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denial of physical, 215 • Numerics • in The Sentences of Sextus, 229 1 Chronicles, book of, 50, 129 in the , 232–233 1 Clement, book of, 250–252, 341 acrostic Psalms, 93 1 Corinthians, book of, 56, 258 The Act of Peter, 235 1 Enoch. See Book of 1 Enoch 1 John, book of, 139 Acts of Andrew and Matthias, 277–278 1 Kings, book of and Andrew, 278 Baruch and, 139 authorship of, 273 historical writing in, 50, 51 Gregory of Tours and, 277 Manasseh in, 159 list of, 274 Testament writing in, 159–160 that cause social unrest in, 1 Maccabees, book of, 70 276–277 1 Samuel, book of, 50, 139 Stratocles and Maximilla story in, 2 Baruch, book of, 140–141 275–276 2 Clement, book of, 252–254 weirdness of, 327–328 2 Corinthians, book of, 150, 265–266 , book of, 186, 271 , book of, 149–151 Acts books. See also specific Acts books 2 Kings, book of authorship of, 273–274 Baruch and, 139 description of, 271–272 history and, 50 parallels between, 273–274 Josiah in, 29 secondary, 292–294 Manasseh in, 159 style characteristics of, 55, 272 worshipping of stars in, 120 , 273, 278–280 2 Maccabees, book of, 71 , 273 2 Peter, book of, 103 Acts of Paul collections, 261–270 2 Samuel, book of, 50, 129, 139 Acts of Paul and Thecla, 262–264, 345 3 Baruch, book of, 141–142, 152 Acts of Peter 3 Enoch, book of, 149, 151, 152 authorship of, 273 3 Maccabees, book of, 71–72, 343 martyrdom of Peter, 285 4 Baruch, book of, 142COPYRIGHTEDobjection MATERIAL to sexuality of daughter, 282 , book of, 72–73 overview of, 281 Simon the Magician story, 282–284 , 278 • A • The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, 216, 231–232, 344 Abimelech the Ethiopian (friend of , 292–293 Jeremiah), 142 Acts of Pilate, 205–206 Abraham (righteous man), 143, 163–165 ascetic tendencies in Gnostic authorship of, 273 in The Act of Peter, 235 as bringing Christianity to India, 285 in Book of Thomas the Contender, colt and, 287 217–218 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 352

352 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

Acts of Thomas (continued) , 301–302 as counseling against marriage and sex, Apocalypse of Zephaniah, 134–135, 288–291 318–319 demons and, 288 apocalyptic writing. See also specific earliest mention of, 285 Apocalypse books incubus and, 287 in Bible, 134 on “insane intercourse”, 288 Book of 1 Enoch as, 100, 101–102, 312, palace of king and, 286, 344 340–341 serpent and, 287 characteristics of, 296–297 Adam (first man) Christianized Hebrew, 304–307 creation of, in Gnostic Christianity, 217 content of, 297–298 in Romans, 203 Daniel as, 57, 102, 134, 297 Adam and Eve (first man and woman) description of, 133, 295 in , 320 History of the Rechabites, 148–149, expansion of biblical story of, 156–157, 315–316 315 judgment theme in, 138 Africa, origins of word, 130 Ladder of Jacob, 147–148 Alexander the Great (ruler), 63, 68, 69, 115 The Letter of James, 302–303 Alexander Polyhistor (writer), 129, 130 Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah, Alexandria, 34, 123 146–147 allegorical tales overview of, 56–59 The Acts of Peter and the Twelve as, 240–241 Apostles, 231–232, 344 The Animal Allegory, 109 adoption of, 27 Book of 1 Enoch, 340 books of, 63–64 “Hymn of the Pearl” story, 289–290 Daniel stories in, 75–76 Amos, book of, 51, 254 Esther expansions in, 76–77 amulets, magical, 167–168 Jeremiah-inspired writings in, 79–80 Animal Allegory, 109 Maccabean books of, 69–73 Anna (mother of Mary), 173 overview of, 68–69 anointing with oil, ritual of, 286–287 as source of controversy, 65 , 136, 145 storytelling in, 73–75 anti-Jewish polemics, in of value of, 80 Barnabas, 254–255, 324–325 views of, 66–68 Antiochus IV (ruler), 71 books in, 77–79 anti-Semitism, 207 Apocryphal Psalms, 92 Apocalypse of Abraham, 143–144 , 216–217 Apocalypse of Adam, 144–145, 226, 319–320 , 217 Apocalypse of Elijah, 145–146, 306–307 Apodictic laws, 48 Apocalypse of John. See , apologetic, 255–256. See also defensive book of material the . See also The major writing, 265–270 Shepherd of Hermas from , 231 description of, 12, 237 The , 42, 242–244 early Christian version of, 298–300 discovery of, 15 Nag Hammadi Library version of, 218–219 , 55, 201, 254–255, Apocalypse of Sedrach, 138–139 324–325 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 353

