally.(0 Seecontinuationsheetfor additionalcomments.) 8d!J lJ~ PS/7PO 11-/f?-03 Signatureof certifyingofficial/Title . Date KansasStateHistoricalSociety
Stateor Federalagencyand bureau
Inmyopinion,theproperty0 meets0 doesnotmeettheNationalRegistercriteria.(0 Seecontinuationsheetforadditional Comments.)
Signatureofcommentingofficial/Title Date
StateorFederalagencyandbureau
4. NationalParkServiceCertification
I herbycertifythatthepropertyis SignatureoftheKeeper DateofAction
0 enteredintheNationalRegister. 0 See continuationsheet. 0 determinedeligiblefortheNationat Register 0 Seecontinuationsheet. 0 determinednoteligibleforthe NationalRegister 0 removedfromthe National Register 0 other,(explain:) The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas Name of 'property County and State
5. Classification
Ownershipof Property Categoryof Property Numberof ResourceswithinProperty (Checkas manyboxes as apply) (Checkonly one box) (Do notincludepreviouslylistedresourcesin the count.)
[gIprivate D building(s) Contributing Noncontributing D public-local D district buildings D public-State [gIsite D public-Federaf D structure sites D object structures objects total
Nameof relatedmultiplepropertylisting Numberof contributingresourcespreviouslylisted (Enter"N/A"if propertyis notpartofa multiplepropertylisting.) in theNationalRegister AboriginalLithicSourceAreasin Kansas 0
6. Function or Use
Historic Functions Current Functions (Enter Categories from instructions) (Entercategoriesfrom instructions)
Extraction/Processing Landscape/unoccupied land
7.Description
ArchitecturalClassification Materials (Enter categories from instructions) (Entercategoriesfrom instructions)
N/A foundation N/A
wallsN/A
roof N/A
otherN/A NarrativeDescription (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on oneor morecontinuationsheets.) Nameof Property TheDennisQuarry(14P057) CountyandState PottawatomieCounty,Kansas
8.Statementof Significance
Applicable National Register Criteria Areasof Significance (Mark "X' in one or moreboxesfor the criteriaqualifyingthe (Entercategoriesfrominstructions) propertyfor NatonalRegister Archeology/Prehistoric 0 A Propertyis associatedwith eventsthat havemadea significantcontributionto the broadpattemsof our history
D B Propertyisassociatedwiththelivesofpersons significantinourpast.
D C Propertyembodiesthe distinctivecharacteristics of a type, period,or methodof constructionor representsthe work of a master,or possesses high artisticvalues,or representsa significantand distinguishableentitywhosecomponentslack Periodof Significance individualdistinction. Unknown [gID Propertyhas yielded,or likelyto yield, informationimportantin prehistoryor history.
Criteria Considerations (Mark"x" in all the boxesthat apply.) Significant Dates Propertyis: N/A D A owned by a religiousinstitutionor usedfor religiouspurposes.
D B removedfrom it originallocation. Significant Person DCa birthplaceorgrave. (Completeif CriterionB is markedabove)
D Dacemetery. N/A
D E a reconstructedbuilding,object, or structure. CulturalAffiliation D F a commemorativeproperty. Unknown D G lessthan 50 yearsof age or achievedsignificance within the past 50 years
ArchitecUBuilder NarrativeStatement of Significance (Explainthesignificanceofthepropertyononeormore N/A continuationsheets.)
9.MajorBibliographical References
Bibliography (Cite the books,articles,and othersourcesusedin preparingthis formon one or morecontinuationsheets.)
Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data: 0 preliminarydeterminationof individuallising (36 CFR 67) ~ State HistoricPreservationOffice has been requested 0 OtherStateagency 0 Previouslylisted in the NationalRegister 0 Federalagency 0 previouslydeterminedeligibleby the NationalRegister 0 Localgovemment 0 designateda NationalHistoricLandmark 0 University 0 recordedby HistoricAmericanBuildingsSurvey 0 Other # Nameof repository:
0 recordedby HistoricAmericanEngineering Record# NameofProperty TheDennisQuarry(14P057) CountyandState PottawatomieCounty,Kansas
10.GeographicalData
Acreageof Propertyapproximately8 acres
UTM References (PlaceadditionalUTM referenceson a continuationsheet) 1 3 W W Zone Zone 2 4 W W 0 Seecontinuationsheet VerbalBoundaryDescription (Describetheboundariesofthepropertyonacontinuationsheet)
BoundaryJustification (Explainwhytheboundarieswereselectedonacontinuationsheet)
11. Form PreparedBy
Name/title WilliamE. Banks/SHPOArchaeologist
Organization KansasStateHistoricalSociety Date June5, 2003
Street& number 6425SW 6thAvenue Telephone (785)272-8681,ext.214
Cityor town Topeka State Kansas Zip code 66615-1099
Additional Documentation Submitthefollowingitemswiththecompletedfonn:
ContinuationSheets
Maps A USGSmap(7.5or15minuteseries)indicatingtheproperty'slocation.
A Sketchmapforhistoricdistrictsandpropertieshavinglargeacreageornumerousresources. Photographs Representativeblack and white photographs of the property. Additional items
(Checkwith SHPOor FPOfor anyadditionalitems) Property Owner
name DonaldGudenkauf
street& number 25625CowCreekRoad telephone (785)889-4336 cityortown Onaga state Kansas zipcode 66521-9707
Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This infonnationis beingcollectedfor applicationsto the NationalRegisterof HistoricPlacesto nominatepropertiesfor listingor detennineeligibilityfor listing,to list properties,and to amendexistinglistings. Responseto this requestis requiredto obtaina benefitin accordancewith the NationalHistoric PreservationAct, as amended(16) U.S.C.470 et seq.).
Estimated Burden Statement: Publicreportingburdenfor this fonn is estimatedto average18.1hoursper responseincludingtirriefor reviewinginstructions,gatheringand maintainingdata,and completingand reviewingthefonn. Directcommentsregardingthis burdenestimateor any aspectofthis fonn to the Chief,AdministrativeServices Division,NationalPark Service,P.O.Box37127,Washington,DC 20013-7127;andthe Officeof Managementand Budget,PaperworkReductionsProjects(1024-0018), Washington,DC 20503 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No.1 024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 1
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
SUMMARY
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) is a prehistoric lithic quarry located in northeastern Pottawatomie County, Kansas. Prehistoric groups created the site in their pursuit oflithic raw material suitable for stone tool production. The site is composed of three distinct localities on the edges of an upland ridge (Figure 1). Two of the localities have numerous pit and trench feature remnants visible on the surface (Localities 1 and 2), and all three localities have large amounts offlintlmapping debris visible on the surface. Test excavations in Locality 1 demonstrated that intact subsurface quarry features are present. The results of the excavations also verified that the surface and subsurface features were created by prehistoric individuals excavating through the shallow upland sediments and into Permian age bedrock to access a bed of chert. No diagnostic artifacts have been recovered to date from the site so it is not possible, at present, to determine which cultural group(s) created the site's features. Any future excavations will likely recover data that can resolve this issue. Despite the lack of temporal evidence, the site has exceptional integrity and has allowed archaeologists to identify a method used by prehistoric individuals to obtain high-quality raw materials for the production of stone tools.
