on Cultivated Cereals in Tunisia with a New Reported Species Forda formicaria

Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem, Ibtissem Ben Fekih, and Rebha Souissi , Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, INRAT, Université de Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, 1004 Tunis-Menzah, Tunisia ______ABSTRACT Boukhris-Bouhachem, S., Ben Fekih, I., and Souissi, R. 2018. Aphids on cultivated cereals in Tunisia with a new reported species Forda formicaria . Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 13 (1): 79-91.

A survey of the aphids associated with cultivated cereal in Tunisia was carried out during 2010 to 2012. Fourteen species were recorded from eight regions (Cap Bon, Bizerte, Beja, Bousalem, Manouba, Zaghouan, Kef and Kairouan). For the first time a new species Forda formicaria was identified. Ten other winged species were also recorded in the suction trap of the Cap Bon region increasing the aphid richness to 24 species. From these aphid species listed, six are numerous and known for their economic importance: namely Diuraphis noxia as phloem feeder and Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, R. maidis, graminum , and Sitobion avenae as virus vectors. Temporal activity of these species was established for 14 years by suction trap and their seasonal activity was discussed.

Keywords : Aphids, cereals, distribution, diversity, Forda formicaria , temporal activity ______

Cereals are the most important crop attributed to aphids were about 10-13% worldwide and the first source of food in (Tatchell 1989). Aphids also inject saliva Tunisia. Cultivated cereals (such as wheat that could be phytotoxic like that of and barley) are known to be infested by Diuraphis noxia native from the southern several aphid species. Aphids have the former USSR. It subsequently spreads status of damaging as phloem- rapidly throughout wheat producing feeders, diverting for their own profit the regions of the western USA where it nutrients necessary to plant growth and caused hundreds of million dollars losses reproduction. They are considered as in wheat and barley crops, through reduced major pests particularly on winter wheat in yields and increase pesticide treatment Europe (Poehling et al. 2007). Mean costs. Annual direct yield losses reached annual losses induced by aphids were $274 million in 1988 and dropped to less estimated at 700,000 t of wheat (Wellings than $10 million by 1993 (Michaud and et al. 1989). In Britain, losses in wheat Sloderbeck 2005). Aphid infestations not only reduce yield but also spoil the baking quality of the grains by inducing changes Corresponding author: Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem in their nutritional composition (Oakley et Email: [email protected] al. 1993). In addition, they can transmit numerous viruses. In fact, nearly 50% of -borne viruses (275 out of 600) are Accepted for publication 11 January 2018 transmitted by aphids (Dedryver 2010). Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) is

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 79 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 strictly and specifically transmitted by ethanol alcohol and then prepared as aphid vectors in a persistent and microscopic objects in Canadian balsam to circulative manner. BYDV belongs to the be identified. Luteoviridae family which is widely Furthermore, the inventory of spread throughout the world and aphid species was achieved through field responsible for considerable yield losses in surveys carried out in seven Tunisian major cereal crops particularly on barley regions. In total, 20 different fields were (Rabbinge and Mantel 1981; Svanella- prospected during 2012: Cap Bon (2sites) Dumas et al. 2013). BYDV infections (36°48′59″N10°34′07″E), Bizerte (3) induce fewer ears, less grain per tiller and (37°16′27″N9°52′26″E), Beja (3) lower thousand grain weights (Poehling et (36°44’05’’N, 9°13’35’’E), Bousalem (2) al. 2007). Even low populations of aphids (36°33’42”N 8°56’40”E), Manouba (1) can spread the virus. Four cereal aphids: (36°43’09”N 9°29’10”E), Zaghouan (2) Rhopalosiphum padi, R. maidis , Sitobion (36°24′10″N 10°08′34″E), Kef (3) avenae and are (36°11′10″N 8°42′00″E), and Kairouan (4) known as virus vectors of BYDV (Comas (35°39’50”N 9°59’10”E). In each site, 20 1996). cereal plants infested with aphids were In Tunisia, seven aphid species sampled between March and May. The are reported by Dhouibi and Methnani frequency of aphid was calculated as the (1990) among them the four cited vectors. number of aphids divided by the total of Furthermore, a field survey showed that collected aphids. BYDV is most common in three regions In addition, a 12.2 m suction trap is (Zaghouan, Cap Bon and Bizerte) with an operated in Soliman (Cap Bon) from July incidence estimated at 14-35% (Najar et al. 2002 until now. Aphids were collected 2017). Vector colonization and movement every day from the suction trap. These patterns influence the timing and pattern of aphid daily records allow us to know the virus epidemics linked to yield losses. aerial density of flying cereal aphids. We Infections depend largely on aphid present here captures from 2003 to 2016 numbers, spread and weather conditions. (there was a suction trap break during a The purpose of this study was to identify long period of the year 2014 and little the species compositions of cereal aphids, period of 2015, results are less in number list the potential vectors in Tunisia and compared to the other years). All aphid describe the temporal flight activity of specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol winged aphid by a suction trap . until identification. Species were identified based on several keys MATERIALS AND METHODS (Blackman and Eastop 1994, 2000, 2006, On cereal plants, heavy numbers of 2012; Favret 2014; Jacky and Bouchery aphids have been recorded in 2010 at Kef 1984; Nafría 2013; Remaudière and Seco region and the plants become sick and Fernandez, 1990). died; they were sampled to identify the species implicated in this big loss. RESULTS In March 2011, a damage of a Aphid identification and distribution. mixed colony of aphids on roots was first From more than forty cereal observed at Manouba (North of Tunisia) species worldwide, 14 aphid species and then in 2012 at Kef (North West). (Table 1) were identified on cereals (wheat Aphids were collected from barley and and barley) including Diuraphis noxia , wheat. Specimens were conserved on Metopolophium dirhodum , M. festucae,

