Guerrilla Warfare in Namibia and Associated Implications for External Military Involvement
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Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2021 “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael R. Hogan West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons Recommended Citation Hogan, Michael R., "“Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962" (2021). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 8264. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/8264 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “Remov[e] Us From the Bondage of South Africa:” Transnational Resistance Strategies and Subnational Concessions in Namibia's Police Zone, 1919-1962 Michael Robert Hogan Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History Robert M. -
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia's Colonization Process
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia’s Colonization Process By: Jonathan Baker Honors Capstone Through Professor Taylor Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa Baker, 2 Table of Contents I. Authors Note II. Introduction III. Pre-Colonization IV. Colonization by Germany V. Colonization by South Africa VI. The Struggle for Independence VII. The Decolonization Process VIII. Political Changes- A Reaction to Colonization IX. Immediate Economic Changes Brought on by Independence X. Long Term Political Effects (of Colonization) XI. Long Term Cultural Effects XII. Long Term Economic Effects XIII. Prospects for the Future XIV. Conclusion XV. Bibliography XVI. Appendices Baker, 3 I. Author’s Note I learned such a great deal from this entire honors capstone project, that all the knowledge I have acquired can hardly be covered by what I wrote in these 50 pages. I learned so much more that I was not able to share both about Namibia and myself. I can now claim that I am knowledgeable about nearly all areas of Namibian history and life. I certainly am no expert, but after all of this research I can certainly consider myself reliable. I have never had such an extensive knowledge before of one academic area as a result of a school project. I also learned a lot about myself through this project. I learned how I can motivate myself to work, and I learned how I perform when I have to organize such a long and complicated paper, just to name a couple of things. The strange inability to be able to include everything I learned from doing this project is the reason for some of the more random appendices at the end, as I have a passion for both numbers and trivia. -
Deconstructing Windhoek: the Urban Morphology of a Post-Apartheid City
No. 111 DECONSTRUCTING WINDHOEK: THE URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF A POST-APARTHEID CITY Fatima Friedman August 2000 Working Paper No. 111 DECONSTRUCTING WINDHOEK: THE URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF A POST-APARTHEID CITY Fatima Friedman August 2000 DECONSTRUCTING WINDHOEK: THE URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF A POST-APARTHEID CITY Contents PREFACE 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. WINDHOEK CONTEXTUALISED ....................................................................... 2 2.1 Colonising the City ......................................................................................... 3 2.2 The Apartheid Legacy in an Independent Windhoek ..................................... 7 2.2.1 "People There Don't Even Know What Poverty Is" .............................. 8 2.2.2 "They Have a Different Culture and Lifestyle" ...................................... 10 3. ON SEGREGATION AND EXCLUSION: A WINDHOEK PROBLEMATIC ........ 11 3.1 Re-Segregating Windhoek ............................................................................. 12 3.2 Race vs. Socio-Economics: Two Sides of the Segragation Coin ................... 13 3.3 Problematising De/Segregation ...................................................................... 16 3.3.1 Segregation and the Excluders ............................................................. 16 3.3.2 Segregation and the Excluded: Beyond Desegregation ....................... 17 4. SUBURBANISING WINDHOEK: TOWARDS GREATER INTEGRATION? ....... 19 4.1 The Municipality's -
Transport and Logistics Have Become and Zambia
