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Los Cambios Ambientales Del Holoceno Medio/Holoceno Tardío En El Desierto De Sonora Y Sus Implicaciones… 201

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Los Cambios Ambientales Del Holoceno Medio/Holoceno Tardío En El Desierto De Sonora Y Sus Implicaciones… 201 Diálogo Andino - Revista de Historia, Geografía y Cultura Andina ISSN: 0716-2278 [email protected] Universidad de Tarapacá Chile Carpenter Slavens, John; Sánchez, Guadalupe LOS CAMBIOS AMBIENTALES DEL HOLOCENO MEDIO/ HOLOCENO TARDÍO EN EL DESIERTO DE SONORA Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN LA DIVERSIFICACIÓN DEL YUTO-AZTECANO Y LA DIFUSIÓN DEL MAÍZ Diálogo Andino - Revista de Historia, Geografía y Cultura Andina, núm. 41, junio, 2013, pp. 199-210 Universidad de Tarapacá Arica, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=371334532013 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Nº 41, 2013. Páginas 199-210 Diálogo Andino LOS CAMBIOS AMBIENTALES DEL HOLOCENO MEDIO/ HOLOCENO TARDÍO EN EL DESIERTO DE SONORA Y SUS IMPLICACIONES EN LA DIVERSIFICACIÓN DEL YUTO- AZTECANO Y LA DIFUSIÓN DEL MAÍZ ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE IN THE MIDDLE HOLOCENE/LATE HOLOCENE IN THE SONORAN DESERT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS REGARDING THE DIVERSIFICATION OF UTO-AZTECAN AND THE DIFFUSION OF MAIZE John Carpenter Slavens* y Guadalupe Sánchez** En este trabajo presentamos un modelo para explicar la bifurcación inicial de la familia lingüística yutoazteca, la diversificación subsecuente de la rama sonorense/sureño y la difusión inicial del maíz al noroeste de México y el suroeste de Estados Unidos. El Holoceno medio (también conocido como el altitermal) está fechado aproximadamente entre los años de 7500 a 4500 antes del presente (5500-2500 a.C.). Este período se caracteriza por condiciones climáticas adversas durante el cual el desierto de Sonora quedó casi abandonado. Sugerimos que los grupos yutoaztecanos fueron los primeros norteños en obtener el maíz (a través del occidente). También proponemos que estos grupos hablantes del protoyutoaztecasonorense salieron de su refugio altitermal, ubicado en la zona serrana del noreste de sinaloa, sureste de sonora y sureste de chihuahua y recolonizaron el desierto de sonora. Palabras claves: difusión del maíz, yutoaztecanos, altitermal. In this paper we present a model to explain the initial bifurcation of the linguistic uto-aztecan family, its subsequent diversification of the sonoran/southern branch and the initial diffusion of maize to northwest mexico and the southwest of the u.s. the middle holocene (also known as the altithermal) is aproximately dated to the years between 7500 and 4500 before the present (5500- 2500 bce). This period is characterized by adverse climactic conditions during which time the sonoran desert remained almost abandoned. We sugest that these uto-aztecan groups were the first northerners to obtain maize (via west mexico). Additionally, we propose that these groups of proto-sonoran-uto-aztecan speakers left their altithermal refuge, located in the foothill/mountain zone of northeastern sinaloa, southeastern sonora and southwestern chihuahua and recolonized the sonoran desert. Key words: diffusion of maize, uto-aztecan, altithermal. Introducción el Pleistoceno terminal conocido como Youngest Dryst, y posteriormente durante el Holoceno medio El estado de Sonora refleja una enorme histo- conocido como Altitermal. Durante estos períodos ria de ocupación humana representada por varios de extrema desertificación ocurrieron abandonos desarrollos sociales que comenzaron desde finales esporádicos del desierto, aunque las poblaciones del Pleistoceno y continuaron casi sin interrupción vuelven a ocupar el desierto y logran adaptarse hasta tiempos recientes. Los grupos que habitaron y permanecer en las zonas desérticas e inclusive el desierto de Sonora no solo sobrevivieron, sino desarrollar comunidades sedentarias de agriculto- florecieron durante aproximadamente cien siglos res incipientes. Este trabajo pretende investigar a adaptados a un ambiente severo, pero que con- través de las modificaciones de algunos paisajes tiene un enorme repertorio de plantas y animales sonorenses y los cambios climáticos que definen importantes para la supervivencia humana. Los el Holoceno tardío, el papel que tuvo Sonora y los grupos humanos que habitaron Sonora tuvieron grupos hablantes de yutoaztecas en la propagación que enfrentar por lo menos dos cambios climáticos del cultivo de maíz al suroeste de Estados Unidos drásticos y de larga duración. El primero durante que ocurrió hace por lo menos 4000 años. * Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Centro INAH, Sonora, México. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ** Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto de Geología, Estación Región del Noroeste (ERNO), México. Correo electrónico: [email protected] Recibido: 13 de diciembre de 2012. Aceptado: 2 de abril de 2013. 200 John Carpenter Slavens y Guadalupe Sánchez El paisaje sonorense vegetación es muy similar a la actual. Bosques de leguminosas con lluvias monsónicas abundantes El desierto de Sonora abarca alrededor de en el verano y veranos muy calientes comienzan a 360.000 kilómetros cuadrados en ambos lados de ser la regla del desierto de Sonora (Van Devender la frontera internacional, incluyendo la gran mayo- et al., 1990). ría de Sonora, la península de Baja California, el El Holoceno medio (también conocido como suroeste del estado de Arizona y el extremo sureste el Altitermal) está fechado aproximadamente entre de California en los EE.UU. Como desierto, se los años de 7500 a 4500 antes del presente (5500- caracteriza por su extrema aridez, con un promedio 2500 a.C.). Iinicialmente fue definido por Antevs de precipitación anual que varía entre 50 mm y (1948, 1955) como un período de estrés climático 300 mm, dependiendo de la zona. La precipitación de dimensiones macrorregionales representado por refleja una distribución bimodal, con un poco más temperaturas muy altas y un descenso considera- de lluvia asociada a los chubascos del verano que ble de las lluvias. La severidad de las condiciones a las equipatas invernales. Las temperaturas son ambientales varió de región en región; en algunas extremas, variando entre –5 centígrados en el partes los grupos humanos tuvieron que adaptarse invierno, y alcanzan 45 o más grados entre junio a las sequías, otros lugares casi tuvieron que ser y septiembre. Es un desierto tropical único en el abandonados por completo y la gente tuvo que mundo, con una biodiversidad vegetal y animal refugiarse en lugares a mayor elevación o con relativamente alta (Nabhan, 1985, 1989; Turner y microclimas mucho más amigables (Betancourt Brown, 1994:182) 1990; Davis 1984; Holliday 1989; Martin 1963; Los cambios climáticos y de vegetación en Meltzer 1991; Van Devender 1990). En el desierto Sonora han sido unidireccionales, con una ten- de Sonora el Altitermal se caracteriza por la falta de dencia a la desertificación que comenzó durante depósitos y registros arqueológicos debido a que la el Pleistoceno terminal hasta conformar el actual gran sequía erosionó la mayoría de los depósitos y desierto de Sonora (Nabhan, 1985; Vandenver, 1990). existe un hiato estratigráfico que parece corroborar Los restos botánicos recuperados de los nidos de los modelos que plantean condiciones ambientales neotomas representan uno de los mejores registros inhóspitas (Berry y Berry, 1986; Mabry, 1998c, para estudiar el clima y la sucesión vegetal en la 1998d). zona (Van Devender, 1990). Estos estudios junto con los pocos registros de polen que existen para La familia lingüística yutoaztecana Sonora y áreas vecinas (Davis y Anderson, 1987), y el Holoceno medio (Altitermal) y por lo menos un estudio de restos de carbón e isótopos de oxígeno en los huesos de los mamíferos La familia lingüística yutoaztecana es una del Pleistoceno de Sonora (Núñez et al., 2010) han de las familias más importantes del continente de servido como base para reconstruir preliminarmente Norteamérica, con una distribución extendiéndose la historia climática del desierto de Sonora durante desde la Gran Cuenca en el norte hasta Nicaragua en los últimos 16000 años. el sur (Figura 1). Diversas áreas han sido identificadas La evidencia ambiental que tenemos hasta la como la ubicación de la cuna de los protoyutoaztecas fecha señala que en la región noroeste de Sonora a (PUA). Se ha propuesto desde la meseta de Columbia finales del Pleistoceno existía un bosque de piñón en el extremo noroeste de EE.UU. (Hopkins, 1965), el y táscate con yuca y pastizales abiertos. Esta comu- norte de California (Nichols, 1981), la Gran Cuenca nidad vegetativa comenzó a deteriorarse alrededor (Goss, 1977), y desde el norte de las Montañas del 11000 antes del presente; los táscates (Juniperus Rocosas, hasta los altos de los altos del Mogollon californica) permanecieron en el paisaje hasta (Arizona-Nuevo México) y la Sierra Madre Occidental 8900 años antes del presente (Van Devender et al., (Fowler, 1983; Romney, 1957), los desiertos de la 1987). En las partes más altas cerca de la Sierra frontera entre Arizona-Sonora (Lamb, 1958), el sur Madre el pino se comporta de la misma forma que de California (Miller, 1994), o tal vez en el altiplano los táscates y comienza a desaparecer 8700 años de México central (Hill, 2001) como lugares posibles antes del presente. Los registros de polen muestran del primer grupo yutoaztecano. un aumento de mesquite durante este horizonte y Basándose en 27 términos cognados relacio- a partir del 8000 antes del presente el clima y la nados con la flora
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