Ojibwe Dialect Relations : Lexical Maps

J. Randolph Valentine

1995 Community Codes

AM Pikogan (Amos), PQ MO Pic Mobert, ON AO Aroland, ON MU Muscowpetung, SK AR Armstrong, ON NB North Bay, ON BA Batchawana Bay, ON OC O’Chiese, AB BH Brokenhead, MB OG Ogoki Post, ON BI Biscotasting, ON OS Osnaburgh, ON BT Big Trout Lake, ON PA Parry Island, ON CC Cape Croker, ON PC Pine Creek, MB CH Chagoness, SK PE Peguis, MB CL Curve Lake, ON PH Pic Heron, ON CN Constance Lake, ON PI Pikangikum, ON CO Cochin, SK PP Pays Plat, ON CT Cote, SK RA Rama, ON DL Deer Lake, ON RB Rocky Bay, ON EA Eagle Lake, ON RL Red Lake, Minn. EF Ebb & Flow, MB RN Round Lake, ON EM Emo, ON RO Red Lake, ON FH Fort Hope, ON RP Rapid Lake, PQ GL Golden Lake, ON RR Rolling River, MB GN Grassy Narrows, ON SA Saugeen, ON KL Kingfisher Lake, ON SL Swan Lake, MA LA Lac la Croix, ON SM Lk. St. Martin, MB LH Lake Helen, ON TE Temagami, ON LL Long Lake, ON WB Whitebear, SK LS Lac Simon, PQ WH Whitefish Bay, ON MA Maniwaki, PQ WI Wikwemikong, ON MD Muskrat Dam, ON WN Winneway, PQ MI Mississauga, ON WP Walpole Island, ON

Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-1 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO . DL ❍ BT PC❍ SM❍ CH ❍ KL▲❍ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG . OC ❍ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲❍ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = Compounded with ininiw 41 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = Derived by addition of prefix o- 10 ▲ ▲ ❢ = Using a participial form 1 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA❢

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Agentive noun forms Communities Grouped by Variant

In order to determine the means by which agentive nominal ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CL CT EA forms of verbs are derived, I collected the Ojibwe words EF EM GL GN KL LA LH LL LS MA for ‘trapper’ and ‘hunter.’ In most cases, agentives are MI MO MU NB OS PE PH PP RB RL created by compounding the verb with a head nominal RO RP RR SA SB TE WB WH WI WN /ininiw/, ‘man,’ e.g, wanihiigewinini, ‘trapper’ (with WP VAI wanihiige, ‘trap’). Several communities also form ❍ BT CH DL EF OC PC PI SL SM agentive nouns by prefixing o-, e.g., owaniihige, ❢ RA ‘trapper.’ These include Severn, PI, and a number of . CO FH OG Saulteaux communities including PC, SM, EF, SL, CH, and OC. At Rama, Ontario (RA), the form given was a Consolidations participle, that is, a deverbal form, which shows initial change and conjunct order inflection, bebaa-ndawenjged, ▲ ▲ -ininiw (41) ‘one who goes around hunting,’ from b[a]baa- ❍ ❍ o- (9) [a]ndawenj[i]ge, ‘go around hunting’ (n.b., vowels in ❢ ❢ participial (1) square brackets represent restored syncopated vowels). This manner of forming agentives is undoubtedly used throughout a large area of the south, in those areas where participles are used. Both Swampy Cree (our data from Fort Severn, Ontario) and Plains Cree (from BLN) show agentives with o-, owanihikew and omaaciiw, respectively, for ‘trapper’ and ‘hunter.’ East Cree, however, shows nuuchimiiuiinuu (-im stem) for ‘inland hunter or trapper,’ with an agentive form having a cognate with Ojibwe ininiw (East Cree, iyiniw). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-2 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ✺ DL ✙ BT PC❢ SM❢ ❢ KL✙ SB✧ CH ✧✙ ▲ ✺❢ ✦ PE ✦ PI ✙ OG OC CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ✧ FH MU✦ ● AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ■ RR ✦❢ ✦▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ✦ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢ ✙●WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ✙▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = apane 25 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = apinigoj 2 ▲ ❍ ❢ = daabida 7 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = moozhag 9 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = nisine 6 Huron ✧ = bizhishig 3 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = gaakabeyi’ii 2 ● = ga(a)benaa 2 ■ = gaagiye 1 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Always Communities Grouped by Variant

A difficulty with collection of this term is its semantic ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CL EA EM GN LA vagueness. Most communities probably have several LH LL MI MO NB OG PH PP RA RB terms. At Kingfisher Lake, Ontario, (KL), for example, I RL SA WH WI WP have heard bizhishig, nishine, and moozhag, though the ❍ GL MA last appears to be most common. The forms given above ❢ CH EF OC PC RR SL SM thus represent only the most general forms for each ✙ BT DL EM FH KL OS PI TE WN community. They do show some potentially significant ✦ BH CT MU PE RR WB patterning. Moozhag is found in the Severn area and is ✧ PI RO SB also attested at two Algonquin communities (TE and WN); ✺ CO OC Saulteaux is the locus of two distinct forms, daabida and ● AM WN nisine. Elsewhere the most common form by far is ■ AO apane. . LS MA RP Plains Cree (BLN) has maana, moosak and tahkine; Consolidations Eastern Cree has kaach, kaachiche, both meaning, ‘for ever and ever,’ as well as muush, with the meaning, ▲ ▲❍ (26) ‘always.’ Swampy Cree has mooshak. This shows that ❍ ❢ (7) the northern Ojibwe form moozhag is shared with several ❢ ✙ (9) ✙ ✦ varieties of Cree. Potawatomi has p´ne. (6) ✦ ✧ (3) ✧ ✺ (2) ✺ ● (2) ● ■ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-3 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ✧ ✦ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✧ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✧✦ FH MU▲● ❢ AM ✧▲ AR . AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ✙ ❢ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ▲ ❍ ❍ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ✺ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = awesii 21 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = awesiinh 11 ▲ ❢ ❢ = awesii(n)s 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = waawesii 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = awiyaazhiish 7 Huron ✧ = aya’aawish 4 SA❍ RA❍ ✺ = awegwenish 1 ● = bizhiki 1 ❍ WP Mich. Erie

Animal Communities Grouped by Variant

This is another form which shows variation in a traditional ▲ BA BH CH CO CT EA EF GN MI MO diminutive. The most common form across many dialects MU NB OC PC PE PH RL RR SM WB has stem awesii-. A form with a final nasalized vowel WH (signified orthographically with a spelling «nh») is ❍ CC CL EM LA LH PP RA RB SA WI common in southeastern areas and north and northwest of WP Lake Superior. A form with final /ns/ is common ❢ AM AO GL LL LS MA TE WN throughout Algonquin (including my WN data), ✙ SL extending as far west as AO and LL. Severn uniformly has ✦ BT DL FH KL OG RO SB awiyaazhiish (identical to Fort Severn Swampy Cree), ✧ GN OS PI RO while a group of four communities southwest of Severn ✺ BI have aya’aawish. ● MU . AR RP Forms with /ish/ are concentrated near Severn, including all Severn, OS, PI,RO and GN. BI in the east also has a Consolidations form with -ish, awegwenish, which has a stem that looks likes a dubitative/interrogative pronoun. ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (40) ❍ ✦ (6) Eastern Cree uses awesiis to represent a wild animal; the ❢ ✧ (4) only relevant word in BLN is apisiisisiw, ‘small person ✙ ✺ (1) or animal.’ Potawatomi has mijbe. Rhodes 1989:6 has ✦ ● (1) pisiskîw for Plains Cree (see ‘cow’ in this study), aweehsa for Miami, kiiseeneniwa for Fox, mekinhwe for Shawnee, and manE:to:w for Menomini (see ‘bug/insect’ in this study). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-4 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✧ SB✧ CH ▲ ✧ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❍ ▲ ✧ LH ✱ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ■ MA ▲ Superior = enigoo 37 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ = nenigoo 2 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL ❢ = endigoo 1 ✱ = eleligoons 1 ✙ WI ▲ = enigoosh 2 ✺● CC▲ CL ✦ = eyengoonh 1 Huron ✧ = enig 5 SA✦ RA◗ ✺ = eyebgoonh 1 ● = ebgoonh 1 ■ = (eyebigoons) 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = wewebgoo 1 Mich.

Ant Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two main variants, enig(oo), and eyebig(oo) (or ▲ AM AO AR BH BI CC CH CO CT DL ehebig(oo)), both of which have sub-variants. The latter EA EF EM FH GL GN LA LL MI MU variant is restricted to three communities in the Eastern NB OC OS PC PE PI PP RL RO RP Ojibwe range, CL, RA and MA. The variant enigoo has RR SL SM WB WH WI WP two main sub-variants, enig, lacking the final vowel, which ❍ BA PH occurs in central and eastern Severn (and somewhat ❢ RB surprisingly at LH), and enigoo, which occurs elsewhere ✙ TE WN over a very wide range. Clearly the form enig is an ✦ SA innovation, in which the final -oo has been reanalyzed as ✧ BT KL LH OG SB being part of the plural suffix, perhaps on the analogy of ✺ CL words such as mitig, ‘tree’ with plural mitigoog. The ● CL diminutive endings should probably be charted for patterns ■ MA as well, something I have not done here. Note that ◗ RA McGregor 1987:80 gives both enig and enigoo for MA, ✱ MO with the gloss, ‘ant, pismire, emmet,’ interestingly using . LS the arachaic English terms, emmet and pismire. Consolidations Plains Cree (BLN) has eyikos; East Cree, ayikw and ucheikuush; Swampy Cree, enik. Potawatomi has ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✱ enig- (49) angono. Miami has elikwa. ❍ ✺●■◗ (4) eyebig- (4) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-5 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ❢ DL ✙ BT PC✦ SM■ ✱ KL✙ SB✧ CH ▲ ❢ ◗ PE ▲ PI ✺ OG . OC CT OS ✧ (Alb.) EF ✦ RO ▲ FH MU❢ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ❢ WB EA❤ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH● ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = mishiimin 25 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = waabimin 10 ❍ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL ❢ = bichigwaas 4 ✱ = zhiiwi-gitigaan 1 ✙ ❤ WI ▲ = miinish 3 = zhoomin 1 ❍ CC▲ CL ✦ = 2 Huron ✧ = aapinis 2 SA▲ RA❍ ✺ = ashkanij 1 ● = bikwaakadoons 1 ■ = mishiijiimin 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = ozhashkwedoo 1 Mich.

Apple Communities Grouped by Variant

This form shows considerable variation. The most ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC EM GN LA LH common form is mishiimin (with the root mishi-, LL MI MO PE PH PI PP RB RL RO probably meaning ‘large,’ along with a noun final typically RR SA SL WI WP used to specify berries), found everywhere except in ❍ AM CL GL LS MA NB RA RP TE WN Algonquin/Eastern, Severn and western Saulteaux, which ❢ CO MU OC WB show waabimin (root, waabi-, ‘white’), miinish and ✙ BT DL KL aapinis (presumably from English apple), and ✦ EF PC bichigwaas, respectively. PC and EF have apple, which is ✧ FH SB not due to language obsolescence, since the language is ✺ OS strong at both places. Rather, there is a tendency to borrow ● WH English terms in this geographical area, evidenced in many ■ SM other vocabulary items (see, e.g., beer). ◗ CT ✱ CH Fort Severn (Cree) has waaskatamoy, and Constance ❤ EA Lake appears to have a cognate aakadamoo. BLN show . OG waasaskwecoos (NA) and waasaskwecoowas (NA) for Plains Cree, interestingly, the former especially is very Consolidations similar to the word for pine cone in many Ojibwe dialects, wazhashkwedoo; East Cree has waapimin, with the ▲ ▲ (25) meaning, ‘fruit (apples, oranges, and bananas).’ ❍ ❍ (10) ❢ ❢ Potawatomi has mshim´n and shim´n. Miami (D) has (4) ✙ ✙ (3) mshimina. ✦ ✦ (2) ✧ ✧ (2) ✺ ✺ (1) ● ● (1) ■ ■ (1) ◗ ◗ (1) ✱ ✱ (1) ❤ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-6 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✦✙ DL ▲ BT PC❢ SM❢ CH ❢ KL▲ SB▲ PE ❢ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC . ❢ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ✦❢ RO ▲ FH. MU❢✧ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❢ ❢ GN BH ▲ ✺ LS ❢✧ WB EA. LL SL ❢ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = bikwak 32 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ . NB = bikwaanens 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = wiibimaan 11 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = wiibens 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = bimojigan 3 Huron ✧ = ajos 2 SA. RA▲ ✺ = (pojok) 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Arrow Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is bikwak, everywhere except ▲ AM AO AR BI CC CL DL EM GL GN Saulteaux, which uniformly has wiibimaan, along with a KL LA LH LL MA MI MO OG OS PH few very minor variants. PI PP RA RB RL RO SB TE WH WI WN WP MA data is from McGregor 1987:333, where bikwak is ❍ BA glossed, ‘a blunt arrow or lance.’ ❢ BH CH CT EF MU PC PE RR SL SM WB Plains Cree (BLN) has acosis, which has evidently been ✙ CO borrowed at two Saulteaux communities, MU and WB; ✦ BT CO EF East Cree akaskw, and Swampy Cree (Fort Severn) ✧ MU WB akask. Miami (D) has wipimi. ✺ LS . EA MA NB OC RP SA

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (32) ❍ ❢ (11) ❢ ✦ (3) ✙ ✧ (2) ✦ ❍ (1) ✧ ✙ (1) ✺ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-7 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB✙ CH ✙ ✙ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ❢✧ AO ✺✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✙ . LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ WN PP✙ . WH▲ ✺ RB PH ✦ ▲ LH ✙ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲✺ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = bingwi 31 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = bingosh 1 ✧ NB MI ✧ . GL ❢ = bingob 1 ✙ WI ▲ = bingode 11 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = bingodaawag 1 Huron ✧ = akakanzhe 4 SA▲● RA▲ ✺ = batenh 3 ● = negwiish 1 ✧▲ WP Mich. Erie

Ashes Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has some semantic complications in its ▲ AM BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA collection. The form focussed on here is that of cold ashes. EF EM GN LA MA MU OC OS PC PE Informants often had difficulty in sorting out the different RA RL RO RR SA SL SM TE WH WI terms for ashes vs. embers, etc. WP ❍ WB There are two main variants. Bingode occurs throughout ❢ AR Severn and extends down to the northeast shore of Lake ✙ AO BT DL FH KL LL MO OG PI PP Superior as far south as MO. Elsewhere, the common SB form is bingwi, which is used for ‘sand’ in some dialects, ✦ PH another fine particulate. A few communities in the Lake ✧ AR MI NB WP Superior area had batenh, but these do show any ✺ AO BI RB significant grouping. Fort Severn (Cree) has pihkotew, ● SA cognate with the northern form. Miami (D) has pingwi . GL LH LS MA RP WN with the meaning, ‘dust, ashes.’ Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ bingw- (45) ❍ ✧ akakanzhe (4) ❢ ✺ batenh (3) ✙ ● negwiish (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-8 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC✧ SM. CH ▲ KL✙ SB. PE ✙ PI ✙ OG . OC ▲ ✧ CT OS . (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✙ FH. MU▲ ✧ . AM RR ▲ GN ✧ AR . AO ▲ BH ❢ LS ▲ WB EA✙ LL. SL ▲ ❢ WN PP WH❍✙ ❍ RB . PH ❍ ❍ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA. BI ❍ . TE . MA ▲ Superior = nimaamaayens 9 RL ✧ BA . ❍ = nnoshenh 8 . NB MI . . GL ❢ = ninoshezh 2 ❍ ✙ = ndoozis 7 WI CC . CL ✦ = ninjoozhish 1 Huron . ✧ = nizigos 5 SA. RA.

. WP Mich. Erie

Aunt: my mother’s sister Communities Grouped by Variant

There is some measure of order to the distribution of ▲ BH CH CO EF MU OC RR SL WB variants for this word. Nimaamaayens is very common ❍ BI EM LH MO PH RB WH WI throughout Saulteaux. Severn has nidoozis, extending ❢ LS WN south to WH in the west. Elsewhere the most common ✙ BT EA KL PE PI RO WH form is ninoshenh, found in all eastern dialects, including ✦ DL Algonquin. Data for the southeast is sparse, as most ✧ AO CT GN PC RL communities have adopted the English system of kinship. . AM AR BA CC CL FH GL LA LL MA MI NB OG OS PP RA RP SA SB SM Potawatomi has nms´gw´s. TE WN WP Consolidations

▲ ▲ (9) ❍ ❍❢ (10) ❢ ✙✦ (8) ✙ ✧ (5) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-9 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✦ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ✦ KL✦ SB✦ CH ✦ ✦ ✦▲ ✦ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = mashkimod 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = mashkimojaash 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = shkimod 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = mashkimodaa 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = bashkwewazh 11 Huron SA▲ RA▲

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Bag Communities Grouped by Variant

The common form is mashkimod. Several communities ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CL EA EF in northern Ontario, focussed around Severn, have EM GL GN LA LH LL MA MI MO MU bashkwewazh, as well as CO, CH, CO and OC in NB OC PC PE PH PP RA RB RL RO western Saulteaux. This latter term appears to be related to RR SA SL SM TE WB WH WI the word for leather, bashkwegin, with a final component ❍ OS -wazh that indicates a bag or cloth/leather container, cf., ❢ WP Severn zhooniyaawazh, ‘wallet’ (lit., ‘money bag’). Fort ✙ WN Severn (Cree) and Constance Lake have miwat for ‘bag.’ ✦ BT CH CO CT DL FH KL OC OG PI WN has mashkimodaa, with aa augment, normally SB found on body parts (i.e., dependent nouns). The augment .LS RP shows up in other dialects when certain suffixes are added, cf., Minnesota Chippewa, mashkimodaang, ‘on the bag,’ Consolidations (Nichols and Nyholm 1979:59) with locative ending -ng. ▲ ▲❍❢✙❂ (41) BLN shows Plains Cree having maskimot for bag, along ❍ ✦ (11) with miinisiwas, ‘berry bag,’ and miicimoowas, ‘bag for food.’ East Cree data include wiihkweyaau, ‘bag,’ and miiwatiyaapii, ‘carrying strap for bag.’ Atikamekw (Béland 1978:491) has mishkimootay.

Potawatomi has shk´mot. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-10 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ✧ DL ✙ BT PC◗ SM❢ ❍ KL✙ SB✦ CH ✺● ✦ ✧ ❍ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ❍ FH MU❍ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ■❍ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲✙ ✙ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = bikwaakwad 28 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = gwaashkwenadoowaan 8 ▲ NB MI ▲ . GL ❢ = gwaakwaashkwenadoowaan 2 ✙ WI ▲ = doohaan 8 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = dootoohaan 2 Huron ✧ = baaga’adoowaan 2 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = dookaan 1 ● = bapasikawaan 1 ■ = baskaan 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = 1 Mich.

Ball Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows a north/south split, with several ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CL EA EM GN LA sub-variants in the northern group. The southern form is LH LL MA MI MO NB PE PH PP RA bikwaakwad, found everywhere south of BI and TE in RB RL SA SL WB WH WI WP the east, north of Superior to LL-AR-GN, and in southern ❍ AO CH CT FH MU OS RO RR Saulteaux to WB. The unadorned northern form is ❢ EF SM doohaan, found in this form throughout Algonquin to BI ✙ AM BI BT DL KL LS TE WN and core Severn (BT, KL, and DL). SB and OG have ✦ OG SB reduplication, dootoohaan, and a narrow band of ✧ CO OC communities south of this area (RO, OS, FH and AO) ✺ PI have gwaashkwenadoowaan, ‘bouncing ball,’ a form ● PI which also shows up strongly in Manitoba and ■ AO Saskatchewan, along with a reduplicated variant. CO and ◗ PC OC in extreme western Saulteaux have baaga’a= . GL MA RP WN doowaan, perhaps related to the Minnesota (from Nichols and Nyholm 1979), baaga’adoowe, ‘he plays lacrosse.’ Consolidations Constance Lake has gwaashkwedalaan. Fort Severn (Cree) has toohaan, identical to East Cree tuuhaan. ▲ ▲ (28) Béland 1978:583 has both toohaan and toohwaan for ❍ ❍❢✙✦✧✺ (23) ❢ ● Atikamekw. Peoria has pOskondya (Hockett 1985:30). (1) ✙ ■ (1) ✦ ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-11 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA❍▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❍ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = migi 30 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = migine 23 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Barks (e.g., a dog) (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word divides communities along a north-south axis, ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM with migine in the north and migi in the south. Saulteaux GL LA MA MI MU NB OC PC PE RA uniformly agrees with the southern group, as do four RB RL RR SA SL SM WB WH WI WP communities in the southwest, RL, WH, EM and LA. EA ❍ AM AO AR BI BT DL EA FH GN KL has both forms, which is not unexpected, since it is on the LH LL LS MO OG OS PH PI PP RO isogloss border. SB TE WN . RP Plains Cree (BLN) has mikiw, lacking the northern ending; and East Cree has michisimuu (VAI-u stem). Consolidations Rhodes 1989:13 has Miami meekis&iweeta, Fox ▲ ▲❍ (53) mekiwa, Shawnee memekihke, and Menomini meke:w. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-12 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC❍ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✙ SB✙ PE ▲ PI ✦ OG ✙ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✦ FH. MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ❢▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ▲ TE ▲✙ MA ▲ Superior = manidoominens 33 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ✺ NB = mndoomin 4 ▲ ▲ ❢ = manidoons 1 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = mii(n)gis 10 ✧ CC▲ CL ✦ = miigisens 2 Huron ✧ = aabdoowganes 1 SA❍▲ RA. ✺ = mnoomnens 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Bead (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows a basic north/south split. In the north, ▲ AO AR BH CC CH CO CT EA EF EM including Severn (and PI and RO) and Algonquin (AM, GL GN LA LH LL MA MI MO MU OC WN and BI), the form is miigis. This word is found in PE PH PP RB RL RR SA SL SM TE southern dialects, with the meaning ‘small shell, sacred WB WH WP shell, pearl’ (Nichols and Nyholm 1979:66). Ritzenthaler ❍ BA PC SA WI 1978:754 uses it in reference to the cowrie shell which ❢ AR southwestern Chippewa Midewiwin candidates wore on ✙ AM BI BT DL KL MA OG OS SB WN leather thongs. Elsewhere, the common form is ✦ PI RO manidoominens, which literally means ‘small round ✧ CL manitou object.’ Three communities near L. Huron (BA, ✺ NB WI and SA) lack the diminutive suffix, having . FH LS RA RP manidoomin. NB has mnoomnens, which translates literally as ‘small rice,’ if it is related to the word Consolidations mnoomin, ‘rice,’ perhaps on analogy of a bead to a grain of rice. ▲ ▲❍❢ (38) ❍ ✙✦ (12) MA data are from McGregor 1987:178. ❢ ✧ (1) ✙ ✺ (1) Plains Cree (from BLN) and Swampy Cree (Fort Severn) have miikis, identical to the northern Ojibwe form, and East Cree has miichis, which shows the standard eastern Cree palatalization. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-13 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✧✙ DL ◗ BT PC✦ SM✦ CH ✙ KL✦ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ✺ OG . OC ✙ ✦✙ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) ✦ ▲ FH▲ EF RO ❍ MU✙ ▲ ▲ AM RR ✙ GN ▲ AR AO . BH ▲ ❍ LS . WB EA▲ LL SL ▲✙ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA● BI ■ ❍ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = miskojiisiminag 26 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❢ NB = zaayiig 5 ▲ ❢ ❢ = zaayiinsan/g 3 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = boogijiminag 7 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = anijiiminag 6 Huron ✧ = biiniis 1 SA▲ RA. ✺ = bimijiwanaanag 1 ● = ozhashkoziisiminag 1 ■ = shkodesimin (sg.) 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = 1 Mich.

Beans Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows some local groupings. Algonquin (to ▲ AO AR BA CC CL EA EM FH GN LH TE) has zaayiig, while the communities due south (MA, LL MI MO OS PE PH PP RB RL RO NB, GL) have zaayiinsag/an (with variable gender), a SA SB SL WH WI WP diminutive form of the same word. In Severn, BT and KL ❍ AM LS RP TE WN have anijiiminag, which they share with three northern ❢ GL MA NB Manitoba communities quite far removed from them. Most ✙ CH CO CT MU OC RR SL of Saulteaux has boogijiminag, from boogidi, ‘farts, ✦ BT CT EF KL PC SM flatulates’ VAI. The distribution of this form may be ✧ CO wider, as some speakers may have been reluctant to use it ✺ PI in a formal elicitation context. The rest of Ojibwe shows ● LA miskojiisiminag. There is some vagueness in the ■ BI English, which may have affected data distribution, since ◗ DL many kinds of beans exist. This may explain the isolated . BH OG RA WB forms of PI and LA. Consolidations The only Cree data I have is aniiniimin for Fort Severn, which agrees with one of the northern Ojibwe forms. ▲ ▲ (26) Potawatomi has gojes, kozhash, and bkojis. Miami (D) ❍ ❍❢ (8) has kochisa (Hockett 1985:30). ❢ ✙ (7) ✙ ✦ (6) ✦ ✧ (1) ✧ ✺ (1) ✺ ● (1) ● ■ (1) ■ ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-14 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ▲ DL ✧ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✧ SB✧ CH ▲ ✧ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✧ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲✙WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = onizhishi 34 RL ▲ BA ❢ ❍ ✙ NB = gonaajiwi 6 ❢ ✙ ❢ = gonaajiwe 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍✺ = gwenaajiwi 4 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = gwanaach 1 Huron ✧ = minozhishi 6 SA❍ RA❍ ✺ = mandaakwe 1

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Be beautiful (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are three basic forms: 1., gonaajiwi (or some ▲ AO AR BH BI CH CO CT EA EF EM variant), throughout the southeast in Odawa and Eastern. FH GN LA LH LL MO MU OC OS PC Note that variants are significantly localized, gonaajiwe at PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RR SL SM BA-MI (which may simply reflect lowering of word-final TE WB WH WN /i/ to [e]); and gwenaajiwi at GL, MA, NB and WN, with ❍ CC CL RA SA WI WP apparent application of initial change to the vowel of the ❢ BA MI first syllable (MA data from McGregor 1987:160). The ✙ GL MA NB WN form I have for MO, gwanaach, is also attested in Baraga ✦ MO 1878:199. It’s not clear how this word is used— Baraga ✧ AM BT DL KL OG SB lists it as an adjective, and Rhodes 1985:167 has gnaaj- as ✺ WI both a prenoun and preverb, but this is rather an unusual . LS MA RP form in that most pre-forms end in a vowel, and the final /j/ suggest palatalization by a following high vowel. 2., Consolidations minozhishi, which occurs in Severn and AM, but not WN. 3., elsewhere, the form is onizhishi, ▲ ▲ (34) morphologically more similar to the northern form than the ❍ ❍❢✙✦ (12) southeastern, in that the latter two share a final complex, ❢ ✧ (6) -(i)zhishi, which has a shape suggesting the addition of a ✙ ✺ (1) contemptive/endearment suffix (these typically have a form such as -shi, and lenite a preceding sibilant). The last form, mandaakwe, is probably simply a collection error. Rhodes 1985:619 lists mandaagkwe with the meaning, ‘lady, well-groomed woman.’ Gilstrap’s fieldnotes show «onâdomân» for LS, and «mininâkozi» for WN. He also has a distinction at AM between a female describing a male, which is «mênobêwê», and a male describing a female, which is minozhishi. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-15 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ▲❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = nibewin 31 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ = nibaagan 23 ❍ NB MI ❍ ❍ GL

WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Bed Communities Grouped by Variant

This word basically splits Ojibwe dialects in half, though ▲ AM BH BI BT CH CO CT DL EA EF with some raggedness in Algonquin. The form nibaagan EM FH GN KL LS MU OC OG OS PC occurs throughout the southeast and north of the Great PE PI RO RR SB SL SM TE WB WH Lakes as far as AO and AR, basically following the WN contour of Lake Superior in the west and dipping down to ❍ AO AR BA CC CL GL LA LH LL LS pick up RL (Minnesota). The rest of the data shows MA MI MO NB PH PP RA RB RL RP nibewin, occurring in all areas north of the range of SA WI WP nibaagan in Ontario and uniformly in all Saulteaux communities. Algonquin is quite interesting, in that it Consolidations shows both variants, though nibewin is somewhat stronger (if one considers MA/GL as non-Algonquin). BI ▲ ▲ (31) and TE are quite striking as nibewin islands in a sea of ❍ ❍ (23) nibaagan’s. See also the word for ‘tent,’ where nibaagan shows up with meaning in several Algonquin communities.

