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The Contribution of Archaeological Surveys on the Perception of Cultural Heritage: Cilicia As a Case Study

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The Contribution of Archaeological Surveys on the Perception of Cultural Heritage: Cilicia As a Case Study Cultural Heritage and Science – 2021; 2(1); 25-30 Cultural Heritage and Science https://cuhes.com/index.php/cuhes e-ISSN 2757-9050 The Contribution of Archaeological Surveys on the Perception of Cultural Heritage: Cilicia As a Case Study Ulus Tepebaş*1 1Mersin University, Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Classical Archaeology, Mersin, Turkey Keywords ABSTRACT Archaeological Survey In archaeology, the primary contribution of surveys to cultural heritage is that it Cultural Heritage and provides an alternative to excavation. Thus, it ensures that the destruction of cultural Surveys heritage by excavation is avoided. This study first addresses the relationships Survey interdisciplinary between archaeology and cultural heritage. A description of archaeological approaches information on the history of surveys are made. Furthermore, the contributions of Cilician Surveys Surveys and using GIS surveying to cultural heritage are conveyed. Cilicia Region is the geographical Survey and 3D Modeling limitation of the research. The material of the study is diversely selected from Surveys and surveys carried out in the Cilician Region. Interdisciplinary works contributing to photogrammetry archaeological surveys are also presented. Many of them such as geography, geology, Surveys and remote sensing hydrology, Geomatics Engineering, epigraphy contribute to this research. In methods addition, common application methods (GIS, 3D Modelling, Photogrammetry etc.) of this studies are also discussed in this study. The implications of all these studies for cultural heritage are given. Temporally, the study covers the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods. The final section concludes the study by providing a general framework for the benefits of surveys for cultural heritage. 1. INTRODUCTION from surveys undertaken in the Cilician Region (Figure 1). In this study, first of all, the relationships between Interdisciplinary works contributing to archaeology archaeology and cultural heritage, which form parts of a surveys are also presented. The implications of all these whole, are handled. A description of surveying in studies for cultural heritage are specified. Temporally, archaeology and information about the history of the study covers the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine surveying is undertaken. Furthermore, the contributions Periods. The final section concludes the study by of surveying on cultural heritage are conveyed. The providing a general framework for the benefits of geographical limitation of the research area is the Cilicia surveys on cultural heritage. Region. The material of the study is variously selected *Corresponding Author Cite this article; Tepebaş U (2021). The Contribution of Archaeological Surveys on the Perception of *([email protected]) ORCID ID 0000-0003-4182-9969 Cultural Heritage: Cilicia As a Case Study. Cultural Heritage and Science, 2(1), 25-30 Research Article Received: 29/03/2021; Accepted: 04/05/2021 Cultural Heritage and Science – 2021; 2(1); 25-30 Figure 1. Location of Cilicia in Anatolia (Digital atlas of the Roman Empire) 1.1. The Relationship between Cultural Heritage, Convention. According to it, "cultural heritage is defined archeology, and surveys as a set of resources derived from the past and perceived by people as an anonymous expression and reflection of It is clear that in the last years of the 21st century, their ever-evolving values, beliefs, knowledge and cultural heritage is nourished by interdisciplinary traditions..." (Şimşek 2014). Archaeology, which has studies. These studies focus on the use of cultural emerged as a new value of the globalizing world, has the heritage. In these studies, the term "cultural heritage" is task of being the indicator of common values that carry explained as a cultural and social construction process humanity to this day. Archaeology has been assigned the and economic resource in relation to contemporary function of ensuring the protection of local identities that times. In this, the economic, social, and cultural form the combination of these common values and contributions of cultural heritage and resources to explaining them scientifically (Özdoğan 2006). When we contemporary countries are considered. In this context, look at this definition and the functions of archaeology, it archaeology becomes a political and scientific tool for becomes clear that archaeology is a science that countries on the subject of cultural heritage and heritage evaluates the material culture and heritage of humanity tourism (Şimşek 2014; Smith 2010). Until today, cultural from the past by reflecting on