Index 353

Epistle to Diognetus, 255–256 2 Baruch, 140–141 Epistle of , 244 3 Baruch, 141–142, 1524 Baruch, 142 Letters of Ignatius, 246–250 BCE, definition of, 3 list of, 238 Bel (idol), story of, 76 Martyrdom of Polycarp, 244–246, 323–324 Benjamin (patriarch), testament of, 162 1 Clement, 250–252, 341 Bible. See also canon, biblical; Hebrew 2 Clement, 252–254 Bible; ; scripture; Arabic Infancy , 182–183 specific books of Bible language, 100 apocalyptic writing in, 134 Aristobulus (writer), 128 commission of copies of, by Artapanus (writer), 130 Constantine, 43 Arundel Manuscript, 183 comparisons of Pseudo-Phocylides with Ascension of Isaiah, 147 references from, 121–122 Assyrian Empire, stories of, 73–75 decisions about books of, 25–26 astrology fiction in, 52 in Dead Sea Scrolls, 95–96 The Bible For Dummies (Geoghegan and in Testament of , 167 Homan), 3, 19 in Treatise of Shem, 119–121, 317–318 Bible plays, 292 astronomy Book of 1 Enoch in Book of 1 Enoch, 108 as apocalyptic writing, 100, 101–102, 312, in Dead Sea Scrolls, 95–96 340–341 Athanasius (theologian), festal letter of, astronomy in, 95 40–42 authorship of, 98 Augustine (saint), 44, 266 chapters of, 106–108, 110 Australia, Christians in, 35 discovery of, 97 authorship Dream Visions section of, 109 of Acts books, 273–274 Epistle of Enoch section of, 109–110 of Book of 1 Enoch, 98 Great Flood in, 104, 105–106, 110, 111 of Dead Sea Scrolls, 83 Heavenly Luminaries section of, 108 of Luke and Acts, 55 ideas expressed in, 105 of 1 Clement, 250 influence of, on Christianity, 103 by Paul, 257–258 Jewish and thought in, 102–103 of Pseudopigrapha, 121 major themes of, 111–114 of scriptures, 33 Parables section of, 106–108 of The Shepherd of Hermas, 239 quoted in New Testament, 13 sections of, 104–105 translations of, 100 • B • value of, 100–101, 312, 340–341 Babylon, as symbol, 80 Watchers section of, 105–106 Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem, 80, weirdness of, 312 148 Book of the Resurrection of Christ, 204 Babylonian Exile, 68, 140 Book of Thomas the Contender, 217–218 , in The Didache, 243 books, recommended resource, 347–350 Bar Kochba Revolt, 134, 254 Bridal Chamber image, in Gnostic (second being), 213, 217 Christianity, 223 Baruch (scribe), 79, 139, 140, 152 British Museum, 15 Baruch, books of Bruce, James (explorer), 13, 97 Athanasius and, 42 as Jeremiah-inspired literature, 79–80 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 354

354 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

sayings of Jesus quoted by, 186 • C • quoted by, 326 Caananites, destruction of, 78 Clement of Rome (religious leader), 250 calendar, solar compared to lunar, 108 Cleodemus Malchus, as quoted by Calvin, John (theologian), 44 Josephus, 130 Calvinist traditions, 67 Siniaticus, discovery of, 14–15 canon, biblical Collins, John J. (scholar), 58, 117, 305 agreement on, 26–27 Colossians, book of, authorship of, 258 of Calvinist traditions, 67 Concept of Our Great Power, 226 of Church of England, 67 confession, prayers of, 159 description of, 26 Constantine I (emperor), 15, 42–43, 207 differences in, 27, 63 conversion festal letter of Athanasius and, 41 of Asenath, 155–156, 342 of Greek Orthodox Church, 44, 68 of Paul, 258 in second century, 39–44 of Stratocles, 275 canon, definition of, 2 Coptic language, 16, 215 Casuistic laws, 48 Coptic Orthodox churches, 183 catechism, The Didache as, 242–244 Corinthians, 1 Clement and, 250, 251 categories of ancient religious writing, The Correspondence of Paul and Seneca, 19–20. See also styles of ancient 260–261 religious writing cosmology, definition of, 212 CE, definition of, 3 Council at Hippo, 44 Charlesworth, James, The Council of Nicea, 42–43 Pseudopigrapha, 116, 134 Council of Trent, 67 Christian writers, as source of sayings of creation, Gnostic ideas on, 213, 217, Jesus, 186, 188–192 224–226 Christianity. See also Gnostic Christianity; cross, talking, 201, 323 Orthodox Christian churches; orthodox Christianity; Protestant • D • churches; Roman Church Apocryphal books and, 65 Damascus Document, 92 Book of 1 Enoch influence on, 103 Daniel, book of early, 238 as apocalyptic writing, 57, 102, 134, 297 Greek as language of, 35 Dead Sea Scrolls and, 85 in India, 285 historic symbolism of, 58 Jewish-Christianity, 154, 188, 324 references to, 135 offices of church, 243–244, 269 sections added to, in The Apocrypha, Russian sects of, 273 75–76 Christ’s Descent into Hell, 206 styles of, 50 Church of England, 67 wisdom stories of, 57 circumcision, 249 (king), 129, 157–158 (writer) Dead Sea Scrolls Eupolemus, quotations from, 129 access to, 84 Gospel According to the Hebrews and, astronomical texts of, 95–96 189 authorship of, 83 Gospel of the Egyptians and, 191, 192 content of, 12, 18–19, 85–88 on , 40 dates of, 18–19 on heresy, 273 description of, 82 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 355