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) is situated in the Glaciated Region of the Central Lowland province in northeastern Pottawatomie County, Kansas. Uplands or interstream areas in the Glaciated Region subprovince are characterized by smooth, broad, and gently rolling hills (Brown and Simmons 1987:II1-3). An ice sheet covered this region during the Kansas glacial episode, and the underlying Permian and Pennsylvanian bedrock formations are covered with deposits of till, outwash, and loess (Schoewe 1949:289). The quarry is situated near the border of the Attenuated Drift Border and the Kansas Drift Plain, thus the immediate region around the site has an erosional bedrock type of topography that is similar to the Osage Plains and Flint Hill Uplands to the south (Schoewe 1949:291). 14P057 is located on an upland ridge where 10 to 50 centimeters of sediment covers the Permian age bedrock. There are numerous bedrock exposures on the descending slopes to the north, south, and west of the site, but no natural exposures of chert were observed during site visits in 1978 or 2003. Dr. Charles Walters (personal communication 1978) identified the bedrock as the Threemile Limestone Member of the Wreford Formation. Banks (1990:101) incorrectly states that the lithic material.from 14P057 is associated with the Threemile Limestone Member of the Schroyer Formation. Schroyer is the name assigned to a slightly younger member of the Wreford Formation (Zeller 1968).
Kuchler (1974:595) defines the floral environment in the region surrounding the Dennis quarry as Bluestem Prairie. This vegetation regime is composed of dense stands of tall and medium-tall graminoids and forbs are numerous, varying in height from low to very tall (Kuchler 1974:595). Gallery forests, dominated by cottonwood, hackberry, elm, and willow, are present in narrow zones along major streams in the region. The slopes and ravines along the edges of river valleys in the tall grass prairie support woodlands dominated by bur oak. Brown and Simmons (l987:II1-22) state that while four grasses dominate the tall grass prairie, moderate rainfall, a long growing season, and well-developed soils provide conditions in which many other grasses and forbs flourish. The total flora of the region includes approximately 700 species. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No.1 024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 2
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 1: Topographic location of the Dennis Quany, 14P057 (Onaga NE 7.5' Quadrangle). NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 3
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Environmental conditions during prehistory in the region surrounding the Dennis Quarry were similar to present day conditions but did exhibit some variability during certain periods of the Holocene. At the beginning of the Holocene (ca. 10,000 years ago), prairie environments in the Great Plains were already established. The Atlantic climatic episode (Altithermal) was a period of warming and decreased precipitation in the Great Plains thatreachedits maximumby ca. 7000BP andcontinueduntilca.4000BP. Duringthe Atlanticclimatic episode, prairie environments pushed eastward. In pollen cores from Muscotah Marsh in northeastern Kansas, arboreal pollen decreases during the early and mid-Holocene (Mandel 1987:IV-9). This indicates that grasses dominated the floral environment and the frequency of trees decreased dramatically. The pollen record from northeastern Kansas indicates that mesic conditions returned by around 5000 BP with a renewed development of o<;tk-hickorywoodlands in the floodplains (MandelI987:IV-9).
The site is currently pasture with grass and low shrubs being the dominant vegetation. There are some cedar trees present along the site boundaries and such vegetation would not have been present on site during prehistory. Due to its upland setting, the site has most likely always been dominated by open prairie vegetation, as visible in Figure 2.
PERIOD OF TIME
To date, no radiometrically datable materials or diagnostic artifacts have been recovered from the Dennis Quarry, thus it cannot be unequivocally associated with a specific archaeological cultural complex. The site covers an area of approximately eight acres, and test excavations only total eight square meters: Therefore, it is likely that temporally informative artifacts.and/or features would be recovered during future excavations. As detailed below, there is evidence to suggest the site was used at the very least by Grasshopper Falls phase groups during the Late Plains Woodland period (ca. A.D. 500-1000).
Since no diagnostic artifacts have been recovered from the Dennis Quarry, it is impossible to precisely determine when quarrying activities took place at the site. There is some circumstantial evidence, though, to suggest the site was used late in prehistory. First, the majority of the sites in the region immediately surrounding the Dennis Quarry date to the Middle and Late Plains Woodland periods. The Vermillion Creek Archeological District (listed March 10, 1975) contains 99 recorded sites and 83 of these are described as being potentially archaeologically significant. It is thought that the majority of the sites in the Vermillion Creek drainage fall into the Late Archaic and Middle and Late Plains Woodland periods (Reynolds 1975). Middle and Late Ceramic components are also present. The Guffy site (14P0222), five miles west of 14P057, underwent test excavations in 1970, and this work identified the presence of Middle Woodland occupations at the site (Reynolds 1976).
The Avoca site (14JA332) is located on Cross Creek, approximately 4 miles due east of the Dennis Quarry. The Avoca site is a habitation site associated with the Grasshopper Falls phase (Baugh 1991). Many of the artifacts recovered, from excavations at the Avoca site are made from chert derived from the Threemile and Schroyer Limestone Members of the Wreford Formation (Baugh 1991:65), and it is extremely likely that the NPS Form 10-90O-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 4
The Dennis Quarry (l4P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 2: View to the east demonstrating open prairie vegetation. _n ------
NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 5
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Dennis Quarry was one of the sources of that raw material. A wood charcoal sample from a single postmold feature at the Avoca site yielded a radiocarbon age of 1200:1::50 rcybp (Baugh 1991:105). For the purposes of this nomination, this radiocarbon age was calibrated using CALIB 4.3. This yielded a calibrated intercept date of A.D. 779 and a 2 sigma date range of A.D. 677-959 (Method A). The calibration using Method B provides a 2 sigma probability distribution (probability = 0.951) of A.D. 685-898. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to assume that at least a portion of the quarrying activities at the Dennis Quarry occurred during this date range.