Plains Cree (BLN) and Swampy Cree (Fort Severn) have nipewin, as does East Cree (nipeun). Potawatomi has baken. Miami has pinay (Hockett 1985:30) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-16 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❢ DL ✙ BT PC✙ SM✙ ❢ KL▲ SB▲ CH ✱ ▲ ❢ ❢ PE ✙ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ✙ RO ▲ FH MU❢ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ◗▲ RR ❢ ✙ GN BH ▲ . LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢ ▲ WN PP✙ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❤ MA ▲ Superior = zhi(n)gobiiwaaboo 21 RL ❍ BA . ❍ = zhingobaaboo 6 ✦ NB MI ❍ . GL ❢ = ishkwezisaaboo 8 ✱ = zhiiwaaboo 1 ✙ ❤ WI ❍ = 7 = naabiyen 1 ●✦✧ CC■ CL ✦ = biitewaaboo 2 Huron ✧ = biitewaagamig 1 SA. RA. ✺ = biitewaagmiseg 1 ● = minikwewin 2 ■ = baashtewaagamiseg 1 ●✺ WP Erie ◗ = giizhikaandagaaboo 1 Mich.

Beer Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common variant is zhingobiiwaaboo, ‘spruce ▲ AM AO AR BI BT EA FH GN KL LH liquid,’ extending throughout northern Ontario and LL MO OG OS RB RO RP SB TE WH Quebec, as far south as TE and BI. In the Lake Superior WN region, extending as far east as WI and west to RL, the ❍ EM LA MI PH RL WI form is related, zhingobaaboo. ❢ CH CO CT MU OC RR SL WB ✙ BH DL EF PC PE PP SM Saulteaux shows an interesting east/west split. In ✦ CL NB southwestern Manitoba extending all the way west, the ✧ CL form is ishkwezisaaboo, ‘barley liquid,’ perhaps from ✺ WP Cree (Faries 1938 cites iskwasisapoo). Elsewhere in ● CL WP Manitoba, east to DL, the form is consistently beer, from ■ CC English, with no phonological adjustment to Ojibwe. ◗ AO ✱ PI The Cree forms I have for ‘beer’ are quite variable, kaa- ❤ MA piishteupaishich for East Cree, and cistaahkon= . BA GL LS MA RA SA aapooy. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (27) ❍ ❢ (8) ❢ ✙ (7) ✙ ✦✧✺ (4) ✦ ● (2) ✧ ■ (1) ✺ ◗ (1) ● ✱ (1) ■ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-17 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO ❢ RR ▲ ❢ GN BH ▲✙ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍▲ ❢ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = odaanaang 32 RL ❍ BA ❢ ❍ ❍ NB = ishkweyaang 13 ❍ ❍ ❢ = odaakanaag 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = was inake 1 ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Behind Communities Grouped by Variant

This form has three principal variants: 1, odaanaang, by ▲ BI BT CH CO CT DL EA EF EM FH far the most common; 2, ishkweyaang is found in the GN KL LA LH LL MO MU OC OG OS east, including the southern portions of Algonquin (BI and PC PE PH PI PP RB RO RR SB SL RP), Nipissing (GL and MA), Eastern Ojibwe (CL and SM WB WH RA), Ottawa (CC SA WI WP), and Minnesota (RL); 3, ❍ BI CC CL GL MA MI NB RA RL RP odaakanaag is concentrated in the Algonquin area, SA WI WP though it shows up elsewhere as well (at AO, AR, BA and ❢ AM AO AR BA BH LS TE WN BH). ✙ LL Plains Cree (BLN) has otaanaahk; East Cree utaahch; Consolidations Atikamekw (Béland 1978:531), otaanaanihk. ▲ ▲ (33) ❍ ❍ (13) ❢ ❢ (8) ✙ ✙ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-18 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC❢ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ❢ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲❢ FH. MU❢ ❍ ✺ ▲ AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR AO ▲ BH . LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL. SL ❍ ▲ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ❍ ❢ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = begade 26 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = megade 13 ❍ ▲ ❢ = aagade 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❍✦ = biidaazbii 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = jiigeni 1 Huron ✧ = maangjii 1 SA❢ RA▲ ✺ = ozhiishkagwe 1

✧✙ WP Mich. Erie

Belches (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting distribution. North of Lake ▲ AM BH BI BT CC CH CL CO DL EA Huron and Superior, and extending west in the border EF GL GN KL NB OC OG PE PI RA lakes region to SL, one finds megade. Several RO RR SB SM WH WN communities (a grouping at CT, PC, MU and WB, but ❍ AR BA EM LA MI MO OS PH PP RB scattered elsewhere) have aagade, which in many dialects RL SL WI means, ‘he vomits.’ Elsewhere the common form is ❢ CT LH MU PC RO SA TE WB begade. ✙ WP ✦ WI Swampy Cree has pekatew (and East Cree identical ✧ WP pekateu). ✺ AO . FH LL LS MA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (47) ❍ ✙ (1) ❢ ✦ (1) ✙ ✧ (1) ✦ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-19 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲❍ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = michaa 40 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = mishaa 12 ▲ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Be big (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two variants, showing only a minor phonological ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT difference, michaa and mishaa. The latter is found in EA EF EM GN LA LH LL MA MI MO Severn (extending south to OS and PI), Algonquin MU NB OC PC PE PH PI PP RA RB (though not BI), and Nipissing GL and MA, with michaa RL RO RR SA SL SM WB WH WI WP elsewhere. Fort Severn (Swampy Cree) has mishaaw, as ❍ AM BT DL GL KL LS OG OS PI SB does East Cree (mishaau); Plains Cree (BLN) has TE WN misaaw. Potawatomi has mshak. Rhodes 1989:9 has . RP & & Miami meehs awi, Fox kechi-/mes aawi, Shawnee Consolidations ms&i-/ms&aawi, Menomini mE?siw. ▲ ▲❍ (52) (MA data from McGregor 1987:205, where mishaa is described as an adjective having the meaning ‘large, big.’). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-20 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ✙ DL ✦ BT PC✙ SM❍ ✙ KL▲ SB✧ CH ▲ ▲ ✙ ✙ PE ❍ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ▲ FH MU❍✙ ▲ AM ❍ AR ❢ AO ▲ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ✦✙ WB EA❍ LL SL ❍✦ ▲ WN PP✙ WH❍ ❢ RB PH ✙ ❢ ❍✙ LH ▲❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = bineshii(n)sh 17 RL ❢ BA ❢ ❍ ❢ NB = bineshii 12 ✦ ▲ ❢ = bineshiinh 11 MI GL ✙ WI ✦ = bineshiiyens 10 ❢✦ CC✦ CL ✦ = bineshiins 7 Huron SA❢ RA❢

❢ WP Mich. Erie

(Song)bird Communities Grouped by Variant

The variants demonstrate a north/south split, involving the ▲ AM AO BI BT FH GL KL LL LS MA form of a lexicalized diminutive suffix. North of a line in MO OG OS PI RO TE WN western Ontario (except DL) running between RO and ❍ BH EA EF GN LH MO MU PE RR SL GN, OS and AR and LL and PP, then dipping down in SM WH eastern Ontario to pick up MO, BI, TE and down below ❢ AR BA CL EM LA NB RA RB RL SA GL, there is a form with a final suffix -i(n)sh/ -i(n)zh. WP Several se communities have a final -ns, MI, WI, CC, and ✙ CH CO CT LH MU OC PC PH PP WB CL. This suffix also appears at DL, WB, SL. This is the ✦ CC CL DL MI SL WB WI productive diminutive, along with the -ens found from ✧ SB western Manitoba to the west, and north of Lake Superior. . MA RP A number of communties in the southern zone have a final -(e)nh, which is being lost in some areas, especially in Consolidations Manitoba and a few communties in SW Ontario. Fort Severn Cree has pineshiish, similar to the northern form. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (58) Potawatomi has bineshi. Miami (D) has wasanza, -ki (pl.) (Hockett 1985:30). Rhodes 1989:4 has (a)weehseensa for Miami, wiis&kenooha for Fox, wis&kilohza for Shawnee, and we:skono:hsEh for Menomini. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-21 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ❍ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✦ SB✦ PE ▲ PI ✦ OG ✦ OC . ▲ CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✦ FH. MU▲● ✦ AM ✧ AR ✧ AO ✙ RR ●▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ✦ LS . WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✧ WN PP❍ WH▲ ● RB PH ❍ ▲ ● LH ❍ ✺ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✧❍ ✧ TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = asiginaak 18 RL ●▲ BA . ❍ ● NB = misiginaak 5 ▲ ✦✧ ❢ = bisiginaak 1 MI GL ✙ WI ● = nisiginaak 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = jachakanoo 12 Huron ✧ = jakanoo 6 SA● RA. ✺ = (jakaloo) 1 ● = makade-bineshii_ 9 ● WP Mich. Erie

Blackbird Communities Grouped by Variant

There are three principal variants. In the north, one ▲ BH CC CH CL CT EA EF EM LA MI frequently finds jajakanoo, though a variant lacking MU PC PE RL RR SL SM WH reduplication is also common, especially along the ❍ BI CO MO PH PP southern limits of the range. RP and Constance Lake have ❢ LL variants with l, (ja)jakaloo. ✙ AO ✦ AM BT DL GL KL LS MA OG OS PI Another major variant, found south of jajakanoo, is RO SB asiginaak. This form is found extensively throughout the ✧ AR BI GL GN TE WN border lakes region and extending to nearly all of ✺ RP Saulteaux, but it also shows up in the southeast, at MI, CC ● LH MU NB RB RL RR SA WI WP and CL. A sub-variant with an initial consonant seems . BA FH OC RA WB focussed along the northeast shore of Lake Superior, extending north to AO. The most common form has an Consolidations initial m-, while b- and n- initial variants also occur, though in each case as isolated variants. ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (25) ❍ ✦✧✺ (19) The third form frequently found is makade-bineshii-, or ❢ ● (9) literally, ‘black-bird.’ It was not possible to tell in my short survey period in the communities whether these forms were actually in use as native vocabulary, as calques, or were simply spontaneous translations of the English. They appear most frequently where the language is weakest, adding doubt to their validity, though this could be merely coincidental. Rhodes 1985 lists signaak as a general term for blackbirds in Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe, and has waab-signaak for ‘bobolink.’ East Cree has mistisu-piyeshiish; Swampy (Fort Severn) mahkatew-pineshiish; Plains Cree (BLN) cahcahkaanoow an cahcahkaayoow. Peoria has sikina?axkwU and Miami (D) täkinakwa. (Hockett 1985:30) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-22 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢ DL ❢▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ❢ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = miskwi 39 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = miskwii 8 ▲ ❍ ❢ = misko 6 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Blood Communities Grouped by Variant

This word, being bisyllabic and consisting of two short ▲ AR BA BH CC CH CL CT DL EA EF vowels, retains the old marker of inanimacy on nouns, a EM FH GN KL LA LH LL MI MO MU final suffix -i. This suffix is seen in words with similar OG PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO prosodic structure, e.g., mishi, ‘one stick of firewood.’ In RR SA SB SL SM WB WH WI WP Algonquin and surrounding areas, the final -i has ❍ AM BI GL MA NB RP TE WN lengthened to ii; in a few scattered communities, the word ❢ AO BT CO DL OC OS final combination /wi/ has coalesced to o. . LS Plains Cree has mihko, as does Swampy Cree; East Cree Consolidations has mihkw. Potawatomi has mskwe. Rhodes 1989:10 ▲ ▲❍❢ has Miami nihpikani, Fox mes&kwi, Shawnee (53) ms&kwi and Menomini mEhki:h. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-23 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ✧ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB✙ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG OC . CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF . RO ▲ FH MU ▲ AM . ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR . ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ✦ WB EA▲ LL SL ✦ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = miinan 36 RL ▲ BA ▲❢ ❍ ▲ NB = miinaajiish 4 ▲ ▲ ❢ = ozhaawashkominan 4 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = ininiminaanag 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = ozhigaakominag/n 2 Huron ✧ = ziibingominan 1 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Blueberries Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is miinan, though there are ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CT variants in Algonquin and Severn. Several Algonquin (LS, EA EM FH GL GN KL LA LH LL MA WN, RP, TE) communities have miinaajiish (for which, MI MO NB PC PE PI PP RA RB RL unfortunately, I lack a plural, so have listed the singular), RO SA SM WH WI WP while BT, KL and SB in Severn have ininiminaan (and ❍ LS RP TE WN Gilstrap 1978 gives a variant of this for AM, ininimin, ❢ BA DL OS PH though I elicited miinan). Just south of this grouping, two ✙ BT SB communities have ozhaawashkomin, literally, ‘blue ✦ SL WB berry.’ SL and WB have ozhigaakomin, which may be ✧ CO another berry. . EF MU OC OG RR Plains Cree has siipiihkomin (sg.); Swampy Cree, Consolidations oshaawashkomin (sg.); East Cree, iiniminaahtikw, iiniminaan and iyimin (all sg.). Atikamekw (Béland ▲ ▲❍ (40) 1978:483) has miinihsh (sg.). Potawatomi has min for ❍ ❢ (4) blueberry (sg.). ❢ ✙ (2) ✙ ✦ (2) ✦ ✧ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-24 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nabagisag 49 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = bzagaak 3 ❍ ▲ ❢ = mzagaak 1 MI GL WI ❍▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA. RA❢

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Board/Plank Communities Grouped by Variant

I found nabagisag everywhere except for three Odawa ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CL communities, MI, WI, and WP, where it was bzagaak (it CO CT DL EA EF EM FH GL GN KL is also listed in Rhodes 1985 as an expressly Odawa LA LH LL LS MA MO MU NB OC OG form), and RA, which has the variant mzagaak. There may OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RP be significant variation in the gender of this word, but I did RR SB SL SM TE WB WH WI WN not realize this until too late into my study, and have only ❍ MI WI WP partial representation of the plurals. All Saulteaux from the ❢ RA Ontario border west has the word inanimate, along with . SA DL and BT of Severn, and PI. Everywhere else (19 samples representing all major dialects) the word is Consolidations animate in my corpus. ▲ ▲ (49) East Cree has napachihtakw; Swampy and Plains ❍ ❍❢ (4) (BLN), napakihtak. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-25 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ● AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✧ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✧ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ✧ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✺ TE ✧✺ MA ▲ Superior = nidoogimaam 44 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✙ NB = nidooniigaanziim 1 ▲ ✺ ❢ = niniigaaziitaag 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = niigaanziim 1 ❢▲ CC▲❍ CL ✦ = naagaanzid 1 Huron ✧ = nimayawisem 4 SA▲✦ RA. ✺ = nibozhwem 3 ● = nigashkaam 1 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

My boss Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is nidoogimaam. There are ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CL CO localized variants in the east, focussed around Algonquin. CT DL EA EF EM FH GN KL LA LH Nibozhwem, at GL and TE (also cited in McGregor, LL MI MO MU OC OG OS PC PE PH n.d.:66 for Maniwaki, Quebec (MA)) is a borrowing from PI PP RB RL RO RR SA SB SL SM French bourgeois. WN, along with LS, RP, and MA has WB WH WI WP nimayawisem. Several communities in the Eastern ❍ CC Ojibwe range have forms with stem niigaanzi-. Fort ❢ CL Severn Cree has nitookimaam; East Cree, uchimaaw, ‘a ✙ NB boss.’ ✦ SA ✧ LS MA RP WN ✺ GL MA TE ● AM . RA

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (44) ❍ ❍❢✙✦ (4) ❢ ✧ (3) ✙ ✺ (3) ✦ ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-26 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❢ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM❢ ❢ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ❢ ❢ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ❢ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ❢ ❢ GN BH ❍▲ ✧ LS ❍ WB EA❢ LL SL ❢ ✺ WN PP❍ WH▲ ✦ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ ✧ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ▲ ▲ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = omoodayaabik 20 RL ❍ BA ✙ ❍ ✧ NB = omooday 15 ❍ ✧ ❢ = omoodaabik 11 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = omoodi 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = moodens 1 Huron ✧ = obooday 5 SA❍ RA❍ ✺ = moodaabik 1

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Bottle Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has several interesting regional variants. It is ▲ AM AR BI BT DL EF EM FH KL LL perhaps ultimately a borrowing of French bouteille MU OG OS PC PE PI RO SB TE WH (Hockett 1948). The most common form is ❍ AO CC CL LH LL MI MO PH PP RA omoodayaabik, found throughout northernwestern RL SA WB WI WP Ontario and in the east at BI, TE and AM (Algonquin), and ❢ BH CH CO CT EA GN LA OC RR SL sporadically throughout Saulteaux. Along the Great Lakes, SM the common form is omooday, in all southeastern ✙ BA communities, and north of Superior to AO, and in the west ✦ RB to LH and RL (Minnesota). Algonquin has an interesting ✧ GL LS MA NB RP variant (denasalized?), obooday, which extends into NB ✺ WN and GL. In the west, fanning out west from LA north to GN and then taking in many Saulteaux communities, is the Consolidations form omoodaabik, the stem of which lacks the -ay ending found on the other attested forms. I also have this form for ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (54) WN.

East Cree has puutai; for Fort Severn I have piiwaapiskonaakan, probably making quite specific reference to a glass bottle. Plains Cree (BLN, but with ?) has mootewaapisk. Potawatomi has mod´y. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-27 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❢ SB❢ CH ❢ ❢ ❢ ❢ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ✙ TE ▲❢ MA ▲ Superior = makak 35 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = mkaksag 1 ❍ NB MI ▲ . GL ❢ = mitigowazh 16 ✙ WI ▲ = mitigoozhaak 1 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Box (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This form shows a north/south split. The northern form, ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CH CL EA EF EM found in Severn (and PI) and Algonquin (including BI and FH GN LA LH LL MA MI MO OS PC MA) is mitigowazh. TE and WN have related PE PH PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SL mitigowazhaak, with a noun final indicating wooden SM WB WH WI WP objects. This form also turns up extensively in ❍ NB Saskatchewan Saulteaux. The southern form is makak. ❢ AM BI BT CO CT DL KL LS MA MU OC OG PI RP SB WN McGregor 1987:209 gives mitikowazh for MA with the ✙ TE gloss ‘wooden trunk; esp. a coffin,’ and makak (p.169), . GL with the gloss ‘box; crate.’ Consolidations Fort Severn (Cree) has mistikowat; East Cree, mishtikuut; Plains Cree (BLN) has both mahkahk, ▲ ▲❍ (35) ‘box, barrel, tub,’ and mistikoowas, ‘box, trunk.’ ❍ ❢ (16) ❢ ✙ Potawatomi has mk´k. (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-28 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❢❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ❢▲ KL❍❢ SB❍ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ▲❢ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = gwiiwizens 43 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = naabe(ns) 5 ▲ ▲ ❢ = oshkiniigii(ns) 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = oshkinawe(s) 3 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Boy Communities Grouped by Variant

Gwiiwizens is by far the most common form, though ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT with considerable phonological variation, which has not EA EF EM FH GL GN LA LH LL MA been charted on the map, but can be seen from the closer MI MO NB OC OS PC PE PH PI PP transcriptions (in the Raw Lexical Data HyperCard stack). RA RB RL RO RR SA SL SM TE WB Severn and Algonquin appear to have distinct forms, WH WI WP Severn, naabens (recall that this dialect has naabe for ❍ BT DL KL OG SB ‘man’), with a diminutive suffix, and Algonquin, ❢ CH CT DL KL MU oshkinawes. Note that while Gilstrap records this form ✙ AM LS WN for WN, I have gwiizes. Three communities in eastern . RP Saskatchewan have oshkiniigi, a form which in some dialects (e.g., Severn) means ‘adolescent male.’ Consolidations Constance Lake and Fort Severn have naapeshish, which is a Cree analogue to naabens, showing the productive ▲ ▲ (43) Cree diminutive suffix, -ishish. ❍ ❍ (5) ❢ ❢ (5) There is some vagueness with this word, as the English ✙ ✙ (3) term ‘boy’ in English can apply to both pre-adolescent and adolescent males. Plains (BLN) has naapew, with a very general meaning, ‘man, husband, boy,’ (i.e., ‘human male’ ?); East Cree has naapesh. Potawatomi has gigabe, gigabes, shk´nigesh. Peoria has kwiwisa?ata and Miami kwiwsa (Hockett 1985:31). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-29 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

CO ▲ DL ✙ BT . PC SM▲■ ▲ . KL. SB. CH ▲ ❍✱ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲✦ RO ▲ FH MU▲ . AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA● LL SL ▲ ❍✱WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = niwiinindib 28 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ = niwiindib 11 ❍ NB MI ❢ ▲ GL ❢ = niwiinendib 6 ✱ = ni(maa)midonenjigan 2 ✙ WI ❢ = niindib 2 ✙✺❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = nidib 1 Huron ✧ = niidib 1 SA❍◗ RA❢ ✺ = ninendib 1 ● = nimoonindib 1 ■ = nimoona’ibaan 1 ❢✧ WP Erie ◗ = nidinendamowin 1 Mich.

My brain Communities Grouped by Variant

There is a surprising amount of phonological variation in ▲ AO BH CH CO CT EF EM GL GN LA this word. In southeastern Ontario, the common form is LL MO MU OC OS PE PI PP RB RL nwiinendib. An interesting grouping of communities in RO RO RR SL SM WB WH eastern Ontario together with all Algonquin have ❍ AR BA BI LS MA NB OG PH SA TE niwiindib (OG, AR, PH, BA, NB, BI, MA (but not GL)). WN Elsewhere the most common form is niwiinindib. ❢ CC CL MI RA WI WP ✙ CL DL Swampy and East Cree have nitihp. ✦ EF ✧ WP ✺ CL ● EA ■ SM ◗ SA ✱ OG WN . AM BT KL LH PC PP RP SB

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (50) ❍ ●■ (2) ❢ ◗ (1) ✙ ✱ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-30 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ✺ DL ✧ BT PC▲ SM❍ ✺ KL●✧ SB● CH ❢ ● ❍ ❍ PE ▲ PI ✦ OG OC CT OS ● (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ❍❢ FH MU▲✺ ✦ AM ❢ AR ▲ AO . RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ✙ ✦ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢ ✦ WN PP✙ WH❢ ▲ RB PH ✙ ❢▲ ✙ LH ✙ ✦ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲❍ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = bakwezhigan 24 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = biiswe-bakwezhigan 6 ▲ ▲ ❢ = gibozigan 7 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = nipenh 5 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = o(m)bizigan 5 Huron ✧ = biiswe-aanakonaa 3 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = biiswe-gasigan 3 ● = baned 4 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Bread Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form for this word is bakwezhigan, ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CL EA EM GL LA occurring from BI and TE south in the east, the borders MA MI MU NB PC PE RA RB RL SA lakes, and scattered through other regions. Algonquin TE WB WI WP shows obizigan (including WN), as does OS ❍ BI CT OC RO RR SM (ombizigan). This term literally means ‘stuff which rises ❢ EF EM GN PI RO SL WH by application of heat.’ North of Lake Superior, five ✙ LH LL MO PH PP communities have an apparent French borrowing, nipenh ✦ AM LS OS RP WN (from French le pain). Several eastern Severn ✧ BT DL KL communities have borrowed the English word, having ✺ CH CO MU baned, and in the northern Severn communities, ● FH KL OG SB biiswe-aanakonaa is found, perhaps a borrowing from . AO Cree, which has (at Fort Severn) piiswe-aanahkonaaw (East Cree has cognate piisaaihkunaau). The prenoun Consolidations biiswe- means ‘soft,’ and aanakonaa is the word for bannock. Along the Ontario-Manitoba border, the form ▲ ▲❍ (30) gibozigan occurs, and in the extreme west, ❍ ❢ (7) biiswe-gasigan. ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (5) Plains Cree (BLN) has aayahkonaaw. ✦ ✧ (3) ✧ ✺ (3) ✺ ● (4) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-31 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = bagidinaamo 36 RL ▲ BA ❢▲ ❍ ❍ NB = nese 11 ✦ ❍ ❢ = bananaamo 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = manaamo 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = maadnaamo 1 Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Breathes (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This is an interesting form in that it shows a grouping of ▲ AO AR BA BH BT CH CO CT DL EA core Algonquin with Odawa-Eastern Ojibwe. These EF EM GN KL LA LH LL MO MU OC communities have the form nese. A group of communities OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO north of Lake Huron have similar forms, bananaamo, RR SB SL SM WB WH manaamo or maadnaamo (BA, TE, BI, MI). Elsewhere, ❍ AM CC CL GL LS NB RA SA WI WN the form is bagidinaamo. Fort Severn (Cree) has nenew, WP while Atikamekw has rere- (Béland 1978:556). ❢ BA TE ✙ BI East Cree and Plains have yehyew; Swampy Cree, nenew. ✦ MI Rhodes 1989:11 has Miami neehsiaani, Fox neemowa, . FH MA RP Shawnee lehze, and Menomini nE:hnEw. Consolidations

▲ ▲ (36) ❍ ❍ (11) ❢ ❢✙ (3) ✙ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-32 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢ DL ❢ BT PC❢ SM❢ ❢ KL❢ SB❢ CH ❢ ❢ ❢ ❢ PE ❢ PI ❢ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ❢▲ RO ❢ FH MU❢ ❢ AM ❢ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ❢ GN BH ▲ ✙ LS ✧ WB EA❢▲ LL SL ▲ ✙✺WN PP▲ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ✙ TE ● MA ▲ Superior = jiishada’igan 21 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = zhiishada’igan 3 ▲ ✺ ❢ = webahigan 23 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = jiishwebahigan 3 ❍ CC▲✦ CL ✦ = jiigadagan 2 Huron ✧ = jiisha’anaatig 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = jiishabingwaan 2 ● = (jiisha-emigwaan) 1 ✦ WP Mich. Erie

Broom Communities Grouped by Variant

There is an interesting north/south split for this word, ▲ AO AR BA CC EA EF EM LA LH LL which extends all the way across the entire range of MI MO NB PH PP RA RR SA SL WH Ojibwe, dividing even the Saulteaux and Algonquin WI dialects on a north/south axis. In the north, the form is ❍ CL RB RL universally webahigan, including AM in the Algonquin ❢ AM BH BI BT CH CO CT DL EA EF dialect. In the south, the form is jiishada’igan, or FH GN KL MU OC OG OS PC PE PI zhiishada’igan. A blend occurs in the Algonquin dialect RO SB SM at the point where these two isoglosses meet, ✙ LS TE WN jiishi-webahigan, attested at LS, TE and WN (in my ✦ CC WP data, but not Gilstrap’s). ✧ WB ✺ GL WN Fort Severn (Cree) has wepahikanaahtik. East Cree has ● MA chisiihiikin and wepahiikan; Plains Cree, . RP ´ ´ wepaahtakahikan. Potawatomi has jikt gen, jisdag n. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (24) ❍ ❢ (23) ❢ ✙ (3) ✙ ✦ (2) ✦ ✧ (1) ✧ ✺ (2) ✺ ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-33 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ▲ DL ✺ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✧ SB. PE ▲ PI ❢ OG ❢ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❢ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ▲✦ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP WH▲ ❍ RB . PH ✦ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI . ✦ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = nisaye 19 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = nisayenh 10 ❍ ❢ ❢ = nisayens 9 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = (nise(n)s) 3 ✦ CC❍ CL ✦ = niijkiwe(nh) 5 Huron ✧ = nishtes 2 SA. RA✦ ✺ = nindeyed 1

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Brother: my older brother Communities Grouped by Variant

This form is listed in Nichols (1975) as a means of ▲ AR BH CH CO CT EA EF GN LH MO distinguishing Lac Seul from Severn. BT and KL have MU OC PC PE RR SL SM WB WH nis(h)tes, while DL has nindeyed. Elsewhere, the word is ❍ BA CC EM LA MI NB RB RL WI WP generally nisaye–, with variable diminutive endings, as is ❢ AM AO GL LL MA OG OS PI RO seen with other words, e.g., ‘mouse,’ and ‘bird.’ Here, one ✙ LS RP WN finds the –ens diminutive in a northern band, extending out ✦ CL GN PH RA TE from Algonquin (including GL) across to OG, AO and LL, ✧ BT KL and west to PI and RO. Forms with –enh are southern, ✺ DL especially in the southeast, but also around the border . BI FH PP SA SB lakes region. Saulteaux has evidently lost nasalization on the final vowel. Many communities have niijkiwe(nh), Consolidations which may reflect a change in the kinship system to a more European structure. Fort Severn (Cree) has nistes. ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (41) ❍ ✦ Potawatomi has ns´ze. (5) ❢ ✧ (2) ✙ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-34 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ❍ KL❍ SB. PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) ▲ ▲ FH. EF RO ❍ MU▲ ❍ ❍ AM RR ▲ GN ❍ AR AO . BH ❍ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ WN PP . WH▲❍ ▲ RB . PH ❍ ❍▲ LH ❍ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI . . TE . MA ▲ Superior = niitaa 20 RL ▲ BA . ❍ = niitaawis 17 . NB MI . . GL ❢ = (niwiitaa) 1 WI ▲ CC▲ . CL Huron SA. RA.