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 80 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 Rhopalosiphum padi , R. maidis , R. regions. Generally, R. maidis was the most rufulum , Sitobion avenae , Sitobion abundant species with 30% of the total fragaria , Schizaphis graminum, Sipha aphids collected; D. noxia (26%) was the maidis , and S. elegans . Only at Manouba, second abundant species, followed by S. Geoica utricularia was identified on roots. avenae (22%) and R. padi (15%). From Manouba and Kef samples, aphid However, D. noxia was the most frequent colonies contain two more other Forda at Kef, R. maidis and R. padi the most species on plant roots : namely F. prevalent at Kairouan, Beja, and marginata and F. formicaria recorded Bousalem, S. avenae at Bizerte, Bousalem, (Fig. 1). The latter is a new record added Béja, Manouba and Cap Bon. M. to the known Tunisian fauna. dirhodum was only observed on Cap Bon, The numbers of aphids recorded in apterae and alatae on wheat. The Cap Bon 2012 show a real infestation of cereals region was the richest in terms of diversity sampled from Kairouan and Kef by aphids of aphid species; it revealed 8 species out as compared to the other prospected of 14 recorded.

Table1. Aphid identification and their distribution in the different prospected regions in 2012 Cap Aphid species Zaghouan Kairouan Bizerte Bousalem Beja Manouba Kef Total Bon Diuraphis 14 1185 1199 noxia Forda 18 62 80 formicaria Forda 26 26 marginata Geoica 47 47 utricularia Metopolophium 69 69 dirhodum Metopolophium 12 12 festucae Rhopalosiphum 760 97 252 261 11 1381 maidis Rhopalosiphum 31 245 65 165 177 9 692 padi Rhopalosiphum 5 26 14 45 rufulum Schizaphis 4 4 7 15 graminum Sipha elegans 2 2 Sipha maidis 44 44 Sitobion avenae 101 56 75 244 201 193 123 5 998 Sitobion 23 23 fragaria Total 286 88 1089 406 644 645 265 1210 46 33 Aphids/ plant 14 4 54 20 32 32 13 60

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 81 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 The evolution of the numbers of the early March while S. avenae colonies were different species corresponds to the observed late in the season (late April) phenological development of wheat. In especially in the ears at Kef region (Table fact, R. maidis and R. padi occurred in 2).

Table2. Infested cereal organs by aphids depending on sampling month in Kef (2012) Leaves Ears Aphids/plant organ March April March April Diuraphisnoxia 326 859 0 0 Rhopalosiphumpadi 2 5 0 0 Rhopalosiphummaidis 1 8 0 0 Sitobionavenae 0 0 0 5