Finally, the trench and pit features at the Dennis Quarry, and associated backdirt and lithic debris piles, are readilyvisi:b1eon the site's surface. It appears that little weathering of these features and surface sediments has occurred, thereby suggesting that they are relatively young. However, it is also possible that any features dating to the Paleoindian and Archaic time periods may not be archaeologically visible or completely obscured by later quarrying events. Therefore, use of the site during earlier periods in prehistory cannot be discounted.
There are a number of quarry sites in the vicinity of the Dennis Quarry at which prehistoric groups extracted the same type oflithic raw material. 14P058 is located a little over a mile northeast of the Dennis Quarry and exhibits numerous pit and trench features resulting from prehistoric excavations down to chert bearing beds of the Threemile Limestone Member. Substantial debris from stone tool production is also present. 14P059 is located about one mile southwest of the Dennis Quarry and also has the remnants of numerous prehistoric excavations and associated stone tool production debris. Due to the similarities in features and extraction methods among these three sites, it is likely that the same cultural group, or related cultural groups, conducted activities at these locales.
KANSAS PREHISTORIC CULTURE HISTORY
As stated above, there is strong circumstantial evidence to suggest that use of the Dennis Quarry occurred during the Late Plains Woodland period by people belonging to the Grasshopper Falls phase. However, earlier and later use of the site cannot be ruled out. Due to this lack of temporal certainty, a brief culture history of all the major prehistoric time periods and a review of the relevant archaeological record for northeastern Kansas is provided.
Paleoindian Period (12,000 BP-9,000 BP)
Sites with Paleoindian age materials in subsurface contexts are rare in Kansas, and much of the Paleoindian record occurs in surface contexts. Banks (1996) provides a review of the Kansas Paleoindian record and topics of current research. Paleoindian materials from northeastern Kansas have been recovered from both surface and subsurface contexts. The Diskau site, 14RY303 (Schmits 1987), located west of Tuttle Creek Lake, has yielded 8 Clovis projectile points from a surface context. Solecki (1953) recovered a Plainview point and a Folsom point from sites 14MH33 and 14MH75,respectively, inthe Tuttle Creek basin. Three Folsom projectile points have been found in Pottawatomie County: two were recovered trom the Coffey site, 14PO1 (Schmits 1981; Ziegler 1976), and a third from another locale is reported by Hofinan (1994). A probable late-Paleoindian lanceolate point was also recovered from the surface of the Coffey site (Schmits 1981). Hofinan has observed u ------
NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 6
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas that, "the study of avocational collections from the lower Kansas River Basin has so far not -producedFolsom evidence, even though Clovis and Dalton artifacts are represented in the area" (1994:34-35). The Sutter Site, located in Jackson County, has revealed the only intact subsurface Paleoindian component in northeastern Kansas (Katz 1971, 1973). The Sutter site contained what has been interpreted to be a possible terminal Paleoindian component dated to approximately 8,000 BP (Katz 1973).
Artifact assemblages present at numerous Paleoindian sites in western North America indicate a subsistence economy focused on the hunting oflarge game animals by small nomadic groups who also exploited other subsistence resources on an opportunistic level. A high degree of mobility has been inferred for the Paleoindian groups that inhabited western North America (Kelly and Todd 1988). This inference is based on the fact that Paleoindian groups were technologically oriented rather than being place oriented, thus resulting is frequent shifts in a group's subsistence range (Kelly and Todd 1988:239). Also, lithic assemblages often contain artifacts made from stone ftom distant source areas.
Archaic Period (9,000 BP-2,000 BP)
Archeological investigations of sites attributed to Archaic cultures are limited for northeastern Kansas. Those that have been reported typically are buried deeply in alluvial contexts (Johnson and Logan 1990:271).
Global environmental shifts following the end of the Pleistocene (abrupt climatic changes and megafaunal extinctions) required adaptive responses by human populations. Cultures developing around 9,000 BP, referred to collectively as the Archaic adaptive pattern, were distinguished by increasingly generalized subsistence bases organized around hunting and gathering. Climatic regimes in the Central Plains generally ameliorated, and by 8,000 BP a warmer, drier period known as the Altithermal dominated regional climatic patterns (Wendland 1978:278). By this time, communities oflarge mammal species similar to those of modem times were present. Moreover, generalized seed processing, represented by grinding stones recovered from Archaic sites, developed during this period. In addition, lithic tool industries became increasingly specialized over time.
Terminal Paleoindian and Early Archaic occupations are represented in northeastern Kansas by the Sutter site (14JN309), which is situated on an intermittent tributary of the Delaware River in Jackson County (Katz 1971, 1973). The Sutter site has been dated to ca. 8000 BP (Katz 1973). The site's assemblage included bifaces and numerous flakes, as well as scrapers. Four incomplete point specimens representing both lanceolate and stemmed forms were present. Sandstone manos and metates, suggestive of plant food processing, also were recovered. On the basis oflarge quantities of bison bone, researchers inferred bison hunting/kill activities for Sutter (Katz 1971). However, recent and more detailed faunal analyses have suggested resident group(s) who occupied the site relied on white-tailed and mule deer to a greater extent than previously thought (West 1991).
The Coffey site (14POl), which dates to the Middle and Late Archaic periods, is situated in the northern portion ofthe Tuttle Creek Reservoir area (Schmits 1976, 1978). The site assemblage was characterized by large projectile points and fired ceramic beads, as well as a dog burial. Detailed and extensive faunal and floral data indicated a broad-based pattern of both hunting and gathering of various animal and plant species. Fine-scale n----
NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 7
The Dennis Quarry (l4P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas seasonality data, derived from the site's faunal and floral assemblages, suggested very short-tenn occupation of Coffey (presumably because of annual flooding episodes). Initially assigned to the Munkers Creek phase (see Witty 1982), the multicomponent Coffey site was subsequently reassigned to the Black Vennillion phase (Schmits 1976, 1978, 1981). The only arguable difference between the Black Vermillion and Munkers Creek phases are certain differences in projectile point morphology, thus calling into question the taxonomic validity of the Black Vermillion designation (Logan 1996). Archeologists have dated Munkers Creek to between ca. 5550 BP and 5050 BP, and the Black Vermillion phase to between ca. 5700 BP and 4900 BP (Brown and Simmons 1987:Table 122, Table 14.1).
Early Ceramic Period (A.D. O-A.D. 1000)
It has been proposed that the Early Ceramic Period in Kansas is characterized'by interactions between Central Plains populations and groups residing in the Eastern Woodlands (Johnson 1992; Munson 1986). These interactions may have entailed exchanges of ideas and/or technologies, either directly, through demographic shifts from the east, or indirectly, through cultural diffusion. Unfortunately, artifactual evidence for an intrusive Early Ceramic occupation of the Kansas City/Central Plains region is admittedly sparse (Johnson 1992). Recent work in northeastern Kansas (Beck 1995; Logan and Hedden 1990) and northwestern Missouri (Wright 1980; Ziegler 1985a, 1985b)has provided evidence that the Kansas archaeological record contains evidence for Early Woodland manifestations.