it. In this study, the impact heritage is very important for civilizations and societies and contributions of surface research, which is another that exist in history. However, it is a phenomenon that is investigative technique like excavation of the subject to destruction at the hands of people. For archaeology science, which is a part of cultural heritage, example, it can be seen that terrorist organizations on cultural heritage will be discussed. benefit economically and ideologically from the Surface prospecting is the preferred practice in destruction and smuggling of historical artifacts during archaeology to provide a preliminary analysis for the wars in Iraq and Syria. Moreover, the bombing of the excavation before or during excavation (Kipfer 2000). historic city of Nimrud in the south of Mosul by the Archaeological survey involves the recognition, United States in 2003 has damaged not only the Middle identification, and documentation of materials and East, Iraq, but also the cultural heritage and memory of remains of people who lived in the past (White & King, humanity (Özyıldırım & Kaplan 2016). Destruction of 2016). The main idea of surveying is based on the cultural heritage causes a country to lose its historical prediction that if people lived somewhere, although their roots by erasing, selling, looting, or changing hands. remains are underground, their traces will be seen on the Many examples of cultural heritage that must remain and ground, thus the surveys, the production technologies of be preserved in the country where it was born are now the pieces collected from the surface and their formal exhibited by Western countries and in this context, characteristics will be the indicators of time and cultures tourism creates an economic contribution. Thus, of these artifacts. (Özdoğan 2011b). Cultural heritage, on archaeology is one of the most important sciences that the other hand, is an anonymous expression and a allows the protection, study, and recording of cultural reflection of people's ever-evolving values, beliefs, heritage so important to a country and subject to knowledge and traditions as defined in the study. The destruction. surveys revealed that the cultural heritage of mankind Cultural heritage and archaeological science are emerges on the surface and below the ground1 is a parts of two wholes that complement each other. A new method that allows the scientific tracking of residues perspective on cultural heritage has emerged. This is within a given system. clearly reflected in the second clause of the Faro 1 The action of animals such as grub the soil, plant roots, mole, as water or wind, etc., which is the main cause of the cultural heritage erosion of the slopes of multi-layered hills by natural conditions such of mankind. For detailed information, see 25 Cultural Heritage and Science – 2021; 2(1); 25-30 1.2. History of the Surveys and Their century were able to determine and protect the location Contribution to the Cultural Heritage of these areas by recording them prior to excavation. Cultural heritage does not encompass one This title intends to explain the history of surveys in civilization in one geography. Their existence and archaeology. These are journeys and researches carried relationship to each other, as well as their lore, constitute out in different regions of the world between the 17th the whole. In this regard, the surveys conducted by J. and 21st centuries. The contributions of these studies to Garstang in 1906 in central and Southern Anatolia in cultural heritage will also be explained. Anatolia are significant in history. The researcher Surveys are not as early or common in archaeology documented the distribution of Hittite settlements and as excavations. Until the 19th century, Greek and Latin published his source called "The Land of Hittites" works were translated into European languages in the (Koparal 2020). Anatolia is an area of different West. Interest in the sites in these texts increased during civilizations through the centuries. From this point of this century, and the reports, plans, and maps made by view, it is not surprising to see the Hittite, Greek and travellers produced the earliest surveys and their dates Roman Periods in Anatolia. This research contributes to (Koparal 2020). The antecedents of surveys in the the cultural heritage by documenting the spread of the history of archaeology are not systematic. Rather, they Hittite civilization in this geography, its differences, and should be understood as travel notes. Travelers are of its relations with other civilizations. great importance in publicizing eastern cities, especially In the second half of the 20th century, surveys in the western world. For example, in 1611, the British become more systematic. It is possible to increase the merchant J. Cartwright organized trips to the cities of number of research examples. Among them are those Babylon,
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