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Universidad Austral De Chile Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias Escuela De Agronomía Universidad Austral de Chile Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Escuela de Agronomía Caracterización palinológica de la alimentación de hembras adultas de Scaptia lata (Diptera: Tabanidae) en ambientes con una gran diversidad florística, en la comuna de Valdivia Memoria presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al título de Ingeniero Agrónomo Texia Ailin Inostroza Infante VALDIVIA – CHILE 2013 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi profesora patrocinante, Sr. Roberto Carrillo Llorente por su constante e innegable apoyo y ayuda en la realización de esta tesis. A mis profesores informantes, Sra. Maritza Reyes y Magaly Rivero, por su colaboración y buena disposición. A mis padres Sonia y Hugo, a Daniel y a mi hijo Dante Eluney, quienes me han incentivado y apoyado en todos los caminos de la vida, además de la confianza y fuerza para seguir adelante y terminar esta etapa. A mis amigos del alma, Ilse, Boris y Mariel, quienes han estado conmigo entregándome su apoyo, su amor y la alegría A todas las personas y amigos que conocí en esta increíble Universidad y en esta hermosa ciudad de Valdivia, cuyos aportes fueron de gran ayuda en distintos momentos de mi vida. A ustedes otorgo este presente orgullo. DEDICATORIA Te fuiste de mi lado. En silencio fue tu partida. Mi corazón se ha desangrado por tan súbita despedida. Tu espíritu luchador a la vida se aferraba. Más Dios, desesperado, a su lado te llamaba. En ángel te has convertido. Velando por nosotros estás. Aguardando que se cumpla la cita de reunirnos en la eternidad. Me esforzaré por ganar el cielo para no perderte nunca más. Mientras tanto, guía mis pasos. Ilumina mi senda, enséñame el camino. Que tu presencia me rodee siempre hasta que se cumpla mi destino. A ti madre mía Sonia, que me apoyaste y guiaste en todo este proceso, que te fuiste antes de culminar este camino, lamento la larga espera pero mi prioridad eras tú y Dante. No me arrepiento del tiempo ya que pude estar contigo hasta el último minuto. TE AMO MADRE MIA i INDICE DE MATERIAS Capítulo Página RESUMEN 1 SUMMARY 2 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 3 2 REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 4 2.1 Clasificación taxonómica 4 2.2 Características de la familia Tabanidae 4 2.3 Alimentación de tábanos adultos 6 2.3.1 Machos 7 2.3.2 Hembras 7 2.3.3 Adaptación de partes bucales 7 2.3.4 Rol de la sangre en alimentación de las hembras 9 2.3.5 Rol del néctar en la alimentación de los adultos 10 2.4 Tipo de alimentación de las larvas 12 2.5 Daños causados por los tábanos 12 2.6 Género Scaptia 14 2.7 Scaptia lata en Chile 15 2.7.1 Distribución geográfica 16 2.7.2 Características de S. lata 16 2.7.2.1 Adulto 16 2.7.2.2 Larva 16 2.7.2.3 Pupa 17 2.7.2.4 Ciclo de vida de S. lata 18 2.7.3 Importancia 19 3 MATERIAL Y MÉTODO 20 3.1 Ubicación del estudio 20 3.2 Materiales 20 3.2.1 Material biológico 20 3.2.2 Material químico 21 ii 3.2.3 Material de vidrio 21 3.2.4 Material óptico 21 3.2.5 Otros materiales 21 3.3 Método 21 3.3.1 Extracción del tracto digestivo 21 3.3.2 Obtención del polen desde el estomodeo 22 3.4 Identificación y proporción de pólenes presentes en 22 la muestra 3.5 Análisis estadístico 22 4 PRESENTACIÓN Y DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 23 4.1 Consumo de néctar y presencia de polen en el estomodeo de hembras de S. lata 23 4.2 Especies de plantas cuyo néctar es consumido por S. lata 26 4.3 Importancia relativa de las especies vegetales como fuente de néctar de S. lata en el área de estudio 28 5 CONCLUSIONES 34 6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 35 7 ANEXOS 40 iii INDICE DE CUADROS Cuadro Página 1 Número de hembras colectadas por cada fecha de colecta, 21 en las localidades de Huellelhue y Pishuinco chico 2 Presencia o ausencia de polen en estomodeo de S. lata 24 3 Polen de familias y especies presentes en el estomodeo 27 de S. lata y tamaño de las plantas 4 Cantidad total de polen presente en hembras de S. lata, 29 diferenciado por especie botánica 5 Cantidad de polen de C. paniculata en el estomodeo de 31 tábanos hembra iv INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura Página 1 Piezas bucales tipo cortador-chupador 8 2 Cabeza y partes bucales de un tábano hembra 10 3 Clasificación taxonómica de Scaptia lata (Guerin) 15 4 Ciclo de vida de los tábanos. Superior a la derecha. La 19 hembra adulta deposita la masa de huevos sobre hojas estancadas en agua, dos larvas, dos pupas, cada una conteniendo a un adulto desarrollado listo para emerger. 