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Habitat Management in Vineyards Habitat Management in Vineyards Habitat Management in Vineyards Habitat Management in Vineyards Acknowledgements: Special thanks to all collaborating farmers, Captain Family Vineyards, Quintessa Vineyards, Foster’s Group, Ridge California, Icon States, Robert Sinsky Vineyards, Joseph Phelps Vineyards, Saintsbury Vineyards, Medlock-Ames, Spootswoode. The efforts of Ana Cecilia Galvis for assembling and formatting this manual are greatly appreciated. The following organizations provided funds to produce this manual: EPA, USDA - SARE, and Organic Farming Research Foundation (OFRF). Habitat Management in Vineyards Habitat Management in Vineyards A growers manual for enhancing natural enemies of pests. Miguel A. Altieri Clara I. Nicholls Houston Wilson Albie Miles Laboratory of Agroecology http://agroecology.berkeley.edu College of Natural Resources University of California 2010 Habitat Management in Vineyards Typical grape production in and soil-borne organisms that and environmental costs can be California is done in monocul- inhabit a vineyard system, the quite significant. Economically, tures which are expanding at a more diverse the community of in viticulture the burdens in- rapid rate resulting in the sim- pest-fighting beneficial organ- clude the need to supply crops plification of the landscape. One isms (predators, parasitoids, with costly external inputs such of the known problems with and entomopathogens) the farm as insecticides, since vineyards monocultures is that the diver- can support. deprived of functional biodiver- sity, abundance and activity of sity lack the capacity to sponsor natural enemies of pests is dras- In this manual we explore prac- their own pest regulation. tically decreased due to the re- tical steps to restore agricultur- moval of vegetation which pro- al biodiversity at the field and Biodiversity in vineyards includes vides critical food resources and landscape level thus breaking the vines, cover crops, weeds, ar- overwintering sites necessary the monoculture nature of vine- thropods, soil fauna and micro- for the longevity, reproduction yards and reducing their ecologi- organisms. In general the type and survival of many predators cal vulnerability. The most obvi- and abundance of biodiversity and parasites. Since the onset ous advantage of diversification in vineyards depends on three of such simplification farmers is a reduced risk of crop failure main features: have been faced with a major due to invasions by unwanted ecological dilemma arising from species and subsequent pest in- • The diversity and type the homogenization of vineyard festations. The manual focuses of vegetation within and systems: increased vulnerabil- on ways in which increased plant around the vineyard and the ity of crops to insect pests and biodiversity can contribute to permanence of these plant diseases, many of them devas- stabilizing pest population by communities tating when infesting uniform creating an appropriate eco- • The quality of soil, its organic and homogeneous large-scale logical infrastructure within and matter content, cover level monocultures. Many scientists around vineyards. and biological activity are concerned that as vineyards • The intensity of manage- expand, natural vegetation act- Biodiversity in vineyards: ment and types of inputs ing as refugia decline and conse- types and roles used depending on whether quently the contribution to pest the vineyard is conventional, suppression by biocontrol agents Biodiversity refers to all species organic or in transition. using these habitats is diminish- of plants, animals, and micro- ing. In fact many pest problems organisms existing and interact- The biodiversity components of affecting today’s vineyards have ing within a vineyard, many of vineyards can be classified in re- been exacerbated by such habi- which play important ecological lation to the role they play in the tat simplification trends. functions such as pollination, functioning of the vineyard sys- organic matter decomposition, tems. Vineyard biodiversity can One of the main ecological op- predation or parasitism of pests. be grouped as follows: tions to rectify this habitat -de These ecosystem services are cline is to increase the vegeta- largely biological; therefore their • Productive biota: the vines tional diversity of vineyards and persistence depends upon main- and other crops or animals surrounding landscapes. Plant tenance of ecological diversity in chosen by farmers biodiversity is crucial to crop the vineyards. When these natu- • Functional biota: organisms defenses: the more diverse the ral services are lost due to biolog- that contribute to produc- plants and associated animals ical simplification, the economic tivity through pollination, Habitat Management in