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Brother-in-law, my (male speaking) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word divides the data along a north/south axis. In the ▲ CC CO CT EF EM MU OC PC PE PI north, the form niitaawis is found, while in the south, RB RL RO RR SL SM WB WH WI WP niitaa, lacking the kin (?) suffix of the northern form, or ❍ AM AO AR BT CH DL EA EM GN KL perhaps representing a truncated vocative that has become LA LL MO OG OS PH WH the term of reference. Most of northern Ontario has ❢ LS niitaawis. It is hard to judge the southeastern region, . BA BH BI CL FH GL LH MA MI NB because there are so few responses. The prairies all have PP RA RP SA SB TE WN niitaa. Consolidations Plains Cree (BLN) has niici-nahaahkis, which looks like something that in Ojibwe would mean, ‘my fellow ▲ ▲❍❢ (38) son-in-law,’ which may be its meaning in Cree as well. Swampy Cree has niistaaw. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-35 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❢ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❢ ❍ ❍ LH ❢ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❍ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = manijoosh 35 RL ❢ BA ❢ ❍ ▲ NB = manidoosh 9 ❍ ▲ ❢ = manidoons 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = bimidoosh 2 ✙ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍✙

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Bug/Insect Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I find the principal variation in a set of sub-variants ▲ AM AO AR BH BT CH CO CT DL EA showing cross-cutting minor features. The most common EF FH GL GN KL LS MA MU NB OC form in my data is manijoosh, the affricate of which is OG OS PC PE PI RO RP RR SB SL evidently due to a meaningful (diminutive/pejorative) SM TE WB WH WN process of palatalization, as evidenced by a competing ❍ BI CC EM LA LH MI RA RB SA form, manidoosh, which lacks this palatalization. Variants ❢ BA LL MO PH PP RL WI WP lacking palatalization occur exclusively in, but throughout, ✙ CL RA the southern reaches of my database, basically all along the Great Lakes, as far west as EM and RB, and as far north as Consolidations LL, and including BI. Note that NB and GL pattern with the north, in showing palatalization. ▲ ▲❍❢ (52) ❍ ✙ (2) Another parameter of variation sub-categorizing the southern grouping involves the form of the diminutive suffix, whether –ish or –ens. Variants do not show tight manetooseeha, and Shawnee, mane= regionalization, though there are pockets of each form: tooleeza. northwest of Lake Superior, –ish; northeast of Lake Superior, –ns; west of Bruce Peninsula, –ish. BA and RL share -ns. A variant bimidoosh, links CL and RA. The Fort Severn Cree form is manicoosh, with the same form for East Cree; Plains Cree (BLN), manicoos. Potawatomi has mn´dose. Peoria has moxsEaki, and Miami (D) mosia. Rhodes 1989:6 lists manE:to:w for Menomini ‘animal’ (see ‘animal’ in this study). Several languages use a cognate with the meaning ‘worm,’ though the Ojibwes don’t make many distinctions when it comes to insects, worms and the like, holding them all in extreme contempt. Thus Rhodes 1989:6 lists for ‘worm’ Plains Cree, manicôs; Fox, Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-36 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ✙ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ WN PP▲ . WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = anwi 42 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = asin(ii) 8 ❍▲ NB MI ▲ . GL ❢ = goonaas 1 ✙ WI ▲ = onasnachigan 1 ❢ CC▲ CL ✦ = shkikmaanens 1 Huron SA▲ RA.

▲✦ WP Mich. Erie

Bullet/Shell Communities Grouped by Variant

This is an interesting form in that all of Algoquin and ▲ AO AR BA BI CC CH CO CT EA EF Nipissing (NB and MA), as well as Severn communities EM GN KL LA LH LL MI MO MU NB (BT, DL, KL) have asin(ii), while virtually everywhere OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL else the term is anwi. McGregor 1987:44 glosses anwii RO RR SA SB SL SM TE WB WH WI for Nipissing as ‘arrow.’ WP ❍ AM BT DL KL LS MA NB RP I have piicipihkwaan for Fort Severn Cree, while East ❢ CL Cree has asinii, ‘bullet, shell, stone,’ and ashiiniish and ✙ BH asiniish for, ‘.22 bullet,’ i.e., diminutives with smaller ✦ WP caliber bullets. Plains Cree (BLN) has asiniy for ‘bullet.’ . GL RA WN Potawatomi has nwe. Consolidations

▲ ▲ (41) ❍ ❍ (6) ❢ ❢ (1) ✙ ✙ (1) ✦ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-37 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ❍ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ▲ ✦ ▲ ✺ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ● AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ● LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ● WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ✙ TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = memengwaa(nh) 26 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = memengwaans 9 ❍ ✧ ❢ = memengwaanens 2 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = memengwaashii 1 ■ CC▲ CL ✦ = memengwe 8 Huron ✧ = memengwes 1 SA❍ RA. ✺ = miimiingwe 1 ● = meme(n)goo 3 ■ = waapoone 1 ▲✦ WP Mich. Erie

Butterfly Communities Grouped by Variant

Here there are several interesting sub-variants. All variants ▲ AR BH CC CH EA EF EM GN LA LH except CL waapoone are based on a reduplicative form MU NB OC OS PC PE PI RL RO RR with a stem /memengw/. Northern forms have either oo SL SM WB WH WI WP (Algonquin) or e (Severn, MA and GL) following, e.g., ❍ AO BA BI CO LL MI PP RB SA memegoo from AM, LS and WN or memengwe (KL, ❢ MO PH etc.). Southern forms have aa following the stem, e.g., ✙ TE memengwaanh (WP, etc.). This suggests the ablaut aa-e ✦ BT DL FH KL MA OG SB WP relationship so common to Ojibwe morphology. The ✧ GL southern forms further divide on the basis of what, if any, ✺ CT historical diminutive suffix they have. Many communities ● AM LS WN to the east and north of Lake Superior have a diminutive ■ CL suffix, –ens, as well as SA. WP has both memengwaanh . RA RP and memengwenh, according to Rhodes (1985). Fort Severn (Cree) has memenkwew, whereas Constance Lake Consolidations has the isolated variant, jaanjibalay. It may be that the TE and GL are more closely related, since they both have a ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺● (50) sibilant in the final syllable. ❍ ■ (1) East Cree has kwaahkwaapishiish and kwaahkw= aapisuu, meaning ‘butterfly, moth.’ Plains (BLN) has kamaamak, kamaamaos, and mimikwaas. Potawatomi has m´m´g´, memegwe, and mimike. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-38 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ▲ DL . BT PC■ SM▲ ▲ KL✺ SB✺ CH ▲ ✺ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✺ OG OC CT OS ✺ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✺ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✺ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✺ WN PP✧❢ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ❢ LH ❢ ✺ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✺▲ ✺ TE ● MA ▲ Superior = zagaaka’on 25 RL ▲ BA ❢❍ ❍ ◗ NB = zagaakwigan 1 ✙ ● ❢ = nibadoons 7 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = dibadoonh 2 ✦ CC▲ CL ✦ = badnis 3 Huron ✧ = badoowens 1 SA▲✦ RA. ✺ = zagibaazon 12 ● = nakamaan 2 ■ = aadaako’on 1 ✦ WP Erie ◗ = mskaakwigaans 1 Mich.

Button Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is zagaaka’on, found at CC and ▲ AO BH BI CC CH CO CT EA EF EM SA in the southeast, AO and LL (and at Chapleau) north of GN LA LL MU OC PE PI RL RO RR Superior, and then uniformly west of Lake Superior. A SA SL SM WB WH northern form, zagibaazon, embraces Severn and all ❍ BA Algonquin (including TE and BI). The same form is used ❢ AR BA LH MO PH PP RB at Fort Severn (Cree). GL and MA have a distinct form, ✙ MI WI nakamaan. On Manitoulin and west along Lake Superior, ✦ CL SA WP a French borrowing is prevalent, dibadoonh (at WI and ✧ PP MI), and nibadoons elsewhere, from French, le bouton. ✺ AM BI BT FH KL LS OG OS RP SB TE WN In the extreme southeast, at SA, CL and WP, one finds ● GL MA badnis, which is probably from English (perhaps from the ■ PC plural). ◗ NB .DL RA Plains Cree (BLN) has sakaaskwahon; East Cree, sichipaasuun. Atikamekw (Béland 1978:582) has a Consolidations French borrowin, tipohto. Potawatomi has z´bdo, ▲ ▲❍ (26) zhgag’´g´n. ❍ ❢✙✦✧ (13) ❢ ✺ (12) ✙ ● (2) ✦ ■ (1) ✧ ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-39 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✧ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP✙✦ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✙▲ ▲ ▲❍ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = adaawe 34 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = giish(pi)nadaaso 6 ❍ ❢ ❢ = ayaajige 5 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = giishpinajige 5 ❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = weayaan 2 Huron ✧ = wii-diba’aan 1 SA❢ RA.

❍❢ WP Mich. Erie

Buys (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are interesting localizations here. The southeast, ▲ AO AR BH BI BT CH CO CT DL EA cutting across Odawa and Eastern Ojibwe, has ayaajige. EF EM GN KL LA LH MO MU OC OG Several communities north of Lake Huron (and LH and OS PC PE PH PI RB RL RO RR SB WP) have giish(pi)nadaaso. North of these, one finds SL SM WB WH related giishpinajige, showing up at AM, TE ❍ BA LH MI NB WN WP (Algonquin), PH, PP and WI (Odawa). MA also shares a ❢ CC CL GL SA WP form with PP, weayaan. Elsewhere the form is adaawe. ✙ AM PH PP TE WI ✦ MA PP East Cree has utinicheu and utinaasuu; Swampy Cree, ✧ LL otinikew, shwaapihkew; Plains (BLN), ataawew, ‘he . FH LS RA RP buys, trades.’ Consolidations

▲ ▲ (34) ❍ ❍ (6) ❢ ❢ (5) ✙ ✙ (5) ✦ ✦ (2) ✧ ✧ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-40 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ✦ DL ❍ BT PC✦ SM❍ ❍ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ✦ ✦❍ PE ✦❍ PI ✦ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ✦❍ RO ✦ FH MU✙ ❢ AM ✦ AR ▲ AO ▲✧ RR ✦ ❍ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ❍ WB EA✦ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH✦ ▲ RB PH ▲ ✦ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✺ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = ziinzibaakodoons 22 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = zhiiwijiish 16 ▲ ▲ ❢ = ziitwiis 2 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = zhiiwanos 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = mashkikiins 13 Huron ✧ = wiishkobad 1 SA▲ RA. ✺ = paabaaj 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Candy Communities Grouped by Variant

There are three main variants, dividing the north and south ▲ AO AR BA BI CC CL GL LA LH LL in the east, and setting off a large area in western Ontario MA MI MO NB PH PP RB RL SA SL and eastern Manitoba. In the north (including Algonquin, WI WP but not MA/GL), the form is zhiiwijiish, similar to Fort ❍ BH BT CH CT DL EF FH KL LS OG Severn (Cree) shiiwitiis (Plains Cree has siiwiciis). This PE PI RP SB SM WB form extends into Saskatchewan among the northern ❢ AM WN Saulteaux dialects. TE has an isolated variant, paabaaj. ✙ MU ✦ CO CT EA EF EM GN OC OS PC PE In the south, as far west as LA, north to AR and AO, and RO RR WH down into RL (and SL), the form is ziinsibaakodoons ✧ AO (‘little piece of sugar’). From OS southeast in Ontario, ✺ TE and throughout Saulteaux, the form is mashkikiins . RA (‘little medicine’), in those cases in which it is not zhiiwijiish. Consolidations

▲ ▲ (22) ❍ ❍❢✙ (19) ❢ ✦ (13) ✙ ✧ (1) ✦ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-41 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ▲ DL ✧ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✧ SB✦ CH ✦ ✦ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✦ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✦ FH MU▲ ✧ AM ✦▲ AR ✦ AO ✦ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✦ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✦ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲✦ LH ✦ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✦ ✦ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = wiiwakwaan 34 RL ▲ BA ❍❢ ❍ ▲ NB = wekwaan 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = ookwaan 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = (waakwaan) 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = aanakwaan 15 Huron ✧ = a(sh)todin 4 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Cap/Hat Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I show a north/south split in Ontario. The northern ▲ BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM GL form (except for Severn) is aanakwaan. The southern GN LA LH MA MI MU NB OC PC PE form, which also embraces all of Saulteaux, is PH PP RA RB RL RP RR SA SL SM wiiwakwaan. PH, PP, and RB, on the north shore of WB WH WI WP Lake Superior, have the southern form, while MO and LH ❍ BA have the northern (LH has both). Five communities, three ❢ BA Severn, CN and AM have ashtodin, in agreement with ✙ LS Fort Severn (Cree) astotin (and Plains Cree). The sibilant ✦ AO AR BI FH GN LH LL MO OG OS in the Ojibwe word ranges from sh to s to h. PI RO SB TE WN ✧ AM BT DL KL East Cree has ashtuutin. Miami (D) has atätoläni. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙ (37) ❍ ✦ (15) ❢ ✧ (4) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-42 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ●■ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ◗ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ❍ ●■ ▲ PE ❢ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ❢ FH MU✺ ▲ AM ❢ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ❢ ❍ GN BH ❍ . LS ✱ WB EA▲❢ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲❢ ❍ LH ❍✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = odaabaan 27 RL ✧ BA ▲ ❍ = odaabaanens 12 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL ❢ = waasigan-odaabaan 7 ✱ = mochibijes 1 ✙ WI ▲ = bashkwegin-odaabaan 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = bashkwegin-odaabaanens 1 Huron ✧ = waasamoowidaabaan 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = wiinjigidaabaan 1 ● = zhekebayiis 2 ■ = zheke 2 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = aatamoobiin 1 Mich.

Car Communities Grouped by Variant

There is interesting patterning in this word, despite its ▲ AM BA BT CC CL CT DL EA EM GL being a recent loan word. While in many places the form is KL LA MA MI NB PC PI RA SA SB odaabaan, North of Superior, a diminutive is used, SL SM TE WH WI WN WP odaabaanens, perhaps because in this area the first real ❍ AO AR BH FH LH LL MO OG OS PH contact with the whiteman’s vehicles was with the railroad PP RB locomotive, making the automobile appear smaller by ❢ EA EF EM GN PE RO RR proportion. ✙ BI ✦ MO There is also a clustering of communities in western ✧ RL Ontario and Manitoba having waasigan-odaabaan, ‘gas ✺ MU vehicle.’ A couple of unrelated communities have ● CO OC bashkwegin-odaabaan, lit., ‘leather vehicle,’ perhaps in ■ CO OC reference to the appearance of earlier automobiles, which ◗ CH showed simpler construction. The form wiinjigidaabaan, ✱ WB has a compound element wiinjigi-, ‘stinky, smelly.’ . LS RP WN Plains Cree has mihcekitaapaan, mostakociis and Consolidations sehkepayiis,the last item in agreement with the two westernmost communities in this survey. Swampy Cree ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (50) has otaapaanish, with a diminutive. ❍ ●■ (4) ❢ ◗ (1) ✙ ✱ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-43 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB✦ CH ▲ ✦ ▲✧ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU✧▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ✙ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✙ ✦ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP✙ WH▲❍ ✙ RB PH ✙ ❍ ✙ LH ✙ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = boozh(i(i)) 24 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = gaazhagens 16 ❍ ❍ ❢ = gaazhag 1 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = bizhiins 8 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = bizhiw 4 Huron ✧ = minooz 2 SA❍ RA❢

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Cat Communities Grouped by Variant

This form shows interesting variation. All southern ▲ AM BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF GN communties have gaazhag(ens), with only RA lacking the KL MU OC OS PC PE PI RO RR SL diminutive. This form occurs on both sides of Lake SM WB WH WN Superior, showing up in the border lakes communities of ❍ BA BI CC CL EM GL LA MA MI NB WH, EM, LA and RL (Minnesota), as well as embracing RL SA TE WH WI the southern tier of Algonquin (BI, TE, and MA, GL). WP Throughout the rest of the data range, the form ❢ RA boozh((i)i) is most common, occurring in Algonquin (at ✙ AO AR LH LL MO PH PP RB AM and my WN data), and in the north and west from BT ✦ FH LS OG SB and OS extending into all Saulteaux. The Fort Severn Cree ✧ MU OC form is poosh, apparently cognate. There are two regional . RP variants based on a b_zh template, which would seem to indicate an alignment on a broader scale with the northern Consolidations group. SB, OG,FH (eastern Severn) and LS (Algonquin), as well as Constance Lake have bizhiw, a term which in ▲ ▲ (24) many other dialects means ‘lynx.’ And all communities ❍ ❍❢ (17) north of Lake Superior have a form with a diminutive ❢ ✙✦ (12) suffix, bizhiins, quite striking in that it embraces eight ✙ ✧ (2) continguous communities. The extreme western communities of OC and MU have minooz, which appears related to a Cree form listed in Faries 1938, minoos. East Cree has miinuush and puushii; Plains (BLN) has kaasakes and minoos. Potawatomi has bkazho, bzh´k´s, mayos. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-44 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ● DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM✧ ✙ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ✦ ✙ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢✧ ❍ AM ▲ AR ✧ AO ▲ RR ❢ ✧ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ✧ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ✧ RB PH ▲ ▲ ✧ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✧ BI ❍▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = desabiwin 22 RL ✧ BA ✧ ❍ ❍ NB = desabiwaagan 11 ✧ ❍ ❢ = desidiyebiwin 3 MI GL ✙ WI ✧ = desidebiwin 2 ✧❍✺ CC✧ CL ✦ = jiisidiyebiwin 1 Huron ✧ = apabiwin 16 SA✧ RA❍ ✺ = gwiidbiwin 2 ● = desa’waanabiwin 1 ✺✧ WP Mich. Erie

Chair Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows a rather striking distribution of variants, ▲ AO BI BT DL EA EF EM FH GN KL especially in the east. The Algonquin and Eastern Ojibwe LL MO OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RO form is desabiwaagan, containing an ending similar to SB WH the Algonquin-Eastern form in ‘table’ (wiisiniwaagan). ❍ AM BI CL GL LS MA NB RA RP TE Odawa shows very consistent apabiwin, which also WN occurs frequently northwest of Lake Superior, Minnesota, ❢ MU RR WB and into Manitoba. Saulteaux rather uncharacteristically, ✙ CH CT lacks uniformity for this word, showing five different ✦ OC variants. The most common form in the data is desabiwin, ✧ AR BA BH CC CL LA LH MI MU RB which is extremely consistent in northern Ontario, and RL SA SL SM WI WP shows up in several northern Manitoba communities. The ✺ CL WP Fort Severn (Cree) form appears to be a cognate, ● CO tehtapiwin (and Eastern Cree, tehtapuun). WP and CL, in the southeast, share a form, gwiidbiwin. Potawatomi Consolidations has jibd´p’win, kw´jd´yebw´n, p´dyebw´n. Peoria ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (39) has nUxkipyo?n and Miami (D) nakipioni. ❍ ✧ (16) ❢ ✺ (2) ✙ ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-45 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

■ CO ✦ DL ■ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL. SB● CH ■ ◗ ❍ PE ❢ PI ● OG OC . CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ● FH MU❍❢ ✧ AM ● AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ✺ GN BH ✱ ✧ LS ❢ WB EA❍ LL SL ❢ ✧ WN PP✦ WH▲ RB . PH ▲ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ ✧ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = ninow 18 RL ▲ BA . ❍ = ninaw 9 ❍ NB MI . . GL ❢ = ninoway 6 ✱ = ninawengan 1 ✙ WI ▲❢ = ninowe 1 ▲ CC❍ CL ✦ = ninowayan 2 Huron ✧ = ninowaa 4 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = ninowa’an 1 ● = niwanow 4 ■ = niwanoway 3 ▲❢ WP Erie ◗ = niwaniwan 1 Mich.

My cheek Communities Grouped by Variant

There is some localized variation of interest. Four ▲ BI CH CL EF EM FH LA MA PC PH Algonquin communities (AM, LS, RP and WN) have RA RL RR SA SM WH WI WP augment, -aa, producing ninowaa. Several communities in ❍ AO AR CC CT EA LH MO MU NB northwestern Ontario have augment wa-, producing ❢ MU PE SL WB WI WP niwanow(ay). This points out yet another augment, –ay, ✙ TE which is distributed sporadically throughout the data. ✦ CO PP Some of the forms listed on the map may be plurals, rather ✧ AM LS RP WN than distinct forms, e.g., variant (✦), ninowayan, which ✺ BH looks similar to variant (❢). ● GN OS RO SB ■ BT DL PI Fort Severn (Cree) has naanoway, and Atikamekw, ◗ OG onoowem, ‘his cheek’ (Béland 1978:522). East Cree has ✱ LL unawii for ‘his cheek.’ . BA GL KL MI OC RB Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺●■◗✱ (50) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-46 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ❢ DL ✧ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✧✺ SB✺ CH ▲ ▲ ❢ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✙ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP✙ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ✙ ✙ ✙ LH ✙ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI ▲✙ ❢ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = baaka’aakwaan 26 RL ✙ BA ✙ ❍ ❍ NB = (bagahaakwaan) 2 ✙ ▲ ❢ = baapa’aakwaan 4 MI GL ✙ WI ✙✦ = baaka’aakwenh 15 ✦ CC✦ CL ✦ = baagaakwenh 4 Huron ✧ = bine 3 SA✙ RA✦ ✺ = jikan 2

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Chicken Communities Grouped by Variant

There are many onomatopoeic variants for this form, ▲ AM AR BH BI CH CT EA FH GL GN imitating the sound of a chicken, which is consistent with LS MU OG OS PC PE PI RO RP RR many other Ojibwe bird names, e.g., gaagaagi, ‘crow,’ SL SM WB WH WN WP and gookookohoo, ‘owl.’ Two major groupings can be ❍ MA NB determined on the basis of whether or not a suffixal ❢ CO EF OC TE (redundantly nominalizing?) -n has been added (with ✙ AO BA BI EM LA LH LL MI MO PH attendant ablaut of the final stem vowel): In the vicinity of PP RB RL SA WI the Great Lakes, one finds forms ending in -enh, e.g., ✦ CC CL RA WI baaka’aakwenh. This takes in a large area, extending as ✧ BT DL KL far north as AO and west to pick up the southerly border ✺ KL SB lakes communities. Elsewhere the form appears to have the suffixal -n. I have charted this isogloss on the map above. Consolidations Note that Swampy Cree (Fort Severn) has paahkahaakwaan as well. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (51) ❍ ✧ (3) A number of Eastern communities have a lenis velar ❢ ✺ (2) obstruent in the second syllable. Several Severn communities use the form for the indigenous partridge, bine, while a couple have simply borrowed the English word chicken. Four communities, TE, EF, CO, and OC have a p where the other communities have k in the second syllable, perhaps under the influence of the initial bilabial obstruent. Potawatomi has bidi, bk’akwa. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-47 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ❍ ✦ ❢ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ❢ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ❢ GN BH ❍ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❢ ▲ LH ❍ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ✙ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = abinoo(n)jiinh 21 RL ❢ BA ❢ ❍ ❢ NB = abinoojii(n)sh 13 ▲ ✙ ❢ = abinoo(n)jii 12 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = (a)binoonjiins 4 ❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = awaazhish 5 Huron SA▲✙ RA▲✙

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Child Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two important distinctions here: ▲ AR CH CO CT EA EF LH MI MU PC PE PH PP RA RB RR SA SL SM WB A. Between lexical items awaazhish (Severn dialect) and WH some form with abinoojii- elsewhere. Five Severn ❍ AM AO DL LL LS MA MO OS PI RO communities have awaazhish, as well as Constance Lake RP TE WN and Fort Severn Cree. Plains Cree has awaasis and East ❢ BA BH CC CL EM GN LA NB OC RL Cree, awaash. WI WP ✙ BI GL RA SA B. The other distinction involves historical diminutive ✦ BT FH KL OG SB suffixes (no longer productive) which occur on the word for ‘child.’ There are four distinct forms, with suffixes Consolidations –sh, -ns, -nh or null (i.e., absence of any diminutive suffix). The -sh forms occur in a band across the northern ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (50) communties of Ontario and all of Quebec. Perhaps the ❍ ✦ (5) Severn form (awaazhish) can also be interpreted as having this ending as well. The -ns forms are common in the extreme southeast, along with BI. My recording of -nh and null forms is not always reliable. Rhodes has -nh for all dialects which he recorded (Ottawa and Eastern). These forms can be best heard and distinguished via plurals, a trick I learned too late to be of use in my data collection. Peoria has piloxsa (Hockett 1984). Rhodes lists Miami piloohsa, Fox apenooha, Shawnee hapelozha, and Menomini oskE:cian. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-48 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

◗✦ CO ● DL ✙ BT PC✧ SM✙ CH ✙ KL✦ SB. PE ✙ PI ✙ OG ✦ OC ■ ▲ CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✙ FH. MU✙ ▲✦ AM ✙ AR ✙ AO ✺ RR ✙ ▲ GN BH ✙ ❢ LS ✙ WB EA✙ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ✧ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = biinad 26 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = biinaagod 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = (biindin) 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = bekan 14 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = bayekan 4 Huron ✧ = bekad 2 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = bekinaagon 1 ● = ganaadate 1 ■ = ganaadan 1 ❍ WP Erie ◗ = waabishkaa 1 Mich.

Be clean (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows one interesting case of regionalism. The ▲ AM BA BH BI CC CL CT EF EM GL form bekan is found from LL west, in a band bounded on LA LH MI NB PH PP RA RB RL SA the south by the border lakes and the north by Severn. It SL TE WH WI WN extends into Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with numerous ❍ WP exceptions in that area. Two communities have related ❢ LS bekad (MO, PC) which is expected since these ✙ AR CH DL EA GN LL MU OS PE PI communities maintain a distinction between -ad and -an II RO RR SM WB finals. ✦ AM BT KL OG ✧ MO PC Basically, there is a north/south distinction in this data, ✺ AO such that stem b(ay)ek- is found in the north and stem ● CO biin- in the south and east (including Algonquin). Severn ■ OC (BT, KL, OG) has bayekan, as does AM (but no other ◗ BT Algonquin), which is also found at Ft. Severn (Cree). East . FH MA RP SB Cree has piyehkan. CO and OC share forms with base, Consolidations ganaad-. Potawatomi has binnagw´k. ▲ ▲❍❢ (28) ❍ ✙✦✧✺ (21) ❢ ●■ (2) ✙ ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-49 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) ▲ ❍ FH❍ EF RO ❍ MU▲ ❍ ❍ AM RR ▲ GN ❍ AR AO . BH ❍ ❍ LS . WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = aanakwad 26 RL ▲ BA . ❍ = wakwi 23 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Cloud Communities Grouped by Variant

This word is excellent for showing a general north/south ▲ CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM GL LA split between dialects. Southern dialects, including all of MA MI MU NB OC PC PE RA RL RR Saulteaux, the border lakes region, and all communities SA SL SM WH WI WP south of BI and TE have aanakwad, while communities to ❍ AM AO AR BI BT DL FH GN KL LH the north of these have wakwi. All communities north of LL LS MO OG OS PH PI PP RB RO Lake Superior group with the northern group, and the SB TE WN association of Saulteaux with the border lakes and . BA BH RP WB Minnesota is quite clear. Fort Severn (Cree) has wasko, cognate with the northern Ojibwe form, and Bloomfield’s Consolidations Plains Cree lexicon shows waskoow (Rhodes 1989:6, wasko). Aanakwad occurs in northern dialects too, as a ▲ ▲ (26) medial in verbs, e.g., in biidaanakwan, ‘it’s getting ❍ ❍ (23) cloudy.’