The specific information for the appendages, varying in color from off- two species are reported below. white to dull yellow, to various shades - Diuraphis noxia has occurred on 2010 of dark green (Fig.1 f); they were at Kef region and all the plants in the observed on roots of cereals as their field become sick, dwarf and secondary host. Alata have a dull green diedleading to considerable yield losses abdomen with dark dorsal transverse to the farmers of this region (Fig. 1 a). bands. The plants attacked by this In some years, Russian wheat aphid species are dwarf with dried leaves. (RWA) can be the most serious insect Colonies of Geoica utricularia were pest on wheat and barley in the arid also noted in a mixture with F. region of Kef resulting from damage to formicaria (Fig.1 f). the flag leaf. High colonies of RWA induce yellow to purpling of the Aphid flight phenology. damaged leaves and plant remained A total of 28.133 cereal winged weak, dwarf and younger stages killing aphids were captured at Soliman site using of the plant. The aphid feeds on the suction trap between 2003 and 2016. Ten youngest leaves within the whorl of the further species were identified and added upper leaves, causing the leaf to remain to the species previously observed on tightly rolled. Its feeding has a rapidly cereal sampling foliage ( Triticum and toxic effect on the plant; the leaves Hordeum ): namely Anoecia corni, become rolled (Fig.1 e) and desiccated Aploneura lentisci, Rhopalosiphum and infested ears become bent. RWA is rufiabdominalis, Hysteroneura setariae, enclosed in the rolled leaf and , Tetraneura ulmi, inaccessible to natural enemies and Baizongia pistaceae, Geoica lucifuga, insecticides. Severely damaged plants Paracletus cimiformis, Pemphigus spp. appear stunted and stressed, and tillers The species richness reached now 24 become prostrate. cereal aphid species in Tunisia both on - F. formicaria, is recorded for the first wheat/barley and aerial sampling. The time in Tunisia. The apterae are mean aphid’s numbers counted between medium-sized, oval with dorsal surface 2003 and 2016 varied from 4 to 5896 of body highly domed, and short individuals. Thus, they were separated into

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 82 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 three groups: group 1 with more than 2010 to 2013 and then another peak 1200, group 2 between 102-606 and group recorded in 2016. The group 2 composed 3 with less than 90 individuals (Fig.2- of S. avenae , M. dirhodum and S. fragaria , A,B,C). known as vectors of BYDV, were of less Fig. 2 also shows the aphid density importance in numbers as compared to patterns for 14 years, characterized by group1. Peaks were noted in 2004, 2007, peak densities where A. lentisci, R. padi, R. 2010 and 2016 for these populations. maidis and S. graminum were the most No vectors were known from the group 3 abundant in the suction trap. The three last which contained a limited number of ones were frequent both on foliage and in populations and seemed not damaging to the trap. They present a peak of cereals. Only in 2008, they showed a populations on 2006, 2007, and 2008. A relatively important peak. population decline was observed from

Fig. 1. Cereal aphids. Diuraphis noxia , damage at Kef region in 2010 (A), colonies (B, C), wingless adult (D), yellow chlorotic streaks on leaves (E); Forda formicaria , colony on roots (F), wingless adult (G), winged adult (H).

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Fig. 2. Cereal aphid’s flight in the suction trap of Soliman (Cap Bon) during 2003-2016 period. Group1 (A), group 2 (B), and group 3 (C).

Furthermore, flight activity of all fly at different periods of the year. For aphid species generally occurred during example, R. padi flight was observed two distinct seasons, both March and May much earlier (in January) than most of during cereal growing season (spring) and other aphids. R. maidis was the second a second one in the fall from September to most frequent aphid after R. padi and was November (Fig. 3). This is probably in mainly observed in February and March. relation with annual holocycle life cycle of Both M. dirhodum and S. graminum have heteroecious species which alternate a peak population in March while S. between secondary and primary host. avenae and S. fragaria in April. However, it appears that different species

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Fig.3. Temporal variation of different cereal aphid species in the suction trap of Soliman (Cap Bon), expressed as an average number by species, calculated during the 2003- 2016 period.