Photo: Jack Dempsey Transport A Publication of Logistics 29 September 2016 2 Transport & Logistics Foreword: Rail As An Safe logistics and transport key to Namibia’s competitiveness Integral elcome to 2016’s conscious becomes essential. In order Supplement on Logistics to achieve this status, the streamlining Element Of The and Transportation. The and simplification of processes have WNamibian understands the important to be evident, regional harmonisation role logistics and transport play in ought be the order of the day, and the Land of the Brave and each year safety should be ensured. However, Logistics Hub the paper dedicates a full supplement the current statistics of accidents in to the subject. The newspaper joins Namibia put our roads as some of • WC (JACK) DEMPSEY the government that has for the last the most deadly worldwide. This axle loads on rail. Approximately 45 % of decade been mindful of this critical has a severe impact on the movement the Nambian network of 2 600 route km INTRODUCTION sector. The Namibian government of goods and people. Accidents can accommodate only 16,5 tonne per axle has been cognisant of the fact that Logan Fransman or crashes apart from the human and less. efficient and effective logistics costs mean delays, transportation THE railway has its origin in the Industrial Map ( Pic 1) clearly illustrates the lack and transport systems do not come Regional growth over the last connections missed and huge financial Revolution of the early 1800’s and of rail networking between Namibia and overnight, and they therefore included 20 years has seen the demand implications. -
RUMOURS of RAIN: NAMIBIA's POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre Du Pisani
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani THE .^-y^Vr^w DIE SOUTH AFRICAN i^W*nVv\\ SUID AFRIKAANSE INSTITUTE OF f I \V\tf)) }) INSTITUUT VAN INTERNATIONAL ^^J£g^ INTERNASIONALE AFFAIRS ^*^~~ AANGELEENTHEDE SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES NO 3 RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani ISBN NO.: 0-908371-88-8 February 1991 Toe South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596 Braamfontein 2017 Johannesburg South Africa CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 POUTICS IN AFRICA'S NEWEST STATE 2 National Reconciliation 2 Nation Building 4 Labour in Namibia 6 Education 8 The Local State 8 The Judiciary 9 Broadcasting 10 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALM - AN UNBALANCED INHERITANCE 12 Mining 18 Energy 19 Construction 19 Fisheries 20 Agriculture and Land 22 Foreign Exchange 23 FOREIGN RELATIONS - NAMIBIA AND THE WORLD 24 CONCLUSIONS 35 REFERENCES 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 ANNEXURES I - 5 and MAP 44 INTRODUCTION Namibia's accession to independence on 21 March 1990 was an uplifting event, not only for the people of that country, but for the Southern African region as a whole. Independence brought to an end one of the most intractable and wasteful conflicts in the region. With independence, the people of Namibia not only gained political freedom, but set out on the challenging task of building a nation and defining their relations with the world. From the perspective of mediation, the role of the international community in bringing about Namibia's independence in general, and that of the United Nations in particular, was of a deep structural nature. -
The Structural Evolution of the Kombat Deposits, Otavi Mountainland, Namibia
Communs geol. Surv. Namibia, 10 (1995), 99-107 The structural evolution of the Kombat deposits, Otavi Mountainland, Namibia J.G.Deane Gold Fields Namibia, P.O. Box 3718, Windhoek, Namibia The main phase of the Kombat Cu-Pb (Ag) mineralization is interpreted as being stratabound and syntectonic. The ore deposits are located in Hüttenberg Formation carbonates, on the Northern Platform margin of the Damara Province. Mineralization occurs on the contact with the overlying Kombat Formation phyllite. The deposits form a near-linear east-west trend of pendant-shaped ore loci with a strike length of 6 km. Characteristic features are the abundance of sandstone in Damaran-age karsts, Fe-Mn oxide/silicate as- semblages, intense faulting, fracturing, shearing and brecciation. A strong calcite alteration halo encompasses the deposits. The calcite alteration is of various ages, and therefore not always related to the mineralizing event. The association of stratiform Fe-Mn oxide/ silicate assemblages with the Kombat deposits has led to conflicting ideas regarding the genesis of these deposits. Field evidence, supported by analytical results, has led to the construction of a genetic model for the mineralization and Fe-Mn assemblages. A marine transgression, resulting from late-stage rift tectonism, drowned the southern parts of the Otavi Valley basin. This allowed for deep- seated hydrothermal fluids from the northern graben to migrate up the rift structures, enter the Otavi Valley basin, and deposit Fe and Mn as oxide/silicate assemblages in favourable third-order structures on the platform margin. It is probable that an early phase of Cu mineralization was related to these diagenetic processes. -
Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: an Evolutionary Perspective
