Veterinary Entomology
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- February 29, 2012 Volume 5, Issue 1 Veterinary Entomology Insect Updates Special Interest Flies breeding with hay feeding Articles: High levels of stable flies that with manure, becomes an ideal - Use modified feeders, such as attack pastured cattle in the habitat for stable fly larvae. cone feeders, which have been • Control flies in calf spring and early summer will shown to reduce the amount of Broce stresses that housing most likely come from round wasted hay management practices this bale feeding sites. • Control disease- winter can help limit fly - Unroll round bales on pastures, carrying insects Alberto B. Broce, emeritus populations later. but not over the same site professor and livestock - Spread out accumulated hay- • Restrictions on Suggested steps: entomologist at Kansas State manure medium to dry cephalosporins University, notes that cattle - Frequently move feeding tubs feeding from round bales can to prevent the accumulation of - Encourage your neighbors to • Resistance blame use similar practices to keep fly game waste up to 50% of the hay, hay-manure medium over one and the wasted hay, mixed spot. populations in control around the area Control fly populations in calf housing Calf pens and hutches to reduce fly populations and starter to break the fly provide an ideal environment the stress they cause the calf. lifecycle. for flies. Flies not only - Start by cleaning up spilled - Use scatter baits when you spread disease to calves but feed and milk, eliminate see adult flies around calves. they also cause the calf standing water, clip grass, discomfort and stress, - Add the feed-through and store manure and soiled reducing feed intake and larvicide to your calf feed bedding away from the calf affecting the health and program 30 days before the fly facilities. growth of your calves. season starts. - Flies lay eggs in manure, Individual An integrated pest Get a fly control program in use feed-through larvicide in Highlights: management (IPM) plan is place before the flies arrive both milk replacer and calf the most cost-effective way this spring. Insect Updates 1 Cattle Care 2 New ways to control disease-carrying insects Disease/Health 3 Purdue researchers are receptors involved with feeding honey bees. They may also discovering the next generation which leads either to killing the have less impact on the Special Topics 4 of insecticides directed at insect or stopping it from environment than other disease-carrying insects like feeding, which is how insecticides. Journal Review 5 mosquitoes, ticks and tsetse pathogens and parasites are The next steps to develop the flies (found in Africa). These spread. genome-centric method are to insects are developing This approach focuses on expose other drugs through resistance to insecticides vector insects’ DNA, an in vivo assay to discover sprayed in the air or embedded insecticides created through insecticidal or larvicidal in bed nets. The increased this method may be safer for properties and identify novel resistance makes insecticides humans and non-targeted chemicals that affect the less effective. organisms like companion pets targeted receptor of disease- The researchers are targeting and non-vector insects like carrying insects. Veterinary Entomology Page 2 of 6 Cattle fever ticks intercepted in Texas Custom officials report made by U.S. Customs and If just one fever tick is intercepting a “significant” Border Protection agents in discovered outside the number of cattle fever ticks on Laredo, TX. traditional border-wide quarantine zone in South a deer hide being transported The tick can cause Texas “Sidney Aki, reported the Texas, the consequences from Mexico. The Associated Cattle Fever, which results in find as the largest number Press reports that the would be costly for the nation’s slow growth, reduced largest cattle-producing state. of fever ticks found by discovery of 23 fever ticks was reproductive ability and death. agricultur e specialists this season.” Cattle Care Don’t waste your vaccine dollars If you purchase vaccine for a some common sense things producers do a poor job of disease and inject it into your you can do to get the greatest achieving this. Vaccines animals you can rest assures possible benefit from your should be stored between 35 that you won’t have to worry investment in animal health and 45°F. Too warm about that disease. Right? products. temperatures can quickly Wrong! To start with no vaccine deactivate the vaccine, but Proper vaccine management is 100% effective at providing too cold is even worse. immunity to all animals it is starts at the purchase. If you administered to. order online, purchase on It is a good idea to purchase Monday. If you purchase local, a small, modern and efficient Further, your techniques for take a cooler with you or apartment-sized refrigerator purchasing, storage and use of request one from the retailer. in a convenient place for vaccines can diminish their vaccine storage only. Discard Most realize vaccines should be effectiveness tremendously. all vaccines that have been