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UTOPÍAS INDIAS Movimientos Sociorreligiosos En México ALICIA M UTOPÍAS INDIAS Movimientos sociorreligiosos en México Alicia M. Barabas UTOPÍAS INDIAS Movimientos sociorreligiosos en México Abya-Yala 2000 UTOPÍAS INDIAS Movimientos sociorreligiosos en México ALICIA M. BARABAS Primera edición 1989 Editorial Grijalbo,S.A. México Segunda edición Ediciones ABYA-YALA corregida y aumentada 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla: 17-12-719 Teléfono: 562-633 / 506-247 Fax: (593-2) 506-255 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]. Quito-Ecuador Impresión Docutech Quito-Ecuador Diseño de la Portada: ISBN: 9978-04-606-2 Impreso en Quito-Ecuador, 2000 Para Eduarda, Balby e Irene ÍNDICE PRÓLOGO A LA SEGUNDA EDICIÓN... 11 MOVIMIENTOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS Y UTOPÍA ................................................. 83 RECONOCIMIENTOS ............................. 37 CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES ........ 39 Utopías ...................................................... 83 APROXIMACIONES TEÓRICAS A LOS Las Utopías en Occidente ........................ 88 MOVIMIENTOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS.. 47 Utopías sociales y utopías milenaristas 88 Desarrollos conceptuales de la utopía.... 101 Aproximaciones teóricas ......................... 47 Principales estudios sobre los Las Utopías indias .................................... 105 movimientos sociorreligiosos ................. 48 MOVIMIENTOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS Discusión conceptual ............................... 58 DURANTE LOS SIGLOS XVI Y XVII ...... 113 Movimientos sociales y movimientos de protesta............................................ 58 Contexto colonial durante Movimientos sociales, religiosos y los siglos XVI y XVII ............................... 113 seculares ............................................... 59 Movimientos sociales y políticos ....... 60 Movimientos entre los mayas de Yucatán, Acerca de la función política .............. 61 Campeche, Quintana Roo y Chiapas ..... 119 La racionalidad en los movimientos étnicos sociorreligiosos ....................... 64 1546. Rebelión maya de Chinkinchel, Acerca del espontaneísmo de los Sotuta, Tazes, Chekan y movimientos sociorreligiosos ............. 66 Uaymil-Chetumal ............................... 119 Aculturación y reculturación .............. 67 1553-1556. Rebelión de los lacandones (Estado de Chiapas) ............................ 120 Una Propuesta alternativa ...................... 69 1560-1562. Movimientos de Sotuta y Características generales de los Maní (Estado de Yucatán) .................. 121 movimientos sociorreligiosos ............. 69 1565. Movimiento de Valladolid La cosmovisión religiosa ..................... 70 (Estado de Yucatán) ............................ 122 Acerca del tiempo mítico .................... 74 1580-1583. Rebelión de los mayas de Los movimientos sociorreligiosos Campeche............................................. 123 dentro de la situación colonial ........... 76 1584. Movimiento de Suchiapa Los movimientos sociorreligiosos (Estado de Chiapas) ............................ 123 como utopías indias ............................ 79 8 / ALICIA M. BARABAS 1585. Rebelión de los mayas de Campeche124 1599. Rebelión de los guachichiles 1597. Movimiento de los mayas de Sotuta (Estados de Jalisco y San Luis Potosí). 143 (Estado de Yucatán)............................. 125 1601-1604. Rebelión de los acaxées de la 1610. Movimiento de los mayas de Tekax sierra de Topia (Estado de Durango) . 144 (Estado de Yucatán) ............................ 125 1616. Rebelión de los tepehuanes del Sur 1624. Rebelión del ah-kin Ppol (Estado de Durango) .......................... 145 (mayas de Yucatán) ............................. 125 1632. Rebelión de los guazaparis 1636- 1639. Rebelión de Bacalar (Estado de Chihuahua) ....................... 148 (Estado de Quintana Roo) ................. 126 1644. Rebelión de las Siete Naciones 1660- 1670. Movimiento profético de los (Estado de Chihuahua) ...................... 149 mayas de Campeche ............................ 127 1645. Rebelión de los salineros (Estado de Chihuahua) ....................... 150 Comentarios ............................................... 128 1646-1697. Rebeliones de los tarahumaras y otros grupos (Estados de Chihuahua, Movimientos en Oaxaca y Guerrero....... 132 Sonora y Sinaloa)................................. 151 1680-1696. Rebelión de los jumanos, 1531. Rebelión de los yopis keres, jemes, teguas, janos y otros (Estado de Guerrero)........................... 132 (Nuevo México) .................................. 153 1547. Rebelión de los zapotecos y 1695. Rebelión de los conchos, sobas y mixtecos (Estado de Oaxaca) ............. 133 pimas (Estados de Sonora y Chihuahua) 153 1547. Rebelión de los zapotecos y mixtecos de los valles centrales Comentarios ............................................... 