~f Civil Supremacy of the Military in Namibia: An Evolutionary Perspective By Guy Lamb Department of Political Studies University of Cape Town December 1998 Town Cape of . ·-~\,1.~ l ~ -._/ I /- -....,,._,.,---, University r/ / ~ This dissertation is for the partial fulfillment for a Master of Social Sciences (International and Comparative Politics). The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Town Cape of University Table of Contents Page Abstract i Maps ii Acknowledgements VI List of Acronyms viI Introduction 1 Civil Supremacy in Namibia: An Evolution? 1 Civil Supremacy and its Importance 2 Focus on Namibia 4 · Why Namibia? 5 Chapter 1: The Historical Evolution of Civil Supremacy: A 6 Conceptual Approach Town 1.1 Introducing the Problem 6 1.2 Civil-Military Relations: Survey of the Discipline and 7 Review of the Literature Cape 1.2.1 Civil-Military Relations as a Field of Study 7 1.2.2 Review of Civil Military Relationsof Literature 8 1.2.3 Focus on Civil Supremacy 11 1.3 What is Civil Supremacy? 12 1.3.1 An Overview of Civil Supremacy 12 1.3.2 A Question of Bias 13 1.4 Civil Military Traditions 14 1.4.1 Colonial 14 1.4.2 Revolutionary/Insurgent 15 1.4.2.1 The InfluenceUniversity of Mao Tse-tung -
SADF Military Operations
SADF Military Operations 1975 -1989 Contents 1 List of operations of the South African Border War 1 2 Operation Savannah (Angola) 3 2.1 Background .............................................. 3 2.2 Military intervention .......................................... 4 2.2.1 Support for UNITA and FNLA ................................ 5 2.2.2 Ruacana-Calueque occupation ................................ 5 2.2.3 Task Force Zulu ........................................ 5 2.2.4 Cuban intervention ...................................... 6 2.2.5 South African reinforcements ................................. 6 2.2.6 End of South African advance ................................ 6 2.3 Major battles and incidents ...................................... 6 2.3.1 Battle of Quifangondo .................................... 7 2.3.2 Battle of Ebo ......................................... 7 2.3.3 “Bridge 14” .......................................... 7 2.3.4 Battle of Luso ......................................... 7 2.3.5 Battles involving Battlegroup Zulu in the west ........................ 8 2.3.6 Ambrizete incident ...................................... 8 2.4 Aftermath ............................................... 8 2.5 South African order of battle ..................................... 9 2.6 Association .............................................. 9 2.7 Further reading ............................................ 9 2.8 References ............................................... 9 3 Operation Bruilof 13 3.1 Background ............................................. -
Namibia a Violation of Trust
AN OXFAM REPORT ON INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR POVERTY IN NAMIBIA M Y First Published 1986 ©Oxfam 1986 ISBN 0 85598 0761 Printed in Great Britain by Express Litho Service (Oxford) Published by Oxfam 274 Banbury Road Oxford 0X2 7DZ United Kingdom This book converted to digital file in 2010 Acknowledgements My main thanks must go to all the Namibian people who generously gave their time and expertise to help with the research for this book, particularly Oxfam friends and partners. I am also grateful to the Overseas Development Administration, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, the Catholic Institute for International Relations and the Namibian Support Committee for their assistance in providing information. Thanks are especially due for the time and advice given by all those who read and commented on the drafts. In particular, I am grateful to Richard Moorsom who helped with both research and editing, and to Justin Ellis, Julio Faundez, Peter Katjavivi, Prudence Smith, Paul Spray and Brian Wood. This book reflects the collective experience of Oxfam's work in Namibia over the past twenty-two years and I have therefore relied on the active collaboration of Oxfam staff and trustees. Sue Coxhead deserves special thanks for her help with research and typing. Finally, without the special help with childcare given by Mandy Bristow, Caroline Lovick and Prudence Smith, the book would never have seen the light of day. Susanna Smith March 1986 ANGOLA A M B I A 3*S^_5 Okavango Si Swamp .or Map 1: Namibia and its neighbours Map 2: Namibia B OTSWANA frontiers restricted areas 'homelands' tar roads AT LANTIC «~ other roads OCEAN railways rivers Luderi I capital city A main towns A mines: 1 TSUMEB copper/lead 2 ROSSING uranium 3 ORANJEMUNO diamonds Oranjemu Scale: 100 200 miles AFRICA Adapted from The Namibians, the Minority Rights Group report no. -
Local Authority Elections Results and Allocation of Seats