Potawatomi has ankot and nibg´wankok. Rhodes 1989:6 gives aalihkwatwi for Miami, kewaanahkwatwi for Fox, poozkwatwi for Shawnee, and a:nahkwat for Menomini. (MA data from McGregor 1987:32). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-50 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ❍ KL▲ SB▲ PE ❍ PI ❍ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA❍ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH❍ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = gawaji 29 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = giikaji 21 ❍ ❍ ❢ = biingeji 4 MI GL WI ❢ ❍ CC❢▲ CL Huron SA❍❢ RA▲

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Feel oneself to be cold (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows rather strong regionalism. In the ▲ AM AO AR BH BI BT CC CO CT EF southeast, the most common form is giikaji, especially KL LH LL LS MO MU OC OG OS PC (though by no means exclusively) prevalent among PH PP RA RB SB SM TE WB WN non-Odawa communities (including BA and GL/MA), ❍ BA CC CH CL DL EA EM GL GN LA which appear to be replacing this form with biingeji. The MA MI NB PE PI RL RO RR SA SL form giikaji also appears in the west, at RL and in a band WH in western Ontario extending as far north as DL, and ❢ CC SA WI WP among scattered Saulteaux communities. Elsewhere, the . FH RP form is gawaji, which means ‘be frozen,’ in many dialects which have giikaji for ‘be cold.’ Broadly speaking, there Consolidations is a north/south alignment, with gawaji in the north and giikaji in the south. ▲ ▲ (29) ❍ ❍ (21) Fort Severn (Swampy Cree) has siikaciw, which appears ❢ ❢ (4) as shiihkachuu (VAI-i stem) in East Cree. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-51 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❍ DL ▲ BT PC❢ SM✙▲ CH ▲❢ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG ▲ OC ▲ ❢▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❢▲ FH. MU▲❢ ▲ AM ❢ AR ❢ AO ❢ RR ▲ ✙▲ GN BH ✙ . LS ✙ WB EA❢ LL SL ▲❢ ▲ WN PP▲ WH❢ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❢ ▲✙ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ✙ ❍ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = biizhaan 28 RL ▲❢ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = bizhaan 4 ✦ ✙▲ ❢ = ambe 15 MI GL ✙ WI ✦ = ondaasaan 10 ✙ CC✦✙ CL ✦ = maajaan 5 Huron SA✦❍ RA▲

✦ WP Mich. Erie

Come here! (VAI imperative) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are interesting regional variants, though one must be ▲ AM BA BH BT CH CT DL EF GL KL careful in their interpretation, owing to the abundance of LH MO MU OC OG OS PE PH PP RA Ojibwe terms available for interpreting the English. Odawa RB RL RO RR SB SL SM WN (MI, WI, CC, SA, WP) has maajaan, which in other ❍ CO NB SA TE dialects means the opposite, ‘leave from here, go away.’ ❢ AO AR CH CT EA EM GN LA MU PC Rhodes (1976b:247) gives some discussion of this form PI RL RO SL WH and its ‘semi-idiomatic’ity. More common among Eastern ✙ BH BI CC CL GL LH LL MA SM WB Ojibwe communities, and extending north sporadically ✦ CC MI SA WI WP along Lake Superior, is ondaasaan, which also shows up . FH LS RP in Saulteaux. Perhaps most intriqueing is the use of particle (?) ambe throughout southwestern Ontario, as far Consolidations east as AO, and extending west to eastern Saskatchewan. Elsewhere, and as a variant in all dialects except Odawa, the ▲ ▲❍ (32) form is biizhaan (or bi-izhaan). ❍ ❢ (15) ❢ ✙ (10) MA data from McGregor 1987:287. ✙ ✦ (5) James Bay Cree shows an interesting form as well: I have aastam oota for Fort Severn, and the East Cree form for ‘Come then!’ is aashtamuu (an imperative form of an AI verb). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-52 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲❍ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲✧ ✦ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❢ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = bizhiki 44 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = bizhikiyooz 1 ▲ ✙ ❢ = ajikosh 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = dik 3 ✙❢▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = mishtoz 3 Huron ✧ = oniijaani 1 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Cow Communities Grouped by Variant

This form has several variants of interest. The ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT northernmost communities, including BT, KL DL EA EF EM FH GN LA LH LL MI (Severn) and AM (Algonquin) appear to have borrowed a MO MU NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI Cree form, having mishtoz, which is identical to the form PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SB SL SM given at Fort Severn (Cree) and Constance Lake; East Cree WB WH WI WP has mistus. The rest of Algonquin (but not BI), extending ❍ OC into the range of Eastern Ojibwe (CL) use a form that ❢ CL LS RP TE WN appears to be built on the basic stem for ‘caribou,’ adik. ✙ CL GL MA Northern forms commonly have a pejorative suffix (and ✦ AM BT KL perhaps pejorative palatalization of the preceding coronal ✧ MU obstruent), producing ajikosh. MU gives as an alternate oniijaani, which is listed in Faries 1938:49 as a standard Consolidations Cree form. ▲ ▲❍ (45) The most common form for ‘cow’ is bizhiki, found ❍ ❢✙ (8) throughout the rest of the data range. OC gives alternate ❢ ✦ (3) bizhikiyooz, with a noun final -ooz, commonly found on ✙ ✧ (1) names of cervine mammals, e.g., mooz, ‘moose.’ Potawatomi has bzh´k´. Miami (D) has länanzwa (and similar form for Peoria). Rhodes 1989:6 lists pisiskîw for Plains Cree, ‘animal’ (see ‘animal’ in this study). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-53 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ✧ DL ▲ BT PC❢ SM▲ CH ✧ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ✧ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲✧ RO ▲ FH. MU✺ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✦ LS ✧ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP✙ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ▲ ✙ LH ▲✙ ✦ RP EM. MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲✙ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = aazhideyaatig 28 RL ▲ BA ✙✧ ❍ ✙ NB = aazhgeyaatig 1 ✙ ✙ ❢ = aazhidaatig 1 MI GL ✙ WI ✦ = jiibayaatig 14 ❍ CC✙ CL ✦ = jiibaatig 3 Huron ✧ = anami’ewaatig 6 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = mandoowaatig 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Cross/Crucifix Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows some interesting regional variation. In a ▲ AO AR BH BI BT CT DL EA EF GN large band from Algonquin extending east along the KL LA LL MO OS PE PH PI RA RL northern shores of the Great Lakes to RB and LH, one RO RR SA SB SL SM WH WP finds either jiibayaatig or jiibaatig, literally ‘ghost/spirit ❍ CL stick/pole.’ In western Saulteaux, one finds ❢ PC anami’ewaatig, "prayer stick/pole.’ Elsewhere, the form ✙ AM BA BI CC GL LH MA MI MO NB is commonly aazhideyaatig, ‘crossed stick/pole.’ PP RB TE WN ✦ LS RP WI East Cree has aashiteyaahtikw; Swampy, ciipay= ✧ BA CH CO EF OC WB aahtik. ✺ MU . EM FH OG

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (30) ❍ ✙✦ (17) ❢ ✧ (6) ✙ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-54 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❍ DL ▲ BT PC❍ SM❍ ✺ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ✺ ▲ PE ❍ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ▲ FH MU❍ ✦ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ■ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ✺ ▲ LS ✺ WB EA✺ LL SL ✺❍ ✦ WN PP✺❍ WH✺ ❍ RB PH ✺ ● ❍ LH ✺ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA●✺ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = minikwaagan 18 RL ●◗ BA ●▲ ❍ ✙ NB = minikwaajigan 12 ● ▲ ❢ = mnikwaajgaans 2 MI GL ✙ WI ●❢ = mnikwaagaans 1 ✧● CC❢ CL ✦ = minikwaanaagan 2 Huron ✧ = mnikwegan 1 SA●■ RA. ✺ = onaaganens 11 ● = onaagaans 9 ■ = onaagan 2 ● WP Erie ◗ = minikwewinaagaans 1 Mich.

Cup (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

A superficial inspection of the map for this word reveals a ▲ AR BA BI BT CT DL FH GL GN KL fair amount of disorder. However, if one interprets the data LS MA OG OS PI RO SB TE as basically grouping into three variant sets, it becomes ❍ BH CO EF LH MU PC PE PP RB RR much more orderly. In the north, and extending down to SL SM GL, one finds minikwaagan. All along Lake Huron, the ❢ CC WI form is onaagaans, extending over to pick up the border ✙ NB lakes communities of EM, LA and RL as well. North of ✦ AM WN Lake Superior and throughout Saulteaux, I find dialect ✧ CL groupings involving either of two variants, ✺ CH EA LA LL MO OC PH PP SL WB minikwaajigan or onaaganens, which appear WH intermixed, though there are local groupings of one or the ● BA CL EM LA MI RL SA WI WP other. Wilson 1874:202 (a dialect near BA) has ■ AO SA minikwaajigan, and aniibiishaaboo-onaagaans. ◗ RL Baraga 1878:64 has onaagaans, as do Nichols and . RA RP Nyholm 1979:133. Consolidations Another parameter of variation is where the combination of an+ens coalesces to aans. This happens in the southern ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (35) dialect areas, in Minnesota and just north on the (western) ❍ ✺●■◗ (23) Ontario border; in Ottawa and Eastern Ojibwe. East Cree has minihkwaakan meaning ‘cup, glass.’ This is also the form used on the west coast of James Bay (Fort Severn). Potawatomi has kw’abgan. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-55 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❢ DL ▲ BT PC❢ SM▲ ✦ KL▲ SB▲ CH ✧ ▲ ❢✙ ❢ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲❢ RO ▲ FH MU✙❢ ▲ ✧ ❍ AM RR ❢▲ GN ▲ AR AO ▲ BH ❍ LS ✙❢ WB EA▲ LL. SL ❍ ❍ WN PP✧▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✧ ▲ ▲ LH ✧ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✧ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = waawaashkeshi 29 RL ▲ BA ✧ ✧ ✧ NB = waawaashkesh 11 ✧▲ ▲ ❍ = waawaashkeshii 6 MI GL ❢ WI ✧ = makajewanoozh 8 ▲ CC▲ CL ✙ = webayoozh 3 Huron ✦ = ogwaashkwebayoozh 1 SA✧ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Deer Communities Grouped by Variant

Two items are of interest here, the length of the final vowel ▲ AR BH BT CC CL DL EA EF EM FH in the form waawaashkeshi(i), which shows long GL GN KL LA LH MI OG OS PE RA variants in Algonquin at least as far west as TE; and the RB RL RO RR SB SM WH WP form makajewanoozh, occurring in Saulteaux from ✧ AO BA BI MI MO NB PH PI PP SA central Manitoba west. Southern Saskatchewan WI communities show webayoozh as well. ❍ AM LS MA SL TE WN ❢ CO CT EF MU OC PC RR WB East Cree has waawaashkeshuu; Plains (BLN), ✙ MU OC WB apisi-moosos and waawaaskesiw. Bloomfield also has ✦ CH two forms which he glossed as ‘jumping deer,’ . LL RP kwaaskwepayihoos and okwaaskwepayihoos. Similar forms occur in my Saulteaux data. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍✧ (46) ❍ ❢ (8) ❢ ✙ (3) ✙ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-56 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✙ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✦ WN PP✙ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ✙ ▲ ✙ LH ✙ ✦ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI ✦✙ ✦ TE . MA ▲ Superior = midaaso-biiwaabikoons 24 RL ✺ BA ❍ ❍ = midaas-waabikoons 3 . NB MI ✦ . GL ❢ = midaaso-biiwaabikosh 1 ✙ WI ✦ = midaaso-ozaawaabikoons 9 ❍ CC✦ CL ✦ = midaaso-z(h)oomaanike(ns) 9 Huron ✧ = mdaaso-zhoowaankenh 1 SA✦ RA. ✺ = midaaso-miskwaabikoons 1

✧ WP Mich. Erie

Dime (coin) Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I find some regional patterning. North and northeast ▲ BH CH CO CT DL EA EF EM GN KL of Lake Huron, extending throughout Algonquin, one MU OC OG OS PC PE PI RO RR SB finds midaaso-zhoomaanike(ns). North of Lake SL SM WB WH Superior, the common form is midaaso-ozaawaa= ❍ AR BA CL bikoons. Elsewhere, the common form is midaaso- ❢ BT biiwaabikoons, with a few isolates. Potawatomi has ✙ AO BI LA LH LL MO PH PP RB ✦ dens´s. AM BI CC MI RP SA TE WI WN ✧ WP ✺ RL . FH GL LS MA NB RA

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (28) ❍ ✙ (9) ❢ ✦✧ (10) ✙ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-57 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ❢ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ❢ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ❍ FH MU❢▲ ▲ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❢ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲❢ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = odayan 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = odayishan 10 ▲ NB . ▲ ❢ = odanimoshiman 6 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

. WP Mich. Erie

His|Her dog Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two points of interest for this form. The ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CT possessed form of ‘dog’ in nearly all dialects is EA EM GL LA LH LL LS MA MO MU suppletive. In several communties in the western range of NB PC PE PH PP RA RB RL RP SA Saulteaux, the traditional suppletive form is being replaced SL SM TE WB WH WI WN by a possessive form based on the independent nominal, ❍ BT DL FH GN KL OG OS PI RO SB animosh (see ‘dog’ above). The reason for this change is ❢ CO EF MU OC RR SL not evident; it could be either a sign of language . MI WP obsolescence or a process of analogy regularizing a marked paradigm. It is interesting that all communities Consolidations having this form are reasonably well regionally defined. ▲ ▲❍ (47) Perhaps a more traditional division between dialects ❍ ❢ (6) involves another process of analogy. This involves the occurrence of the pejorative/diminutive suffix in the suppletive dependent stem, which, recall, was almost universally the case of the Ojibwe independent form (animosh), though not the Cree. The communities showing this form, odayishan, are the entire range of Severn, including the easternmost, FH and SB, as well as a number of communties on a tier just south of Severn (OS,PI,RO,GN). A dependent form with suffix -ish occurs nowhere in the Algonquin range (including my WN data). Constance Lake has odeman identical to Fort Severn Cree. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-58 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU▲ ✦ AM ❍✙ AR ❢ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ✦ LS ▲ WB EA❢❍ LL SL ▲ ✦ WN PP✙ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ✙ LH ❍ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI ✦ ✦ TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = magooday 17 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✦ NB = magood 14 ✧ ✺ ❢ = magoodaas 4 MI GL ✙ WI ✧ = agoodaas 6 ✙✧ CC✧ CL ✦ = okonaas 7 Huron ✧ = mijigoodenh 6 SA✧ RA✙ ✺ = bagowayaan 1

✧ WP Mich. Erie

Dress (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows several regional forms. Odawa and CL ▲ BA BH CH CO CT EF EM MU OC PC have mijigoodenh (and Nichols and Nyholm 1979:139 PE RL RR SL SM WB WH have majigoodenh for a dialect in Minnesota). CL and ❍ AO BT DL EA GN KL LL MO OG OS RA (in the east), and PP, LH and LA (on the west shore of PI RO RP SB Lake Superior) have agoodaas. BA, and then all Saulteaux ❢ AR EA PH RB extending out from RL, WH and EM, have magooday. In ✙ CL GN LA LH PP RA northwestern Ontario, magood predominates, although at ✦ AM BI LS MA NB TE WN EA, AR, RB and PH, one finds an apparent blend, ✧ CC CL MI SA WI WP magoodaas. Algonquin, including BI and TE (and NB) ✺ GL has okonaas. . FH Both East Cree and Swampy have akohp; Bloomfield has Consolidations iskwewasaakay for Plains, with the gloss, ‘woman’s dress, skirt,’ but there are undoubtedly other forms in use ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (41) as well. ❍ ✦ (7) ❢ ✧ (6) ✙ ✺ Potawatomi has biskonye, m´jgode (NI), mj´gode, and (1) nj´gode. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-59 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ✙▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM✙▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ▲ ✙ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲❍ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO ▲ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❢ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲ ❢ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = dewe’igan 38 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = madwehigan 9 ▲ ▲ ❢ = madwewikikaan 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = mitigwakik 3 ▲✦ CC▲ CL ✦ = mdwewechgan 2 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲✦ WP Mich. Erie

Drum (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form by far is dewe’igan, found ▲ AM AO BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA everywhere except Severn and a grouping of communities EF EM FH GL GN LA LL LS MA MI north of Superior. Severn (and RO and OS) has MU OG PC PE PI RA RB RL RO SA madwehigan. The communities on the north shore of SL SM TE WB WH WI WN WP Superior have madwewikikaan, ‘sounding kettle,’ and ❍ BA BT DL KL NB OS RO RR SB the extreme western Saulteaux communities of OC and ❢ AR LH MO PH PP CO (and SM) have mitigwakik, ‘wooden pail.’ The Fort ✙ CO OC SM Severn (Cree) form is similar to that of the communities ✦ CL WP north of Superior, matwe-askihkwaan. . RP Plains Cree (BLN) has mistikwaskihk; East Cree Consolidations tewehiikan. Potawatomi has dewe’g´n. ▲ ▲ (38) ❍ ❍ (9) ❢ ❢ (5) ✙ ✙ (3) ✦ ✦ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-60 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ▲❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = waawan 43 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = waaw 12 ▲ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Egg Communities Grouped by Variant

This form shows a general north/south split. In Severn, as ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT far south as FH, but not OG, and in the east throughout EA EF EM GN LA LH LL MI MO MU Quebec Algonquin and extending south to GL, the NB OC OG PC PE PH PI PP RA RB singular is waaw. Elsewhere it is waawan. It is very RL RO RR SA SL SM TE WB WH WI likely that this is an innovation in the northern dialect, since WN WP there is then a logically simple explanation for the ❍ AM BT DL GL KL LS MA OS PI RP difference— northern speakers simply reanalyzed the form SB waawan as being a plural, and then removed what appeared to be a plural inflection (final -an, inanimate Consolidations plural marker) in order to derive a singular, waaw. Note that the plural of waawan is waawanoon, i.e., the stem is ▲ ▲❍ (55) a ‘w’ final, i.e., somewhat atypical. So it is rather unlikely that southern speakers would have reanalyzed waawan as a singular and then created the plural, waawanoon.

East Cree has waau; Plains (BLN) and Swampy both have waawi. Potawatomi has waw, with a possessive form nwawnom, ‘my egg.’ Rhodes 1989:13 lists several Central Algonquian forms, including Miami waawi, Fox waawi, Shawnee howaawi, and Menomini, wa:wan. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-61 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲❢ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = onaagoshin 41 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ . NB = onaagoshi 8 ▲ ❍ ❢ = onaagwishin 2 MI GL WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Be evening (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

The variation here involves the presence the of a final n. ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT DL All southeastern communities lack final n, including EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL LS MI Nipissing dialect (GL and MA). MO MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RR SB SL SM TE WB WH Swampy Cree (Fort Severn) has otaakoshin, very similar WN to Plains Cree (BLN) otaakosin. East Cree, however, has ❍ CC CL GL MA RA SA WI WP utaakushuu, lacking a final /n/. ❢ AM PI . FH NB RP MA data from McGregor 1987:284. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (51) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-62 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ❢ DL ❍ BT PC❢ SM▲ CH ❢ KL❍ SB❍ PE ❢▲ PI ▲ OG ❍ OC ❢ . CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF . RO ▲ FH. MU. ▲ AM ❢▲ GN ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ BH ▲ . LS ❢▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ✙ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM. MO VARIANTS LA■ BI ▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = mayaa(goj) 27 RL ✙● BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = mayaam 6 ▲ ✺ ❢ = mwechi 7 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = memwech 2 ✦✧ CC▲ CL ✦ = geget 3 Huron ✧ = aapji 2 SA. RA✧✦ ✺ = apiichigoj 1 ● = wendagogo 1 ■ = wenjidoowagwa 1 ✦ WP Mich. Erie

Exactly Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows some regional grouping. Severn (and ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC EA GN LH OS) has mayaam, while most of Saulteaux has mwechi, LL MI MO NB PE PH PI PP RB RO identical with Ft. Severn (Cree) and Plains Cree. RL and RR SM TE WB WH WI WN SL have related memwech (as does Mille Lacs, MN, ❍ BT DL KL OG OS SB (Nichols and Nyholm 1979:62)). Three southeastern ❢ CH CO OC PC PE RR WB communities, RA, CL, and WP have geget, which in many ✙ RL SL dialects means ‘certainly.’ The most common form is ✦ CL RA WP mayaa. ✧ CL RA ✺ GL East Cree has mwehch. ● RL ■ LA . CT EF EM FH LS MA MU RP SA

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (33) ❍ ❢✙ (9) ❢ ✦ (3) ✙ ✧ (2) ✦ ✺ (1) ✧ ● (1) ✺ ■ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-63 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

● CO ■✙ DL ✦ BT PC✙ SM✙ ✙ KL● SB● CH ❢ ✙ ✙ PE ● PI ✧ OG . OC CT OS ✧ (Alb.) EF ✙ RO ✦❍ FH MU✙ ✦ ✦ ✺ AM RR ✙ GN ❢ AR AO ✺ BH . LS ✙ WB EA▲ LL. SL ✙ ✦ WN PP✦ WH▲ ✦ RB PH ✺ ▲ ✦ LH ✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✦ ✦ TE ✺ MA ▲ Superior = nideng 5 RL ▲ BA ✺ ❍ = nidengway 7 ✺ NB . ✺ ❢ = niwadeng 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = niganagiing 11 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = niwiingwaa(n) 11 Huron ✧ = nimiingwaan 2 SA❍ RA❍ ✺ = nishkiizhigookag 7 ● = nijaab 4 ■ = nikwaagan 1 ❍ WP Mich. Erie

My face Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting variation, in that it links ▲ EA EM LA RL WH together a large group of communities north of Lake ❍ CC CL RA RO SA WI WP Superior. A grouping of eastern communities, including ❢ GN PI AM (but not WN), BA, NB, and GL have ✙ CH CO CT EF MU OC PC RR SL SM nishkiizhigookag, elsewhere ‘my eyes.’ Southeastern WB areas have nidengway, a variant of which (lacking ✦ AO AR BI DL LH MO PP RB RO TE augment –ay), nideng, is found in the border lakes area. WN Another variant of this, with augment wa–, is found at GN ✧ FH OS and PI. Saulteaux has its own unique form, niganagiing. ✺ AM BA BH GL MA NB PH Severn has nijaab, except DL, which uses this term for ● BT KL PE SB ‘my eyes.’ A large block of communities extending ■ CO across Ontario and Quebec from WN to DL has . LL LS MI OG RP niwiingwaan or a subvariant, nimiingwaan, which shows a w/m alternation seen in other words, such as that Consolidations for ‘house’ and ‘onion.’ ▲ ▲❍❢ (14) Fort Severn (Swampy Cree) has nitaastamihkwaan, very ❍ ✙ (11) similar to Atikamekw, otaashtamihkw, ‘his face,’ ❢ ✦✧ (13) (Béland 1978:531), the same form being found in East ✙ ✺ (7) Cree. Potawatomi has nshkizgok. ✦ ● (4) ✧ ■ (1) MA data from McGregor 1987:380. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-64 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = dagwaagin 43 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = dagwaagi 8 . NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Be fall (autumn) (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

The variation here involves the presence the of a final n. ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT All southeastern communities lack final n, including GL DL EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL LS and MA. MI MO MU OC OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RP RR SB SL SM TE WB Fort Severn (Swampy Cree) and Plains Cree (BLN) have WH WN the same form as northern Ojibwe, takwaakin. East Cree ❍ CC CL GL MA RA SA WI WP shows palatalization, but has a final /n/, takwaachin. . FH NB OG ´ E Potawatomi has kwak t. Miami has t kwakiki. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (50) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-65 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢▲❍✧ CO ▲ DL ❍✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ ▲ KL❍▲ SB❢❍▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ❢ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❢❍▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ❍▲ AR ❢❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA❍✦ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH❍▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE . MA ▲ Superior = wiinino 39 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = aanjibo 17 ▲ ▲ ❢ = mangijiizi 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = bimidewi 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = minogaamo 1 Huron ✧ = nishigaamo 1 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Be fat (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This is a very interesting form. Among northern ▲ BA BH BT CC CH CL CO CT DL EF communities, the common form is aanjibo. In the EM GL GN KL LA LH MI MU NB OC northeast, this is the only form. Among a number of OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO communities in north-central Ontario (BT, SB, OG, AR, RR SA SB SL SM WB WH WI WP and also RO), mangijiizi was also recorded. Elsewhere, ❍ AM AO AR BI BT DL EA GN KL LL the form is uniformly wiinino, which also occurs in the MO OS RO SB TE WH northern dialect, but often only with reference to animals, ❢ AR BT OG RO SB whereas aanjibo is used for humans (i.e., semantic ✙ DL specialization has occurred). ✦ EA ✧ BT Bloomfield lists three forms for Plains Cree: wiiyiyiw, . FH LS MA RP ‘he is fat (non-human),’ and wiyinoow and miyokamoow, the last two glossed only as ‘he is fat.’ Consolidations East Cree attested forms include taahchipuu and wiyuu. I have taanchipow for Fort Severn, but the /n/ is very ▲ ▲ (39) likely a copying error for /h/. Rhodes 1989:4 gives ❍ ❍ (17) weelinwiaani for Miami, anakwiiwa for Fox, holakwi ❢ ❢ (5) for Shawnee and ona:kow for Menomini. ✙ ✙ (1) ✦ ✦ (1) ✧ ✧ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-66 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲✙ CO ✙ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✙ SB. PE ▲ PI ❢▲ OG ✙ OC ❢ ▲ CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲✦ RO ❢ FH. MU▲✦ ✙ AM ❢✦ AR ▲ AO ✙❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✙ LS ✦▲❢ WB EA❢ LL SL ▲ ❍✙WN PP▲ WH❢✦ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❢▲ ▲ LH ✙ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ✙ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = nibaabaa(m) 25 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✙ NB = nibapaa(m) 4 ❢▲ ✙ ❢ = nidede(m) 16 MI GL ✙ WI ✦❍▲ = nidaadaa(m) 16 ✧✦❢ ✦ CC❍❢ CL = noos 8 Huron ❍ ✧ = nidipaam 1 SA❢ RA❢

✦▲ WP Mich. Erie

My father Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several subgroupings in my data, though they are ▲ AR BA BH BT CH CT EF EM LH LL not always tight. A general northern form, nidaadaa(m), MI MU PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RR is found throughout Algonquin, extending south to GL SL SM WB WI WP and at AO and in Severn. A form nidede(m) is found ❍ CC CL WI WN throughout the southeast, and then turns up very strongly ❢ AO CC CL EA EM GN LA MI OC OS in western Ontario. Though I did not collect this form at PI RA RO SA WB WH RL (Minnesota), Nichols and Nyholm (1979:145) have ✙ AM AO BI BT CO DL GL KL LS MA nidede (along with nibaabaa) for Mille Lacs, Minnesota, MO NB OG RP TE so perhaps this is a general southern form. Elsewhere, the ✦ CL EF GN MU WB WH WI WP common form is nibaabaa. This form occurs exclusively ✧ CL north of Lake Superior, and in Saulteaux it is also very . FH SB strong. An obsolescing form, noos, is well represented in Odawa (WI and WP, and CL which often patterns with Consolidations WI and WP), and in Saulteaux (GN,WH (southwestern Ontario); EF, MU, and WB). ▲ ❢✙ (32) ❍ ▲❍ (29) Fort Severn Cree has noohtaawi, East Cree, uhtaawiih, ❢ ✦ (8) ✙ ✧ ‘his father.’ Potawatomi has ndedey´k and nos. Rhodes (1) 1989:13 has Miami noohsa, Fox noosa, Shawnee nohza, and Menomini no:hnE?. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-67 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✺ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✦ ✧ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✧ WN PP✦ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✦ ▲ ▲ LH ✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✦ ✧ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nishkanzhiig 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✦ NB = niwashkazhiin 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = nikanzhiin 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = nikanzhiw (lacking plural data) 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = nigashkwayag 6 Huron ✧ = nigashkwaag 3 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = nikashkweg 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

My (finger)nails Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two families of variants, one with a stem ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CO CT DL EA EF gashkw-, e.g., nigashkwaag, found in core Algonquin, EM GL GN KL LA LH MA MI MU OC but extending west to all communities on northwestern L. OS PC PE PI RA RB RL RO RR SA Superior and to LL. Elsewhere the form has the string SB SL SM WB WH WI WP -ka(n)zh, most commonly nishkanzhiig. ❍ BT ❢ AR East Cree has ushkashii, ‘his nail, claw’ (NDA), also ✙ AO mishkashii, ‘peak (of a cap), nail (of finger or toe).’ I ✦ BI LL MO NB PH PP recorded nishkashiy for Fort Severn (Swampy Cree). ✧ LS TE WN ✺ nixka?Ushi. AM . OG RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙ (40) ❍ ✦✧✺ (10) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-68 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP❍ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = misan 41 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = misanan 7 ❍ ▲ ❢ = mishiin 2 MI GL WI ▲ ❍ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Firewood (plural) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form by far is misan. Misanan occurs ▲ AM AR BA BH BT CC CH CO CT DL in several communities focussed northeast of Lake EA EF EM FH GL GN KL LA LH MU Superior, but including CL and MI. This form represents NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI RA RB an apparent reanalysis of the original plural form, misan, RL RO RR SA SB SL SM WB WH WI as a singular, to which the productive inanimate plural WP suffix, -an, has been added. TE and WN have mishiin, ❍ AO BI CL LL MI MO PP evidently an analogical formation based on the singular. ❢ TE WN . LS MA RPN The only plural Cree form I have is from Fort Severn, Ontario (Swampy Cree): mihta, from singular mihti. Consolidations Peoria has plural, mis:U, singular mis:i. ▲ ▲❍❢ (50) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-69 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✦ DL ✦ BT PC❍ SM❍ ✦ KL✦ SB✦ CH ✦ ❢ ✦ ❍ PE ❍ PI ❢ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ✙ FH MU✦ ❢ AM ✙ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ❢ ❢ LS ❍ WB EA❍ LL SL ❍ ❢ WN PP▲ WH❍ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = giigoonh 16 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = giigoo 13 ▲ ❢ ❢ = giigoo(n)z 12 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = giigoowi 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = ginoozhe 9 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Fish (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two principal variants. As with several other ▲ AR BA CC CL EM LA LH MI NB PP forms in my data, there is a significant variation in the RA RB RL SA WI WP diminutive/pejorative suffixes that occur with the basic ❍ BH CT EA EF MO PC PE PH RR SL stem. Most southern communities have stem giigoo- to SM WB WH which may be attached a suffix, either -nh or –(n)s/z. -nh ❢ AM AO BI FH GL LL LS MA OG OS is most common in the southeast, so that bare stems occur TE WN only at PH and MO east of EA. EA and WH, along with ✙ GN RO all Saulteaux use giigoo-. It may be that some of these ✦ BT CH CO DL KL MU OC PI SB communities originally had –nh, which they have lost. I do . RP not know how ancient the –nh diminutive is, but certainly it predates the split of Saulteaux from the more easterly Consolidations dialects. A minor variant occurs at GN and RO, both having a suffix (?) -wi. ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (43) ❍ ✦ (9) A sub-variant of giigoo– has a suffix –(n)s/z. It occurs throughout Algonquin, including marginal MA and GL, and extends in a band north of Lakes Huron and Superior lingual reserve situations where Cree is as far as OS, taking in the marginal southeast Severn prominent. Certainly we should not try to communities of OG and FH as well. link Severn and these western commun- ities on the basis of this word. The other major variant is ginoozhe, found south to PI, which shows up among the four westernmost Saulteaux Plains Cree: names, kinosew; East Cree, communities as well. This word is in common usage in the names. Potwatomi, gigos. Rhodes 1989:6 south, with the meaning ‘pike, jackfish,’ which it also has lists namês for Plains Cree, kiihkonehsa in Cree (Ellis 1983 and my Fort Severn data). Faries 1938 for Miami, nameesa for Fox, namehza gives kinoosao as general Cree word for ‘fish,’ but agrees for Shawnee, and namE:?s for with my Fort Severn data in showing the Swampy Cree as Menomini. using the form names (as does Constance Lake). It could easily be that the Severn word for ‘fish’ is traditional, not borrowed, but its status in western Saulteaux is much more suspect, since all of the communities in the extreme western range live in multi- Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-70 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU ❢ AM . ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲✧ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ✺✙ WB EA▲ LL SL ✧ ❢ WN PP▲ WH✙ ▲ RB PH ▲ ✙ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI ■▲ ❢ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = gwaashkwebijige 28 RL ✙ BA ✙ ❍ ✙● NB = gwaashkwebine 1 ● ✙ ❢ = gwaashkwenaabii 4 MI GL ✙ WI ✦ = wewebanaabii 11 ✙ CC✦ CL ✦ = gondamoojige 4 Huron ✧ = noojigiigoowe 2 SA✦ RA●✙ ✺ = noojiginoozhewe 1 ● = giigoonyke 3 ■ = daagigoke 1 ✦ WP Mich. Erie