Excavations at the Ashland Bottoms site (14RY603) near Manhattan, Kansas, resulted in the recovery of Ensor, Langtry, and Steuben projectile points, as well as bifaces, drills, and scrapers, along with zoned and stamped ceramics. These artifacts suggest clear cultural relationships with Kansas City Hopewell sites. However, long- tenn site occupation, a trait of Hopewell groups, cannot be inferred from the recovered materials (O'Brien et al. 1979). Other related sites in the Manhattan locality included 14RY404 (Don Wells), 14RY609, the Brous site (14P025), and 14P026 (O'Brien 1972; Wedel 1959:199, 200). Ofthe archaeological components identified at the Macy site (14RY38), three have been assigned to the Middle Plains Woodland period and two to the Late Plains Woodland period (Banks et al. 2001; Benison et al. 2000). Radiocarbon ages place the lower four components between A.D. 2-654. This site has the earliest evidence of pottery in a securely radiometrically- dated context in the Manhattan region. It is argued that the presence of Hopewell-like ceramics indicates the adoption of these styles by local Woodland groups as these cultural traits spread into the area from the east (Banks et al. 2001).
Researchers in northeastern Kansas have traditionally referred to Plains Archaic groups which adopted and/or modified Woodland cultural patterns, to varying degrees, as Plains Woodland peoples (Wedel 1959:619-620). There are three cultural complexes within northeastern Kansas that are thought to represent such an integration of Archaic and Woodland traits.
The first of these is the Schultz focus, which may most correctly be conceived of as a mortuary complex. Eyman (1966) defmed this cultural complex following analysis of material from nearly two-dozen burial NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No.1 024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 8
The Dennis Quany (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas mounds in Geary and Riley Counties, Kansas. Phenice (1969) has used the Schultz focus osteological evidence to suggest an in situ evolution of Archaic populations into subsequent Plains Woodland groups.
Another cultural complex is the Valley focus (or variant after Johnson 2001). It was originally defined as a result of excavations at the Schultz site (25VY1) in Nebraska (Hill and Kivett 1941). Archeologists have similarly found Valley focus sites in the Nebraska Sand Hills, eastern Nebraska, western Iowa (Benn 1990), and northeastern Kansas (O'Brien 1971; Wedel 1959:208). It has been suggested that the Valley focus had a temporal range of between about 50 B.C."andA.D. 400 (Brown and Simmons 1987:XIV.18). More recent research places the Valley focus into the sixth century A.D. (Benn 1990; Bozell and Winfrey 1994). Valley focus subsistence apparently was centered around hunting and gathering, since clear evidence of horticulture has not been recovered (Brown and Simmons 1987:XIV.18). Lithic assemblages include both comer-notched and stemmed points, as well as a limited number of groundstone items.
The Grasshopper Falls phase is another distinctive Plains Woodland cultural complex. To the east ofthe Dennis Quarry, Grasshopper Falls phase sites have been documented in Jackson, Jefferson, and Atchison Counties, Kansas. Reynolds (1979, 1981) defined this phase based on surface and subsurface data from about 100 sites in these counties. This phase has been dated to between about A.D. 500 and A.D. 1000 and is generally restricted to the Dissected Till Plains (Baugh 1991:15; Hofman 1996:103).
Evidence for intensive hunting and gathering is well represented for the Grasshopper Falls phase. In contrast, the role of plant cultivation in local economies remains unclear. In general, isolated households characterize Grasshopper Falls phase settlement patterns or small house clusters situated on terraces of secondary drainages (Reynolds 1981).
Grasshopper Falls site assemblages are characterized by sandstone abraders, bifaces, groundstone celts, drills, hammerstones, mulIers, small- to medium-sized projectile points, scrapers, and grinding slabs. Representative ceramics are typically undecorated, but smoothed and brushed cord-roughened examples have been reported. Moreover, specimens with oblique or vertical cord-roughening on exterior surfaces are also known. Vessels are medium to large in size, with conical bases and thickened or unthickened lips.
Middle Ceramic Period (A.D. 1000-A.D. 1500)
New technologies and ideas, including the advent of maize-based horticulture, appear to be represented at sites associated with the Middle Ceramic period. In Kansas, researchers have subdivided this period into the Central Plains tradition (with its Smoky Hill, Upper Republican, and Nebraska variants), the Steed-Kisker variant, and the Pomona variant. For the present discussion, Smoky Hill is the most relevant archaeological culture.
Sites attributed to the Central Plains tradition Smoky Hill variant (ca. A.D. 1000-1425) have been documented in the lower Smoky Hill-upper Kansas River basin (Logan and Ritterbush 1994:3). In general, the Smoky Hill culture area apparently extended from the Salina, Kansas, area east to Manhattan (Wedel 1959:565). Smoky NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
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The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Hill sites typically include the remains of one or two eartWodges. These structures are square to rectangular in outline, with rounded comers, interior cache pits, central hearths and supports, and extended entryways.
Smoky Hill subsistence included maize, squash, and sunflower horticulture as well as hunting of bison and other smaller species, fishing, and gathering of wild plant species (Brown and Simmons 1987:XVIII.8, 9). Key Smoky Hill sites include Griffing (14RY21) on Wildcat Creek, near Manhattan, the Minneapolis site (140T5) (Wedel 1959), and Budenbender (14P04), on the Blue River in the Tuttle Creek Reservoir area (Johnson 1973).
Recovered tool assemblages typically include grooved arrow shaft abraders, bison scapula hoes and other modified bone, knapped and polished celts, beveled andlanceolate knives, pipes, small notched and unnotched projectile points, endscrapers, and ceramic vessels (Wedel 1959).
Late Ceramic and Historic Periods (A.D. 1500-Present)
The relevant Late Ceramic cultural manifestation in northern Kansas is the White Rock phase (Logan 1995, 1998a). Sites representative of this culture OCGurwithin the northern Smoky Hills and eastern High Plains physiographic provinces (Brown and Simmons 1987:Table 18.7). Distinctive Oneota-like ceramic wares serve as Diagnosticartifacts for the White Rock phase. Early cross-dating of diagnostic artifacts resulted in an estimated temporal range for White Rock phase of between A.D. 1500 and A.D. 1600. Radiocarbon dates obtained during recent fieldwork at Lovewell Reservoir in north-central Kansas place the White Rock phase between A.D. 1300-1450, thus calling for a reevaluation of its relationship to the Central Plains tradition (Logan 1995, 1998a).