5 Presencia de tipos de polen en el estomodeo de S. lata 32 6 Importancia de C. paniculata (tiaca) en el polen 32 determinado en el estomodeo de S. lata v INDICE DE ANEXOS Anexo Página 1 Contenido polínico en tábanos hembras detallado por 41 fecha 2 Análisis de varianza para las seis principales especies, en 45 cantidad de polen, (C. paniculata, E. cordifolia, L. uliginosus, T. repens, W. trichosperma, A. punctatum) 3 Análisis de chicuadrado 45 1 RESUMEN Las hembras de Scaptia lata (Guerin) (conocido como “colihuacho”), se conocen por su hábito hematófago, pero además necesitan de azúcares para obtener la energía diaria para realizar sus actividades. Se plantea como hipótesis que S. lata se alimenta selectivamente del néctar de algunas especies de plantas, aun en áreas con gran diversidad florística. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el comportamiento alimenticio de hembras adultas de S. lata a través de la presencia de distintos tipos de polen en su tracto digestivo. Para determinar la presencia de polen en el tracto digestivo, su posterior identificación y cuantificación, fue necesario realizar la extracción de este, desde el estomodeo. En el estomodeo se encuentra el buche, en el cual se almacena el polen que el tábano adquirió al alimentarse del néctar. Los estomodeos extraídos fueron macerados y mezclados con 2 gotas de lactofenol y una gota de fucsina ácida. Luego se realizó el conteo de los granos de polen para lo cual fue utilizado un lente ocular y un objetivo de 40x. Los granos de polen fueron identificados a nivel de género y en los casos en que fue posible, a nivel de especie. El alto número de hembras que presentó polen en el interior de su tracto digestivo confirma la importancia que representa el recurso néctar para las hembras de S. lata, el cual les proporciona sus recursos energéticos, mientras que la alimentación con sangre es principalmente utilizada en la oogénesis. Al comparar el número total de granos de polen observados y los que correspondían a Caldcluvia paniculata (Cav.) D. Don, se observa que esta especie representó el 81,29% de la totalidad de los granos de polen observados en el interior de estomodeo de S. lata. A modo de conclusión es posible señalar, que las flores de especies botánicas visitadas por hembras adultas de S. lata en un ambiente con gran diversidad polínica, muestran una gran variación, perteneciendo a ocho familias y quince especies, de las cuales a pesar de ella, las hembras adultas de S. lata se alimentan preferentemente de néctar de C. paniculata, a pesar de la gran diversidad de plantas que visitan, lo cual indica que esta planta es capaz de alterar el comportamiento de búsqueda de alimento de esta especie. 2 SUMMARY The female of Scaptia lata (Guerin) (common name "colihuacho"), is known for its hematophagous habits, but in addition it needs sugars to obtain the daily energy to made its activities. The hypothesis of this thesis is that Scaptia lata feeds selectively on the nectar of some species of plants, even in areas with great floristic diversity. The aim is to determine the food behavior of adult females of S. lata through the presence of different types of pollen in his digestive tract. To determine the presence of pollen in the digestive tract, and its later identification and quantification, it was necessary to make the extraction of it, from the stomodeum. In the foregut one finds the crop, in which is stored the pollen that the horse-fly acquired from the nectar. The extracted stomodeum were softened and mixed with two 2 drops of lactofenol and one drop of acid fucsine. Then there was realized the count of the grains of pollen for which was used an ocular lens and a microscope objective of 40x. The grains of pollen were identified to level of genus and in some cases in which it was possible, to level of species. The high number of females that presented pollen inside their digestive tract, confirms the importance that represents the resource nectar for the females of S. lata. This provides its energetic needs, whereas the supply with blood is principally used in the oogenesis. Comparing the total number of grains of pollen observed and those that corresponding to Caldcluvia paniculata (Cav.) D. Don, is observed that this species represented 81,29 % of the totality of the grains of pollen observed inside the stomodeum of S. lata. As a conclusion it is possible to indicate that flowers of a great number of species are visited by adult females of S. lata in an environment with great polinnic diversity They show a great variation, belonging to eight families and fifteen species, however, the adult females of S. lata feed preferably on nectar of C. paniculata, in spite of the great diversity of plants that they visit, which indicates that this plant is able to modify the food searching behavior of this species.
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