Fish with a line (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has several local variants of some interest. ▲ AO AR BH BI BT CH CO CT EA EF Algonquin has gwaashkwenaabii. A band of extreme GN KL LH LL MO NB OC OG OS PC southeastern communities (MA, GL, RA, CL) has PE PH PI PP RB RO RR SB SM wewebanaabii, which also shows up in a very tight ❍ DL grouping of border lakes communities. Elsewhere, the ❢ AM LS TE WN form is gwaashkwebijige, except for a few localisms, MI, ✙ BA CL EM GL LA MA RA RL WB WH NB, RA, giigoonhke, which is probably quite general; ✦ CC SA WI WP RR, SL, noojigiigoowe, and, related, at WB, ✧ RR SL noojiginoozhewe. Fort Severn (Cree) has ✺ WB kwaashkwekicikaakew. ● MI NB RA ■ BI There is room for a lot of variation in Algonquian . FH MU RP languages, in a word of this sort, e.g., one can talk about fishing in a sense of gathering fish, or focus on the Consolidations method, etc. Bloomfield gives nootamesew for ‘he is fishing.’ This same form is that given in the East Cree ▲ ▲❍❢ (33) lexicon (nuutameseu), and no other forms are listed. This ❍ ✙ (10) word has rather transparent morphology, noot, ‘seek,’ ❢ ✦ (4) -ame, ‘fish,’ -e, AI verbal final. So this word means ✙ ● (3) (literally), ‘he goes after fish.’ ✦ ✧ (2) ✧ ✺ (1) Potawatomi has gwd´mojget. ✺ ■ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-71 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲❍ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❍ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = waabigwan 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = waabigwanii 10 ❢ ▲ ❢ = waawaaskone 7 MI GL WI ❢ ❢ CC❢ CL Huron SA❢ RA❢

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Flower Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two main variants, waawaaskone, in the ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT EA southeast, embracing all communities south of BA and GL, EF EM FH GL GN KL LA LH LL MA and wabigwan(ii), found elsewhere. Waabigwanii is MO NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP found in the northern Algonquin communities and TE, and RB RL RO RR SB SL SM WH also in two Severn communities, DL and KL. It also turned ❍ AM DL LS MU OC RP TE WB WN up at three western Saulteaux locations, OC, MU, and WB, ❢ CC CL MI RA SA WI WP all having Cree populations in cohabitation. Constance Lake has waabigolii. Fort Severn (Cree) has Consolidations waapikwan, lacking a final vowel, though Faries 1938 gives the form wapikwune as a general Cree form. Plains ▲ ▲❍ (47) Cree (BLN) has waapakoniiw; East Cree, waapikun. ❍ ❢ (7) Potawatomi has wasgonedo. Rhodes 1989:4 gives peehkateeki for Miami, pees&koneewiiha for Fox, pahpehkiiwe for Shawnee and wa:?sa:hko= nawE:to:hsEh for Menomini. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-72 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM. ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = niskatig 39 RL ✙ BA ❍ ❍ = nigatig 8 ❍ NB . ▲ ❢ = nidaabiskatig 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = nikaatigwaan 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = niganagaab 1 Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

My forehead Communities Grouped by Variant

The southeatern communities (including all Odawa and ▲ AM AR BH BI CH CO CT EA EF EM Eastern except marginal GL/MA) have nigatig; elsewhere FH GL GN KL LA LH LL LS MA MO the form is almost univerally niskatig. MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RO RP RR SB SL TE WB WH WN East Cree has the form, uskahtik, glossed, ‘his forehead, ❍ BA CC CL NB RA SA WI WP front webbing on a snowshoe.’ Fort Severn has the same ❢ AO DL form, niskahtik. ✙ RL ✦ BT . MI SM

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (49) ❍ ✙ (1) ❢ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-73 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

● CO ● DL ✙ BT PC◗ SM▲ ▲ KL●✙ SB■ CH ✺✦ ✙ ● ▲ PE ▲ PI ✦ OG OC CT OS ■ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✧ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ✦ AR ▲ AO ■ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ● WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = badaka’igan 30 RL ▲ BA ✱ ❍ = badakjiigan 5 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL ❢ = badakahaazhebon 2 ✱ = bike’igan 1 ✙ WI ❍ = jiishtahebon 3 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = jiita’ibon 3 Huron ✧ = jiista’ibon 1 SA❍ RA▲ ✺ = jiishtebon 1 ● = jiistahigan 5 ■ = jiita’igan 3 ❍ WP Erie ◗ = bajiishka’igan 1 Mich.

Fork (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I find regionally focussed variation. In the southeast, ▲ AR BH BI CH CT EA EF EM GL LA the common form is badakjiigan, which occurs with core LH LL MA MI MO MU NB PE PH PP Odawa and CL. North of this, and extending all the way to RA RB RL RP RR SL SM TE WH WN eastern Saskatchewan, one finds the related variant, ❍ CC CL SA WI WP badaka’igan. AM and LS at the northern edge of ❢ AM LS Algonquin have yet another variant, badakahaazhebon. ✙ DL KL OG In northern Ontario a number of variants based on a ✦ GN OS PI different root occur, in two sets showing parallel ✧ RO relationship. The extreme northern communities of BT and ✺ PI KL have jiistahigan. AO, FH and SB, southeast of these ● BT CO KL OC WB communities, have the same form, but with the sibilant ■ AO FH SB weakened to h, jiitahigan. RO has jiista’ibon, while PI, ◗ PC GN and OS show the same form with the sibilant ✱ BA weakened to h, jiita’ibon. DL, KL and OG have an apparently related form, jiishtahebon. Consolidations

Bloomfield has ciiscahikanis and ciistasepaakan for ▲ ▲❍❢ (37) Plains Cree. Fort Severn (Swampy), ciistahikan; East ❍ ✙✦✧✺●■ (16) Cree, chiishtahamaapuun and chikahamaapuun. ❢ ◗ (1) ✙ ✱ Potawatomi has bdakjig´n. (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-74 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = niiwin 48 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = newin 3 ▲ ❢ ❢ = new 2 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Four Communities Grouped by Variant

There is only minor variation in this form. Nearly ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CL everywhere the form is niiwin, with -in augment found in CO CT DL EA EF EM FH GN KL LA northern forms for ‘two’ and ‘three.’ LS and RP have LH LL MI MO MU OC OG OS PC PE newin, while GL and MA lack the augment, -in, but have PH PI PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SB new, in agreement with LS and RP, and also Atikamekw SL SM TE WB WH WI WN WP (Béland 1978:505). East Cree and Swampy also have new. ❍ LS NB RP Bloomfield has an II verb, newin, ‘it is four.’ Potawatomi ❢ GL MA has njew, nyew. Miami (D) has niwi. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (52) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-75 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ❍▲ DL . BT PC▲ SM✦▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB. PE ✦ PI ✦ OG ✺ OC ❍ ❍ CT OS . (Alb.) ▲ ✦ FH▲ EF RO ▲ MU❍▲ ▲ AM RR ❍ GN ✦ AR . AO . BH ▲ . LS ❍ WB EA✦ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH✦ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✧ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = wemitigoozhi(i) 30 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = memitigoozhi 8 ▲ ▲ ❢ = (mitigoozhi) 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = (chigoozhii) 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = baakwaayish 8 Huron ✧ = amagakiinini 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = wiisaakodewinini 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Frenchman Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is some variant of wemitigoozhi. ▲ AM AO BI CC CH CL CO EF EM FH There is a common pattern among variants involving GL KL LH LL MI MO MU NB PC PH alternation of initial /w/ and /m/. This form is probably PP RA RB RL SA SM TE WI WP derived from a nominalized verb of possession, built on a ❍ BA CO CT MU OC RR SL WB form inflected for a third person possessor, involving ❢ MA initial change, meaning literally, ‘he has a wooden (as ✙ RP opposed to bark?) boat,’ omitigoozhi. Under initial ✦ BT EA GN PE PI RO SM WH change, o becomes we. This allows an easy explanation for ✧ LA the form with w, but what of that with m? Perhaps there ✺ OG has been some analogical change the form with the . AR BH DL LS OG OS SB WN generalized possessor prefix, m-. Forms with m show an interesting distribution, occurring at BA (near Sault Saint Consolidations Marie) and all western Saulteaux except CH. Many forms involve palatalization of the t of wemitigoozhi to ch, ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (39) perhaps a form of playful pejoration for humorous effect. ❍ ✦ (8) Several communties in central Manitoba lack initial w-, ❢ ✧ (1) perhaps simply a general phonological phenomenon. ✙ ✺ (1) Another form showing regional clustering is baakwaayish, which occurs in along the Ontario/ Manitoba border. East Cree has pishtikwaayaau, very similar to Swampy Cree, opistikweyaaw; Plains Cree (BLN), wemistikoo= siw, glossed ‘Frenchman, French Canadian, white man.’ Miami (D) has mätikosia. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-76 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC✧ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✙ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ✙ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) ▲ ✙ FH. EF RO ❢ MU▲ ▲ ❢ AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR AO . BH ❢ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP❢ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ❢ LH ❢ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✺ BI ▲● ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = naano-giizhig- 25 RL ▲ BA . ❍ = niyaano-giizhig- 1 ❢ NB MI ❢ . GL ❢ = jiibayaatigo-giizhig- 14 ✙ WI ❢ = bakwezhigani-giizhig- 5 ▲ CC✦▲ CL ✦ = fraidewan 2 Huron ✧ = aashtaatigo-giizhigad 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = ishkwaaj anokii-giizhig- 1 ● = maadahookiwe-giizhig- 1 ▲✦ WP Mich. Erie

Be Friday (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows some interesting regional variation. In ▲ AR BI CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM the east, extending from Algonquin, embracing the GN MU OC OG OS PE RA RL RR SA communities on the north shore of Lake Huron and SL SM WB WH WP continuing west to RB and LH, the form is jiibayaatigo- ❍ SB giizhig-, ‘cross day.’ This of course suggests an area of ❢ AM AO LH LL MI MO NB PH PP RB Roman Catholic influence. In Severn, extending south to RP TE WI WN RO, one commonly finds bakwezhigani-giizhig, ‘flour ✙ BT DL KL PI RO day.’ WP and CC have fraidewan, adapted from the ✦ CC WP English. Elsewhere, the common form is naanogiizhig, ✧ PC ‘day five (of the week).’ Biscotasing has ✺ LA maadahookiwe-giizhig, the initial element also appears ● BI in an entry in McGregor’s 1987:163 lexicon, . BA BH FH GL LS MA maadahookiiwin, which is glossed as, ‘apportionment, division into shares or portions, especially of land.’ Consolidations

East Cree has pahkweshikan-chiishikaau; Fort Severn, ▲ ▲❍ (26) ciipayaahtiko-kiishikaaw; Plains (BLN), ❍ ❢ (14) maatinwe-kiisikaasin. ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (2) ✦ ✧ (1) ✧ ✺ (1) ✺ ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-77 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ▲ DL ✺ BT PC▲ SM✧ CH ▲ KL▲✺ SB. PE ✧✺▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ▲● ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) ▲ ▲✦ FH. EF RO ■ MU▲● ▲ ▲ AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR AO . BH ▲✦ ▲ LS ▲✱ WB EA✦▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP✙ WH❤ ◗■RB PH ✙ ✧ ✙▲ LH ✙ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI . ▲ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = ni(wi)ijiiwaagan 24 RL ❢ BA ✙ ❍ = nimino-wiijii’waa 1 . NB MI ✙ . GL ❢ = niwiiji’aagan 1 ✱ = niijizhiwebish 1 ✙ ❤ WI ✙ = ni(wi)ijikiwenh(zii) 11 = nijiwaam 1 ✦ CC✙ CL ✦ = niijii 5 Huron ✧ = nidinawemaagan 3 SA✙ RA✦ ✺ = nidoodem 4 ● = niijibages 2 ■ = niwiidigemaagan 2 ✙ WP Erie ◗ = nagadenimaagan 1 Mich.

My friend Communities Grouped by Variant

There is some regionalism to the responses. Severn, and ▲ AO AR CH CO CT EA EF GN KL LA PE, have nidoodem, traditionally a term designating clan LH LL LS MU OC PC PE PI RO RR affiliation (compare the term borrowed into English, SL TE WB WN ‘totem’); around the Great Lakes, the common form is ❍ OS niwiijikiwenzii. In Saulteaux, and many portions of ❢ RL western Ontario, the most common form is ✙ BA CC LH MA MI MO PH PP SA WI niwiijiiwaagan. WP ✦ CL EA LL RA RO Swampy Cree has nitootem, as does East Cree. ✧ EM PE SM Potawatomi has nikan, nnikan. ✺ BT DL KL PE ● MU OC ■ AM RB ◗ RB ✱ WB ❤ WH . BH BI FH GL NB OG RP SB

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (26) ❍ ✙ (11) ❢ ✦ (5) ✙ ✺ (4) ✦ ✧ (3) ✧ ● (2) ✺ ■ (2) ● ◗ (1) ■ ✱ (1) ◗ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-78 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✺ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ✺ KL✦ SB✦ CH ✧ ✦ ✺ ● PE ✙ PI ✧ OG OC CT OS ✧ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✙ FH MU▲✺ ❍ AM ✙ AR ✙ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✙ ❍ LS ✺ WB EA✙ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP✙ WH✙ ✙ RB PH ✙ ✙ ✙✦ LH ✙ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI ✙✦ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = zaaskokwaan 14 RL ✙ BA ❢ ❍ ❍ NB = zaasekwaan 9 ▲ ❍ ❢ = zaaskokwaajigan 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = abwewin -ag/-an 17 ❍▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = baanakik 7 Huron ✧ = baanaabik 3 SA▲ RA❍ ✺ = zaasaabikizigan 5 ● = zaasaabikokwaan 1 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Frying pan Communities Grouped by Variant

This is a very good item for showing regional variation. ▲ BH CC CL EF MI MU PC RR SA SL Along the edge of Lake Huron, and curiously, throughout SM WI WP Manitoba, the common form is zaaskokwaan. Algonquin ❍ AM CL GL LS MA NB RA TE WN and Eastern Ojibwe share a related form, zaasekwaan. ❢ BA Beginning at BI and extending in a wide band north of ✙ AO AR BI EA EM GN LA LH LL MO Lake Superior, the form is abwewin, which shows some PE PH PP RB RL RO WH variation regarding animacy. Just north of this, there is a ✦ BI BT DL KL LH OG SB narrow band of three communities having baanaabik, ✧ FH OS PI while north of these there is an apparently related form, ✺ CH CO MU OC WB baanakik, which also occurs at LH and BI. Saskatchewan ● CT also shows unique forms, most commonly zaasaabik= . RP izigan, with the lone exception being zaasaabikokwaan at CT. Consolidations East Cree has paanischihkw, and Swampy, paanaskihk, ▲ ▲❍❢ (23) similar to the Severn form. Plains (BLN) has ❍ ✙ (17) ❢ ✦✧ saasaapiskisikan. Potawatomi has saskowesg´n. (9) ✙ ✺● (6) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-79 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC. SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ✦▲ OG . OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = andaw-, anda- 35 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ✙ NB = o- 4 ✧ ✦ ❢ = ondazhi- 1 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = wii- 4 ✙ CC✙ CL ✦ = awi- 2 Huron ✧ = anwii- 1 SA❍ RA✙ ✺ = dawi- 1

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Go over to... (preverb) Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I was trying to collect the translocative, indicating ‘a ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CH CO CT DL transfer from the point of reference to another location’ EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL MO MU (Nichols 1980:140). It is a difficult concept to OC OS PE PH PI PP RB RO RR SB communicate, so the data here is probably not reliable. SL SM WB WH WN There is a small grouping of southern communities ❍ RL SA WI WP showing o-, CC, RA, CL and RL (this form also occurs at ❢ TE Mille Lacs, Minnesota (Nichols 1980)). ✙ CC CL NB RA ✦ GL PI ✧ MI ✺ BT . FH LS MA OG PC RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (35) ❍ ❍❢ (5) ❢ ✙ (4) ✙ ✦ (2) ✦ ✧ (1) ✧ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-80 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢ DL ❢ BT PC✙ SM✙ CH ✙ KL❢ SB. PE ❢ PI ❢ OG ✦ OC ❢ ✙ CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ✙▲ RO ❢ FH. MU✙ ✧ AM ❢ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ✙ ❢ GN BH ▲ . LS ✙ WB EA❢▲ LL SL ✙ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH . RP EM MO . VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE . MA ▲ Superior = nookomis 20 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = nigookomis(im) 7 ❍ ▲ ❢ = nookom 11 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = nooko 9 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = nigookom 2 Huron ✧ = nigichi-gookom 1 SA❍ RA▲

▲❍ WP Mich. Erie

My grandmother Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is nookomis, found extensively ▲ AO AR BA CC CL EA EF EM GL LA in the central areas and in the southeast. Severn, extending LH LL PH PP RA RB RL WH WI WP southwest to BH and PE (Saulteaux) has nookom, lacking ❍ BI MI NB SA TE WN WP the diminutive-of-kin (?) suffix. CO and OC also have this ❢ BH BT CO DL EA GN KL OC PE PI form. The rest of Saulteaux has nooko, which lacks the RO –im suffix of close personal possession. This form also ✙ CH CT EF MU PC RR SL SM WB appears in my texts from Red Lake, Minnesota, but as a ✦ OG OS vocative. Thus, there may be some problem in kin ✧ AM vocabulary, in terms of distinguishing vocatives from . FH LS MA MO RP SB referential terms, though it would be surprising that Saulteaux speakers would so consistently give a vocative! Consolidations In Algonquin, and extending into Odawa (MI, SA and WP), and the west (OS and OG), there has been an ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (50) apparent restructuring of this word, so that the second person form gookom has become the stem.

There are thus several parameters by which to map this form: the presence of a diminutive suffix; the presence of a close-personal possession suffix; and the apparent restructuring of a second person possessive to a dependent stem. Note that there is a relationship between the first two of these parameters, in that all forms with the diminutive have the possessive ending. Swampy Cree, noohkom; East Cree uhkumimaau, ‘a grandmother,’ and uhkum, ‘his grandmother.’ Potawatomi has ngokm´s, nokwm´s. Peoria has noxko?oma. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-81 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ . TE . MA ▲ Superior = mashkosi 32 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = miizhashk 10 ✙ NB MI ❢ . GL ❢ = miishkoons 7 ✙ WI ❍✦❢ = miishkiin 1 ❍❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = zhaa’ashkwash 1 Huron SA❢ RA.

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Grass/Hay Communities Grouped by Variant

There are difficulties in collecting this word, since semantic ▲ AO AR BA BH BT CH CO CT EA EF specialization may have occurred, and there may be many EM GN LA LH LL MO MU OC OS PC different vocabulary items, making it easy to miss items in PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RR SL SM short term survey work. Three principal variants were WB WH recorded, showing some measure of regional distribution. ❍ AM BI CL DL FH KL OG SB WI WN Miizhashk was found thoughout the Severn dialect ❢ AO CC CL MI SA WI WP (excluding BT) and Algonquin (data only from AM and ✙ NB WN), and at CL and WI (though this form at WI is ✦ WI attested only through Rhodes). The form miishkoons . GL LS MA RA RP TE occurs extensively in the southeast, at MI, WI, CC, SA, WP and CL, s.s., with a very heavy representation in Consolidations Odawa, spreading slightly into Eastern Ojibwe (CL). Elsewhere, mashkosi found, including Fort Severn (Cree), ▲ ▲ (32) which had mashkoshiy. Critical data from Eastern Ojibwe ❍ ❍❢✙ (18) and GL/MA is lacking, owing in part to language ❢ ✦ (1) obsolescence. I recorded mashkoshiy for Swampy Cree. Plains Cree (BLN), maskosiy; East Cree, mashkushuu. Potawatomi has mishgos, mishkos, mizhshko. Rhodes 1989:4 gives kipahkwaki for Miami, Fox mas&is&ki, and ase:kan for Menomini. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-82 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ❍ DL ▲ BT PC❍ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✧ CH ▲ ✦ ❍ ❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✦ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP❍ WH❍ ❍ RB PH ▲ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = niinizisan 21 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = niwiinizisan 16 ❢ ❢ ❢ = nimiinizisan 10 MI GL ✙ WI ❢❍ = niwiinawaanizisan 1 ❢ CC▲ CL ✦ = nibiiway 4 Huron ✧ = niwaanikway 1 SA❍ RA❢

❍ WP Mich. Erie

My hair Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows some interesting regional variation, ▲ BH CC CH DL EA EF EM GN LA MU showing a common alternation between w and n across NB OS PE PH PI RL RO RR SL SM dialects. At the lexical level, Severn has nibiiway (which WB means ‘my fur,’ (i.e., the hair of an animal) in many other ❍ AO AR BA CO CT FH LH MO OC PC dialects). Along Lakes Huron and Superior, fanning out PP RB SA WH WI WP north of Superior, one finds niwiinizisan, which also ❢ BI CL GL LS MA MI RA TE WI WN turns up in several Saulteaux communities. Algonquin, ✙ AM along with Eastern Ojibwe and northern Odawa, has ✦ BT KL LL OG nimiinizisan. Elsewhere, the common form is ✧ SB niinizisan, perhaps more closely related to the form with . RP w than that with m. See also ‘house’ for w/m alternation. Consolidations Swampy Cree has nipiiway (as in Severn); the East Cree lexicon includes ushtikwaaniyaapii, ushtikwaani= ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (48) piiwiih, both glossed, ‘his hair,’ the former formed by ❍ ✦ (4) addition of the concrete noun final -aapii, ‘stringlike’ to ❢ ✧ (1) the word meaning, ‘his head.’ The latter term appears to be a compound with piiway as second element. Potawatomi has nwinz´s. Rhodes 1989:9 has Miami niwiilhsa, Fox wiinesi, Shawnee wihzaya and Menomini ne:neE?. Rhodes 1989:10 lists Miami with piiwia for ‘feather’ (see ‘feather’ in this study). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-83 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❍ DL ▲ BT PC❍ SM❍ CH ❍ KL▲ SB▲ PE ❍ PI ✦▲ OG ▲ OC ❍ ❍ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ▲ FH. MU❍ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ . LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE . MA ▲ Superior = aabita-waabik 34 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = niizh-zhooniyaans 12 ▲ NB MI ▲ . GL ❢ = niizho-zhooniyaanhsh 1 ✙ WI ▲ = niizhin traansoo 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = naanimidana biiwaabikoons 1 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Half dollar (coin) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word is interesting in that Saulteaux is very distinctly ▲ AM AO AR BA BI BT CC CL DL EA set off from the other dialects. In Saulteaux, the form is EM GN KL LA LH LL MI MO NB OG niizh-zhooniyaans, literally, ‘two little pieces of money.’ OS PH PI PP RA RB RL RO SA SB TE has the interesting form niizhin transoo, which ends WH WI WN WP with a borrowing from French trente sou, ‘thirty sou.’ ❍ BH CH CO CT EF MU OC PC PE RR The form thus means (literally), ‘two thirty sou (pieces).’ SL SM Elsewhere, the common form is aabita-waabik, literally, ❢ WB ‘half a dollar.’ Fort Severn (Cree) has aabitawahtay, ✙ TE literally, ‘half a fur’ (‘fur’ and ‘dollar’ are both ahtay), ✦ PI perhaps in reference to fur trade pricing practices. See also . FH GL LS MA RP ‘quarter.’ Consolidations For Swampy Cree (Fort Severn), I recorded aapihtawahtay, literally, ‘half a pelt.’ East Cree has a ▲ ▲ (34) semantically similar form, puuskuhtii, in which the initial ❍ ❍❢✙ (14) component puusk appears to mean something like ❢ ✦ (1) ‘divided, split,’ so the term literally means ‘a split pelt.’ East Cree also has puuskwaapisch. Potawatomi has nizhyesb´n, which possibly means, ‘two-raccoon.’ Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-84 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲❍ DL ✺ BT PC✙ SM▲ ▲ KL❍✙ SB❍ CH ✙ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ✙ RO ▲ FH MU✙❍▲ ❍ AM ▲✙ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲✙ ▲ GN BH ❍ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ❢ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ❍ ✙✱TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = bakite’iganens 20 RL ❢ BA ◗ ❍ = bakite’igan 15 ❍ NB MI ❢ ✦ GL ❢ = bakite’igaans 7 ✱ = baganahigahigan 1 ✙ WI ✧❢ = bagamaagan 11 ❍● CC❢ CL ✦ = maanitoo 2 Huron ✧ = bgamshtigwaan 1 SA❢ RA❍ ✺ = jaamahigan 1 ● = niiwinagan 1 ■ = wepjigan 1 ■ WP Erie ◗ = zaga’iganaak 1 Mich.