1 Electoral Commission of Namibia 2020 Local Authority Elections Results and Allocation of Seats Votes recorded per Seats Allocation per Region Local authority area Valid votes Political Party or Organisation Party/Association Party/Association Independent Patriots for Change 283 1 Landless Peoples Movement 745 3 Aranos 1622 Popular Democratic Movement 90 1 Rally for Democracy and Progress 31 0 SWANU of Namibia 8 0 SWAPO Party of Namibia 465 2 Independent Patriots for Change 38 0 Landless Peoples Movement 514 3 Gibeon 1032 Popular Democratic Movement 47 0 SWAPO Party of Namibia 433 2 Independent Patriots for Change 108 1 Landless People Movement 347 3 Gochas 667 Popular Democratic Movement 65 0 SWAPO Party of Namibia 147 1 Independent Patriots for Change 97 1 Landless peoples Movement 312 2 Kalkrand 698 Popular Democratic Movement 21 0 Hardap Rally for Democracy and Progress 34 0 SWAPO Party of Namibia 234 2 All People’s Party 16 0 Independent Patriots for Change 40 0 Maltahöhe 1103 Landless people Movement 685 3 Popular Democratic Movement 32 0 SWAPO Party of Namibia 330 2 *Results for the following Local Authorities are under review and will be released as soon as this process has been completed: Aroab, Koës, Stampriet, Otavi, Okakarara, Katima Mulilo Hardap 2 Independent Patriots for Change 180 1 Landless Peoples Movement 1726 4 Mariental 2954 Popular Democratic Movement 83 0 Republican Party of Namibia 59 0 SWAPO Party of Namibia 906 2 Independent Patriots for Change 320 0 Landless Peoples Movement 2468 2 Rehoboth Independent Town -
The Cassinga Massacre of Namibian Exiles in 1978 and the Conflicts Between Survivors’ Memories and Testimonies
ENDURING SUFFERING: THE CASSINGA MASSACRE OF NAMIBIAN EXILES IN 1978 AND THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN SURVIVORS’ MEMORIES AND TESTIMONIES BY VILHO AMUKWAYA SHIGWEDHA A Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of the Western Cape December 2011 Supervisor: Professor Patricia Hayes ABSTRACT During the peak of apartheid, the South African Defence Force (SADF) killed close to a thousand Namibian exiles at Cassinga in southern Angola. This happened on May 4 1978. In recent years, Namibia commemorates this day, nationwide, in remembrance of those killed and disappeared following the Cassinga attack. During each Cassinga anniversary, survivors are modelled into „living testimonies‟ of the Cassinga massacre. Customarily, at every occasion marking this event, a survivor is delegated to unpack, on behalf of other survivors, „memories of Cassinga‟ so that the inexperienced audience understands what happened on that day. Besides survivors‟ testimonies, edited video footage showing, among others, wrecks in the camp, wounded victims laying in hospital beds, an open mass grave with dead bodies, SADF paratroopers purportedly marching in Cassinga is also screened for the audience to witness the agony of that day. Interestingly, the way such presentations are constructed draw challenging questions. For example, how can the visual and oral presentations of the Cassinga violence epitomize actual memories of the Cassinga massacre? How is it possible that such presentations can generate a sense of remembrance against forgetfulness of those who did not experience that traumatic event? When I interviewed a number of survivors (2007 - 2010), they saw no analogy between testimony (visual or oral) and memory. They argued that memory unlike testimony is personal (solid, inexplicable and indescribable). -
Key Gem Witness Flees I
~\ 1 * TODAY: NAMIBIA AND THE NAKED TRUTH OF PORNOGRAPHY * CDM H.lTS BACK * HOPE-FOR HORSES * 1 ; i I I , I I Bringing Africa South R1.00 (GST Inc.) Wednesday May 20 1992 I I· I r ivi o n ·the oil I -a I I Govt warns it may send in law enforcement officers I JOSEF MOTlNGA WITH TRIBAL tensions reaching boil ing point in the Caprivi, Education Minister Nahas Angula yesterday warned i that the Government might be forced to - i send in law enforcement officers. I The Minister was react edly 'expelled' on instruc ~ ing to reports that 13 Mas tions, from Mafwe chief, ubia teachers had been Bonfice Mamili, following chased out of Mafwe areas a tribal1l1eeting at Linyanti in west Caprivi. on Sunday which rejected ! Any effort to disturb the all Masubia teachers ap- ~ , wolk of Government offi . pointed to schools in Mafwe cials was a breach of law areas. and was a matter for the Mafwe headmen were police, an angry Angula told reportedly instructed to The Namibian. enforce the decision or face The Minister warned that a fine. the Government might be ~Yesterday Angula said forced to send law enforce people who wanted to pro IN STEP ••. The formal opening of Parliament has become a colourful and established tradition in Namibia even ment officers to the r~gion mote tribal matters through though the country is only two years old. Here the Ser geant-at-arms is seen leading the procession for yesterday's to have 'expelled' teachers education should build their opening followed by the Speaker of the National Assembly, Dr Mose Tjitender o, President Sam Nujoma and First reinstated.