The White Rock subsistence economy is more specialized than the economy associated with the Central Plains Tradition, and faunal evidence recovered from 14JW1 indicates a hunting adaptation focused on bison (Logan 1998b). An agricultural component is also assQciatedwith this focal bison hunting aspect of the economy and is evidenced by charred maize remains and gardening tools consisting of bison scapula hoes and squash knives (Logan 1998b).
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Dennis Quarry is composed of three locales situated on an upland ridge (Figure 1). Locality 1 is characterized by the most evident pit and trench features created by prehistoric quarrying for tool stone and covers an area of approximately five acres. It is also marked by dense concentrations of flintknapping debris. Locality 2, approximately two acres in size, is located immediately to the southeast of Locality 1 and has numerous quarrying features and an extensive scatter of flintknapping debris, but not on the same scale as seen in Locality 1. Finally, Locality 3 is located northeast of Locality 1 and has no visible pit or trench features. It is approximately one acre in size and is marked by dense concentrations of flintknapping debris. It is defined as a workshop area associated with the other two localities. ------
NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No.1 024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 10
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
The pit and trench features of Localities 1 and 2 are variable in diameter and length. Figure 3 depicts an area measuring approximately 2500 square meters in Locality 1 and illustrates these features and the type of topography visible across Localities 1 and 2. These features mark areas where prehistoric groups excavated through overlying sediments to bedrock in order to obtain high-quality chert. Adjacent to and in between many of these features, there are small rises or ridges that likely represent backdirt piles from the prehistoric excavations. All of the localities are marked by high amounts of lithic debris on the surface. Tested nodules, cores, core fragments, lithic debris, and formal and informal tools are present across the entire site area.
Excavations conducted in 1978 by the Kansas State Historical Society demonstrated that between 10 and 50 centimeters of sediment covers bedrock on this upland ridge, and this fill contains quarrying debris, flintknapping debris, and formal and informal tools. These excavations also exposed a large layer ofThreemile chert, which prehistoric individuals had tried to extract, still embedded in the limestone bedrock (Figure 4). It is inferred that this feature represents the extraction of chert from the parent bedrock. This inference is supported by the presence of two segments of antler and a large cobble or hammerstone of Sioux Quartzite immediately adjacent to the fractured chert layer (Figure 4). No diagnostic artifacts were recovered during these excavations, so it is impossible to precisely determine when this site was used during prehistory. As discussed above, though, there is strong circumstantial evidence that the features observed today at 14P057 were created during the Early Ceramic time period.
This site is on land that has never been disturbed by agricultural practices such as plowing. The site has been used for cattle grazing, but since the land has not been overgrazed, the prairie vegetation has been sufficiently dense so as to prevent cattle from damaging the site. The only obvious impact to the site has been the minor 1978 excavations in Locality 1. Because the site has experienced only minor modem disturbances and is situated on an upland ridge, its appearance today is likely identical to its prehistoric appearance, with the exception of present day cedar trees. The presence of trees on and aroupd the site is a modem phenomenon, so the site and the region around it were probably marked by open tall-grass prairie with only a few trees in the perennial drainages. The quarrying features would have been clearly visible to prehistoric groups who visited the site and were probably more pronounced than they are today since it is likely that they were left open after quarrying was completed. Banks (1990:101) states that the prehistoric quarry excavations at 14P057 were backfilled. Such a statement is partially correct since the excavations in one excavation unit indicated that the quarrying activity was similar to strip mining techniques. The evidence suggests that the individuals excavated down to the chert layer and then followed it by removing the limestone overburden and discarding it behind them in the trench as they quarried. When quarrying activities ceased, there was most likely a portion of the trench left open. This lack of complete backfilling is likely for a number of reasons. First, there are numerous hummocks or mounds across the surface of the site, and these are inferred to be prehistoric backdirt piles since such features are not present on portions of the upland ridge that lack an archaeological record. Second, one can assume that complete backfilling would be an arduous task if using bone and antler digging tools. Finally, a quartzite cobble hammerstone and two antler wedges were recovered at the base ofthe prehistoric trench. It seems highly unlikely that such quarrying tools would have been left in the trench during backfilling. Nonetheless, it is difficult to determine the exact degree of backfilling until more testing is conducted at the site. NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No.1 024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 11
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
0:00\ /
~ N
0 j
""" 1 0 5 10 meters
Figure 3: Topographic detail of a portion of Locality 1. NPS Form 10-90O-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United states Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
. Section Number 7 Page 12
The Dennis Quarry (l4P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 4: Exposed layer of Threemile chert along with Sioux Quartzite cobble and antler wedges. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No.1 024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of H.istoric Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 7 Page 13
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
Martin Stein, of the Kansas State Historical Society, directed limited test excavations at the Dennis Quarry in 1978. One purpose of the investigation was to describe the subsurface archaeological signature of the features expressed on the surface and to confirm that they represented prehistoric attempts to directly quarry tool stone from the parent bedrock. Another goal of the excavations was to obtain high quality raw material samples from the quarry for comparison to artifacts recovered from sites in northeastern Kansas.
Two contiguous excavation units, totaling 8 square meters, were placed on and adjacent to a prehistoric trench feature in Locality 1. Test Unit 1 was situated immediately adjacent to the trench, and Test Unit 2 was placed over the trench feature. The excavations demonstrated that approximately 30 centimeters of sediment cover the Permian bedrock in this area ofthe site. In Test Unit 2, bedrock was present approximately 60 centimeters below the ground surface, and this greater depth is the result of bedrock being removed prehistorically in order to gain access to layers of chert. ,In the wall of this unit, the profile of the prehistoric trench was clearly visible. The fill from these test units contained high densities offlintknapping debris along with quarrying debris. Test Unit 2 revealed a feature consisting of a large chert layer still embedded in the parent bedrock, and associated with it were two antler wedges and a large quartzite cobble.
