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Clovis and Folsom/Midland Land Use and Lithic Procurement From the Continental Divide to the Plains-Woodland Border: Clovis and Folsom/Midland Land Use and Lithic Procurement By Brendon Patrick Asher Copyright ©2015 Submitted to the graduate degree program in Anthropology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Jack L. Hofman, Ph.D. ________________________________ Steven R. Holen, Ph.D. ________________________________ Rolfe D. Mandel, Ph.D. ________________________________ Sandra L. Olsen, Ph.D. ________________________________ Frederic Sellet, Ph.D. Date Defended: August 11, 2015 ii The Dissertation Committee for Brendon Patrick Asher certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: FROM THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE TO THE PLAINS-WOODLAND BORDER: CLOVIS AND FOLSOM/MIDLAND LAND USE AND LITHIC PROCUREMENT ________________________________ Chairperson Jack L. Hofman, Ph.D. Date approved: September 9, 2015 iii FROM THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE TO THE PLAINS-WOODLAND BORDER: CLOVIS AND FOLSOM/MIDLAND LAND USE AND LITHIC PROCUREMENT Brendon P. Asher ABSTRACT The terminal Pleistocene represents a dynamic period of environmental flux and resultant species extirpation, extinction, and reorganization of biotic communities. Assessment of Clovis and Folsom/Midland artifacts offers an opportunity to address human response to these changing conditions. Clovis sites range in age from ca. 11,590-10,800 RCYBP (13,550-12,850 CALBP) with Folsom technology well expressed from ca. 10,800-10,200 RCYBP (12,800-11,700 CALBP). Although firm radiocarbon assessments of Midland sites are largely lacking, it is suggested Midland technology is a different expression of the same organizational system as Folsom groups. This research outlines environmental change during this dynamic period and develops models of diverse land use strategies between Clovis and Folsom/Midland groups. It is suggested that a small change in adaptive systems can result in noticeable differences in the archaeological record when compounded through redundant activity and time. This change is in part attributed to shifting ecosystems and resource availability of the terminal Pleistocene. Spatial patterning in Clovis and Folsom/Midland artifact distributions, particularly projectile points, preforms, and channel flakes is addressed at a variety of analytical scales in this research. Private artifact collections and isolated artifact discoveries from the Continental Divide of Colorado to the eastern Kansas border are used to characterize Clovis and Folsom/Midland land use and lithic procurement across the Central Great Plains. This research demonstrates that Clovis and Folsom/Midland artifact distributions are not homogenous across the study region, and are influenced by a variety of factors including ground surface visibility and geomorphic iv filtering, artifact collector activity and research intensity, and diverse land use and resource procurement strategies between Clovis and Folsom/Midland groups. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A project of this nature never ends. New data is continuously emerging and revised or refined interpretations are constantly offered. Many individuals have provided information, data, or ideas that have shaped the direction this current dissertation has traveled. First and foremost, I wish to extend a sincere thank you to my committee, and especially my committee chair, Jack Hofman, who has been a considerable source of constant support and encouragement throughout my academic career at the University of Kansas. Jack has shaped many of my views regarding prehistoric life and trained me in the essentials of archaeological fieldwork. His patience, communication abilities, and willingness to connect with landowners and collectors has been inspirational from the outset. Steve Holen provided access to his database of Clovis artifacts from the Great Plains, and provided numerous leads to private collections incorporated into this dissertation. Steve has supported me in many ways, including financially through his private research fund at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science, and later through the Center for American Paleolithic Research. Steve has fundamentally changed my views of early peopling of the Americas, and has taught me to be mindful and open to counter opinions and criticism. Rolfe Mandel has taught me to appreciate soils and has cursed me in that I can no longer view a landscape without thinking about its formation history. Rolfe provided many fieldwork opportunities and financial support through the Odyssey archaeological research fund. Fred Sellet challenged my views of prehistoric behavior during our weekly meetings and spirited discussions over Clovis and Folsom biface technology and land use when I was a student in his Advanced Lithic Technology course. These discussions provided a framework for interpreting patterns of artifact distributions I’d otherwise have missed, and reminded me of the value of looking at the “bigger picture” of organizational systems. Sandra Olsen provided important vi editorial comments and suggestions that greatly enhanced the current version of this research. Her enthusiasm and support for this project are appreciated. Bill Woods saw this project through its formative stages and helped me through the candidacy process. This research is the product of many thousands of miles and countless days behind the wheel, frequent late night drives, and the occasional sleeping in the back of the well-traveled, rusting out and breaking down ’99 Chevy s10 that has become acquainted with all corners of Kansas and most small towns of eastern Colorado. As such, this dissertation represents the culmination of thousands of hours invested in the discovery of artifacts by many unique and knowledgeable individuals. This research would not have been possible without the generosity of private collectors who invited me into their homes and allowed me access to their artifact collections. These visits were often at the sacrifice of their own busy daily routines, a spare bedroom, many fine meals, and countless pots of coffee. During the course of this research, I visited over 30 different private collections. For reasons of privacy, I omit individual names here and offer a collective thank you for their efforts. Many colleagues have provided insightful conversation, constructive criticism, or guidance, often in the form of email correspondence, occasionally in the hospitality of their homes or in the field, and frequently during late-night discussions at conferences. These include Mary Adair, David Anderson, Deb Aaron, Nancy Arendt, Joaquin Arroyo-Cabrales, Jared Beeton, Lee Bement, Kevin Black, Bob and Judy Bunker, Dan Busse, K.C. Carlson, Bill Chada, Steve Dominguez, Jim Donohue, Dick Eckles, Mike and Rose Fosha, Andrew Gottsfield, Mel Grantham, Alison Hadley Hilburn, Kevin Hammond, Matt E. Hill, Bob Hoard, Chris Hord, Kathe Holen, John Hoopes, Jack Ives, Pegi Jodry, Jason LaBelle, Roche Lindsey, Tom Loebel, Greg McDonald, Mark Muniz, Cody Newton, Bob Patten, Bonnie Pitblado, Jack Ray, Kenny vii Resser, Donna Roper, Richard Rose, Mary Thompson, Mark Volmut, Chris Widga, Emily Williams, Tom and Myra Westfall, and Don Wyckoff. I thank Mary Adair for allowing me access to a quiet office in the Archaeology Research Center at the University of Kansas, and for displaying patience when I’d leave a box of bones or rocks on a table and not move them for several weeks. I also thank the Anthropology Department staff at the University of Kansas, including Kathleen Womack and Le-Thu Erazmus. Last but certainly not least, my family, immediate and extended, have provided support beyond reason, especially my parents who constantly encouraged me to keep moving forward with a profession that is not appreciated or well understood by many. I offer a sincere thank you to all my friends and family that have tolerated my frequent and occasionally extended periods of absence when research or fieldwork pulled me away from other engagements. I could not have done it without you all. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xivi CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND DISSERTATION OVERVIEW ......................................................... 1 Impetus for Study .................................................................................................................... 4 Organization of the Dissertation .............................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 12 THE STUDY REGION: PHYSICAL SETTING, AVAILABLE RESOURCES, AND NOTABLE CLOVIS AND FOLSOM SITES .......................................................................... 12 The Southern Rocky Mountains ............................................................................................ 14 High-Elevation Mountain Settings ...................................................................................
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