Index 355

discovery of, 14, 17–18, 83, 84 Egerton Papyri, 194–195 liturgy in, 93–95 other writings referred to as, 88–89 ancient manuscripts from, 16 Pesher literature, 86–87, 314–315 Coptic language in, 215 poetry in, 92–93 Holy Family in, 182–183, 184 predictions of spiritual battle in, 89–90 Holy Family journey to, 180–181 Psalms from, 157–158 Wisdom Literature from, 115 Psalms of Exorcism, 313–314 Ehrman, Bart (scholar), 251 publication of, 23 elaborations on biblical traditions, 153 quotes from, 81 elite knowledge, Gnostic sense of, 200 rules and ethical instructions in, 91–92 Elizabeth (mother of ), 174 War Scroll, 90, 313 Elliott, J. K. (scholar) The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Acts works and, 292 Qumran Texts in English, Second and, 171, 179 Edition (Martinez), 81 Oxyrhynchus fragments and, 192 death of Jesus, writings on on stichometry, 280 Acts of Pilate, 205–206 Encratitic elements of Acts stories, 272–274 Christ’s Descent into Hell, 206 Enoch (descendant of Seth), in Genesis, letters of Pilate, 206–207 98–99 defensive material Enoch books. See Book of 1 Enoch; 3 , 255–256 Enoch, book of; 2 Enoch, book of by Ignatius, 248–250 Ephesians, book of, 56, 243, 258 by Jewish writers, 126, 130, 131 Ephesians, Ignatius letter to, 247 demons, 167–168 Ephesus, 278, 280 derivative writing, 185 Epiphanius (writer), 191, 285 Deutero-Canonical Books, 27. See also The Epistle of Barnabas Apocrypha as anti-Jewish, 201 Deuteronomy, book of, 29, 46, 120 content of, 254–255 dialogue format, 137, 202–204, 216–221, 302 discovery of, 15 Dialogue of the Saviour, 224 weirdness of, 324–325 The Didache, 42, 242–244 Epistle to Diognetus, 255–256 Diogenes (writer), 54 Epistle of Enoch section of Book of 1 Dionysius of Corinth (writer), 250 Enoch, 109–110 , 273 Epistle of James, 228 Domitian (ruler), 250 Epistle of Jude, 103 The Dragon story, 76 The Epistle to the Laodicians, 260 dragons, in Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 181 Epistle of Polycarp, 244 Dream Visions section of Book of 1 Enoch, , 55–56 109 esoteric, definition of, 211 Esther, book of, 33, 41, 76–77 Eucharist, Gnostics and, 199 • E • Eugnostos the Blessed, 221 early Christian writings not in New Eupolemus (writer), 129 Testament. See the Apostolic Fathers of Caesarea (historian) early Christian writings, value of, 237–238 Acts of Andrew and, 274 , book of, 33, 49 Council of Nicea and, 43 Edict of Toleration, 42 and, 201 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 356

356 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

Eusebius of Caesarea (historian) (continued) History of the Church, 20 • G • quotations of, 127, 128, 129, 130, 189 Ge’ez language, 100 Eve. See Adam and Eve (first man and first Genesis, book of woman) Apocalypse of Abraham and, 143 of the , 231 circumcision in, 249 Exodus, book of, 46 ladder of Jacob in, 147 Exorcism Poems, 93, 313–314 retelling in, in Hypostasis of the Archons, Ezekiel (prophet), 30 225 Ezekiel the Tragedian, 123–125 Testament writing in, 159 Ezra (priest), 305 Geoghegan, Jeffrey, The Bible For Dummies, Ezra (scribe), 28, 29, 34, 135–136 3, 19 Ezra, book of, as historical narrative, 50 geographical apocalypse, 316 Ezra books Gnostic Christianity. See also ascetic Greek Apocalypse of Ezra, 136 tendencies in Gnostic Christianity; Nag overview of, 135–136 Hammadi Library Questions of Ezra, 137 in Acts of John, 279 Revelation of Ezra, 137–138 in Apocalypse of Adam, 144–145 Vision of Ezra, 137 beliefs of, 212–214, 290 in , 199–200 • F • in , 192 in , 188, 196–197, 198, festal letter, of Athanasius, 40–42 339–340 fiction in Bible, 52 in , 326–327 First Apocalypse of James, 218 Ignatius on, 249–250 First Thought in Three Forms, 234–235, 328 in Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 176–177 Flood narrative influence of, 236 in Book of 1 Enoch, 104, 105–106, 110, 111 interpretation of Christian Bible in, 233 in Sibylline Oracles, 118 in Later Corinthian Correspondence, 261 in 3 Baruch, 141 in The Letter of James, 303 folklore, religious New Testament and, 38–39 in Acts of Paul, 261–270 origins of beings in, 328 in Infancy Gospels, 172, 177–178, 180–181 persecution of, 329 foreigners, mixing with, 156 Sethian, 226–228 forewarned is forearmed theme in Book of themes of, 212 1 Enoch, 113–114 traditional beliefs compared to, 214–215 forgiveness theme, 300 Gnostic , in Apocalypse of Adam, 4 Baruch, book of, 142 319–320 4 Maccabees, book of, 72–73 Gnostic philosophy, outside Christian The Fourth Book of Ezra, Christian movement, 226 additions to, 305–306 The Gnostic Scriptures (Layton), 211 fragments Gospel According to the Hebrews, 189–190 definition of, 125 , 324 of Greek-influenced Jewish writers, , 202–204 126–131 Gospel of the Ebionites, 191 Oxyrhynchus, 192–194, 333–334 Gospel of the Egyptians as source of sayings of Jesus, 186–187, from Nag Hammadi Library, 226–227 192–195 quoted by Clement, 191–192 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 357