Hammer (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several variants for this word, showing some ▲ AR BH CH CO CT EA GN LH MU OC patterning. The most common form is bakite’iganens, OS PE PP RB RO RR SL SM WB WH found from PP west across southwestern Ontario and ❍ AM AO BI CL CO FH KL LL MO MU throughout the range of Saulteaux. A variant lacking the NB OG PH RA SB diminutive suffix is prevalent in eastern Ontario, showing ❢ CC EM LA MI RL SA WI up in the southeast at RA, and CL, then at NB and BI, and ✙ BT EF GN KL LS MU PC PI RR TE north to KL. A form showing fusion of stem final -an with WN the diminutive suffix -ens to -aans, bakite’igaans, shows ✦ GL MA up expectably in the southeast (in Odawa) and along the ✧ WI border lakes. ✺ DL ● CL Another variant, bagamaagan, is widely distributed, ■ WP showing little apparent patterning, fairly strong in ◗ BA Algonquin (LS, WN and TE), at BT, GN, PI and four ✱ TE Saulteaux communities, PC, EF, RR and MU). DL has . RP jaamahigan, the same as Fort Severn (Cree). GL and MA have apparently borrowed French marteau, with Consolidations adjustment to Ojibwe phonology. ▲ ▲❍❢ (42) East Cree has utaamahiikan, glossed ‘hammer, ❍ ✙ (11) pounder.’ Bloomfield’s Plains Cree shows the same form ❢ ✦ (2) ✙ ✧ (otaamahikan). Potawatomi has gejg´s. (1) ✦ ✺ (1) ✧ ● (1) ✺ ■ (1) ● ◗ (1) ■ ✱ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-85 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nininj 50 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = nininjii 5 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

My hand Communities Grouped by Variant

The only variation shown here is that five Algonquin ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CL CO communities (AM, LS, WN, RP, TE) have a long ii final, CT DL EA EF EM FH GL GN KL LA nini(n)jii. There is also the general phonetic LH LL MA MI MO MU NB OC OG OS phenomenon of reduction of nasal clusters in some PC PE PH PI PI PP RA RB RL RO Algonquin and Severn areas, but these were not charted RO RR SA SB SL SM WB WH WI WP here. ❍ AM LS RP TE WN Rhodes 1989:6 lists Miami ninehki, Fox nenehki, Consolidations Shawnee nileca and Menomini nenE:h. ▲ ▲❍ (55) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-86 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢❍ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM❍ CH ❍ KL❢ SB❍ PE ❍ PI ❍ OG . OC ❍ ❍ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU❍ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ❍ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲❍ ▲❍WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = zanagad 26 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = zanagan 23 ▲ ▲ ❢ = aaniman 4 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Be hard/difficult (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

The primary issue here is whether an -ad/-an distinction is ▲ BA BI CC CL EF EM GL LA LH LL maintained in the independent order for Inanimate MA MI MO NB PC PH PP RA RB RL Intransitive (II) verbs. The lack of a distinction is northern, SA SL WH WI WN WP though Saulteaux as a unit also lacks the distinction, except ❍ AM AO AR BH CH CO CT EA GN LS for a group in Manitoba (SL, EF, PC). Severn has a MU OC OS PE PI RO RR SB SL SM distinct form, aaniman, identical to Fort Severn (Cree). TE WB WN Plains Cree (BLN) has cognate aayiman. Potawatomi has ❢ BT CO DL KL zn´g´k . . FH OG RP Consolidations Miami (D) has alimatwi. MA data are from McGregor 1987:363, glossed, ‘it is difficult, arduous, troublesome.’ ▲ ▲❍ (49) McGregor also lists aanimad with the same gloss. Baraga ❍ ❢ (4) 1878:36 also lists this form, with the gloss, ‘it is painful, unhappy, horrible,’ with a slight semantic shift into a more affective meaning. Rhodes 1985 does not list this form. Baraga 1878 also glosses a form aanimad, as a separate lexical entry, as ‘it blows, the wind blows, in a certain manner or in such a direction.’ Nichols and Nyholm 1979:16 have a VII form aanimad, glossed, ‘the wind blows wildly; there is a disturbance, danger.’ Wilson 1873:406 lists -aanimad as a compositional element in words referring to states of the wind, and gives examples including maadaanimad, ‘the wind begins to blow,’ and biidaanimad, ‘the wind comes hither.’ Rhodes 1985:619 has gtaamgwaanmak, ‘be terribly windy.’ If this the element -aanimad is from the same source in all dialects, then aanimad, with an -ad final, is widespread, though it would have undergone various intriguing, but well-motivated, types of semantic shift. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-87 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍✦ CO ▲ DL . BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✙ OG . OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ ❢ . AM RR ▲ GN ❍ AR AO ▲ BH . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL. SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲❢ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = endaad 34 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = gaa-izhidaaj 8 ▲ ▲ ❢ = gaa-daad 4 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = ezhidaaj 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = gaa-izhi-ayaaj 1 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

His home/place Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several variants, forming loose regional ▲ BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA EF aggregates. The form endaad is represented everywhere EM GL LA LH MI MO MU NB OC PC except in the Severn dialect and immediately south, where PE PP RA RL RR SA SL SM TE WB gaa-izhidaaj (i.e., a form with a relative root/prefix) WH WI WN WP predominates, extending quite far south to GN and AR. ❍ AR BT FH GN KL PI RO SB North of Lake Superior, four communities have gaa-daad. ❢ AO LH PH RB What is intriguing about this form is that it lacks a relative ✙ OS preverb or root (which appears as /en/ in some variants and ✦ BT /izhi/ in others (the base form of this morpheme is . AM DL LL LS MA OG RP sometimes given as iT in order to account for the alternation between the nasal and alveopalatal, which Consolidations historically was due to palatalization of a coronal obstruent ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (47) that merged with *l, which later merged with /n/, but which ❍ ✦ retained the palatalized form of the historical form). (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-88 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB❍ CH ❍ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ● AM ❍ AR ✦ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ✺ LS ▲ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ● WN PP❢ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ✙ ▲ ❢ LH ❢ ✺ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ● ✺ TE ■ MA ▲ Superior = mistadim 20 RL ▲ BA ✙ ❍ ✧ NB = mitadim 7 ✙ ■ ❢ = bebezhigoogazhii 7 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = bebezhingoowazhii 4 ✧ CC✦ CL ✦ = bezhigoogazhii 4 Huron ✧ = bezhgoonzhii 3 SA✦ RA✧ ✺ = bebezhigooshkwe 3 ● = bebezhigoogashkwe 3 ■ = pezhooshkwe 2 ✦ WP Mich. Erie

Horse Communities Grouped by Variant

There are many features of significant variation in the ▲ BH BT CH CO CT DL EF EM KL MU forms for ‘horse.’ To begin, the most common form is a OC OG PC PE RL RR SL SM WB WH borrowing from Cree, mistadim, which is clearly a Cree ❍ EA FH GN OS PI RO SB form, since the Ojibwe cognate would have the form anim. ❢ AO LA LH LL MO PP WI The form mistadim occurs in the west, with the dividing ✙ BA MI PH RB line occurring from OG south/south-west to RL in ✦ AR CC SA WP Minnesota. Quite interestingly, among the communities ✧ CL NB RA due south of Severn (and embracing the southern tier of ✺ LS RP TE Severn), the form has undergone a change characteristic of ● AM BI WN Ojibwe, in that the sibilant, s, in the cluster st has been ■ GL MA weakened to h. There are other Cree borrowings where this occurs, e.g., atodin ‘hat/cap’ (from Cree astotin, see Consolidations ‘hat’). ▲ ▲❍ (26) In the east there are two related forms, distinguishable by ❍ ❢✙✦✧ (18) their endings. Among Algonquin communities, extending ❢ ✺●■ (8) to GL and MA, the form ends in -shkwe, whereas in the rest of the range, the form ends in -zhii (these may not represent distinct formatives). These endings are evidently Potawatomi has negdosha. Miami (D) has part of morphemic units meaning ‘hoof’ or ‘nail.’ näkatikasha. A feature of variation for eastern communities is the presence or absence of reduplication of the first syllable. From WI west, all –zhii communities show reduplication. None east of WI do within the -zhii dialect, although several in the -shkwe group do. Note that reduplication would not be affected by vowel syncope, since the vowels in question are long. Plains Cree (BLN) has misatim, mistatim and tehtapiwin, the last form quite equivalent to the English designation, ‘mount.’ East Cree has ahaas. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-89 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍❢WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍❢ MA ▲ Superior = waakaa’igan 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = wiigiwaam 13 ❍ ❍ ❢ = miigiwaam 4 MI GL WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

House (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two main variants, dividing the entire data range ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT DL on an east/west axis. From MI east, the form is EA EF EM FH GN KL LA LH LL MO wiigiwaam, except at AM, LS, and WN, where MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB miigiwaam is found (WN has both). McGregor RL RO RR SB SL SM WB WH 1987:436 lists both forms for Nipissing, and notes, ‘the ❍ CC CL GL MA MI NB RA RP SA TE use of either form is correct and is a matter of choice.’ WI WN WP Note that many lexical items show this w/m alternation ❢ AM LS MA WN across dialects. Wiigiwaam is also used as a term for ‘tent’ in several communities north of Lake Superior (see Consolidations ‘tent’ elsewhere in this study). ▲ ▲ (37) Elsewhere the word is the unrelated, waakaahikan. Fort ❍ ❍❢ (16) Severn (Cree) has waaskaahigan, while Atikamekw (Béland 1978:594) has wiikiwaam, though the denominal verb, ‘have a house,’ is omiikiwaamiw, with the same form in miikiwaamihke, ‘build a house.’ Note that Piggott and Grafstein 1983:197 have miikiwaamikke for RN and wiikiwaamikke for WN, for ‘make a house.’ Waakaahigan occurs in Odawa literature as well, with the gloss ‘fortress.’ Plains Cree (BLN) has mistikokamik and waaskahikan, both glossed by Bloomfield as ‘wooden house.’ East Cree has waaskaahiikan. Potawatomi has wigwam. Miami (D) has wikiami. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-90 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ✙ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ✦ ✙ ✙ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU✙▲ ✺ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ✦✺ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ✙▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP✦ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✦ ❍ TE . MA ▲ Superior = aan ezhi-ayaayan 26 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = aaniin ezhi-bimaadiziyan 8 ❍ ❍ ❢ = aaniish naa ezhi-bmaadiziyan 4 MI GL ✧ ✙ = aaniin zhigwa giin 5 WI CC✧❢ . CL ✦ = aaniin ezhiwebiziyan 5 Huron ✧ = aaniish naa 3 SA❢ RA❍ ✺ = aan endiyan 2

✧ WP Mich. Erie

How are you? (VAI 2s conjunct) Communities Grouped by Variant

This phrase shows some structured variation. ▲ AR BA BH BT CH DL EA EF EM GN Saskatchewan Saulteaux commonly has aaniin zhigwa KL LA MU NB OS PC PE PI RL RO giin, while the rest of Saulteaux, Minnesota, and most of RR SB SL SM WB WH western Ontario (cutting across several dialects), has aan ❍ GL LH LL MI MO RA TE WN ezhi-ayaayan. This form also occurs at BA and NB in the ❢ CC PH RB SA east. Several eastern communities, again cutting across ✙ CO CT MU OC WB dialects, have aaniin ezhi-bimaadiziyan, or the same ✦ AO BI FH OG PP form with particle naa, or a reduced form of this, aaniish ✧ CC WI WP naa. A group of communities north of Lake Superior has ✺ AM AO aaniin ezhiwebiziyan. . CL LS MA RP Consolidations

▲ ▲ (26) ❍ ❍❢ (12) ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (5) ✦ ✧ (3) ✧ ✺ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-91 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

■ CO ▲ DL ✦❤ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲✦ KL❢ SB▲❢ PE ▲ PI ✱▲ OG . OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ●❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✺ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ▲❢ AR ● AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA❍✧ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP❢ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ❢ ❢ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = noondeskade 17 RL ✙ BA ✙ ❍ = nendeskade 1 . NB MI ✙ ❢ GL ❢ = wii-wiisini 19 ✱ = maandaawe 1 ✙ ❤ WI ✙ = bakade 9 = noonde-aakadizo 1 ◗ CC✙ CL ✦ = noonde-wiisini 2 Huron ✧ = nende-wiisini 1 SA✙ RA✙ ✺ = noonde-wii-wiisini 1 ● = gawaskade 2 ■ = baawanii 1 ✙ WP Erie ◗ = gawaakadazo 1 Mich.

Be hungry (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has several variants. Among Saulteaux ▲ BH CH CO CT EF GN MU OC PC PE communities, the form is noondeskade. Noonde-, as both PI RR SB SL SM WB WH a preverb and a root is much more common in Saulteaux ❍ EA than in other dialects. In the southeast, bakade is common, ❢ AM AO BI EM GL GN KL LA LH LL and also occurred at RL (and LS). This form means ‘be MA MO OS PH PP RB SB TE WN skinny’ in many dialects (see data elsewhere in survey). ✙ BA CC LS MI RA RL SA WI WP Elswhere, the most common form is wii-wiisini. EA has ✦ CH DL an interesting blend or ‘fudged lect’ (Chambers and ✧ EA Trudgill 1980:135), noonde-wii-wiisini. ✺ RO ● AR OS Interestingly, the Plains Cree form, noohtehkatew, is ■ BT quite similar to the Saulteaux form. The Swampy form is ◗ CL shiiwatew, which also shows up as one of two forms in ✱ PI the East Cree lexicon, shiiuteu, the other being, ❤ DL shiiweyuu. Potawatomi has bk´det. . FH NB OG RP Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (18) ❍ ❢ (19) ❢ ✙ (9) ✙ ✦✧✺ (4) ✦ ● (2) ✧ ■ (1) ✺ ◗ (1) ● ✱ (1) ■ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-92 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ✙ DL ▲ BT PC✙ SM▲ CH ▲✙ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲✙ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ✙ ▲✙ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲✙ RO ▲ FH. MU▲✙✦ ✧ AM ✙ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲✦ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲✙ WB EA✙▲ LL SL ✦✙ ✧ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲✙ ❢ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✧ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = andawenjige 31 RL ✙ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = nanaandawenjige 2 ▲ ✧ ❢ = nandawenjige 2 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = giiyose 18 ▲ CC✙ CL ✦ = anoojchige 3 Huron ✧ = anokii 5 SA✙ RA▲

✙ WP Mich. Erie

Hunt (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting regional variation, though ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CL CT DL caution must be exercised in its interpretation, because EA EF EM LA LL MI MO MU NB OG several Ojibwe communities appear to distinguish different OS PE PI PP RA RB RO RR SM WB types of hunting, resulting in several words which might be WH translated into English as ‘hunt,’ not all of which were ❍ KL SB necessarily collected. For example, some communities ❢ LH PH distinguish between hunting small and large game. An ✙ CC CH CO CT EA EF EM GN MU OC interesting grouping of Odawa and border lakes (but PC PE RL SA SL WB WI WP in-cluding Minnesota (RL and Nichols and Nyholm 1979 ✦ MU RR SL for Mille Lacs, MN)), extending across the entrie range of ✧ AM GL MA TE WN Saulteaux, has giiyose. In Saulteaux, there is some . FH LS RP indication (from SL and CH) that this word has specialized to mean ‘hunt large game,’ whereas small game hunting is Consolidations expressed by another word, the most common of which is andawenjige, easily the most widely recorded form. ▲ ▲❍❢ (35) Three Saulteaux communities (MU, RR, SL) have ❍ ✙ (18) anoojichige. Two Severn communities have ❢ ✧ (5) nanaandawenjige (KL and DL), which shows ✙ ✦ (3) distributive reduplication of the root. Algonquin has anokii, extending as far south as GL, a form which elsewhere means, ‘work.’ Atikamekw (Béland 1978:404) appears to have a cognate in atoskeriniw, ‘hunter,’ and atoske-, ‘go hunting (AI).’ Fort Severn (Cree) has antawihow. East Cree has nituuhuu; Plains Cree (BLN) two forms, maaciiw and nataminahow. Potawatomi has giwset. Rhodes 1989:14 lists Miami neetonawaata, Fox s&iis&aawa, Shawnee halawi, and Menomini pahpe:sew. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-93 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✦ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✦ SB✦ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC . . CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR . ▲ GN BH ▲ ✦ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✙ TE ✦▲ MA ▲ Superior = minis 34 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = minishenh 2 ▲ ✦ ❢ = minisi 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲❍ = minisii 3 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = minitig 9 Huron SA. RA▲

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Island Communities Grouped by Variant

A northern grouping has minitig, which in some dialects ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CH CL EA EF EM is a specialized form meaning ‘island in a river,’ (cf., GN LA LH LL MA MI MO MU NB OG Baraga 1878:147). This grouping embraces Severn and OS PC PE PI PP RA RB RL RO SL Algonquin (AM and LS, but not WN), and extends to GL. SM WB WH WI WI and WP have minishenh. Elsewhere, the common ❍ WI WP form is minis. BI, TE and WN have a form with a long ❢ PH final vowel, minisii, and PH has a final vowel, but short, in ✙ BI TE WN minisi. McGregor 1987:201, interestingly, lists minitig ✦ AM BT CO DL GL KL LS MA SB with the gloss, ‘island,’ and minis, with the gloss ‘rock . CT FH OC RP RR SA island.’ Consolidations Plains Cree has ministik, as does Swampy. This is glossed specifically as a ‘rock island, a large rock sticking ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (47) out of the water,’ in the East Cree lexicon. Potawatomi has mn´she. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-94 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙❍ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲❢ KL▲✙❍ SB▲✙ CH ▲❢ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲❢ OG OC CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ▲❢ RO ▲❢ FH MU▲ ✧▲ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO ▲ RR ▲❢ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲❢ ✧ WN PP❢▲ WH▲❢ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ❢ LH ▲❢✙ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ✦✧▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = gaawin nigikendanziin 43 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = gaawin ji-gikendamaan 2 ▲ ▲ ❢ = amanj 14 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = nake bigo 5 ▲ CC▲✺ CL ✦ = ake sa go 1 Huron ✧ = aa(n)didog 3 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = gonamaa 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

I don’t know (VTI/PC) Communities Grouped by Variant

In most locations the form is gaawiin ningikendanziin, ▲ AM AO BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT which is probably universally the formal way of DL EA EF EM GL GN KL LL MI MO expressing this notion. There are several regional variants MU NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP as well. Severn communities show wide use of nake bigo; RA RB RL RO RR SA SB SL SM TE as well, many Severn speakers express this notion with WB WH WP gaawin plus the irrealis preverb ji-, with the verb in the ❍ BT KL conjunct order, gaawin ji-gikendamaan. There is ❢ AR CH EF LA LH MO OS PI PP RO RR SL evidently no difference in meaning between the WH WI independent and conjunct forms. ✙ BT FH KL MO SB ✦ BI Several Algonquin communities have aadidog. ✧ AM BI WN ✺ CC North of Superior, extending across western Ontario and . LS MA RP out onto the prairies, a common variant is amanj. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (45) ❍ ❢ (14) ❢ ✙✦ (6) ✙ ✧ (3) ✦ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-95 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❢ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ❢ KL✙ SB❍ CH ▲ ▲ ❢ ❢ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢ ▲ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ❢ WB EA❍▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH❍ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI . ❍ TE . MA ▲ Superior = anishinaabemowin 28 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ = ojibwemowin 14 ▲ NB MI ▲ . GL ❢ = nakawemowin 6 ✙ WI ▲✦ = anishininiimowin 1 ❍▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = odaawaamowin 1 Huron SA▲ RA▲

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Name of language (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is anishinaabemowin, found in ▲ AM AR BA BH BT CC CL DL EA EF Algonquin, the entire southeast, Manitoba and many EM LA MI NB OG OS PC PE PI PP communities in northern and western Ontario. A large RA RO RR SA SL SM WI WN group of communities north of Lake Huron and Superior ❍ AO CL EA FH GN LL MO PH RB RL have ojibwemowin, extending as far west as SB TE WH WP GN/WH/EA. KL and BT have anishininiimowin. All ❢ CH CO CT MU OC WB communities in Saskatchewan have nakawemowin, ✙ KL evidently based on the Plains Cree word for Ojibwe. ✦ WI . BI GL LH LS MA RP The term for Cree recorded by Bloomfield is nehiyawewin. Fort Severn (Swampy Cree) has Consolidations ininiimowin. ▲ ▲ (28) ❍ ❍ (14) ❢ ❢ (6) ✙ ✙ (1) ✦ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-96 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC❢ SM❢ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ❢ PI ❍ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲❢ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU❢ ✺ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ❢ GN BH ✙ . LS ✙ WB EA❍▲ LL SL ▲ ✺ WN PP▲ WH✦ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = daa 29 RL ▲✧ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = izhi-daa 9 ▲ ▲ ❢ = ayaa 8 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = bimaadizi 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = ayindaa 1 Huron ✧ = danakii 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = dazhiike 2

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Lives there (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I find some tendencies toward regionalism. Certain ▲ AR BA BI CC CH CL CO CT EA EF Severn (BT, DL) and all Saulteaux of northern Manitoba EM GL LA LH MI MO NB OC PH PP (and CT, MU) have ayaa. The rest of Severn and many RA RB RL RR SA SL TE WI WP communities south have izhidaa. Algonquin appears to ❍ AO EA GN KL OG OS PI RO SB have dazhiike (which also occurs in Severn but did not ❢ BH BT CT DL MU PC PE SM show up in my data), as AM and WN have it. Elsewhere, ✙ LL WB the form is daa. RL, which has danakii, may be ✦ WH semantically problematic. Nichols and Nyholm (1979:173) ✧ RL list daa as indicating residence and danakii as indicating ✺ AM WN homeland for speakers of the Mille Lacs dialect, which . FH LS MA RP may also be true of RL. Consolidations The only relevant Cree data I have is from East Cree, wiichuu, ‘live (in a certain place),’ and Swampy, ▲ ▲ (29) ishi-tashiihkew, ‘lives there.’ ❍ ❍ (9) ❢ ❢ (8) ✙ ✙ (2) ✦ ✦ (1) ✧ ✧ (1) ✺ ✺ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-97 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB✙ CH ▲ ✙ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✙ OG OC CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ✙ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✙ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP✙ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ✙ ✙ ✙▲ LH ✙ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✙ TE ✺ MA ▲ Superior = mewizha 27 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ● NB = memzha 1 ▲❍ ✺ ❢ = mezha’ekamig 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲✦ = weshkaj 21 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = zhaazhi 2 Huron ✧ = zhaazhgwa 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = abinawiigo 2 ● = gyet 1 ✦✧ WP Mich. Erie

A long time ago Communities Grouped by Variant

This is a good word for showing a north/south split ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA GN LA between dialects. All of Severn, Algonquin, and a large LH MI MU OC PC PE PI RA RL RO group of communities north of Lake Superior have RR SA SL SM WB WH WI weshkaj. Core Odawa (WI and WP) have zhaazhi. ❍ MI Nipissing (GL and MA) has abinawiigo. ❢ EF ✙ AM AO AR BI BT DL EM FH KL LH Bloomfield gives kayaas, ‘long ago, of old,’ in his Plains LL MO OG OS PH PP WN RB RP SB Cree notes; East Cree has weshkach, which is also listed TE in Ellis 1983:698 for the West Coast of James Bay ✦ WI WP ✧ (Swampy Cree). Potawatomi has b´naw´. WP ✺ GL MA ● NB . LS

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (29) ❍ ✙ (21) ❢ ✦✧ (3) ✙ ✺ (2) ✦ ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-98 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ✙▲ WB EA❢ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ▲ ▲ ❢ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = inini 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = ininii 8 ❢❍ ❍ ❢ = anini 5 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = naabe 5 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Man (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

A. The main lexical distinction here is between Severn ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EF naabe and inini elsewhere. Naabe occurs only in three EM FH GN LA LL MO MU NB OC OG Severn communities, BT, KL and DL, although it was also OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RL RO RR recorded at WB, which contains many Cree loans, and at SA SB SL SM WB WH WP Constance Lake, Ontario which also has extensive Cree ❍ BI GL LS MA MI RP TE WN mixing. AM in the Alonquin area also has naabe, with ❢ EA LH MI RB WI plural naabeg, as opposed to the Severn naabewag. Note ✙ AM BT DL KL WB that Fort Severn Cree has naapew. Consolidations B. Algonquin communities show a long final vowel, in ininii. This form turned up as far west as BI, and at MI as ▲ ▲❍❢ (50) well, though the vowel was shortened at MI when the ❍ ✙ (5) plural suffix was added. C. Some communities have initial /a/ for /i/, i.e., anini: EA LH MI RB WI. Fort Severn (Swampy) Cree and East Cree have naapew, Plains Cree has iyiniw. Potawatomi has n´n´. Rhodes 1989:9 has Miami alenia, Fox (i)neniwa, Shawnee hileni, and Menomini enE:niw. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-99 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ❍ DL ✺ BT PC✧✱ SM✧ CH ❍ KL✺ SB✺ PE ❍ PI ❢ OG ✺ OC ◗❍ ✧ CT OS ▲✺ (Alb.) EF ✧ RO ▲ FH. MU❍ ● AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ✧ ✧ GN BH ▲ . LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢ ● WN PP❢ WH✧ ❢ RB PH ✙ ✧❍ ▲ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ● ● TE ●✦ MA ▲ Superior = baatiinowag 12 RL ✦ BA ▲ ❍ = baataniinowag 8 ● NB MI ▲ ● GL ❢ = baatenowag 6 ✱ = misakamig 1 ✙ WI ▲ = baatanenowag 1 ■ CC■ CL ✦ = baatayiinowag 2 Huron ✧ = ozaamiinowag 8 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = mishiinowag 6 ● = maanewag 7 ■ = gtaamgwiinwag 3 ■ WP Erie ◗ = gwaanisagiinowag 1 Mich.

Be many in number (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows rich regional variation. In Algonquin, the ▲ AR BA EA GN LH LL MI OS RA RO form is maanewag; in Severn, mishiinowag; north of SA WI Lake Superior, baatenowag; northwest from LA, well ❍ CH CO EM LA MU OC PE WB represented in Manitoba and even to CT, the form is ❢ AO MO PI PP RB SL ozaamiinowag. In western Saulteaux, it is ✙ PH baataniinowag. Three southeastern communities (CC, ✦ MA RL CL, WP) have gtaamgwiinwag. Elsewhere, except for ✧ BH CT EF EM PC RR SM WH isolates, one finds baatiinowag. ✺ BT DL KL OG OS SB ● AM BI GL MA NB TE WN MA data are from McGregor 1987:176, 321. ■ CC CL WP ◗ OC Baraga 1878:166 gives nimbaata’iinimin, with a stem ✱ PC final vowel /i/. He also gives two forms, nimishiinimin . FH LS RP and nimishiinomin, with a variable stem-final vowel /i/ or /o/. Unfortunately, because I only collected third person Consolidations plural forms, this distinction has been lost (the /w/ of the third person inflection colors the preceding vowel). It may ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (28) also be an important parameter of variation. Notice, too, the ❍ ✧ (8) interesting fact of the Baraga data, that he attests a form for ❢ ✺ (6) Chippewa that is now restricted to Severn Ojibwe, ✙ ● (6) mishiino. ✦ ■ (3) ✧ ◗ (1) Plains Cree (BLN) and Swampy have mihcetiw, ‘be ✺ ✱ (1) numerous.’ This is evidently identical to the East Cree form, mihchetuuch (here in plural < mihcheti-w-ach). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-100 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❤ CO ❍ DL ❤ BT PC◗➙ SM◗ CH ❍ KL❤ SB❤ PE ❍ PI ✺ OG ❤ OC ✦ ◗ CT OS ■ (Alb.) EF ◗ RO ▲ FH. MU❍ ✱ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ◗➙ ◗ GN BH ▲ . LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍✇ ✱ WN PP❢ WH◗ ❢ RB PH ● ◗❍ ▲ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ✱ ✱ TE . MA ▲ Superior = baatiinadoon 10 RL ✧ BA ▲ ❍ = baataniinadoon 8 ✱ NB MI ❢ ✱ GL ❢ = baatenadoon 5 ✱ = maanedoon 6 ✦ ❤ WI ▲ = baataniinadinoon 1 = mishiinadinoon 5 ✜ CC✜ CL ✧ = baatayiinadoon 1 ✜ = gtaamgwiindoon 3 Huron ▲ ✺ = baatenadinoon 1 ➙ = misakamig 2 SA RA▲ ● = baatenenadoon 1 ✇ = niibwekamig 1 ■ = baatiinadinoon 1 ◗ = onzaamiinadoon 8 ✜ WP Mich. Erie

Be many in number (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

This words reflects a structure similar to that of ‘there are ▲ AR BA EA GN LH LL RA RO SA WI many people,’ but with some variations. Algonquin has ❍ CH CO EM LA MU PE SL WB maanedoon; Severn, mishiinadinoon; north of Superior, ❢ AO MI MO PP RB baatenadoon; Manitoba and some border lakes ✦ OC communities, ozaamiinadoon; Saksatchewan Saulteaux, ✧ RL baataniinadoon; CC, CL and WP, gtaamgwiindoon. ✺ PI Elsewhere, except for isolates, baatiinadoon occurs. ● PH ■ OS Plains Cree has mihcetin (sg.), which is also attested in ◗ BH CT EF EM PC RR SM WH my Swampy Cree and East Cree data. ✱ AM BI GL NB TE WN ❤ BT DL KL OG SB ✜ CC CL WP ➙ PC RR ✇ SL . FH LS MA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✦✧✺●■ (28) ❍ ◗ (8) ❢ ✱ (6) ✙ ❤ (5) ✦ ✜ (3) ✧ ➙ (2) ✺ ✇ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-101 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

CO ▲ DL . BT . PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL■ SB. PE ▲ PI . OG . OC . ▲ CT OS . (Alb.) EF ▲ RO . FH. MU▲ ✧ ❢ AM RR ▲ GN . AR . AO . BH . LS ● WB EA. LL. SL ❍ WN PP . WH▲ RB . . PH ✺ LH . ❢ ❢ RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA. BI ❢ . TE . MA ▲ Superior = ziinzibaakwadwaatig 10 RL ❢ BA ✦ ❍ = ziizibaatig 1 ❢ NB MI ❢ . GL ❢ = ininaatig 11 ✙ WI ❢ = naanaatig 1 ❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = shikaatig 1 Huron ✧ = zhaashakawiimagwaatig 1 SA❢ RA. ✺ = zhiishiigimemijiins 1 ● = zhiiwanaatig 1 ■ = zhoogaawaatig 1 ✙ WP Mich. Erie

Maple tree Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two major variants, ziinsibaakwadaatig, ▲ CH CO CT EF MU PC PE RR SM WH literally, ‘sugar tree,’ and ininaatig, ‘everyday/common ❍ SL tree.’ The former term occurs extensively throughout ❢ AM BI CC CL MI MO NB RL RP SA Saulteaux, while the latter occurs everywhere else where WI maple trees are found. Note that no forms were collected in ✙ WP most of northern Ontario north of Lake Superior, probably ✦ BA due to the scarcity of maple trees in these areas. The form ✧ AO ininaatig is of interest, though, because it shows a link ✺ EM between Odawa, Eastern Ojibwe and Algonquin. Fort ● WB Severn (Cree) has shookaawaahtik again lit. ‘sugar tree,’ ■ KL which was also recorded at KL. . AR BH BT DL EA FH GL GN LA LH LL LS MA OC OG OS PH PI PP RA Plains Cree has siisiipaaskwataahtik, cognate with the RB RO SB TE WN southern Ojibwe form. Consolidations

▲ ❢✙ (12) ❍ ▲❍ (11) ❢ ✦ (1) ✙ ✧ (1) ✦ ✺ (1) ✧ ● (1) ✺ ■ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-102 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ❢ DL ✙ BT PC✦ SM✦ CH ❢ KL✙ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ✙ OG ✙ OC ❢ ❢ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ✦ RO ▲ FH. MU❢ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ✦ ✦ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = ishkode(n)s 34 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = ishkodesiwaatig 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = boodawaaganens 6 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = maajiis 5 ▲✺✧ CC▲ CL ✦ = zaga’ishkodawaanens 5 Huron ✧ = mskanegons 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = waaskonegans 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Match(stick) Communities Grouped by Variant

The interesting variation here is in the west. Severn has an ▲ AO AR BA BI CC CL EA EM GL GN English borrowing, maajiis, though the English plural is LA LH LL LS MA MI MO NB OS PE used to represent the Ojibwe singular. Manitoba Saulteaux PH PP RA RB RL RO SA SB SL TE has zaga’ishkodawaanens, ‘little fire igniting device’ (?), WH WI WN WP and Saskatchewan Saulteaux has boodawaaganens, ‘little ❍ AM fire-making device.’ Elsewhere the form is ishkodens, ❢ CH CO CT MU OC WB ‘little fire.’ ✙ BT DL KL OG PI ✦ BH EF PC RR SM Fort Severn (Cree) has ishkotew, as does Atikamekw ✧ CL (ishkote) (Béland 1978:427). Plains Cree has ✺ CL kocawaakanis, iskocehkanis and maaciis, all inanimate . FH RP in gender. East Cree has maachiis, of animate gender. Potawatomi has shkodes. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (35) ❍ ❢ (6) ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (5) ✦ ✧ (1) ✧ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-103 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ● DL ✺ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲✱ KL✺◗ SB◗ PE ▲ PI ✧▲ OG ◗✱ OC ● ✧ ▲ CT OS ✧▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲✧ ❤ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✧ . LS ▲❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ■ RB PH ✧ ▲ ■ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✧ BI ✙ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = maagizhaa 22 RL ✧ BA ▲ ❍ = maagish 1 ❢ NB MI ❢ ❢ GL ❢ = gonimaa 12 ✱ = ge(ya)maa 2 ✙ ❤ WI ❢ = gomaa 1 = newad 1 ❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = namaanh 1 Huron ✧ = ganabaj 8 SA❢ RA❢ ✺ = naanda 3 ● = apooske iidog 2 ■ = manj igo 2 ✦ WP Erie ◗ = gechin 3 Mich.