DISCUSSION species on Hordeum and 41 on Triticum . The present work brings to a total In Tunisia, previous survey of aphid of 24 the number of aphid species species showed the presence of seven associated with wheat and barley host species (Dhouibi and Methnani 1990), five cereal species. Five recovered species are of them were also listed by Harbaoui et al. of economic importance (namely M. (2008). A brief description of the dirhodum, R. padi, R. maidis, S. identified species is presented below. graminum, and S. avenae ) and are known - Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov 1913), is to transmit plant viruses in Tunisia. Their an important pest of wheat and barley occurrence was high during the growing in several countries of North Africa season suggesting their ability to and West Asia, e.g., Morocco, Algeria, propagate BYDV once present in the field. Tunisia, Ethiopia, Yemen, Turkey, and R. padi was captured in high numbers in Iran (El Bouhssini et al. 2011). D. April and in October but its flying noxia is originated in Europe and decreased rapidly in the second half of Central Asia. Feeding damage caused October as also reported by Hullé et al. by D. noxia to plant leaves results in (1994). characteristic longitudinal white, Cereal aphidofauna does not show yellow or red chlorotic streaks with a special characteristics and it consists of convoluted rolling of the leaf. Rolling species already known in other European of leaves reduces photosynthetic area countries including those from the and protects aphids from contact with Mediterranean basin. According to insecticides and natural enemies (Khan Blackman and Eastop (1984, 2000), 32 et al. 2010). The symptoms observed aphid species are reported in the world on RWA infested plants are suggested while Holman (2009) mentioned 26 to be partly due to the aphid’s ability to

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 85 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 inflict severe damage on the phloem edges of the leaflets (Blackman and transport. This damage leads to Eastop 2006). noticeable reduction in the transport of - Geoica utricularia (Passerini, 1856) is assimilates within 72 h of RWA a species of temperate habitats that infestation and a significant reduction feeds mostly on root grasses. This during prolonged feeding which, in aphid is globally distributed most cases, results in total cessation of throughout most temperate regions of phloem transport (Saheed 2010). the world. It has a great range of hosts - F. formicaria (von Heyden, 1837) is a and is known to feed on roots of at least very common Mediterranean species 40 species of grasses (Poaceae). It is on P. terebinthus and was reported by particularly important on Agrostis, many authors. F. formicaria is one of Avena, Bromus, Festuca, Poa, the gall-forming aphids on Pistacia Sorghum, Zea , and other grasses. It trees (Anacardiaceae). The primary also attacks 6 species of Pistacia hosts of F. formicaria are P. (Anacardiaceae), some composite terebinthus and P. atlantica. The aphid (Asteraceae), and Plantago has a typical 2-year holocycle (Plantaginaceae). It has not been involving alternation between P. involved in the transmission of any terebinthus and roots of the secondary plant virus (Blackman and Eastop hosts including Gramineae 2006). (Agropyron, Agrostis, Bromus, - Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker Cynodon, Dactylis, Hordeum, Lolium, 1849) is widely distributed in Europe, Poa, Triticum …) in winter, various the Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, grasses (Zwolfer 1958). F. formicaria Japan, Australia, New Zealand, North is also present in Europe, the Middle America, and South America. Its East, Central Asia, Siberia, and North primary hosts are cultivated and wild America. Rosa spp., and occasionally Agrimonia - F. marginata (Koch1957) apterae on and Fragaria spp. Numerous species grass roots are small to medium sized of grasses and cereals are secondary with reduced legs and antennae; body hosts of this species. M. dirhodum is a highly domed dorsally, brownish vector of Barley Yellow Dwarf yellow or greenish yellow in color. Luteovirus (Blackman and Eastop Primary hosts are Pistacia mutica, P. 2000). palestina , and P. terebinthus . - Metopolophium festucae (Theobald Secondary hosts are numerous species 1917) is mainly found on cereals of Gramineae including Agropyron, (Avena, Hordeum, Secale, Triticum ) Agrostis, Avena, Bromus, Dactylis, sometimes on other Gramineae Festuca, Hordeum, Poa, Secale , and especially Lolium perenne and Phleum Triticum genera. The species is pratense . This species is known from distributed in Europe, the Europe and is monocious on Mediterranean region, the Middle East, Gramineae. Central Asia, Siberia, and North - Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch 1856) America. F. marginata is heteroecious collected in Cap Bon, Beja, Kef, holocyclic in the Mediterranean region Kairouan, apterae on wheat and barley. and Middle East, forming galls on It generally feeds in the whorl of the Pistacia by folding and swelling the plant and extremely heavy infestation can induce honeydew. R. maidis is