Index 357

Gospel of Judas discovery of, 199 • H • as Gnostic writing, 39 Harris, J. Rendal (scholar), 342 rediscovery of, 13–14 Hasmoneans, 92, 166 as source of sayings of Jesus, 187, heaven 199–200 layers of, 141–142, 147, 231 , 219–220 levels of, 150–151, 152, 220, 268–269 Gospel of Matthias, 192 travels in, 149–150 , 205–206 Heavenly Luminaries section of Book of 1 Gospel of Peter, 201–202, 322–323 Enoch, 108 , 222–223 . See also The Apocrypha; Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 179–182 Dead Sea Scrolls; Old Testament Gospel of the Nazareans, 190, 332 book of Sirach and, 30–31 Gospel of Thomas definition of, 3 as Gnostic, 188 grouping writings together, 29 inauthentic sayings in, 196–197 Hebrew version of, 84 non-similar-to-Gospel sayings in, 198–199 interpretations of, in 2 Clement, 253 reasons for exclusion from Bible, 185 quotations from, 251 references to, 195 rabbis and experts on, 31–33 sayings of Jesus in, 187, 333, 334, 335–336 Talmud and, 33–34 similar-to-Gospel sayings in, 197–198 and, 34, 87–88 value of, 196, 339–340 transition from oral tradition to written Gospel of Truth, 224–225, 326–327 word, 28–29 Gospels. See also specific Gospels Hebrews, book of, 257 Acts books compared to, 272 Hecataeus of Abdera (historian), 131 Jewish-Christian, 188–191 hell, descent into, by Jesus, 203, 204, 206 perspectives of, 187–188 heresy, 272–273. See also Gnostic Q source for, 196, 340 Christianity as style of writing, 54–55 hero stories, 73–75 Great Flood. See Flood narrative Herod the Great (king), 166, 175 Greco-Roman period, 156 historic symbolism of apocalyptic Greek writing, 58 as language of Christianity, 35 historical narratives. See also The as language of Empire, 63 Apocrypha translations from Hebrew into, 34–35 Sibylline Oracles and, 117 Greek Apocalypse of Ezra, 136 as style of writing, 50–51 Greek Orthodox Church, of, History of the Church (Eusebius), 20 44, 68 History of Joseph the Carpenter, 183 Greek Period, 116 History of the Rechabites, 148–149, Greek world, influence of 315–316 Ezekiel the tragedian, 123–125 Hofmann, Heinrich (artist), 177, 178 on Jewish writers, 125–131 Holofernes (general), 74 Pseudo-Phocylides, 121–123 Homan, Michael, The Bible For Dummies, Sibylline Oracles, 116–119 3, 19 Treatise of Shem, 119–121 Homer, Odyssey, quotations from, 231 Gregory of Tours (historian), 277 Huntington Library, Los Angeles, 23, 84 guilt, ritual drinking of mixture to reveal, “The Hymn of the Pearl” story, 289–290 175, 180 Hypostasis of the Archons, 225 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 358

358 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

Jerome (early Christian) • I • Gospel of Bartholomew and, 202 Ignatius (Apostolic Father) quotations of, 189–190, 335 defense of Christian orthodoxy by, sayings of Jesus and, 186 248–250 , 65 Letter to Polycarp, 243, 248 Jerusalem, 80, 148. See also Temple of letters of, 246–248 Jerusalem Immaculate Conception of Mary, 172 Jesus (founder of Christianity). See also India sayings of Jesus Great Mosque at Fathpur Sikri, 336 in Arabic Infancy Gospel, 182–183 Thomas as bringing Christianity to, 285 death of, writings on, 205–207 Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 172, 176–179, Gnostic ideas on, 214–215, 221–224, 325–326 326–327 Infancy Gospels. See also Infancy Gospel of in Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 181–182 Thomas hell, descent into, 203, 204, 206 Arabic Infancy Gospel, 182–183 in Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 176–179, content of, 171–172 325–326 Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 179–182 in orthodox Christianity, 236 later material, 183–184 parables of, 50 Proto-Evangelium of James, 173–175 Paul and, 258 infants, exposure of, 137, 300 playmates of, 176, 177, 181 interpretation questions for, in Nag Hammadi Library of biblical books, in Dead Sea Scrolls, manuscripts, 216–221 86–87, 314–315 resurrection of, 201, 204 in Epistle of Barnabas, 255 teaching of, in 2 Clement, 253 of parables, 278 Jesus in Egypt: Discovering the Secrets of Pesherim, 86–87, 314–315 Christ’s Childhood Years (Perry), 184 in 2 Clement, 252–253 Jewish philosophy, 128 Interpretation of Knowledge, 233 Jewish religion Ireland, Infancy Gospels in, 183 anti-Jewish polemics, in Epistle of (writer), 40 Barnabas, 254–255, 324–325 Isaac (son of Abraham), testament of, 165 anti-Semitism, 207 Isaiah (prophet), 146 Gnostic, in Apocalypse of Adam, 319–320 Isaiah, book of, 136, 146 persecution and, 343 Islamic tradition, 336–337 Torah and, 34, 87–88 Israel Antiquities Authority, 84 Jewish view of The Apocrypha, 66 of biblical canon, 31–34 • J • in Book of 1 Enoch, 102–103 of circumcision, 249 Jacob (son of Isaac), testament of, 165–166 of foreign rule, 68–69 James (Christian leader), 189 Jewish writers James (martyr), 218 astrology and, 119–121 James, book of, 66 fragments from, 125 James, M. R. (translator), 292 Gnostic, 144 Jason of Cyrene (writer), 71 Greek-influenced, 126–131 Jeremiah (prophet), 79–80, 142 influence of Sibylline Oracles on, 116–117 Jeremiah, book of, 79, 139 Pseudo-Phocylides and, 121–123 tragedy and, 123–125 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 359