Maybe Communities Grouped by Variant

This word is quite vague, and can be expressed by many ▲ AO AR BA BH CH CT EA EF EM GN Ojibwe words, so caution must be exercised in the MU OS PC PE PI PP RO RR SL SM interpretation of the data presented here. There is some WB WH regionalism in the responses. In the southeast, the most ❍ WB common form is gonimaa, as far north as TE and WN ❢ CC CL GL MA MI MO NB RA SA TE (Algonquin). Severn has naanda (BT, KL, DL) and WI WN gechin (KL, SB, OG). From AO west, the form is rather ✙ BI consistently maagizhaa, except in a loose aggregate of ✦ WP communities in western Ontario which has ganabaj. CO ✧ CH LA LL MU OS PH PI RL and OC reported booske iidog. ✺ BT DL KL ● CO OC East Cree has naanituu and maaskuuch (which is also ■ LH RB found at Kingfisher Lake (KL) and probably other Severn ◗ KL OG SB communities, though the meaning seems to be a bit more ✱ CH OG in between English ‘probably’ and ‘maybe.’). Maaskooc ❤ AM is also found at Fort Severn, and in Plains Cree (BLN). . FH LS MA RP ´ ´ Potawatomi has gn b ch. Consolidations

MA data from McGregor 1987:155. ▲ ▲❍ (23) ❍ ❢✙✦ (14) ❢ ✧ (8) ✙ ✺ (3) ✦ ◗ (3) ✧ ● (2) ✺ ■ (2) ● ✱ (2) ■ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-104 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG ❢ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲❍ ❍ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = doodooshaaboo 36 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = joojooshaaboo 11 ▲ ▲ ❢ = joojooshinaaboo 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = (dooshaanaaboo) 1 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Milk (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

The major parameter of variation here is whether or not the ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA obstruents are palatalized, as in joojooshaaboo as EF EM GL LA LH LL MI MO MU NB opposed to doodooshaaboo. The palatalized form is OC PC PE PH PP RA RB RL RR SA northern, extending as far south as GN, OS and AO, and SL SM WB WH WI WP down in eastern Ontario to BI and TE. In the eastern range, ❍ AO BI BT DL GN KL OS PI RO SB there is a subgrouping in the palatalized dialect which has TE joojooshinaaboo, similar to my data from Fort Severn ❢ AM LS OG RP WN (Cree), coocooshinaapoy (also found in East Cree, and as ✙ MA coocoosinaapoy in Plains Cree (BLN), though . FH Bloomfield also records tootoosaapoy, lacking palatalization). Included in this group are all Quebec Consolidations Algonquin (but not MA) and OG in the east (but not TE and BI). ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (53) The form dooshaanaaboo for MA is from Gilstrap’s fieldnotes. McGregor 1987:409 has doodooshaanaaboo. Potawatomi has nonagnabo. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-105 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✧ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ✙ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG ❍ OC ✙ ▲✙ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU✧ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ■ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ . TE ■ MA ▲ Superior = ishkwaa-anami’e-giizhig- 21 RL ▲ BA . ❍ = oshki-giizhig- 13 ❢ NB MI . . GL ❢ = oshki-nokii-giizhig- 1 ✙ WI ▲ = bezhigo-giizhig- 3 ▲ CC✺ CL ✦ = anokiiwigiizhig- 2 Huron ✧ = boonaa’-anami’ewigiizhig- 2 SA✺ RA. ✺ = mandewan 3 ● = ntam-giizhig- 1 ■ = metizowini-giizhig- 2 ●✺ WP Mich. Erie

Be Monday (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting regional groupings. Some ▲ AO BH CL CT EF EM LA LH MO PC Severn (DL, BT) have anokiiwigiizhig-,‘work day.’ A PE PH PP RB RL RR SL SM WB WH large group of northern communities extending far south WI to EA and LL in the west, and BI, WN and AM (all ❍ AM AR BI EA GN KL LL OG OS PI Algonquin) in the east, have oshki-giizhig-, ‘new day.’ RO SB WN This form is also found at Fort Severn (Cree). RP and MA ❢ NB have metizoni-giizhig (Gilstrap has medisani- giizhig- ✙ CH CT OC in his fieldnotes for MA and RP, which I have modified to ✦ BT DL fit McGregor 1987:187 ). This expression appears to ✧ CO MU derive from the VAI metizo, ‘to burn oneself, be ✺ CC SA WP consumed by fire,’ which serves as a translation for the ● WP Christian concept ‘day of atonement’ and ‘day of ■ MA RP purgatory’ (as pointed out in McGregor op. cit.). Several . BA FH GL LS MI RA TE WN Odawa (CC, SA, WP) have mandewan; three Saskatchewan Saulteaux (OC, CH, CT) have Consolidations bezhigo-giizhig-, ‘first day’; and two Saskatchewan communities (CO, MU) have boonaa-anami’ewigiizhig, ▲ ▲ (21) ‘day after prayer day (Sunday).’ Elsewhere the common ❍ ❍❢ (134) form is ishkwaa-anami’e-giizhig, ‘day after prayer day ❢ ✙ (3) (Sunday).’ ✙ ✺ (3) ✦ ✦ (2) Fort Severn Cree has oshki-kiishikaaw; East Cree, ✧ ✧ (2) chihchipayuu, glossed, ‘it is Monday, he/it starts off.’ ✺ ■ (2) ● ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-106 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB. PE ▲ PI ▲✺ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲✺ FH. MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ✙ LS ✧▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲✙WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ✙ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = nimaamaa(m) 34 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❢ NB = nimamaa(m) 3 ▲ ✙✧ ❢ = nidoodoo(m) 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❍✦ = nijoojoo(m) 8 ❢ CC❍❢ CL ✦ = nigashi 2 Huron ✧ = niinge 2 SA❢ RA❢ ✺ = ningaagaa 2 ● = weniijaanid 1 ●✦❍ WP Mich. Erie

My mother Communities Grouped by Variant

One must be careful in collecting and evaluating kin terms, ▲ AR BA BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF as there are sometimes distinctions between formal and EM GN KL LH MI MO MU OC OG OS informal terms. This is evident from Rhodes (1985), where PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RR SL several distinct forms are listed, distinguishing, for SM WB WH WN example, ‘momma’ from ‘my mother,’ and ‘dad’ from ❍ CC WI WP ‘my father.’ Another problem with kin terms (which I ❢ AO CC CL LA LL NB RA SA figured out too late!) is that when asked for a term, people ✙ AM BI GL LS MA RP TE WN sometimes give a vocative form, which may be truncated ✦ WI WP somewhat compared to the term of reference. ✧ GL WB ✺ PI RO My data shows one major division. In the east, centered on ● WP Algonquin and Eastern Ojibwe, but extending northwest to . FH SB AO and LL, the word for mother is nidoodoo(m) or nijoojoo(m), literally, ‘my breast,’ i.e., a synecdoche. Consolidations Elsewhere, the common word is nimaamaa(m), except for a few minor variants. WI and WP have ngashi; PI and ▲ ▲❍ (37) RO have ningaagaa; GL and WB use niinge. ❍ ❢✙ (16) ❢ ✦ (2) Fort Severn Cree has nikaawiy; the East Cree lexicon has ✙ ✧ (2) ukaawii, ‘his mother.’ Potawatomi has ndododash, ✦ ✺ (2) ✧ ● ngye, nneney´m. Miami (D) has ningia. (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-107 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

■ CO ✙ DL ■ BT PC▲ SM▲ ✦ KL●■ SB● CH ● ● ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ● OG OC CT OS ● (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ● FH MU▲ ■ AM ● AR ● AO ◗ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✺ ■ LS ▲ WB EA● LL SL ▲ ❢●WN PP✦ WH✦ ▲ RB PH ✦ ❍ ✦ LH ✺ ● RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ◗ ✺ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = waabiganoojii 14 RL ✧ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = waabiganoojiinh 3 ✦ ❢ ❢ = waabiganoojiish 3 MI GL ✙ WI ✙✧ = waabiganoojiins 2 ✧ CC✧ CL ✦ = waawaabiganoojii 6 Huron ✧ = waawaabiganoojiinh 7 SA✧ RA✧ ✺ = waawaabiganoojiish 3 ● = waabigozhiish 12 ■ = aabigozhiish 5 ❍✧ WP Erie ◗ = waabigozhiins 2 Mich.

Mouse Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several parameters of variation: reduplication of ▲ BA BH CT EF MU NB OC PC PE RB the first syllable, presence of initial w, stems based on RR SL SM WB waabiganooj- vs. waabigozh-, and the various historical ❍ EM LA WP diminutive suffixes discussed in other forms ❢ GL MA WN (e.g., see ‘animal’ and ‘child’). Forms in waabigozh- are ✙ CO WI northern, extending north in Ontario from a southern limit ✦ CH LH MI PH PP WH at EA, AR and AO. BI and many Algonquin (but not all) ✧ CC CL RA RL SA WI WP have this stem as well. In my data, WN shows both stems. ✺ LL MO TE Reduplication of the initial syllable occurs only in the ● AR EA FH GN KL OG OS PI RO RP range of communities showing stem waabiganooj-, SB WN although it is absent in Saulteaux (except for CH). It is ■ AM BT DL KL LS most common in the southeast, except in those ◗ AO BI communities which show the least Odawa influence, i.e., BA, NB and GL. Reduplicated stems are also found along Consolidations the north shore of Lake Superior and in Minnesota. Forms with diminutive suffix -sh are in the northern range of ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (38) waabiganooj- stems, as well as all (northern) ❍ ●■◗ (19) communities (except AO, on the border) with stem waabigozh-. Forms with -nh are focussed in the extreme southeast and in the border lakes region of northern Minnesota/Ontario. Swampy Cree and East Cree both have aapikoshiish. Plains (BLN) has both aapakosiis and waapakosiis. Potawatomi has wabgonoshkwes. Miami (D) has kosia. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-108 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢✦ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❢✦ SB✦❢ CH ▲ ❢ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲✺ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲✺ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✧▲ ▲ ▲ LH ✧ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲✙ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = niibiwa 35 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = niibina 5 ▲ ❍ ❢ = mishiin 7 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = maani 5 ▲ CC❍▲ CL ✦ = mistahi 3 Huron ✧ = baaten 2 SA❍ RA▲ ✺ = misakamig 2

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Much/A lot/Many Communities Grouped by Variant

This is another excellent term for regional grouping. ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA Algonquin consistently has maani (this is also found at EF EM FH GN LA LH MI MU NB OC Maniwaki). Severn, extending north of Superior down to OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO LL, has mishiin; a cluster of communities in the RR SL SM WB WH southeast, (GL, WI, CC, and SA) have niibina. PH and ❍ CC GL SA WI WP MO have baaten, and EF and SL both gave misakamig. ❢ AO BT DL KL LL OG SB ✙ AM BI MA TE WN East Cree has mihchen, ‘many, a lot.’ Rhodes 1989:14 ✦ BT KL SB lists Miami wihsa, Fox maane, Shawnee meci, and ✧ MO PH ✺ Menomini ma:nE/mE?seh. EF SL . LS RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (40) ❍ ❢ (7) ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (3) ✦ ✧ (2) ✧ ✺ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-109 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲❍ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM. MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = wazhashk 41 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = wajashk 9 ▲ ▲ ❢ = zhashkoonh 3 MI GL WI ❢ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA❢ RA▲

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Muskrat Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is wazhashk. Severn ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT communities, along with AM, but not other Algonquin EA EF FH GL GN LA LH LL LS MA communities, show wajashk, identical to the Fort Severn MI MO MU NB OC OS PC PE PH PI Cree form. This form also showed up at MU, WB and PP RA RB RL RO RP RR SL SM TE Constance Lake (all communities with Cree populations). WH Three Ottawa communities have a form zhashkoonh, ❍ AM BT DL KL MU OG SB WB WN which appears to have a diminutive suffix. ❢ SA WI WP . EM Plains Cree has wacaskw; East Cree, wachishkw. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (53) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-110 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲✦ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❢ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = zaga’igan 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❢ NB = zga’gan 5 ❍ ✧ ❢ = zgaakw’igan 5 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = zgaak’igaans 1 ✙ CC❍ CL ✦ = jiistaakwaan 3 Huron ✧ = jiita’aaskwaan 2 SA❍ RA▲

❢❍ WP Mich. Erie

Nail (carpentry) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is zaga’igan (zga’gan is just the ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CH CO CT EA metrically reduced variant). A variant centered in EF EM FH GN KL LA LH LL MO MU Algonquin but including NB, CL and WP is OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RB zagaakohigan (CL has a diminutive form), which differs RL RO RR SB SL SM WB WH only in having the ‘organic solid’ medial /aakw/. The core ❍ CC MI SA WI WP Severn communities (DL, KL, BT) have jiistaakwaan, ❢ LS NB TE WN WP similar to Cree (Fort Severn) ciistaaskwaan (and East ✙ CL Cree). GL and MA have a related form, ✦ BT DL KL jiit(ah)aaskwaan. ✧ GL MA . RP Bloomfield lists both ciistaaskwaan and sakahikan for Plains Cree. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (43) ❍ ❢✙ (6) ❢ ✦✧ (5) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-111 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲❍WN PP▲ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = besho 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = beshonj 10 ▲ ❍ ❢ = beshong 6 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Near (pc) Communities Grouped by Variant

A word showing an interesting distribution of final -j in ▲ AR BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF particles. Severn (including marginal SB and OG) and all EM FH GN LA LH MI MO MU NB OC of Algonquin, extending south to MA and GL, have OS PC PE PI PP RA RL RO RR SA beshonj. There is a cluster of communities from TE in SL SM WB WH WI WN WP eastern Ontario extending west all the way to RB having ❍ AM BT DL GL KL LS MA OG SB WN beshong, i.e., a final C, but perhaps unpalatalized (or ❢ AO BI LL PH RB TE perhaps completely different— related to the locative . RP suffix -ing). Elsewhere the term is besho. Consolidations The only word I have been able to find in Plains Cree is kisiwaak, ‘near’ from BLN. The only form occurring in ▲ ▲❍❢ (53) the East Cree lexicon is chiihch, cognate with Ojibwe ciigi-, which occurs mostly as a prenominal element or in combination with nouns, e.g., jiigishkode, ‘near the fire.’ Swampy Cree, however, has peshoc (attested in Ellis 1983:690). This form is somewhat enigmatic, since I would predict a cognate Cree form to end in /hc/. Perhaps the Cree is a borrowing from northern Severn Ojibwe, where nasals in obstruent clusters have been lost? Potawatomi has beshoch. Rhodes records ciikaahkwe for Miami, kehcine for Fox, kihkihi/ pakaci for Shawnee, and kE?ceh/ce:k for Menomini. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-112 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❍ DL ✧ BT PC❍ SM❍ CH ✦ KL▲ SB▲ ❍ ✦ PE ❍ PI . ✧ OG . OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ▲ FH MU❍ ● AM ✧ AR ❢ AO ▲ RR ✦ ❍ GN BH ▲ . LS ❍ WB EA✦ LL SL ✧ WN PP❢ . WH✧ RB . PH ❢ ✦▲ ❢ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ▲ ● TE ■ MA ▲ Superior = nin-ga- (or wii-) anokii 11 RL ▲ BA ✙ ❍ ✺ NB = bigo ji-anokiiyaan 9 ✙ ▲■ ❢ = apooj daa-anokiiyaan 8 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = aabdig ji-anokiiyaan 6 ❢ CC✙ CL ✦ = ji-anokiiyaan 5 Huron ✧ = onjida niga-anokii 5 SA✙ RA❢ ✺ = twena niga-anokii 1 ● = baanimaa 2 ■ = maamikaaj 2 ✙ WP Mich. Erie

Necessary (I must work) Communities Grouped by Variant

This is an interesting form. Throughout Saulteaux, I find ▲ AO BI BT EM GL KL LL MO RL RO (bigo) ji-anokiiyaan. Around Lake Huron aabdig SB ji-anokiiyaan is common, and along the north shore of ❍ BH CO EF MU OC PC PE SM WB Lake Superior (and at CL and RA), I find apooj ❢ AR CL FH LA LH PH PP RA daa-anokiiyaan. In Nipissing (attested at GL and MA), I ✙ BA CC MI SA WI WP find maamikaaj. Potawatomi has abdek. ✦ CH CT EA EM RR ✧ DL GN OS SL WH ✺ NB ● AM TE ■ GL MA . LS OG PI RB RP WN

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (11) ❍ ❍ (9) ❢ ❢ (8) ✙ ✙ (6) ✦ ✦ (5) ✧ ✧ (5) ✺ ● (2) ● ■ (2) ■ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-113 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ❢ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM❍ ▲ KL❢ SB❢ CH ❢ ❢ ❢ ❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ✦ AM ❢ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ❍ ✧ LS ❢ WB EA❍ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH❢ ❍ RB PH ▲ ❍ ❍ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = nikwegan(aa) 21 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = nikwe’igan 17 ▲ ❍ ❢ = nigwayaw 12 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = nigayaway 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = nigweiwaa 1 Huron ✧ = (nigawaa) 1 SA▲ RA❍

▲ WP Mich. Erie

My neck Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two main variants, nikwe’igan and nigwayaw. ▲ AR BH BI CC CH CL EF MI MO MU The latter occurs in the north, though extending nearly to NB OS PC PE PH PP RP SA WI WN the border in southwestern Ontario. Algonquin is split, WP with only AM and LS having this form. ❍ BA CT EA EM GL LA LH LL MA RA RB RL RO RR SL SM TE Fort Severn (Cree) has nikwayaw, while Atikamekw has ❢ AO CO DL FH GN KL OC OG PI SB ohkwiw, ‘his neck’ (Béland 1978:520); East Cree, WB WH ✙ ukuyuu, ‘his neck.’ Potawatomi has nkweg´n. Rhodes BT ✦ AM 1989:9 has Miami nihkweekani, Fox nehkweekani, ✧ LS Shawnee nkweekaka, and Menomini nEhki:kan. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (38) ❍ ❢✙✦✧ (15) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-114 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = asab 47 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = asabii 4 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA.

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Net (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

The only item of interest here is that a long final vowel, ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CL CO producing asabii, is limited to AM, LS, TE and WN. CT DL EA EF EM FH GL GN KL LA LH LL MA MI MO MU NB OC OG OS Swampy Cree has anapiy; Plains Cree, ahyapiy; East PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RR SA Cree, ahapii and ahiipii. Potawatomi has s´b. SB SL SM WB WH WI WP ❍ AM LS TE WN . RA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (51) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-115 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲✙WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲✙ MA ▲ Superior = onizhishin 37 RL ✦ BA ▲ ❍ ❢▲ NB = minwaashin 8 ❢ ✙ ❢ = gnaajwan 7 MI GL ✙ WI ❢▲ = gwenaaj(iwan) 3 ❢ CC▲ CL ✦ = mino-ayaa 1 Huron SA❢ RA❢

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Be nice (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are three main variants: minwaashin, found in ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CO CT EA Severn (and OS), and extending to northern Algonquin EF EM GN LA LH LL MA MO MU NB (AM and LS, but not WN); gnaajwan, found in the OC OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RO RR southeast, as far north as NB (with related gwenaaji(wan) SL SM TE WB WH WI WN in Nipissing (GL and MA) and at WN); elsewhere, ❍ AM BT DL KL LS OG OS SB onizhishin. ❢ CL MI NB RA SA WI WP ✙ GL MA WN Swampy Cree has minwaashin; Plains Cree, ✦ RL miywaasin; the only form I have for East Cree is . FH RP miywaau, ‘it is good.’ Consolidations MA data for gwenaaj from McGregor 1987:160 (he also records an AI verb gwenaajiwi, but not VII ▲ ▲ (37) gwenaajiwan.) ❍ ❍ (8) ❢ ❢✙ (10) ✙ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-116 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC✧ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ✙ RR ✧ ▲ GN BH ✙ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✦ WN PP✙ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ❍ ▲ ✙ LH ✙ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI ✙ ✦ TE . MA ▲ Superior = n(iy)aanan-biiwaabikoons 21 RL ✺ BA . ❍ = naanwaabikoons 3 . NB MI ✦ . GL ❢ = niyaanan waabikosh 1 ✙ WI ✦ = naan-ozaawaabikoons 8 ❍ CC✦ CL ✦ = naano-zhoomaanike(nh) 7 Huron ✧ = naana-zhooniyaans 2 SA. RA. ✺ = naanan-miskwaabikoons 1

✦ WP Mich. Erie

Nickel (coin) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows variation virtually identical with that of ▲ BH CH CO CT DL EA EF EM GN KL ‘five,’ as one might expect. To the north and northeast of MU OC OS PE PI RO SB SL SM WB Lake Huron, one finds naano-zhoomaanike(ns), lit. WH ‘five little pieces of money.’ I am uncertain of the exact ❍ AR CL PH meaning of zhoomaanike. Baraga 1878:175 lists this ❢ BT with the meaning, ‘copper-cent,’ but under copper has ✙ AO BI LA LH LL MO PP RB only the entries miskwaabik and ozaawaabik. North of ✦ AM CC MI TE WI WN WP Superior, naan-ozaawaabikoons is common, as far north ✧ PC RR as AO. Elsewhere, the most common form is ✺ RL n(iy)aan(an) biiwaabikoons (lit., ‘five littles pieces of . BA FH GL LS MA NB OG RA RP SA metal’), except for a few isolates. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (25) ❍ ✙ (8) ❢ ✦ (7) ✙ ✧ (2) ✦ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-117 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❍ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM. CH ❍ KL❢ SB❢ PE ❍ PI ❍ OG ❍ OC ❍ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU❍ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ . LS ❍ WB EA❍ LL SL ❍ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ LH . ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = dibikad 24 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ . NB = dibikan 20 ▲ ▲ ❢ = dibikaa 4 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Be night (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

At issue here is the VII final. A southern form, found from ▲ BA BI CC CL CT EF EM GL LA LH the border lakes region, across to LL (and even OS), then LL MA MI MO OS PC PP RA RB RL to BI and and MA (and south) in the east, is dibikad; SA WH WI WP elsewhere, dibikan is found, including all Saulteaux. ❍ AM AO AR BH CH CO EA GN MU OC Severn has dibikaa. OG PE PI RO RP RR SL TE WB WN ❢ BT DL KL SB Plains, Swampy, and Eastern Cree all have tipiskaaw. . FH LS NB PH SM Rhodes 1989:6 lists Miami peehkonteeki, Fox pehkoteewi, Shawnee tep(eh)ki, and Menomini Consolidations wani:tepEhkan. ▲ ▲❍❢ (48) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-118 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC❍ SM▲ ❢▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ●❢ ❢ ▲ ▲ PE ❢ PI ❢ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❢ FH MU▲✺ ❢ AM ❢ AR ❢ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ✙ LS ❢ WB EA▲❢ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP❢ WH▲❢ ❢ RB PH ● ▲ ❢ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = nijaan 14 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = nijaanzh 11 ❍ ✧ ❢ = nizhangwan 21 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = (nizhagonaa) 2 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = nigod 4 Huron ✧ = nikiwan 2 SA❍ RA❍ ✺ = niskiwan 1 ● = nishkazh 2 ❍ WP Mich. Erie

My nose Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several regional variants. In the southeast, ▲ BH CH CO CT EA EF EM LA MU OC including all Odawa and Eastern Ojibwe (except GL), and RR SL SM WH RL (Minnesota), the form is nijaanzh. In Saulteaux, and a ❍ BA CC CL MI NB PC RA RL SA WI few border lakes communities, it the related nijaan. GL WP and MA have nikiwan, and MU has apparently borrowed ❢ AM AO AR BI CH EA FH GN LH LL (from Cree) niskiwan, similar to Faries and Watkin’s MO OG OS PE PI PP RB RO TE WB |miskiwun|, ‘one’s nose.’ Four Severn communities have WH nigod, which is also the form at Fort Severn (Cree) and ✙ LS WN Atikamekw (Béland 1978:520, ohkot, ‘his nose’). ✦ BT DL KL SB Elsewhere the common form is nizhangon. ✧ GL MA ✺ MU Swampy Cree has nikot; East Cree, uskut, ‘its nose, ● PH PI beak.’ Potawatomi has njash (Buzard). Rhodes 1989:6 . RP lists Miami nihkiwani, Fox kehkiwani (your), Shawnee hocaashi (his ?), and Menomini, necias. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (25) ❍ ❢✙ (23) ❢ ✦ (4) ✙ ✧✺ (3) ✦ ● (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-119 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ❍ ❢ ▲ ❢ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ❍ GN BH ❢ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲ ❢ LH ❍ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✙ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = akiwenzii 30 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = akiwenzi 8 ▲ ▲ ❢ = gichi-akiwenzii 6 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = shoomis 6 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = gichi-ahaa 3 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Old man Communities Grouped by Variant

Here the most common form is akiwenzi(i). I am ▲ AR BA CC CH CL CO EA EF EM GL probably not reliable regarding the length of the final LA MA MI MU NB OC PC PE PP RA vowel, although there is evidence of a regional clustering of RB RL RR SA SL SM WB WH WI WP forms with a short final vowel in northwestern Ontario. ❍ AO BH DL GN MO OS PI RO Algonquin has a form shoomis, which looks similar to the ❢ CT FH LH LL OG PH word for ‘grandfather’ in many dialects, -mishoom(is). ✙ AM BI LS RP TE WN Note that several Algonquin communities and some ✦ BT KL SB communities in northern Ontario have analogous gookom- ‘grandmother’ for old lady. The analogous extension of Consolidations this concept to‘old man’ using‘grandfather’ only in Algonquin may suggest that that dialect is the source of the ▲ ▲❍❢ (43) general process, though such a usage is very possibly an ❍ ✙ (6) independent development. Severn has a form gichi-ahaa, ❢ ✦ (3) somewhat analogous to its form for old woman, gichi-ikwe.

