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Melanaphis Sacchari), in Grain Sorghum DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH-BASED, USER- FRIENDLY, RAPID SCOUTING PROCEDURE FOR THE INVASIVE SUGARCANE APHID (MELANAPHIS SACCHARI), IN GRAIN SORGHUM By JESSICA CARRIE LINDENMAYER Bachelor of Science in Soil and Crop Sciences Bachelor of Science in Horticulture Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 2013 Master of Science in Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2015 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2019 DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH-BASED, USER- FRIENDLY, RAPID SCOUTING PROCEDURE FOR THE INVASIVE SUGARCANE APHID (MELANAPHIS SACCHARI), IN GRAIN SORGHUM Dissertation Approved: Tom A. Royer Dissertation Adviser Kristopher L. Giles Norman C. Elliott Mark E. Payton ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my amazing committee and all my friends and family for their endless support during my graduate career. I would like to say a special thank you to my husband Brad for supporting me in every way one possibly can, I couldn’t have pursued this dream without you. I’d also like to thank my first child, due in a month. The thought of getting to be your mama pushed me to finish strong so you would be proud of me. Lastly, I want to thank my step father Jasper H. Davis III for showing me how to have a warrior’s spirit and to never give up on something, or someone you love. Your love, spirit, and motivational words will always be heard in my heart even while you’re gone. “Where the will is strong, the way is easy.” iii Acknowledgements reflect the views of the author and are not endorsed by committee members or Oklahoma State University. Name: JESSICA CARRIE LINDENMAYER Date of Degree: MAY, 2019 Title of Study: DEVELOPMENT OF A RESEARCH-BASED, USER-FRIENDLY, RAPID SCOUTING PROCEDURE FOR THE INVASIVE SUGARCANE APHID (MELANAPHIS SACCHARI), IN GRAIN SORGHUM Major Field: ENTOMOLOGY Abstract: Sugarcane aphid (SCA), Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner, is a significant economic pest in grain sorghum in the Southeastern US and Southern Great Plains. A collaborative project led by Oklahoma State University was tasked with developing an effective scouting plan for SCA. A stratified sampling protocol was used to collect SCA data from 299 fields from six states (OK, KS, TX, AR, LA, MS), over two years (2016- 2017). Using a nested analysis of variance (NANOVA) and Taylor’s (1961) power law the within field sampling variance and dispersion pattern was defined. Results from these analyses revealed two significantly different geographical regions: a southern and a northern. Results show that in either sampling region three consecutive plant samples should be taken per stop within 30m of one another. Additionally, whole plant enumerative sampling was used to define where within the plant canopy sugarcane aphids were distributed. Results from that study showed the middle of the canopy may be the best area to extract the two-leaf sample unit. Three enumerative sampling plans for estimating population density and classification of a threshold were developed. Due to large sample sizes, these sampling protocols gave evidence that a binomial sequential sampling plan would be the best option for a rapid scouting tool. To develop the binomial sequential sampling tool tally threshold regressions were analyzed to define the relationship between the mean SCA per leaf and proportion of plants infested. After the fitness and practicality of the model was considered, tally thresholds of 50 and 100 aphids per plant were selected. Wald’s sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) was used to determine stop lines for both sampling plans, which ranged from 10-24 plant samples per sampling event, with an average of 11 plant samples per sampling event, depending on state, action threshold, and error level. The binomial sampling plans were validated using 48 externally sampled fields analyzed with resampling for validation of sampling plans (RVSP) software. An in-field sampling tool was developed using the tally threshold of 50 SCA. This sequential binomial sampling plan for SCA will enable time-efficient scouting, expeditiously determine if, and when an action threshold is reached, and prevent unnecessary insecticide applications. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE....................................................................................6 Sorghum ...................................................................................................................6 Sorghum Production in Oklahoma...........................................................................7 Important Arthropod Pests of Sorghum in Oklahoma (General Review)................9 Aphid Pests of Grain Sorghum ..............................................................................11 Sugarcane Aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) ...............................................................14 Description and Biology ..................................................................................14 Population genetics structure and world distribution.......................................16 History, Distribution, and Current Pest Status in U.S......................................18 Infestation Patterns and Harvest Difficulty......................................................19 Current Integrated Pest Management of M. sacchari ...........................................20 Cultural Control ..............................................................................................20 Biological Control ...........................................................................................22 Chemical Control ............................................................................................23 Monitoring, Sampling Strategies, and Economic Thresholds ...............................24 Sampling Strategies ...............................................................................................26 Defining Dispersion Patterns ...........................................................................26 Enumerative Sampling Plans: Fixed Sample Size or Sequential Sampling ....29 Binomial Sequential Sampling Plans ...............................................................31 Economic Injury Levels and Economic Thresholds for M. sacchari ....................33 v Chapter Page III. WITHIN FIELD AND WITHIN PLANT CANOPY DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF MELANAPHIS SACCHARI (ZEHNTNER) IN COMMERCIAL GRAIN SORGHUM…………………………………………………………………34 Abstract ..................................................................................................................34 Introduction ............................................................................................................35 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................36 Systematic Sampling Protocol ..........................................................................36 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................37 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................39 Systematic Sampling Protocol ..........................................................................39 Nested Analysis of Variance .............................................................................40 Within Canopy Distribution ..............................................................................42 Conclusions ............................................................................................................47 IV. ENUMERATIVE SAMPLING PLANS FOR MELANAPHIS SACCHARI (ZEHNTNER) IN COMMERCIAL GRAIN SORGHUM: FIXED SAMPLE SIZE AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLANS FOR POPULATION ESTIMATION AND CLASSIFICATION .....................................................................................48 Abstract ..................................................................................................................48 Introduction ............................................................................................................49 Materials and Methods ...........................................................................................51 Systematic Sampling Protocol .........................................................................51 Defining Dispersion Pattern and Aggregation Factors ....................................52 Fixed Minimum Sample Size Estimation at a Fixed Precision........................53 Sequential Sampling for Population Estimation ..............................................53 Aphid Population Classification by Sequential Sampling ...............................54 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................55 Aggregation Factors .........................................................................................55 Minimum Sample Sizes at a Fixed Precision ..................................................60 Sequential Sampling for Population Estimation ..............................................62 Wald’s (1947) Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) Stop-Lines ............66 Conclusions ............................................................................................................69 vi V. DEVELOPMENT OF
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