Index 359

Jewish-Christianity, 154, 188, 324 law codes, 48–49 Joachim (father of Mary), 173 Laws of Moses Job, book of, 49, 162–163 in Book of 1 Enoch, 105, 113 John (apostle), 278 importance of, 29 John (the Baptist), 175 Josephus on, 32 Jonah (Biblical character), as symbol of Josiah and, 29 resurrection, 262 known books of, 49 Joseph (husband of Mary), in Proto- lists of, 46 Evangelium of James, 174–175 Mount Sinai and, 15 Joseph (patriarch), 120, 162, 346 rewritings of, in Dead Sea Scrolls, 87–88 Joseph and Asenath, 155–156, 341–342 as Torah, 34 Josephus (military leader) Layton, Bentley, The Gnostic Scriptures, 211 as historian, 31, 69 legends. See also storytelling on Jewish Scriptures, 32 about Paul, 262–270 quotation of, 130 Gnostic, in Nag Hammadi Library, Joshua (successor to Moses), 166 230–235 Joshua, book of, 50 as style of writing, 52 Josiah (king), 28–29 Lenin, Vladimir (Russian leader), 15 Jotham’s Fable, 52 , 65 Judaizers, Ignatius on, 248–249 The Letter of James, 302–303 Judas, the Maccabee (fighter), 69, 71, 109 Letter of Jeremiah, 79 Jude, book of, 341 Letter of Peter to Philip, 220–221 Judges, book of, 50 Letter to Polycarp, 243, 248 judgment theme Letters of Ignatius, 246–250 in Apocalypse of Elijah, 145–146 Leucius Charinus (writer), 273 in Apocalypse of Paul, 267–268 Levi (patriarch), testament of, 161 in apocalyptic writings, 138, 298 Life of Adam and Eve, 156–157, 315 in Book of 1 Enoch, 111 light, being of, in Gnostic Christianity, in Solomonic Psalms, 158 212–213, 290 in 2 Baruch, 140–141 liturgical drama, 180 Judith, book of, 41, 66, 74–75 liturgy in Dead Sea Scrolls, 93–95 lost books Dead Sea Scrolls and, 85–86 • K • definition of, 1 Khalidi, Tarif, The Muslim Jesus, 337 as found again, 13 fragments and, 126 importance of, 21–22 • L • as previously unknown, 14 Ladder of Jacob, 147–148 process of losing, 20–21 language quotations from, 13–14 Aramaic, 100 as suppressed, 22–23 Coptic, 16, 215 as unknown by most people, 12 Ge’ez, 100 lost sayings of Jesus. See sayings of Jesus Greek, 35, 63 Luke, gospel of Syriac, 182 birth narrative in, 172 Later Corinthian Correspondence, 261–262 Gospel of Thomas and, 340 laughter, as ridicule, 200, 227 Infancy Gospel of Thomas and, 177–178 “Magnificat” section of, 107 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 360

360 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

Luke, gospel of (continued) Masada manuscripts, 88 Oxyrhynchus fragment compared to, 334 material world, creation of, in Gnostic quotations from, 242 Christianity, 213, 217, 224–226 source of sayings of Jesus for, 196 Mattathias (elder), 70 Luther, Martin (reformer), 44, 66 matter, creation of, in Gnostic Christianity, 214 Matthew, gospel of • M • Apocalypse of Peter and, 299 Maccabean family, 166 birth narrative in, 172 Maccabees, books of Gospel of the Nazareans compared to, 1 Maccabees, 70 332 overview of, 69–70 Gospel of Thomas and, 196, 336, 340 2 Maccabees, 71 Oxyrhynchus fragment compared to, 334 3 Maccabees, 71–72 quotations from, 242 4 Maccabees, 72–73 Testament of Joseph compared to, 346 magical beliefs, 153, 167–168 medieval period, 237, 292, 307 Magnesians, Ignatius letter to, 247 , 227–228 man, creation of, in Gnostic Christianity, messenger formula, 51 213–214 Michael (angel), 142, 163, 164 Manasseh (king), 159 miracles of Jesus in Egypt, 182–183, 184 (intellectual), 35–36, 40 Montanism, 37–38 Mark, gospel of Moses (prophet). See also Laws of Moses in Codex Siniaticus, 15 in Aristobulus fragments, 128 Gospel of Thomas compared to, 334, 335 in Ezekiel the Tragedian, 123, 125 as source for gospels of Luke and as inventor, 130 Matthew, 340 Marcion and, 36 Martinez, Florentino Garcia (scholar) oral tradition and, 28 The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The testament of, 166 Qumran Texts in English, Second as writer, 33 Edition, 81 Murabba’at manuscripts, 88–89 on discovery of Dead Sea Scrolls, 83 Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (scholar), 40 martyr stories The Muslim Jesus (Khalidi), 337 Acts of Andrew, 276 Acts of Peter, 285 Acts of Thomas, 290–291 • N • Isaiah, 146 Nabonidus (ruler), 85 Paul, 265 Nag Hammadi Library Polycarp, 244–246, 323–324 The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah, Apostles, 216, 231–232, 344 146–147 Apocalypse of Adam, 144–145, 226, Martyrdom of Paul, 265 319–320 Martyrdom of Polycarp, 244–246, 323–324 beliefs about, 22 Mary (mother of Jesus) discovery of, 16–17, 211, 215 in Apocalypse of Paul, 269 First Thought in Three Forms, 234–235, in Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 179–182 328 Immaculate Conception of, 172 Gnostic ideas on creation in, 224–226 in Proto-Evangelium of James, 173–175 Gnostic ideas on Jesus in, 221–224 Mary Magdalene, 219–220 Gnostic legends and tales in, 230–235 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 361