The excavations demonstrated that information pertaining to the nature of the quarrying techniques is preserved at the site and that the site contains artifacts and features informative as to quarrying or extraction methods. No report detailing the results ofthe archaeological excavations at the Dennis Quarry has been produced, but Banks (1990:101-103) does provide a brief discussion and photographs ofthe investigations. Additional photographs and the excavation records are curated in the Archeology Office of the Kansas State Historical Society. NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 1
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
SUMMARY
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) is significant under Criterion D in the area of EXTRACTION/PROCESSING as a prehistoric quarry as described in the Multiple Property Documentation Form Aboriginal Source Areas in Kansas. The site represents a location where prehistoric groups quarried with hand-held tools into subsurface bedrock to obtain chert needed to manufacture stone tools. The chert obtained at this site is from the Threemile Limestone Member ofthe Wreford Formation. At a number of Grasshopper Falls phase (A.D. 500-1000) sites in the surrounding region, this type of chert is the dominant raw material type (see Baugh 1991:65; Reynolds 1976). Although the quarry may have witnessed human activity before and after this time period, there is evidence to suggest that much of the site's use dates to this Late Plains Woodland cultural complex (Early Ceramic Period). Numerous pit and trench features resulting from quarrying activity are readily visible on the site's surface. The entire site area is also covered with dense scatters stone tool production debris. Excavations, conducted by the Kansas State Historical Society in 1978, uncovered intact subsurface quarry features. This limited testing demonstrated that prehistoric trenches and pits, excavated to access chert layers within the Threemile Limestone, were preserved and readily identifiable (Figures 5 and 6). Associated with the documented prehistoric trench was a quartzite hammerstone and two deer antler wedges, which likely were the tools used to extract the chert nodules from the parent bedrock. Also recorded during the testing were large amounts of debitage, rejected and exhausted cores, and discarded formal and informal tools. Therefore, it is clear that this upland site has exceptional integrity and can provide additional information crucial to reconstructing prehistoric methods oflithic raw material acquisition and reduction strategies.
As detailed in the Multiple Property Documentation Form entitled Aboriginal Lithic Source Areas in Kansas, under the historic context of Lithic Technology, one goal oflithic technological investigations is to understand the reduction sequence(s) used by prehistoric groups when manufacturing tools, and the first step in any reduction sequence is the acquisition of raw material. The Dennis Quarry contains intact features and tool production debris that allow archaeologists to infer what actions were used in prehistory to obtain stone, and how the acquired raw material was modified on site. These data are needed to gain an accurate and complete understanding of prehistoric lithic reduction strategies in this region of northeast Kansas.
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
The Kansas State Historical Society conducted test excavations in the area of 14P057 designated Locality 1. Only a small area was tested (eight square meters), but the excavations did provide important information about prehistoric activities at the site. In the tested area, evidence indicates that prehistoric groups excavated a narrow trench, approximately 60-70 centimeters deep, down to and into the limestone bedrock (Figure 6). When the fill from this prehistoric trench had been excavated, it was evident that the uppermost layers of limestone had been removed to access a layer of underlying chert (Figure 4). Recovered from the base of the prehistoric trench, and immediately adjacent to the exposed layer of chert, were two antler wedges or batons and a cobble of Sioux quartzite (Figure 4). As stated in Section 7, the site is located in the Glaciated Region of northeastern Kansas and glacially deposited materials are present across the site. These glacial deposits are a mixed matrix of small to medium sized cobbles of metamorphic and igneous rock, some of which are identified as Sioux NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 2
The Dennis Quarry (l4P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 5: Outline of filled prehistoric trench visible in center of photo (under arrow). NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 3
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 6: Prehistoric trench being revealed during excavation. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 4
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
quartzite. Although such cobbles occur naturally in the site's sediments, it is clear that the cobble exposed in the bottom of Test Unit 2 was placed there by human action and not by natural site fonnation processes since it was lying on a limestone surface that had been exposed when prehistoric individuals manually removed overlying layers oflimestone and chert (Figure 7).
The surfaces of Localities 1 and 2 are marked by dozens of depressions and trenches identical to the feature that was tested in the area of Test Units 1 and 2. These depressions and trenches represent the remains of prehistoric excavations down to and into the parent bedrock in order to obtain high quality lithic raw materials suitable for the production of stone tools. Therefore; the site's potential to provide additional infonnation relating to prehistoric quarrying techniques and reduction of the acquired tools stone is substantial. These features offer an exceptional opportunity for future research and would most likely reveal materials (i.e., diagnostic artifacts, radiometrically datable features) infonnative as to the prehistoric period or periods during which the site was utilized.
The surface of all the site's localities and the subsurface deposits that overlie the limestone bedrock contain large amounts of flintknapping debris along with discarded fonnal and infonnal tools. The amount of debitage encountered in just one of the four meter square test excavations is evident in Figure 8. As stated in the Multiple Property Documentation Fonn entitled Aboriginal Lithic Source Areas in Kansas, under the historic context-of Lithic Technology, it is important for archaeologists to understand the strategies of stone tool reduction used by prehistoric groups. The vast amount of stone tool production debris present across the site will allow for a detailed reconstruction of reduction sequences employed at the Dennis Quarry. With the large number of residential ~ camp sites in the surrounding region, it is highly likely that small, special purpose expeditions visited l4P057 and once raw material was obtained, the acquired nodules were reduced into cores and bifaces that were readily transported back to base camps where final reduction would have taken place. On the other hand, analysis of the production debris may indicate that more intensive reduction and the production of finished tools occurred on site. Additional work at the Dennis Quarry will allow researchers to detennine the full range of not only raw material acquisition but also the full range of reduction strategies employed on site. It is also likely that additional research will identify temporally distinct episodes of site use and detennine if reduction sequences varied over time. Finally, other sites similar to l4P057 are recorded in the immediately surrounding region.. These sites have not been evaluated for National Register eligibility, but regardless of their significance, the Dennis Quarry can be compared to them to better understand the full range of quarrying behavior in the area and reduction sequence variability as it relates to raw material quality and acquisition.
Related to the potential variability outlined above, further work at l4P057 will likely allow archaeologists to detennine if raw material acquisition at the Dennis Quarry was embedded in prehistoric movement across the landscape focused on hunting and gathering schedules or seasonal residence changes (indirect procurement), or if use of the site was a result of direct procurement by prehistoric individuals or small groups. As stated in the Multiple Property Documentation Fonn entitled Aboriginal Lithic Source Areas in Kansas, understanding how lithic source areas relate spatially and functionally to other sites in the surrounding region is important, and l4P057 has the potential to be infonnative in such inquiries. NPS Form 10-90O-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 5
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 7: Exposed limestone bench with digging implements exposed. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 6
The Dennis Quarry (l4P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Figure 8: Photo showing the large amount of debitage present in the trench fill. "n--_U."
NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National ParkService -
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 8 Page 7
The Dennis Quarry (l4P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
As it relates to the Multiple Property Documentation FOTITIentitled Aboriginal Lithic Source Areas in Kansas, the Dennis Quarry is significant for a number of reasons. First, it represents a location on the landscape where high quality tool stone was obtained from a subsurface bedrock context. The site has numerous distinguishable features representing these quarrying events. What is probably most remarkable about the site is that unmodified chert nodules in secondary contexts are not readily visible on the site's surface or the descending slopes surrounding the site. The fact that prehistoric groups most likely could not observe eroded chert on the site's surface but still used the area to obtain chert from the buried parent bedrock indicates that they possessed a detailed knowledge of the region's geology, where one could obtain high-quality unweathered lithic raw material, and the methods needed to do so. Secondly, the methods of raw material extraction are clearly evident at the site. There are dozens of remnant pit and trench features created by individuals quarrying down to and into bedrock to obtain chert. The limited excavations at 14P057 revealed a quartzite hammerstone and two deer antler batons or wedges. Due to their direct association with a prehistoric excavation trench and a layer of chert still embedded in the parent limestone, it is inferred that these tools were used in the quarrying and extraction activities. Finally, the vast amount oflithic debris present at all three of the site's localities will allow for detailed analyses oflithic reduction strategies practiced on site. These facts support a finding that the Dennis Quarry (14P057) is significant under Criterion D in the area of EXTRACTION/PROCESSING as a prehistoric quarry as described in the Multiple Property Documentation FOTITIAboriginal Source Areas in Kansas. -----
NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 9 Page 1
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Banks, Larry D. 1990 From Mountain Peaks to Alligator Stomachs: A Review of Lithic Sources in the Trans-Mississippi South, the Southern Plains, and Adjacent Southwest. Memoir No.4. Oklahoma Anthropological Society, Norman.
Banks. William E. 1996 Paleoindian Research. In The Archaeology of Kansas: A Research Guide, edited by B. Logan, pp. 6-13. Museum of Anthropology, Project Report Series No. 86. University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Banks, William E., Rolfe D. Manqel, Donna C. Roper, and Christopher J. Benison 2001 The Macy Site (14RY38): A Multi-Component Early Ceramic Occupation in Northeastern Kansas. Plains Anthropologist 46:21-37.
Baugh, Timothy G. 1991 TheAvoca Site (J4JN332): Excavation of a Grasshopper Falls Phase Structure, Jackson County, Kansas. Contract Archeology Publication No.8: Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
Beck, M.E. 1995 "Mississippian" Ceramics in the Central Plains Tradition: Petrographic Analysis and Interpretive Models. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Benison, Christopher J., William E. Banks and Rolfe D. Mandel 2000 Phase IV Archeological Investigations at 14RY38:A Multicomponent Early CeramicPeriod Campsite Near Manhattan, Kansas. Contract Archeology Publication No. 22. Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
Benn, David W. 1990 Introduction to the Rainbow Site Investigations. In Woodland Cultures on the WesternPrairies: The Rainbow Site Investigations, edited by D.W. Benn, pp. 1-20. Report No. 18. Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Bozell, J.R. and J.V. Winfrey 1994 A Review of Middle Woodland Archaeology in Nebraska. Plains Anthropologist 39:125-144.
Brown, Kenneth L. and Alan H. Simmons (editors) 1987 Kansas Prehistoric Archeological Preservation Plan. Office of Archaeological Research, Museum of Anthropology and Center for Public Affairs, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Manuscript on file, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 9 Page 2
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Eyman, C.E. 1966 The Schultz Focus: A Plains Middle WoodlandBurial Complex in Eastern Kansas. Unpublished M.A. thesis. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Hill, Asa T., and Marvin F. Kivett 1941 Woodland-Like Manifestations in Nebraska. Nebraska History 21(3):143-243.
Hofman, Jack L. 1994 Kansas Folsom Evidence. The Kansas Anthropologist 15(2):31-43.
1996 Archeology and Paleoecology of the Central Plains. Research Series No. 48. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.
Johnson, Alfred E. 1973 Archaeological Investigations at the Budenbender Site, Tuttle Creek Reservoir, North-Central Kansas, 1957. Plains Anthropologist 18(62), Pts. 1-2:271-299.
1992 Early Woodland in the Trans-Missouri West. Plains Anthropologist 37:129-136.
2001 Plains Woodland Tradition. In Plains, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13, Part 1 of2,pp. 159- 172. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Johnson, William C. and Brad D. Logan 1990 Geoarchaeology of the Kansas River Basin, Central Great Plains. In Archaeological Geology of North America, edited by N.P. Lasca and J. Donahue, pp. 267-299. Geological Society of America Centennial Special Volume 4.
Katz, Paul R. 1971 Archaeology of the Sutter Site in Northeastern Kansas. Plains Anthropologist 16:1-19.
1973 Radiocarbon Dates from the Sutter Site, Northeastern Kansas. Plains Anthropologist 18:167-168.
Kelly, Robert L. and Larry C. Todd 1988 Coming into the Country: Early Paleoindian Hunting and Mobility. American Antiquity 53:231-244.
Kuchler, A. W. 1974 A New Vegetation Map of Kansas. Ecology 55:586-604. NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
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Logan, Brad 1995 Phasing in White Rock: Archaeological Investigation of the White Rock and Warne Sites, Lovewell Reservoir, Jewell County, Kansas, 1994-1995. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology, Project Report Series 90. Lawrence.
1996 Archaic Period Research. In The Archaeology of Kansas: A Research Guide, edited by B. Logan, pp.l4- 54. Project Report Series No. 86. Museum of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
1998a Oneota Far West: The White Rock Phase. The WisconsinArchaeologist 78(2):246-265.
1998b The Fat of the Land: White Rock Phase Bison Hunting and Grease Production. Plains Anthropologist I 43(166):349-366.
Logan, Brad L. and John G. Hedden 1990 14J046. In, Archaeological Investigations in the Plains Village Fronteir, Northeastern Kansas, edited by B. Logan, pp. 92-110. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology, Project Report Series No. 70. Lawrence.
Logan, B.D., and L.W. Ritterbush 1994 Late Prehistoric Cultural Dynamics in the Lower Kansas River Basin. Central Plains Archaeology 4:1- 25.
Mandel, Rolfe D. 1987 Late-Quaternary Environments of the Great Plains: Implications for Cultural Resource Management. In Kansas Prehistoric Archeological Preservation Plan, edited by K. L. Brown and A. H. Simmons, pp. IV-I-IV -28. Office of Archaeological Research, Museum of Anthropology and Center for Public Affairs, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Manuscript on file, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
Munson, Patrick J. 1986 Marion, Black Sand, Morton, and Havana Relationships: An lllinois Valley Perspective. In, Early WoodlandArchaeology, edited by K.B. Farnsworth and T.E. Emerson, pp. 642-649. Kampsville Seminars in Archaeology, Vol. 2. Center for American Archaeology, Kampsville, lllinois.