154 (Estado de Oaxaca) ............................. 134 1550. Rebelión de los zapotecos aledaños MOVIMIENTOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS a la ciudad de Oaxaca DURANTE EL SIGLO XVIII .................... 163 (Estado de Oaxaca) ............................. 135 1660. Insurrección de Tehuantepec, Contexto colonial durante el siglo XVIII 163 Nejapa, Ixtepeji y Villa Alta (zapotecos, mixes y chontales de Oaxaca) ............ 135 Movimientos entre los mayas de Chiapas Comentarios ............................................... 138 y Yucatán ................................................... 165 Movimientos en el Norte de México....... 140 1708-1712. Movimientos de los tzeltales 1539. Movimientos de los indios de y tzotziles (Estado de Chiapas) .......... 165 Guaynamota y Guazamota 1708-1710. Movimiento de Zinacantan (sierra de Nayarit) ............................... 140 (Estado de Chiapas) ............................ 166 1541. Rebelión del Mixtón 1710-1711. Movimiento de Chamula (Estado de Jalisco y otros) .................. 141 (Estado de Chiapas) ............................ 167 1591-1604. Rebelión de los acaxées 1711. Movimiento de Chenalhó (Estado de Durango) .......................... 142 (Estado de Chiapas) ............................ 168 1597. Rebelión de los tehuecos 1712-1713. Rebelión de Cancuc (Estado de Sinaloa) ............................. 142 (Estado de Chiapas) ............................ 168 UTOPÍAS INDIAS / 9 1727. Rebelión de los zoques y tzeltales Comentarios ............................................... 201 (Estados de Tabasco y Chiapas).......... 173 1761. Rebelión de Jacinto Canek Movimientos sociorreligiosos en (mayas del Estado de Yucatán) ........... 175 Oaxaca y Guerrero ................................... 211 Comentarios ............................................... 177 1843-1845. Rebelión de los triquis de Copala (Estado de Oaxaca)................. 211 Movimientos en Oaxaca .......................... 180 1849. Rebelión de Chilapa (Estado de Guerrero).............................................. 212 1700. Movimiento de los pueblos 1972-1973. Movimiento de los zapotecos cajonos de la Sierra Norte 180 chinantecos (Estado de Oaxaca) ........ 213 Movimientos en Hidalgo ......................... 181 Comentarios ............................................... 218 1769. Rebelión Otomí................................ 181 Movimientos sociorreligiosos en el Norte de México ....................................... 224 Movimientos en el Norte de México....... 182 1801. Movimiento de Juan Hilario 1733-1735. Rebelión de los pericúes y (Estado de Nayarit).............................. 224 cochimíes (Estado de Baja California) ... 182 1855-1881. La rebelión de El Tigre de 1740. Rebelión de los yaquis Álica (Estado de Nayarit) ................... 229 (Estado de Sonora) ............................. 183 1825, 1826, 1832, 1856, 1857, 1861, 1767. Movimiento de los coras y de los 1868-1887, 1899-1901 y 1927. huicholes (Estado de Nayarit) ............ 184 Rebeliones de los yaquis (Estado de Sonora) .............................. 232 Comentarios ............................................... 184 1891-1893. Rebelión de Tomochic (Estado de Chihuahua) ....................... 236 MOVIMIENTOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS 1892. Rebelión de los mayos DURANTE LOS SIGLOS XIX Y XX.......... 189 (Estado de Sonora) .............................. 237 1956-1957. Movimiento de los Contexto nacional durante los tepehuanes del Sur siglos XIX y XX ........................................ 189 (Estado de Durango) ........................... 237 Movimientos entre los mayas de Yucatán, Comentarios ............................................... 238 Quintana Roo y Chiapas ......................... 192 CONCLUSIONES ..................................... 247 1847-1901. La “Guerra de Castas” de los mayas (Estados de Yucatán y CRONOLOGÍA ......................................... 251 Quintana Roo)..................................... 192 1868-1870. Rebelión de los tzotziles de BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................ 253 Chamula (Estado de Chiapas) ............ 197 PRÓLOGO A LA SEGUNDA EDICIÓN a oportunidad que me brinda la co- quince años. Igualmente advierto que, tal L nocida editorial ecuatoriana Abya- vez como reacción a la postura positivista Yala para reeditar el libro Utopías sobre las religiones, enfaticé los aspectos y Indias, no sólo es un estímulo sino un de- argumentos políticos dejando más bien safío1. Siempre he pensado que las reedi- implícito el valor cultural de los movi- ciones están condenadas a la repetición de mientos sociorreligiosos; valor central que aquella versión inicial, que con certeza to- trato aquí de resaltar ya que son fenóme- dos los autores querríamos modificar pe- nos que muestran la reproducción trans- ro que, por lealtad
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