Index 361

Gnostic wisdom in, 228–230 1 Chronicles, book of, 50, 129 and, 38–39 1 Clement, book of, 250–252, 341 Gospel of Truth, 224–225, 326–327 1 Corinthians, book of, 56, 258 Questions for Jesus manuscripts in, 1 Enoch. See Book of 1 Enoch 216–221 1 John, book of, 139 The Reality of the Rulers, 329 1 Kings, book of Sethian Gnosticism in, 226–228 Baruch and, 139 value of, 216 historical writing in, 50, 51 The Nag Hammadi Library (Robinson), 211 Manasseh in, 159 Nahal Hever manuscripts, 89 Testament writing in, 159–160 Nathan (prophet), 129 1 Maccabees, book of, 70 Nebuchadnezzar (ruler), 75, 76, 85, 140 1 Samuel, book of, 50, 139 Negro spirituals, 112 oracle, 41, 116 Nehemiah (official), 29 oral tradition, transition from, to written Nehemiah, book of, 28, 29, 50, 135 word, 28–29 New Testament (writer) Christian group adoption of, 27 Gospel According to the Hebrews and, development of, in second century, 39–44 189 early Christian writings not in, 237–238 Gospel of the Nazareans and, 190 Gnosticism and, 38–39 Gospel of Peter and, 201 history of, 36–37 Gospel of Thomas and, 196 Montanists and, 37–38 sayings of Jesus quoted by, 186 Nicephorus (writer), 280 Sermons on Jeremiah, 333 Nickelsburg, George (scholar), 103, 105 on The Shepherd of Hermas, 239 Nicodemus (pious man), 205 Ornias (demon), 167 Noah (righteous man), 110, 118, 141 Orpheus (poet), 127 non-canonical writings, definition of, 2 Orphica, 127 Orthodox Christian churches The Apocrypha, view of, 67–68 • O • Coptic, 183 Odes of Solomon, 154–155, 342–343 Infancy Gospels and, 172 Odyssey (Homer), quotations from, 231 Old Testament of, 27 offices of Christian Church, 243–244, 269 orthodox Christianity oil, ritual of anointing with, 286–287 early writings of, 238 Old Testament. See also Hebrew Bible Gnostic influence on, 236 book of Sirach and, 30–31 marriage, sexuality, and, 273 Christian group adoption of, 27 Oxyrhynchus fragments, 192–194, 333–334 definition of, 3 development of, in second century, 39–44 grouping writings for, 29 • P • Marcion of Sinope and, 35–36 Pagels, Elaine (scholar), 233, 234 transition from oral tradition to written papyrus, 16, 82, 186 word, 28–29 parable translations from Hebrew into Greek, in Apocryphon of James, 216 34–35 in Book of 1 Enoch, 106–108 The Old Testament Pseudopigrapha (edited interpretation of, 278 by Charlesworth), 116, 134 in The Shepherd of Hermas, 241–242, 322 On the Origin of the World, 225–226 as style of writing, 50 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 362

