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Still Killing STILL KILLING Landmines in Southern Africa Human Rights Watch Arms Project Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 May 1997 by Human Rights Watch. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56432-206-8 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-77862 Human Rights Watch Arms Project The Human Rights Watch Arms Project was established in 1992 to monitor and prevent arms transfers to governments or organizations that commit gross violations of internationally recognized human rights and the rules of war and promote freedom of information regarding arms transfers worldwide. Joost R. Hiltermann is the director; Stephen D. Goose is the program director; Alex Vines is the research associate; Zahabia Adamaly, Andrew Cooper, and Ernst Jan Hogendoorn are research assistants; Rebecca Bell is the associate; William M. Arkin, Kathi L. Austin, Monica Schurtman, and Frank Smyth are consultants. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6104 Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Gopher Address://gopher.humanrights.org:5000/11/int/hrw Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. Our reputation for timely, reliable disclosures has made us an essential source of information for those concerned with human rights. We address the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law, and a vigorous civil society; we document and denounce murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, discrimination, and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Our goal is to hold governments accountable if they transgress the rights of their people. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. It also includes three collaborative projects on arms transfers, children=s rights, and women=s rights. It maintains offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Brussels, Moscow, Dushanbe, Rio de Janeiro, and Hong Kong. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Michele Alexander, development director; Cynthia Brown, program director; Barbara Guglielmo, finance and administration director; Robert Kimzey, publications director; Jeri Laber, special advisor; Lotte Leicht, Brussels office director; Susan Osnos, communications director; Jemera Rone, counsel; Wilder Tayler, general counsel; and Joanna Weschler, United Nations representative. The regional directors of Human Rights Watch are Peter Takirambudde, Africa; José Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Sidney Jones, Asia; Holly Cartner, Helsinki; and Eric Goldstein, Middle East (acting). The project directors are Joost R. Hiltermann, Arms Project; Lois Whitman, Children=s Rights Project; and Dorothy Q. Thomas, Women=s Rights Project. The members of the board of directors are Robert L. Bernstein, chair; Adrian W. DeWind, vice chair; Roland Algrant, Lisa Anderson, William Carmichael, Dorothy Cullman, Gina Despres, Irene Diamond, Fiona Druckenmiller, Edith Everett, Jonathan Fanton, James C. Goodale, Jack Greenberg, Vartan Gregorian, Alice H. Henkin, Stephen L. Kass, Marina Pinto Kaufman, Bruce Klatsky, Harold Hongju Koh, Alexander MacGregor, Josh Mailman, Samuel K. Murumba, Andrew Nathan, Jane Olson, Peter Osnos, Kathleen Peratis, Bruce Rabb, Sigrid Rausing, Anita Roddick, Orville Schell, Sid Sheinberg, Gary G. Sick, Malcolm Smith, Domna Stanton, Nahid Toubia, Maureen White, Rosalind C. Whitehead, and Maya Wiley. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................ix ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................xi I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................1 Limited Military Utility..........................................................................2 Human, Social, Economic and Environmental Costs .............................3 Mine Clearance ......................................................................................4 Country Summaries ................................................................................5 Efforts to Control Mine Use.................................................................11 Momentum for a Ban ...........................................................................12 Recommendations ................................................................................15 II. ANGOLA.......................................................................................................16 Background ..........................................................................................16 The Colonial "First War".......................................................16 Independence and the "Second War".....................................20 Elections and the "Third War"...............................................23 The Lusaka Protocol and Beyond ..........................................24 The Continued Laying of Landmines ...................................................25 The Human Dimension.........................................................................29 Who Laid the Mines...............................................................31 Emergency Care for the Injured.............................................32 Medical Care and Rehabilitation............................................32 The Social and Economic Impact.........................................................34 Mine Types and Sources ......................................................................35 Landmine Records .................................................................36 Mine Clearance Initiatives....................................................................38 FAPLA/FALA Teams............................................................40 South African.........................................................................40 The United Kingdom .............................................................42 United States .........................................................................42 The U.N.=s Central Mine Action Office (CMAO)..................43 National Institute for the Removal of Explosive Ordnance (INAROEE)............................45 Central Mine Action Training School (CMATS)...................47 UNAVEM III.........................................................................47 Commercial Firms..................................................................48 NGO Initiatives......................................................................49 Kap Anamur.............................................................49 Mines Advisory Group ............................................51 Halo Trust................................................................52 Norwegian People's Aid...........................................53 Save the Children Fund (USA) ................................54 Care International (USA).........................................55 Other NGOs.............................................................55 Mine Awareness Initiatives ..................................................................56 Antipersonnel Mine Ban Position.........................................................57 III. BOTSWANA...............................................................................................59 IV. MALAWI .....................................................................................................60 V. MOZAMBIQUE............................................................................................62 Background ..........................................................................................62 The Colonial War...................................................................62 Independence and Beyond .....................................................66 Landmine UseCTactics and Strategies...................................69 The Continued Use of Landmines ........................................................72 The Mines.............................................................................................73 The Human, Social and Economic Impact ...........................................76 Mine Awareness Campaigns ................................................................79 Mine Clearing Initiatives......................................................................81
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