O'Brien, Patricia J. 1971 Valley Focus Mortuary Practices. Plains Anthropologist 16:165-182.
1972 The Don Wells Site (14RY404), A Hopewellian Site Near Manhattan, Kansas and its Implications. Kansas Anthropological Association Newsletter 17(5):1-11. Topeka. NPS Fonn 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
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National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
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O'Brien, Patricia J., Margaret Caldwell, John Jilka, Lynn Toburen, and Barbara Yeo 1979 The Ashland Bottoms Site (14RY603): A Kansas City Hopewell Site in North-Central Kansas. Plains Anthropologist 24:1-20.
Phenice, Terrel W. 1969 An Analysis of the Human Skeletal Materialfrom Burial Mounds in North Central Kansas. Publications in Anthropology 1. Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Reynolds, John D. 1975 Vermillion Creek Archeological District. National Register of Historic Places nomination form. Nomination on file, State Historic Preservation Office, Topeka, Kansas.
1976 The Guffy Site. Kansas Anthropological Association Newsletter 22(3--4):1-13.
1979 The Grasshopper Falls Phase of the Plains Woodland. Contract Archeology Publication Number 8. Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
1981 The Grasshopper Falls Phase: A Newly Defined Plains Woodland Cultural-Historical Integration Phase in the Central Plains. Missouri Archaeologist 42:85-97. .
Schmits, Larry J. 1976 The Coffey Site: Environment and Cultural Adaptation at a Prairie Plains Archaic Site. Report submitted to the National Park Service, Interagency Archaeological Services, Denver, CO.
1978 The Coffey Site: Environment and Cultural Adaptation at a Prairie Plains Archaic Site. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Special Paper 1, 3(1):69-185.
1981 Archaeological and Geological Investigations at the Coffey Site, Tuttle Creek Lake, Kansas. Report submitted to the Interagency Archaeological Services Branch, National Park Service, Denver. Museum of Anthropology, University of Kansas. Lawerence.
1987 The Diskau Site: A Paleoindian Occupation in Northeast Kansas. Current Research in the Pleistocene 4:69-70.
Schoewe, Walter H. 1949 The Geography of Kansas, Part II, Physical Geography. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences 52(3):261-333.
Solecki, Ralph 1953 Appraisal of the Archeological and Paleontological Resources of the Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Marshall, Pottawatomie and Riley Counties, Kansas. Missouri Basin Project, Smithsonian Institution, Lincoln. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 9 Page 5
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Wedel, Waldo R. 1959 An Introduction to Kansas Archeology. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 174. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Wendland, Wayne M. 1978 Holocene Man in North America: The Ecological Setting and Climatic Background. Plains Anthropologist 23(82), Pt. 1:273-287.
West, Dixie L. 1991 The Sutter Site Revisited: The Faunal Analysis. Program and Abstracts of the 49th Annual Plains Anthropological Conference, Lawrence, Kansas, November 1991.
Witty, Thomas A., Jr. 1982 The Slough Creek, Two Dog and William Young Sites, Council Grove Lake, Kansas. Anthropological Series Number 10. Archeology Office, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
Wright, C.A. 1980 Archaeological Investigations in the Proposed Blue Springs Lake Area, Jackson County, Missouri: The Early Woodland Period. Report submitted to the Kansas City District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology. Lawrence.
Zeller, Doris E. 1968 The Stratigraphic Succession in Kansas. Bulletin 189. State Geological Survey of Kansas, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
Ziegler, Robert J. 1976 A Cultural Resources Management Program for Tuttle Creek Lake for the Years 1978-1983. Report to the Kansas City District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology. Lawrence.
1985a Sites Tested. In, Prehistoric Cultural Resources within the Right-of-Way of the Proposed Little Blue River Channel, assembled by K.L. Brown and R.J. Ziegler, pp. 78-141. Report submitted to the Kansas City District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology. Lawrence.
1985b Excavations at 23JA40. In, Prehistoric Cultural Resources within the Right-of-Way of the Proposed Little Blue River Channel, assembled by K.L. Brown and R.J. Ziegler, pp. 142-189. Report submitted to the Kansas City District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology. Lawrence. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 10 Page 1 --".~-~ ~---' The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Verbal Boundary Description
The Dennis Quarry (14P057) is located in the East ~ of the Northwest 'i4of the Southeast 'i4of Section 21, Township 7 South, Range 12 East. The four UTM reference coordinates (NAD 27) provided in Section 10 of the registration fonn represent the eastern and western edges of Locality 1, the s9uthern boundary of Locality 2, and the northern boundary of Locality 3. The site boundaries are indicated on the USGS map.
Boundary Justification
The four UTM reference coordinates represent the edges of each locality where cultural surface materials or feature expressions are no longer present. Due to ground cover and poor surface visibility, site boundaries possibly extend an additional several meters beyond the boundaries referenced by the UTM coordinates, but the UTM coordinates are thought to accurately represent the site's boundaries. A northern UTM coordinate was not calculated for Locality 2, nor a southern UTM coordinate for Locality 3 because there is no clear boundary between these localities and Locality 1. Therefore, the four UTM coordinates define the area that contains all three localities of 14P057. NPS Form 10-900-a OMS Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86)
United States Department of the Interior National Park Service
National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet
Section Number 11 Page 1 ..~--~._~~.- ~~-~-'-~--~ ,-~--~- The Dennis Quarry (14P057) Pottawatomie County, Kansas
Photographic Information The following infonnation is consistent for all photographs: 1. The Dennis Quarry (14P057) 2. Pottawatomie County, Kansas 3. C. Martin Stein, photographer 5. Negatives located at the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, KS
The following infonnation is applicable to specific photographs: 4. June 9, 1978 6. View to the east, test unit 2 open and test unit 1 backfilled 7. 1/6
4. June 9, 1978 6. View to the east, Threemile chert exposed. Feature 12just above arrow 7. 2/6
4. June 6, 1978 6. View to the south, test unit 2, prehistoric trench fill under arrow 7. 3/6
4. June 8, 1978 6. View to the east, test unit 2, clearing the prehistoric trench 7. 4/6
4. June 9, 1978 6. View to the north, test unit 2 at bedrock. Souix quartzite cobble with associated antler in center of photo 7. 5/6
4. June 8, 1978 6. View to the north, clearing the prehistoric trench. Trench fill visible in north wall. 7. 6/6