362 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

parallelism in Hebrew poetry, 53 as style of writing, 49–50 The Paraphrase of Shem, 228 as Wisdom literature, 228 Passion of Bartholomew, 293–294 Psalms Paul (apostle) book of, 53 as author, 257–258 Dead Sea Scrolls and, 85, 92–93, 157–158 importance of, 257 of Solomon, 158 Jesus and, 258 Pseudo-Hecataeus, 131 legends about, 262–270 pseudonym, and apocalyptic writings, 59 letters of, 56 Pseudo-Phocylides, 121–123 missionary movements of, 154 Pseudopigrapha, definition of, 121 writings attributed to, 259–262 II (ruler), 65 Pauline books, 257–258 Ptolemy IV (ruler), 71, 72, 343 peace, message of, in 1 Clement, 250, punishment of sinners. See also judgment 251–252 theme Perry, Paul, Jesus in Egypt: Discovering the in Apocalypse of Paul, 269 Secrets of Christ’s Childhood Years, 184 in Apocalypse of Peter, 299–300 Persian Period, 76, 108 purity regulations, 192 Pesherim, 86–87, 314–315 Peter (apostle), 281 Philadelphians, Ignatius letter to, 247–248 • Q • Philippians, book of, 56, 258 Q source for gospels of Luke and Matthew, (poet), 126 196, 340 Philo of Judea (philosopher), 128 , 202–204 Phocylides (poet), 121 Questions of Ezra, 137 Pilate, Pontius (procurator), 205–207 Questions for Jesus manuscripts in Nag playmates of Jesus, 176, 177, 181 Hammadi Library, 216–221 poetry Qumran community, 83, 89. See also Dead books of, 46, 53 Sea Scrolls in Dead Sea Scrolls, 92–93 quotations. See also sayings of Jesus Jewish use of Greek form of, 126 as fragments, 125 Odes of Solomon, 154–155, 342–343 of Hebrew Bible scripture in Christian Polycarp (church leader), 244–246, 248, letters, 251 323 proof-texting of, 315 Prayer of the Apostle Paul, 230 “The Prayer of Azariah”, 75 Prayer of Manasseh, 159 • R • Prayer of Nabonidus, 85–86 The Reality of the Rulers, 329 proof-texting, 315 Reform churches, biblical canon of, 44 prophetic books, 51 relics, tradition of, 246 Prophets, books of, 46 religious writing, ancient, 306. See also prophets, hearing of, 264 styles of ancient religious writing Protestant churches repentance, in 2 Clement, 253–254 The Apocrypha, view of, 66–67 resources, 347–350 biblical canon of, 44 resurrection New Testament of, 27 in Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Proto-Evangelium of James, 172, 173–175 Christ, 204 Proverbs, book of in Gnostic Christianity, 231 personification of Wisdom in, 77–78 in Gospel of Peter, 201 sin list in, 161 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 363

Index 363

Jonah as symbol of, 262 Paul on, 258 • S • Reuben (patriarch), testament of, 160–161 sacrifice, attack on ritual of, 191, 254–255 Revelation, book of , origin of, 312 as apocalyptic writing, 57, 134, 295, 296 sayings of Jesus astronomy and, 120 behold brother with love, 335 beasts in, 297 cast fire, 333 Book of 1 Enoch and, 103–104 determining authenticity of, 196 historic symbolism in, 58 devotion to , 337 Revelation of Ezra, 137–138 in early Christian literature, 188–192 Ricci, Sebastiano (artist), 98–99 empty jar of meal, 336 ritual first shall be last, 335 in Acts of Thomas, 286–287 fragments of papyrus and, 192–195 in The Didache, 243 in Gospel of Bartholomew, 202–204 drinking of mixture to reveal guilt, 175, in Gospel of Judas, 199–200 180 in Gospel of Peter, 201–202 in Gnostic Christianity, 199, 223, 228, 234 in Gospel of Thomas, 195–199, 339–340 Jewish, 249 in Gospels, 187–188 of sacrifice, 191, 254–255 in India, 336 Robertson, R. G. (historian), 123, 124 make enemies into comrades, 333–334 Robinson, James, The Nag Hammadi make peace, 334 Library, 211 near fire, 333 Roman Catholic Church sources of, 186–187, 331 The Apocrypha, view of, 67 take care of brothers, 332 biblical canon of, 44 scripture Infancy Gospels and, 172 definition of, 28 New Testament of, 27 interpretations of, in 2 Clement, 252–253 Jewish, 32 beheading in, 265 quotations from, 35, 251 Christianity and, 56, 298 second, created being, in Gnostic Constantine and, 42–43 Christianity, 213 exoneration of, for death of Jesus, Second Apocalypse of James, 218 206–207 Second Treatise of the Great Seth, 227 Josephus and, 31 sectarians, 83, 89 Romans, book of seer, 316 Adam, sin of, in, 203 Seleucus IV (ruler), 71 as antidote to Epistle of Barnabas, 325 Seneca (philosopher), 260 Apocalypse of Paul and, 267 The Sentences of Sextus, 216, 229–230 authorship of, 258 , 35, 64–65. See also The Christ as “new Adam” in, 224 Apocrypha on circumcision, 249 Sermons on Jeremiah (Origen), 333 on Hermas, 239 Seth (son of Adam), 144, 157, 319–320 Romans, Ignatius letter to, 247 Sethian Christian Gnosticism/Sethites, 217, Rule of the Community, 91 226–228 rules and ethical instructions in Dead Sea sexuality, 273, 291, 327–328. See also ascetic Scrolls, 91–92 tendencies in Gnostic Christianity Russian Christian sects, 273 Shaker sect, 273 Ruth, book of, 52 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 364