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 86 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 Asiatic in origin but is now almost However, apterae of this species were cosmopolitan in distribution. It is recently collected in July on found on young leaves of grasses a Crataegus sp. in Turkey (Senol et al. belonging to more than 30 genera. The 2015). species is heteroecious holocyclic with - Schizaphis graminum (Rondani 1852) Prunus spp. as primary hosts in Asia, (Aphidinae: : Rhopalosi- but apparently is entirely anholocyclic phina), apterae and alatae on Triticum elsewhere although males occur sp. and is found in the suction trap. It is sporadically (Blackman and Eastop known from Southern Europe, the 2006). R. maidis is probably the most Middle East, Central Asia, parts of important aphid pest of cereals in southern Asia, Japan, and North, tropical and warm temperate climates Central and South America; it is often (Blackman and Eastop 2000). It is an called greenbug. It has a monoecious important vector of the BYDV. holocycle in cold temperate climates - Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus 1758) but overwinters anholocyclically apterae and alatae occurs on leaves of wherever winter conditions permit wheat ( Triticum sp.), on oats ( Avena (Blackman and Eastop 2000). The sativa ) and colonies are in the aphids feed on the leaves of many underside of leaves from April to June. species of grasses and cereal crops, Alatae was captured in the suction trap. often causing yellowing. Greenbug is a R. padi is a cosmopolitan species of serious pest of cereal crops because it Palaearctic origin. In Europe the is the vector of several serious plant species is heterocious holocylic viruses including barley yellow dwarf between Prunus species, especially P. Luteovirus (especially strain BYDV- padi (the primary host) and Poaceae; it SGV), miller red Luteovirus, is anholocyclic on its secondary host sugarcane mosaic Potyvirus and Maize plants in mild winter climates. R. padi dwarf mosaic Potyvirus, among others is able to transmit a number of plant that reduce yield (Blackman and viruses (Blackman and Eastop 2000) Eastop 2000). and particularly the strain BYDV-PAV - Sipha elegans (Del Guercio 1905) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV. usually forms colonies on the upper - Rhopalosiphum rufulum (Richards surfaces of the leaf blades of grasses 1960) is a Nearctic species (Hidalgo et and cereals, often causing them to roll al. 2012) distributed in Canada and upwards and develop yellow patches. Europe (Denmark, England, Germany, Their plant hosts are Agropyron spp., Netherlands, former Czechoslovakia, Festuca pratensis , Hordeum murinum Turkey) (Blackman and Eastop 2012; but sometimes on wheat and barley Holman 2009; Nafría 2013; Shenol et (Blackman and Eastop 2006). al. 2015). Primary host populations had - Sipha maydis (Passerini 1860) apterae not until recently been observed in the were collected on Hordeum and field in Europe, although gynoparae Triticum in the Cap Bon region. Alatae and alate males are produced in large were caught in the suction trap. S. numbers in autumn, and oviparae maydis is found in Europe and the developed and laid numerous eggs Mediterranean Region, the Middle which hatched to produce fundatrices East, Central Asia, India, Pakistan, on Crataegus monogyna under North and South Africa. It occurs on insectary conditions (Stroyan 1972). numerous species in more than 30

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 87 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 genera of Poaceae. S. maydis is Few minorities (10%) of aphid anholocyclic; it also has a monoecious species complete their life cycle on two holocycle with alatae males. It is a completely different hosts and are known cereal crop pest in drier climates to be dioecious (Dixon1998). This requires outside North-West Europe and is that they often move between primary host known to transmit Cucumber Mosaic (perennial) and secondary one Cucumovirus and Barley Yellow (herbaceous) during their life cycle. Dwarf Luteovirus (Blackman and Several species have this behavior such as Eastop 2000, 2006). R. padi . It migrates from Prunus and - Sitobion avenae (Fabricius 1775) was colonizes the cereals in February collected on Triticum sp. It occurs in exploiting the complementary growth Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle patterns of herbaceous and woody plants East, Central Asia, India, Nepal, host-alternating and can overcome the Pakistan, Africa, and North, Central constraints imposed by the seasonal and South America (Blackman and changes in temperature. Eastop 2006). It feeds on both The increase or the decline of the cultivated and wild species of Poaceae abundance of aphids between years (Fig. (Roberti 1993) and many other 2) is due mainly to variations in monocots. S. avenae has a monoecious environmental conditions. It is well holocycle, but in mild climates, it is documented that a gradual change in anholocyclic, with asexual climate, as well as local or regional climate overwintering. This species is characteristics, can affect population damaging to cultivated cereals and abundance (Martin 1998) and species pasture grasses, and it is a vector of distribution (Parmesan 1996). Aphids are Barley Yellow Dwarf Luteovirus tending to arrive earlier in the growing especially BYDV-PAV and BYDV- season (Fig.3) when crops are more MAV and at least three other plant susceptible to feeding damage and to virus diseases (Blackman and Eastop viruses transmitted by aphids. For cereal, 2000). warmer winters increase the risk from - Sitobion fragariae (Walker 1848) apterae BYDV because they lead to a greater and alatae on Avena sativa , on Hordeum prevalence of anholocycle and hence sp., S. fragariae is found in Europe and continued parthenogenesis on cereal Asia and has been accidentally introduced (Harrington 2003). to South Africa, North and South America Finally, it is important to comment (Blackman and Eastop 2006). Its primary the average of aphid numbers calculated hosts are Rubus species, also Fragaria , by sampling field which is exceeding Rosa and Geum spp., and it is polyphagous (except for Zaghouan) the nuisance on secondary hosts in various unrelated threshold known around 7 to 10 aphids per plant families (Holman 2009). S. fragariae tiller (Hansen 2000; Larsson 2005). The has a heteroecious holocycle (Blackman population density of aphids and hence the and Eastop 2006), an anholocycle and a frequency and intensity of damages is possible paracycle (Roberti 1993). The expected to be amplified in the future by species heavily infests blackberry and climate change. A large number of aphids cereals and is a vector of Barley Yellow were captured in early spring and in the Dwarf Luteovirus (Blackman and Eastop fall. Suction trap catches indicate the aphid 2000). population abundance in the Cap Bon region. The cosmopolitan species R. padi ,