kept in a cool, dark place but Although you can’t expect frozen, opened or partially research shows many perfect protection, there are used, and expired. Livestock Veterinary Entomology FDA places some restrictions on the use of cephalosporins can now be found on the Starting April 5 FDA placed cephalosporins for those veterinarians to use their social media network - restrictions on the use of health conditions that have discretion and professional facebook . antibiotics known as labeled approvals. For disease training when it comes to conditions not on the label, cephalosporins in livestock improving the health and they can use cephalosporins Like the page to find out due to concern that the drugs well-being of animals. were being used beyond as long as they utilize - Widespread debate still more. what the label specifies. approved dosages, exists whether antibiotic use frequencies, durations and The new rules are: in livestock contributes to routes of administration. bacterial resistance that - Dairy veterinarians can - It continues to allow threatens humans. continue to use approved Anaphylactic reactions are a true emergency After giving enough injections over time, to difficulty breathing. Other signs Certain breeds of cattle and genetic many have run across an anaphylactic include muscle tremors, anxiety, lines have higher reported incidences reaction. These events can be scary but salivation, bloat, nasal discharge, of anaphylaxis. Animals should be one needs to be sure to act fast because vocalization, edema, diarrhea and monitored for 24 hrs, especially these are true emergencies. dilation of blood vessels. The blood pregnant animals. Anaphylaxis is a type of hypersensitivity vessel dilation drops blood pressure and this with breathing difficulty can lead to Always walk back through the group disease where an immune response goes after giving injections. Work in the cool death. uncontrolled and is not self-limited. These part of the day, more reactions are reactions are seen shortly after injections Epinephrine is the drug of choice to seen in hot weather. are given. counter the reaction. Be sure to carry it in your vaccine and treatment cooler. Anaphylactic reactions occur when The degree to which an animal is affected least expected, so it is best to be can vary from swelling of the injection site Replace expired bottles even if unused or not opened. prepared and act fast. Human & Animal Disease & Health Researchers unravel challenges of drug-resistant bacteria For years, medical Researcher Wang says Antibiotic-resistant bacteria professionals and the livestock resistance come from antibiotic “have been found not only in industry have made great usage but more so of various food products and efforts not to overuse commensal bacteria (otherwise environmental samples but antibiotics, but drug-resistant harmless bacteria) than also in hosts without a “The human and animal gut is microorganisms continue to pathogenic bacteria (which history of direct exposure to like an incubator for these thrive. cause diseases). antibiotics.” resistant bacteria” Resistance blame game – Humans first? but the majority of resistance profiles Livestock have been repeatedly implicated the proportion of transmission that that are common to both human and as the source of antimicrobial resistance, occurs in each direction. animal populations were identified first but new research from Scotland shows Three conclusions: in humans. that, at least in the case of Salmonella 1. While a number of DT104 Typhimurium DT104, resistance profiles 3. The origins of resistance profiles phenotypes are common to both animal are often showing up in humans before can be estimated. When a putative and human populations, there are a animals. source population can be identified for significant number of phenotypes that each profile, and for each isolate, It is reported that transmission is likely to are unique to each population. significantly more of these putative occur in both directions, animal-to-human 2. For resistance to individual precursors were identified in the human and human-to-animal, the critical issue is antimicrobials, there is no clear pattern, population. Trichomoniasis cases continue to rise in Arkansas A total of 97 cases of Trichomoniasis diminished calf crop in cattle, which is time before it is suspected and were reported in Arkansas during 2011. very costly to producers. diagnosed. Most bulls, once infected, This number has steadily increased will stay infected for life. Trich is transmitted from an infected bull since new regulations went into effect to the cow’s reproductive tract during Currently, there is no approved last year. The regulations indicate that breeding. Infected cows will experience treatment for breeding bulls in the any breeding bull changing ownership infertility and early embryonic death, US, therefore, infected bulls must be in AR must be accompanied by a causing the cow to return to estrus (heat) condemned to slaughter. The negative test for trichomoniasis, similar and subsequently leading to poor majority of infected cows will clear to the regulations in TX.