364 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

The Shepherd of Hermas Gnostic, in Nag Hammadi Library, Athanasius referral to, 41, 42 230–235 authorship of, 239 in The Shepherd of Hermas, 239 comparison to Book of the Resurrection as style of writing, 52 of Jesus Christ, 204 styles of ancient religious writing. See also description of, 238–239 apocalyptic writing; Wisdom literature discovery of, 15 Acts, 55, 271–272 and, 40 derivative, 185 sections of, 240–242 Epistles, 55–56 weirdness of, 321–322 Gospels, 54–55 Sibylline Oracles and, 63 Christian additions to, 304–305 historical narratives, 50–51 content of, 117–119 law codes, 48–49 description and influence of, 116–117 overview of, 19–20, 45–48 weirdness of, 316–317 poetry, 53 Simeon (patriarch), testament of, 161 prophetic books, 51 Simon the Magician (character), in Acts of sources of, 115 Peter, 282–284 stories and legends, 52 sin, punishment of Testaments, 159–160 in Apocalypse of Paul, 269 Sukenik, Eleazar L. (scholar), 18 in Apocalypse of Peter, 299–300 suppression of discovery, 22–23 sin as rebellion theme, in Book of 1 Enoch, Susanna, story of, 75 112–113 Syriac language, 182 sin lists, tradition of, 161 Sira, Jesus ben (scholar), 30, 78–79 Sirach, book of, 30, 41, 49, 78–79 • T • Skoptsky, 273 Talmud, 33–34 Smyrna, 244 TaNaK (Torah, Prophets, and Writings), Smyrneans, Ignatius letter to, 248 1, 27 social conservatism in The Didache, 243 teachers of Jesus Solomon (king), testament of, 167–168 in Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, 182 Solomonic Psalms, 158 in Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 176, “Son of Man”, references to, 103, 107, 108 177–178 Song of Solomon, book of, 53 Teaching of Silvanus, 228–229 , book of, 33 Teaching of the Twelve Apostles (The Sons of the Sabbath Sacrifice, 94 Didache), 42, 242–244 (wisdom), 213–214 Temple of Jerusalem Sophia of Jesus Christ, 221 construction of, 167 Sower, story of, 197 destruction of, 140, 141, 142 spirits rebuilding of, 254 of error, 161 Temple Scroll, 87–88 positive, 160 (theologian), 36, 37, 40, 186 spiritual battle in, predictions of in Dead Testament of Abraham, 163–165 Sea Scrolls, 89–90 Testament of Isaac, 165 stichometry, 280 Testament of Jacob, 165–166 storytelling. See also legends Testament of Job, 162–163 in Acts of Andrew and Matthias, 278 Testament of Joseph, 162, 346 in Apocryphal writings, 73–75 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 365

Index 365

Testament literature, 159–160. See also 2 Peter, book of, 103 specific Testaments 2 Samuel, book of, 50, 129, 139 Testament of Moses, 166 two source theory, 196, 340 Testament of Solomon, 167–168 Testaments of the Three Patriarchs, 163–166 • V • Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, A Valentinian Exposition, 234 160–162, 345–346 Valentinius (teacher), 224–225 The Testimony of Truth, 232–233 Valentinus (Gnostic leader), 326 Thecla (character), 262–264, 345 vice-regent of God, 106–107, 111 Third Epistle to the Corinthians, 264 Vision of Ezra, 137 Thomas (apostle), as doubting, 204 visionary writing. See apocalyptic writing The Thought of , 232 Vulgate (), 65, 67 3 Baruch, book of, 141–142, 152 3 Enoch, book of, 149, 151, 152 3 Maccabees, book of, 71–72, 343 • W • Throne of God, 136, 143 wadi, 88 Tischendorff, Constantin (scholar), 14–15 Wadi Daliyeh Papyri, 88 Tobit, book of, 41, 66, 73–74 Wadi Seiyal manuscripts, 89 Torah, 34, 87–88 War Scroll, 90, 313 Tower of Babel, 141 Watchers section of Book of 1 Enoch, tragedy, Greek, 123 105–106 Trajan (ruler), 246 water imagery, 228, 320. See also Flood Trallians, Ignatius letter to, 247 narrative transition from oral tradition to written weird books and writings, 311, 321 word, 28–29 wisdom, personification of translations by Gnostic Christians, 213 of Acts of John, 280 in Psalms of Dead Sea Scrolls, 158 of Book of 1 Enoch, 100 as Sophia, 213–214 of Jewish writings into Greek, 34–35 in Wisdom of Solomon, 77–78 Nag Hammadi manuscripts as, 215 Wisdom literature. See also wisdom, Treatise on Resurrection, 230–231 personification of Treatise of Shem, 119–121, 317–318 in The Apocrypha, 77–79 Tripartite Tractate, 221–222, 234 Dead Sea Scrolls and, 92–93 Twelve Prophets, pieces of, 89 Gnostic, in Nag Hammadi Library, 2 Baruch, book of, 140–141 228–230 2 Clement, book of, 252–254 purpose of, 228 2 Corinthians, book of, 150, 265–266 sources of, 115 2 Enoch, book of, 149–151 as style of writing, 49–50 2 Kings, of Solomon, book of, 41, 49, 77–78, Baruch and, 139 156–157 history and, 50 wise men, star and, 120 Josiah in, 29 women Manasseh in, 159 leadership of, 220, 262, 345 worshipping of stars in, 120 as strong characters, 291 2 Maccabees, book of, 71 Word of the Luminaries, 93–94 two paths in The Didache, 242–243 in Epistle of Barnabas, 255 30_243800-bindex.qxp 4/30/08 6:05 PM Page 366

366 Lost Books of the Bible For Dummies

Zadok (priest), 91 • Y • Zakkai, Yohanon Ben (rabbi), 32 Yaldaboath (being), 213–214, 217 Zebulon (patriarch), testament of, 161–162 Yamnia, council at, 32 Zephaniah (prophet), 134 zodiac signs in Dead Sea Scrolls, 95–96 • Z • in Testament of Solomon, 167 in Treatise of Shem, 119–120, 317–318 Zacchaeus (tutor), in Infancy Gospel of Thomas, 176–177 Zacharias (father of John the Baptist), 175