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 88 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018 R. maidis, S. graminum, S. avenae and M. suppressing these aphid species to limit dirhodum are among the most abundant virus propagation and reduce yield losses. species in the suction trap samples. They Other aphids as D. noxia on leaves, were found in wheat and barley and seem G. utricularia, F. formicaria and F. responsible for vectoring BYDV. English marginata on roots are damaging to crop grain aphid, S. avenae , was the last species by their extraordinary capacity for to colonize wheat each season, and the population increase, mainly by most abundant. S. avenae can be parthenogenetic reproduction and their responsible for late-season virus feeding on phloem of cereal plants. These transmission and causes direct yield loss species have also to be considered for by feeding on heads and flag leaves. Pest reducing pest populations in wheat and management efforts should focus on barley in the future.

______RESUME Boukhris-Bouhachem S., Ben Fekih, I. et Souissi R. 2018. Pucerons sur les céréales cultivées en Tunisie avec le signalement d’une nouvelle espèce Forda formicaria . Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 13 (1): 79-91.

Une étude sur les espèces de pucerons associées aux céréales cultivées en Tunisie a été réalisée entre 2010 et 2012. Quatorze espèces de pucerons ont été recensées dans 8 régions (Cap Bon, Bizerte, Béja, Bousalem, Manouba, Zaghouan, Kef et Kairouan). Pour la première fois une nouvelle espèce Forda formicaria a été identifiée. Dix autres espèces ailées ont également été enregistrées dans le piège à succion de la région du Cap Bon, ce qui élève la richesse des pucerons à 24 espèces. Parmi ces espèces, six sont abondantes et connues pour leur importance économique dont Diuraphis noxia comme suceur de sève et Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalosiphum padi, R. maidis, Schizaphis graminum et Sitobion avenae comme vecteurs de virus. L'activité temporelle de ces espèces a été établie pendant 14 ans par un piège à succion, la variation saisonnière des espèces de pucerons a été discutée.

Mots clés : Activité temporelle, céréales, distribution, diversité, Forda fomicaria , pucerons ______ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺳﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺧﺮﻳﺺ ﺎﺑﻮﻫ- ﺷﻢ، ﺍﺑﺘﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﻦ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﺑﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺴﻲ . 2018 . ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 13 (1): 79-91. .Forda formicaria

ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟ ﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﻤﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤ ﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺰﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺟﺔ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻏﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ 2010 ﻭ 2012 . ﺳﺠﻠﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ 14 ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮ ﺍﺕ . ﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ Forda formicaria . ﺇﺇ ﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ، ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺼﻴﺪﺓ ﺼﻣﺘﺍﻻ ﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﺑﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻁﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺛﺮﺍء ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ 24 . 24 ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺄﺗ ﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻧ ﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ Diuraphis noxia ﺃﻭ ﻛﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ Metopolophium dirhodum ﻭ Rhopalosiphum padi ﻭ R. Maidis ﻭ Schizaphis graminum ﻭ Sitobion avenae . ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ 14 ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺼﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ.

ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ : ﺗﻨﻮﻉ، ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ، ﺣﺒﻮﺏ، ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻦ، ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺯﻣﻨﻲ ، Forda formicaria ______

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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 91 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018

Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 92 Vol. 13, No 1, 2018