Arthropod Management in Vineyards Noubar J. Bostanian • Charles Vincent Rufus Isaacs Editors Arthropod Management in Vineyards: Pests, Approaches, and Future Directions Editors Dr. Noubar J. Bostanian Dr. Charles Vincent Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Horticultural Research and Horticultural Research and Development Center Development Center 430 Gouin Blvd. 430 Gouin Blvd. Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, Canada Dr. Rufus Isaacs Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA ISBN 978-94-007-4031-0 ISBN 978-94-007-4032-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4032-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012939840 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 This work is subject to copyright. 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Their queries and enthusiasm encouraged us to initiate research projects with them in viticultural entomology. Rufus Isaacs dedicates this volume to G. Stanley Howell, a pioneering viticulturist with a great interest in insects and their interactions with his beloved grapevines. Foreword I consider myself an old school IPM’er. That is because as a graduate student at the University of California Berkeley, I had the privilege of knowing and studying with some of the pioneering people who helped develop the IPM paradigm. Robert van den Bosch was on my PhD oral exam committee and Ken Hagen was on my thesis committee; two of the three authors who wrote the seminal 1959 Hilgardia paper that proposed the concept of integrated control which would become IPM. I was taught that an IPM program was based on knowledge of the ecology of the crop, the pest, its natural enemies, timely monitoring, adherence to an economic threshold and choosing a control action designed to minimize economic, environmental and health risks. I learned that IPM was an ecosystem approach to pest management. Furthermore, it is not static, but one that changes over time as we gain more know- ledge about all of the above. Over the years many defi nitions of IPM have been proposed, with arguments ensuing about what is ‘real’ IPM. Arthropod Management in Vineyards has come along at the right time to present the most recent information and discussions on the basic tenets of IPM as they apply to modern vineyard man- agement, including IPM principles, discussion of economic threshold and action thresholds, monitoring and arthropod population modeling. In an ideal world, IPM decision-making is objective, based on sound science, quantitative pest monitoring, and experience. However, once I moved to being a private IPM practitioner out on commercial farms, I realized that arthropod pest man- agement decisions are an outcome of a fascinating combination of knowledge, moni- toring, time management, price of the crop, the perception of risk from pest damage, one’s mood at the time the decision of what to do takes place, the growers willingness to take risks, what the neighbors are doing, and several other things that I am forget- ting to mention. In the real world of pest management, time is money, and there is never enough of either one. Moreover, at least in the United States, many pest man- agement consultants still derive much of their income from the input products they sell, creating an inherent confl ict of interest in pest management decision-making. The challenge in implementing IPM in vineyards becomes one of taking the informa- tion presented in this book and using it to push back against the non-objective issues that interfere with science based pest management decision-making. vii viii Foreword After many years of wrestling with the question of why there was not more IPM practiced in vineyards, I came to the conclusion that the goal in sound pest manage- ment decision-making was to match perceived risk of pest damage occurring with that of real risk. When a grower or a pest management practitioner makes a decision to implement a control tactic they do so because they perceive that the risk of pest damage occurring is unacceptable. The challenge is to determine that the perceived risk is in fact real. If perceived risk is high and real risk is low, management actions are taken un-necessarily. If perceived risk is low and real risk is high then no action is taken and economic levels of damage can occur. Risk of pest damage can be short term. For example, it might occur next week or the week after, or it can be long term and measured in years in perennial crops such as grapes. Poor planning in location and establishment of the vineyard and/or poor management of the landscape in which the vineyard occurs can increase long term risk. In either case, the informa- tion presented in this book will help grape growers and IPM practitioners determine if perceived risk is real risk. In conclusion, I think it is very helpful to look at vineyard pest management as a continuum from no IPM being implemented on one end, to high-level IPM being implemented on the other end. IPM is not a static list of things to do or a recipe, like in a cookbook, that when followed always ends up with the same result. It is a para- digm. In the real world, grape growers are distributed all along the pest management continuum, some using no IPM, some implementing some aspects of IPM, and some practicing high level, landscape-based IPM. The reasons for their location on the continuum are many and varied. Nevertheless, the goal of everyone should be to move along the pest management continuum enhancing their IPM programs over time. The information presented in this book will be of great help to grape growers and pest management practitioners all along the pest management continuum. For those growers, consultants, or researchers just beginning to develop IPM programs for their own regional pest challenges, it will provide basic, well-established reference information highlighting approaches and success stories that will provide a great foundation on which to build. For those with sophisticated IPM programs already in place, it will provide the cutting edge information and theories that will allow them to push the envelope of IPM as they move into the future. VP Professional Services Clifford P. Ohmart SureHarvest Soquel, CA 95073 Preface Wherever there are vineyards, there are insects and mites. Arthropods have inhabited vineyards for as long as the grapevine has been cultivated in the pursuit of fresh fruit, juice, raisins, or wine. Domestication of wild grapevines across the globe has provided a habitat of great suitability for specialist grapevine herbivores, and has opened up new possibilities for some generalist insects and mites with a pen- chant for the vine. Additionally, invasive insects transported to new grape produc- tion regions are fi nding their second homes most agreeable, disrupting established IPM programs and requiring rapid responses. The changing distribution of the grape industries coupled with the dynamic nature of pest and predator populations ensures that arthropod management in vineyards will remain an essential component of viticulture. Vineyard managers have been battling unwanted six and eight legged creatures for thousands of years, and while human management of vineyards can exert great control over the system, at times arthropod pests can gain the upper hand. Whether phylloxera in the 1800s, glassy wing sharpshooter in the later 1900s or stink bugs in present day eastern US viticulture, vineyard managers must remain informed, pre- pared, and vigilant to ensure economical production of the highest quality grapes without succumbing to new pest arthropods. Failure to implement effective arthro- pod management practices can result in complete loss of this high value crop or the inability to make quality value-added products, and so it is essential that arthropods are managed using the latest technologies. This collection of chapters by experts in their fi elds has been assembled to take a snapshot of the science of arthropod management in vineyards.