Vineyards biological control (predation and the vegetational diversity of vineyard. The wasps are part of and parasitism of pests), or- the system. The relationship of the associated biodiversity. The ganic matter decomposition, both types of biodiversity com- cover crops then improve soil nutrient mineralization, etc ponents is illustrated in Figure 1. fertility (direct function) and -at • Destructive biota: weeds, in- Planned biodiversity has a direct tract wasps (indirect function). sects pests, microbial patho- function, as illustrated by the ar- Obviously the type and abun- gens, etc., which farmers aim row connecting the planned bio- dance of associated biodiversity at reducing through cultural diversity box with the ecosystem is influenced by the kind of veg- management. function box. Associated biodi- etation that surrounds the vine- versity also has a function, but it yard, with vineyards immersed The above categories of biodi- is mediated through planned bio- in a more heterogeneous land- versity can further be recognized diversity. Thus, planned biodi- scape exhibiting a more diverse as two distinct components. versity also has an indirect func- array of associated organisms. The first component, planned tion, which is realized through biodiversity, includes the vines, its influence on the associated By promoting the right type of and other crops or animals pur- biodiversity. For example, the functional biodiversity in vine- posely included in the vineyard cover crops in a vineyard provide yards it is possible to enhance by the farmer. The second com- biomass to enhance soil organic ecological processes that pro- ponent, associated biodiversity, matter and fertility, so the direct vide key services such as the ac- includes all soil flora and fauna, function of this second species tivation of soil biology, the recy- herbivores, predators, parasites, (cover crops) is to improve soil cling of nutrients, the regulation decomposers. that inhabit the quality. Yet along with the cover of pests by beneficial arthropods vineyard or that colonize from crops come parasitic wasps that and antagonists, and so on. A surrounding environments and seek out the nectar in the cov- key challenge is to identify the that thrive in the system depend- er’s flowers. These wasps are in type of biodiversity that is desir- ing on its management (use of turn the natural parasitoids of able to maintain and/or enhance chemicals or organic inputs, etc) pests that normally attack the in the vineyard in order for them Figure 1. The relationships between planned and associated biodiversity in promoting pest regulation in vineyards. Habitat Management in Vineyards in density and/or a density-de- pendent manner, that is: natu- ral enemies increase in intensity and destroy a larger population of the population as the density of that population increases, and visa-versa. The goal of biological control is to hold a target pest below economically damaging levels — not to eliminate it com- pletely — since decimating the population also removes a criti- cal food resource for the natural enemies that depend on it. Applied biological control is es- sentially a strategy to restore functional biodiversity in agro- ecosystems by adding, through augmentative releases of natural enemies, “missing” entomopha- gous insects in the crop field. Figure 2. The effects fo agroecosystem management and associated cultural practices on This practice is not commonly the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and the densities of insects pests followed in vineyards and in- stead farmers rely on strategies to carry out key ecological ser- through predation and parasit- aimed at conserving and enhanc- vices, and then to determine the ization. Every insect herbivore ing naturally occurring predators best practices that will encour- is attacked to some degree by and parasitoids through habitat age the desired beneficial organ- one or more natural enemies management. The idea is to at- isms. There are many agricul- (also called beneficial insects) , tract early in the season a com- tural practices and designs that thus predators, parasites, and plex of beneficials and provide have the potential to enhance pathogens act as natural control them with habitat and alterna- functional biodiversity, and agents resulting in the regula- tive food so that they can build others that negatively affect it tion of herbivore numbers in a up in numbers and remain in the (Figure 2.) particular ecosystem. This reg- farming system throughout the ulation is known as biological season. Biological control: a control defined as “the action of parasites, predators, or patho- To complete their life cycles, key ecological service in natural enemies need more vineyards gens in maintaining another or- ganism’s population
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