Swampy Cree has kishe-ininiw; East Cree, chishaa-iyuu; Plains Cree kehteyiniw, kiseyin, kisciyiniw. Potawatomi has k´wezi. Miami (H) has kiyosha. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-120 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ▲✺ DL ● BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✧ SB✧ CH ▲ ✧ ▲ ▲✺ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG OC CT OS ✧ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❢❍ FH MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ WN PP▲ . WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✙ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = mindimooyenh 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = akiwenzi-mindimooye 1 ▲ ▲ ❢ = gookominaan 4 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = gookomis 3 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = gookom 1 Huron ✧ = gichi-ikwe 5 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = gete-ikwe 2 ● = noojigweshi 1 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Old woman Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I found several regionally defined forms: ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM GL GN LA LH LL MA MI MO MU NB a. gichi-ikwe. This form is Severn, occurring in all Severn OC PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RR communities except DL, which has an isolated variant. CT SA SL SM WB WH WI WP and CO have gete-ikwe. ❍ RO ❢ AO AR OS RO b. stem gookom. This occurs in a band across the ✙ BI RP TE northern communties south of Severn, including ✦ AM Algonquin, and excluding MA and GL. WN has ✧ BT FH KL OG SB gookomis, which fits the pattern. CN has nootikwe, ✺ CO CT which appears to be similar to notokao cited by Faries ● DL 1938. Plains Cree (BLN) too has nootokew and .LS WN nootokesiw. Consolidations c. mindimooyenh. This is the general southern form. ▲ ▲❍ (38) ❍ ❢✙✦ (8) Swampy Cree has kishe-iskwew; East Cree ❢ ✧ (5) ✙ ✺ kuuhkuminaash. Potawatomi has md´moze. Miami (2) ✦ ● (1) has mikihkwa. Rhodes 1989:11 lists Miami as having mitem(i)hsa for ‘woman,’ and Menomini, metE:moh for the same. It looks as if these forms are cognate with the southern Ojibwe form for old woman. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-121 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL✧ SB✧ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✺▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = zhigaagomizh 34 RL ❢ BA ▲ ❍ ❢ NB = zhigaagomizhii 5 ▲ ▲ ❢ = zhigaangowinzh 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = zhigaagoonzh 1 ❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = zhigaagwashk 1 Huron ✧ = wiijiigashkosh 3 SA✙ RA❢ ✺ = 1

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Onion Communities Grouped by Variant

This item is useful for distinctions in the east. Gilstrap ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CH CO CT EA EF (1978) uses it to distinguish MA from the rest of EM GL GN LA LH LL MI MO MU OC Algonquin. My data shows the pattern is quite broad and OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RO RR that MA patterns with the southeastern dialects (and RL SL SM WB WH (Minnesota), all of which have zhigaagowinzh (except ❍ AM LS RP TE WN for GL). A related form occurs over most of the remaining ❢ CC CL MA NB RA RL WI WP area, zhigaagomizh (five Algonquin communities have a ✙ SA long vowel final, zhigaagomizhii), from MI west except ✦ DL for a few Severn communities (BT, KL, SB), which have ✧ BT SB wiijiigashkosh. The alternation outside of Severn is thus ✺ KL one of m versus w, which occurs in many forms, though ● LA usually initially (e.g., ‘house,’ miigiwaam vs. . FH wiigiwaam, ‘whiteman/Frenchman, wemitigoozhi vs. memitigoozhi). Fort Severn (Cree) has Consolidations shikaakwaanowashk. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (50) Plains Cree has wiihcekaskosiy; Swampy Cree, ❍ ✧ (2) shikaakwaanowashk; East Cree, shikaakush. ❢ ✺ (1) ✙ ● (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-122 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO . DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ ▲ ❍ AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR AO ▲ BH . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL. SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = no godag 34 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = godag 15 ❍ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Other Communities Grouped by Variant

This is another excellent term for showing a close ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CH CL CT EA EF relationship between Algonquin and Severn. All of Severn EM GN LA LH MI MO MU OC PC PE in my sample (BT, DK, KL, SB and more marginal FH PH PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SL SM and OG), as well as OS and PI to the south, have a specific WB WH WI WP pronoun meaning ‘the other,’ godag. All of Algonquin ❍ AM BI BT DL FH GL KL MA NB OG does as well, including BI and TE; Nipissing does as well OS PI SB TE WN (GL, MA and NB), but Eastern Ojibwe communities (e.g., . CO LL LS RP RA, CL) do not. Constance Lake has godag, as does Northern Alberta Cree (Plains). I lack data from Ft. Severn Consolidations Cree, but Ellis 1983 has kotak for the west coast of James Bay (Swampy Cree). ▲ ▲ (34);B b (15) Kotak is common in Cree, found in Swampy, East Cree and Plains. There is, however, some variation in the form of various inflections of this pronoun, between Ojibwe and Cree. Rhodes 1989:10 lists Miami kotaka, Fox kotaka, and Shawnee kotaka. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-123 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢✙ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ❢ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC . . CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU ▲ AM . ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR . ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS . WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH❍ ▲ RB PH ❢ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = abwiig 27 RL ❍ BA ✦ ❍ ❍ NB = abwiin 12 ▲ ❍ ❢ = abwiyag 4 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = bimishkaaganan 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = zhibweganaak 1 Huron SA. RA.

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Paddle (plural) Communities Grouped by Variant

The primary variable here is gender. Inanimate forms ▲ AM AO AR BH BI DL EA EF FH GN occur in the south, in the southeast south from MA, KL LH LL MI MO OG OS PC PE PI including NB, and in the west, in the border lakes region, PP RB RO SB SM TE WN including LA, RL, WH, EM and in Manitoba, SL. This ❍ CC CL EM GL LA MA NB RL SL WH seems to follow a general pattern whereby these dialects WI WP make logically inanimate entities grammatically inanimate. ❢ BT CH CO PH ✙ CO Fort Severn (Cree) and Plains Cree have apoy (NA), ✦ BA which also means, ‘shovel’ (see ‘shovel’ in this document, . CT LS MU OC RA RP RR SA WB where some western Saulteaux communities show the same phenomenon); East Cree, apui, ‘paddle, propeller, or Consolidations outboard motor’ (NA). Thus, all Cree forms for which I ▲ ▲❍❢ have data are animate gender. Potawatomi has web’´w´n (43) ❍ ✙ (1) (NI). ❢ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-124 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲✦ SB▲✦ CH ▲ ✦ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❍❢ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = midaas 28 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ✙ NB = gibo(o)diyegwaazon 13 ❢ ✙ ❢ = miikinod 6 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = (od)anagabeshaagan 5 ❍ CC❢ CL ✦ = bananjiis 3 Huron SA❢ RA❍

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Pants (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

Odawa (and BI) has miikinod. Around Odawa, in the ▲ AM AR BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF southeast, as well as along Lake Superior as far west as EM FH GN KL MU OC OS PC PE PI RL, one finds gib(o)odiyegwaazon. I am unsure of the RO RR SB SL SM WB WH WN components of this word: it appears to have the medial for ❍ AO BA BI CL LA LH LL MO PH PP backside, diy-e, and perhaps an initial meaning ‘cover.’ RA RB RL LS and several communities south (including MA, GL, TE ❢ BI CC MI SA WI WP and NB) have (od)anagabeshaagan, with or without a ✙ GL LS MA NB TE third person possessor (this may indicate that the word is ✦ KL OG SB variably inalienably In northwestern Ontario, and . RP throughout Saulteaux, one finds midaas. Three communities in the Severn area (KL, SB and OG) have Consolidations bananjiis, possibly from English. This form is also found at Fort Severn (panaciis). East Cree has the ▲ ▲ (28) corresponding paichiis. Plains Cree (BLN) has ❍ ❍ (13) nanosiya. ❢ ❢ (6) ✙ ✙ (5) ✦ ✦ (3) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-125 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ● DL ❍ BT PC. SM● CH ● KL▲ SB❢ PE ● PI ▲● OG ✦ OC ● ● CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ● RO ●▲ FH. MU● ◗ AM ✙▲ AR ■ AO ▲ RR ➙ ● GN BH ▲ . LS ■ WB EA● LL SL ● ◗ WN PP▲ WH● ▲ RB PH ✺ ● ▲ LH ▲ ◗ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ◗ TE ◗ MA ▲ Superior = ozaawaabikoons 14 RL ✜ BA . ❍ = ozaawi-biiwaabikoons 2 ◗ NB MI ◗ . GL ❢ = ozaawaabik 1 ✱ = bezh-zhoowaankenh 1 ✙ ❤ WI ◗ = ozaabikoons 1 = gaapzens 2 ▲ CC▲❤ CL ✦ = ozaawaa-biiwaabikoons 1✜ = miskwaabikoons 1 Huron ❤ ✧ = ozaawaabikosh 1 ➙ = zhooniyaans 1 SA RA. ✺ = ozaawaa-zhooniyaans 1 ● = biiwaabikoons 15 ■ = bezhig-waabikoons 2 ✱ WP Erie ◗ = zhoomaanike(nh) 8 Mich.

Penny (coin) Communities Grouped by Variant

This form is rather interesting in that in some ways, it ▲ AO BI CC CL GN KL LA LH LL MO patterns somewhat differently than the words for ‘nickel’ PI PP RB RO and ‘dime.’ Saulteaux (and all communities in extreme ❍ DL OS western Ontario), has biiwaabikoons, lit. ‘little metal ❢ SB object.’ North and northeast of Lake Huron, ✙ GN zhoomaanike(nh) is found. Elsewhere, the common ✦ OG form is ozaawaabikoons, ‘golden metal,’ or some variant ✧ BT of this. CC And SA have gaapsens, a borrowing of ✺ PH English ‘copper’ with an Ojibwe diminutive. ● BH CH CO CT EA EF EM MU OC PE PI RO SL SM WH Swampy Cree has osaawaapiskosh; East Cree has ■ AR WB ◗ kaa-uchaawaapischisit. Potawatomi has mskwab´ko. AM MA MI NB RP TE WI WN ✱ WP ❤ CC SA ✜ RL ➙ RR . BA FH GL LS PC RA

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (21) ❍ ●■ (17) ❢ ◗✱ (9) ✙ ❤ (2) ✦ ✜ (1) ✧ ➙ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-126 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

■ CO ▲ DL ✱ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL■ SB■ CH ▲ ■ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ■ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ◗✧✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✺ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ● RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙▲ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = wiisagad 31 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = gaa-wiisagaawangak 1 ✦ NB MI ❢ . GL ❢ = waasgang 6 ✱ = 1 ✙ WI ❢ = dibweban 5 ❢ CC❢ CL ✦ = bweban 1 Huron ✧ = daabwemin 1 SA❢ RA. ✺ = (debwemin) 1 ● = (detwebin) 1 ■ = beba 5 ❢ WP Erie ◗ = gibwaab 1 Mich.

Pepper (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word is useful for regional grouping. The southeast ▲ AR BA BH BI CH CO CT EA EF EM (though I lack data for GL and RA) consistently has GN LA LH LL MO MU OC OS PC PE waasgang, which may represent a participial formation of PH PI PP RB RL RO RR SL SM WB the commonly found wiisagad. Algonquin, extending to WH BI and NB, has some variant on dibweban, perhaps ❍ AO related to French poivre or English pepper. Severn beba ❢ CC CL MI SA WI WP is clearly from English, and the form extends as far south ✙ AM BI MA TE WN as FH. The rest of Ojibwe has wiisagad, in all areas west ✦ NB of BA. ✧ AM ✺ LS Swampy Cree has pepaaw, as does East Cree. Potawatomi ● RP has waskek. ■ BT FH KL OG SB ◗ AM ✱ DL . GL RA

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (38) ❍ ✙✦✧✺● (9) ❢ ■ (5) ✙ ◗ (1) ✦ ✱ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-127 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ❍ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB✙ CH ▲ ▲ ❍ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢▲ ▲ AM ▲❍ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = ginoozhe 42 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = ozhaawashkwaabiins 4 ▲ ▲ ❢ = ozaawaabiins 1 MI GL ▲ ✙ = nijwaabiish 4 WI CC▲ . CL ✦ = (ogaa) 1 Huron SA. RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Pike/Jackfish Communities Grouped by Variant

This item sets off Severn, in its having nijwaabiish, ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CT EA whereas almost everywhere else the form is ginoo(n)zhe EF EM FH GL GN LA LH LL LS MI (the generic term for fish in the Severn dialect). Three MO MU NB OG OS PC PE PH PI PP communities in the western Saulteaux range (CO, OC and RA RB RL RO RR SL SM TE WH WI WB), and surprisingly, GN, have ozhaawashkw= WN WP aabiins, which appears to have the same final as ❍ CO GN OC WB nijwaabiish, though with a different diminutive (this ❢ MU northern form has the expected -(i)sh, while the ✙ BT DL KL SB non-northern has -(e)ns. MU has the form ✦ MA ozaawaabiins, interesting in that it uses a root word . CL RP SA meaning ‘brown/yellow’ as opposed to ozhwashkwaabiins, which has a root meaning Consolidations ‘blue/green.’ Notice that the Severn form and the unique Saulteaux forms share elements (/aabii{ns/sh}/), but I am ▲ ▲ (42) uncertain of the significance of this. ❍ ❍❢ (5) ❢ ✙ (4) Bloomfield gives two forms for ‘pike’ in Plains Cree, ✙ ✦ (1) cekahpiis and miyay. Fort Severn Cree has kinooshew, and East Cree the corresponding chinusheu. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-128 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ❢❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍❢ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = odamino 44 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = dazhiike 9 ▲ ▲ ❢ = medawe 3 MI GL WI ▲ ❍ CC▲❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Plays (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This form is interesting in that Severn matches with the ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CO CT extreme southeast, which is quite rare in the data. Severn EA EF EM GL GL GN LH LL LS MA (DL and KL) has dazhiike (and medawe), which is also MI MO MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI found at CC, RA, SA, CL and NB (and LA). Elsewhere, PP RB RL RO RP RR SL SM TE WB the common form is odamino. WH WI WN WP ❍ CC CL DL KL LA NB RA SA SB All three Cree dialects for which I have information ❢ BT DL KL (Plains, Swampy, East Cree) have metawew. Rhodes . FH 1989:14 has Miami paahpiaani, Fox kiitanekowa, Consolidations Shawnee wees&ipezi, and Menomini miana:ce?taw. ▲ ▲ (44) ❍ ❍ (9) ❢ ❢ (3) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-129 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢ DL ❢ BT PC❢ SM✦ CH ❢ KL❢ SB❍ PE ❢ PI ❢ OG ❍ OC ❢ ❢ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ✙ RO ▲ FH. MU❢ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❢ ❢ GN BH ❍ ▲ LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ✙❢ ▲ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = dakoniwewinini 23 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = dakonigewinini 11 ❍ ❍ ❢ = zhimaaganish 15 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = odaapiniwewinini 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = odaapinigewinini 1 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Policeman Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting patterning. In the west, ▲ AM AO AR BI CC CL EA EM GN LA including Severn and Saulteaux, the form is zhimaa= LS MA NB OS RA RL RO SA TE WH ganish, evidently a borrowing from Cree (this word means WI WN WP ‘shield’ in Cree). In a group of communities along the ❍ BA GL LH LL MI MO OG PH PP RB northern shores of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, going SB north to SB, the form is dakonigewinini. Elsewhere, one ❢ BH BT CH CO CT DL KL MU OC PC PE PI finds dakoniwewinini, except for a group of three RR SL WB communities in Manitoba, which have ✙ EF SL odaapiniw/gewinini, (SM, EF, SL). ✦ SM . FH RP Both Plains Cree and Swampy Cree have okipahowe= siw; Bloomfield also lists simaakanisiihkaan, with the Consolidations gloss ‘conscript, Indian policeman.’ East Cree has chipahuwesuu (the same form as the Plains and ▲ ▲❍ (34) Swampy, but lacking the initial o-), and kaa-maakunu= ❍ ❢ (15) wesit. ❢ ✙✦ (3) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-130 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

● CO ✦ DL ✧ BT PC✙ SM▲ ✦ KL● SB✙ CH ✦ ■ ✦ ▲✧ PE ❍ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ■ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲❢ ❢ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ✙ RR ▲ ❍ GN BH ✙ ✺ LS ▲✦ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH❍ ❍ RB PH ▲ ▲ ❍ LH ▲ ✺ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❢ ❢ TE ✺ MA ▲ Superior = opin -iig 20 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✺ NB = opin -iin 11 ▲ ✺ ❢ = opinii -g 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = opin -? (data for plural lacking) 4 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = gitigaan -an 5 Huron ✧ = gitigaan -ag 2 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = badak -an 5 ● = ashkibwaaw 2 ■ = badedas -an 2 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Potato Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is opin, which varies in its ▲ BA CC CL CT EF EM MI MO MU PH gender, being animate everywhere except a large area PP RA RL RR SA SL SM WB WI WP extending from the northwest shore of Lake Superior into ❍ AR BH EA GN LA LH OS PE RB RO Manitoba (though I lack critical gender data from AO, LL, WH PC and SB). FH and OG have borrowed from English, ❢ AM BI MU TE WN while BT and KL have the form, ashkibwaaw, which ✙ AO LL PC SB agrees with Faries 1938 |uskepwawe| Cree dictionary. At ✦ CH CO OC PI WB DL and PI, as well as most Saskatchewan Saulteaux, the ✧ CT DL form is gitigaan (a nominalization from gitige, ‘he works ✺ GL LS MA NB RP in a garden’) with variable gender. ● BT KL ■ FH OG Swampy and East Cree use patetas; Bloomfield lists some other forms for Plains, including ahpiniis and Consolidations askipwaaw, in both cases glossed, ‘wild potato,’ as well as ‘la patate, napataak.’ The last form here is similar to ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (40) the form found in eastern Ojibwe dialects, badak, which ❍ ✦✧ (7) McGregor 1987 asserts is ‘from French slang.’ ❢ ✺ (5) ✙ ● Potawatomi has p´n. Peoria has pEnEki (pl.) (2) ✦ ■ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-131 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

■ CO ❍ DL ✦ BT PC❍ SM❍ CH ❍ KL✦ SB✙ PE ❍ PI ❍ OG ❢ OC ◗ ❍ CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ✺❍ FH. MU❍ ✧ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ ✦ LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ● WN PP❍ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA. BI ● ✦ TE . MA ▲ Superior = anama’aa 17 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ▲ NB = anami’aa 19 ▲ ✧ ❢ = anamichige 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = ayamichige 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = ayamihaa 4 Huron ✧ = ayamiyi 2 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = ayami’aa 1 ● = ayamihe 2 ■ = amichige 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = gaagiizhimo 1 Mich.

Prays (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common variants are anama’aa and anami’aa, ▲ AO AR CC CL EA GN LH LL MI NB with the latter much more heavily represented in the west PH RA RB SA WH WI WP (Saulteaux), though it does turn up at other locations (MO ❍ BA BH CH CO CT EF EM MO MU PC and BA). DL and KL (Severn) and LS and TE PE PI PP RL RO RR SL SM WB (Algonquin) have ayamihaa, while AM and GL have ❢ OG ayamiyi. WN and BI have ayamihe. SB and OS have ✙ OS SB ayamichige, which is very similar to Fort Severn (Cree) ✦ DL KL LS TE ayamihcikew (and East Cree, ayimihchikeu). ✧ AM GL Atikamekw has ayamihaa- (Béland 1978:406). ✺ RO ● BI WN ■ BT ◗ OC . FH LA MA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (37) ❍ ✙✦✧✺● (11) ❢ ■ (1) ✙ ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-132 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❢ SB❢ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = gego 36 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❢ NB = bego 4 ▲ ❢ ❢ = (e)gaaw(i)in 11 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

❢▲ WP Mich. Erie

Prohibitive particle Communities Grouped by Variant

The prohibitive particle is most commonly gego, with a ▲ AR BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF variant bego among four communities clustered north of EM FH GN LA LH MI MU OC OG OS Lake Superior. Many northern communities have PC PE PI PP RA RB RL RO RR SA (e)gaaw(i)in, though many of these lack a distinctive SL SM WB WH WI WP prohibitive morphology as well, using the imperative with a ❍ AO LL MO PH negative particle. Egaawin is interesting in that it seems a ❢ AM BI BT DL GL KL NB SB TE WN blend of both the common independent negative and the WP northern (Severn) conjunct negative, egaa. . LS MA RP The only Cree for which I have data on the prohibitive Consolidations particle is East Cree, which uses ekaawii plus the imperative. ▲ ▲❍ (40) ❍ ❢ (11) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-133 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❢ SB◗ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ◗ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✙ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ❍ AR . AO ✦ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✦ . LS ▲ WB EA✱ LL SL ▲ ■ WN PP✦ WH▲ ✦ RB PH ✦ ❍ ✦ LH ✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✦ BI ✦ ■ TE . MA ▲ Superior = bezhig zhooniyaa(n)s 15 RL ✦ BA ✧ ❍ = bezhi-zhooniyaa(n)s 3 . NB MI ● ■ GL ❢ = bezh-zhooniyaa(n)s 4 ✱ = niizhidana-ashi- ✙ WI ● = bezhi-zhooniyaash 1 naani-biiwaabikoons 1 ✺ CC● CL ✦ = niizh-zhooniyaa(n)s 10 Huron ✧ = niizhwaabikoons 1 SA● RA. ✺ = niizhnaabkoons 1 ● = niizh shining 5 ■ = traansoo/danaansoo 3 ● WP Erie ◗ = zhaangwesh 2 Mich.

Quarter (coin) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting regional variation. Among ▲ BH CH CO CT EF MU OC PC PE PI Odawa communities, the common form is niizh shining, RR SL SM WB WH lit., ‘two shillings.’ an obvious borrowing of English ❍ BT EM GN shilling. In Michigan Ottawa, this has been generalized to ❢ AM DL KL OS mean ‘one quarter,’ as in Niizh-shinin minik ✙ RO aabitawizi, ‘She is one-fourth white.’ Bloomfield/ ✦ AO BI LA LH LL MO PH PP RB RL Nichols 1991:35. GL and TE have traansoo, a borrowing ✧ BA from French trente sou, ‘thirty sou.’ WN has a more ✺ CL phonologized form of the same word, danaansoo. All ● CC MI SA WI WP around Lake Superior, the form is niizhooniyaa(n)s (or ■ GL TE WN perhaps the more expected niizh-zhooniyaans), meaning ◗ OG SB ‘two pieces of change,’ i.e., something akin to the archaic ✱ EA English expression, ‘two bits,’ or the two shillings above. . AR FH LS MA NB RA RP The rest of the communities have a group of related forms, most commonly bezhig zhooniyaans, ‘one coin,’ with Consolidations some Severn (KL and DL) and Algonquin (AM) having bezhooniyaans, and BT, EM and GN having ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (23) bezhi-zhooniyaans. There is thus a continuum of ❍ ✦✧✺● (17) shortening for the initial element of this form, from bezhig ❢ ■ (3) to bezhi to be, but these do appear to have a discernible ✙ ◗ (2) regional patterning). SB and OG have zhaangwesh, the ✦ ✱ (1) word for ‘mink,’ clearly related to the fur trade. This construction was also found at Fort Severn (Cree). East Cree uses an analogous term, peyakushikaakuyaan, glossed as ‘twenty-five cents or one quarter of something (lit., one skunk skin).’ Plains Cree has sooniyaas for quarter. Potawatomi has godyesb´n, which looks like, ‘one-raccoon’ (see also half-dollar). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-134 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✜ CO ◗ DL ➙ BT PC▲ SM▲ ◗❍ KL✜ SB✜ CH ✺ ❍ ❍▲ ✧ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲✧ RO ❤ FH MU◗ ❍ ✺ AM RR ▲❍ GN ❍✙ AR AO . . BH ▲ ✇ LS . WB EA❢ LL SL ✦✱ ✺ WN PP▲ WH❤ ✧ RB PH ▲ ❤ ▲ LH ✧ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✧ BI ✺ ● TE . MA ▲ Superior = 11 RL ✺ BA ■ ❍ = gidochigan 8 ■ NB MI . . GL ❢ = gaagiigidoomagak ■ = midewechigan 7 ◗ WI ■ gidochigan 1 = gaagiigidoomagak 3 ■ CC▲ CL ✙ = waasagani-gidochigan 1 ✱ = gaagiigidoomagak makakoons 1 Huron ■ ✦ = gaagidochigemagak 1 ❤ = bizinjigan 3 SA RA■ ✧ = noondaagamochigan 5 ✜ = nandotamoowin 3 ✺ = noodaagwachigan 5 ➙ = jiizhakaan 1 ● = gaanoondaagochige- ✇ ■ WP = (ndechigan) 1 Erie magak 1 Mich.

Radio Communities Grouped by Variant

This is one of several contemporary terms collected to see ▲ CC EF LH LL OC PC PE PH PP RR if any patterns representing more recent relationships SM might emerge, and also a minor test of language vitality. ❍ AR CH FH GN OC OG OS RR There are a few local groupings. The southeast has nearly ❢ EA everywhere midewechigan; Severn (BT, KL, SB) has ✙ GN nandotamowin; south of this grouping is a grouping of ✦ SL five communities (OG, FH, OS, AR, GN) having ✧ CT EF LA MO RB gidochigan, which also occurs in many other places. ✺ AM BI PI RL WN Predictably, Manitoba Saulteaux has radio, since this ● TE dialect seems especially prone to borrowing from English, ■ BA CL NB RA SA WI WP even in areas where the language is quite strong. There are ◗ CH CO MU other small groupings discernible from inspection of the ✱ SL map. ❤ EM RO WH ✜ BT KL SB Swampy Cree has kaa-ayamiimakahk; East Cree, ➙ DL ayimuweyaapii. ✇ LS . AO BH GL MA MI RP WB

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (11) ❍ ❍❢✙✦ (11) ❢ ✧✺● (11) ✙ ■ (7) ✦ ◗✱ (4) ✧ ❤ (3) ✺ ✜ (3) ● ➙ (1) ■ ✇ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-135 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ❢ DL ✙ BT PC❢ SM❢ CH ❢ KL✙ SB❍ PE ❢ PI ❢ OG ❍ OC ❢ ❢ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ❍ FH. MU❢ ✧ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ❢ ❢ GN BH ❍ ✧ LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢ ✧ WN PP❍ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ✧ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = agindaaso 16 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✧ NB = aginjige 11 ▲ ✧ ❢ = anamichige 14 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = ayamichige 2 ✺▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = amichige 1 Huron ✧ = naabowaajige 7 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = gidam 1

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Reads (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting regional variation. Algonquin ▲ BA CC CL EA EM GN LA LH MI RA (including NB and GL) has naabowaajige, while the rest RB RL SA WH WI WP of the southeast and a large portion of southwest Ontario ❍ AO AR BI LL MO OG OS PH PP RO has agindaaso. North of Lake Superior as far as SB, one SB finds the related form, aginjige. These forms appear to be ❢ BH CH CO CT EF MU OC PC PE PI RR SL related to the word ‘count, reckon,’ suggesting that reading SM WB in these areas was perhaps first associated with commerical ✙ DL KL activities. By contrast, at KL and DL, ayamichige and ✦ BT among all Saulteaux, anamichige, in both cases apparent ✧ AM GL LS MA NB TE WN Cree loans for the words ‘pray,’ doubtlessly due to the ✺ CL association of reading with church liturgy. Fort Severn . FH RP (Cree) has related ayamihtaaw (East Cree, ayimihtaau). Plains Cree (BLN) has ayamihcikew. Consolidations (Data for MA from McGregor 1987:218). ▲ ▲❍ (27) ❍ ❢✙✦ (17) ❢ ✧ (6) ✙ ✺ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-136 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❤ CO ▲ DL ✱●▲ BT PC◗ SM▲ CH ▲ KL●■ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ● ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✙ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ✦ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✧ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✧ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✦ ✦ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = nidinawemaagan 26 RL ▲ BA ✙ ❍ = nindanwenimaagan 1 ✺ NB MI ✦ ✧ GL ❢ = nijiinawemaagan 1 ✱ = nindoodem 1 ✙ ❤ WI ✦ = nidawemaagan 2 = niwiidogemaagan 1 ✦ CC✦ CL ✦ = nidinawendaagan 11 Huron ✧ = nijiinawendaagan 4 SA✦ RA✦ ✺ = niwendaagan 1 ● = niwaangomaagan 3 ■ = niwaakomaagan 1 ✦ WP Erie ◗ = niijkiiwe 1 Mich.

My relative Communities Grouped by Variant

This form shows some regionalism. KL and DL (Severn) ▲ AR BH CH CO CT DL EA EF EM GN have niwaangomaagan, as does OC (Saulteaux). A large LA LH LL MU OS PE PI PP RB RL grouping of communities in the southeast, extending quite RR SB SL SM WB WH far north to MO, and embracing Algonquin BI and TE, has ❍ PH nindinawendaan. The rest of Algonquin (including AM, ❢ AM based on Gilstrap 1978:15, but not my data) has ✙ BA RO njiinawendaagan, including MA and GL. The most ✦ AO BI CC CL MI MO RA SA TE WI common form is ndinawemaagan. It might be possible WP to chart several aspects of this word, including ending ✧ GL LS MA WN (-maagan vs. -daagan) and beginning (din- vs. jiin-). ✺ NB ● DL KL OC Swampy and East Cree both have waahkomaakan; ■ KL Bloomfield lists this word with a long vowel, ◗ PC waahkoomaakan for Plains Cree. ✱ DL ❤ BT . FH OG RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (46) ❍ ●■ (4) ❢ ◗ (1) ✙ ✱ (1) ✦ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-137 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❍ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ✦ ❍ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✧ WN PP❍ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ LH . ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ . TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nipigay 29 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ ❢ NB = nipigegan 15 ❍ ❢ ❢ = nipigan 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = nipigeig 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = nidoopigaamig 1 Huron ✧ = nipigaa 1 SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

My rib(s) Communities Grouped by Variant

From the northern tip of Lake Superior, extending ▲ AO AR BH BT CH CT DL EA EF EM southeast, the word is nipigegan, except at NB and GL, FH GN KL LA LH LL MA MU OS PC where it is nipigan. Nipigegan also shows up at RL and PE PI RB RO RR SB SL SM WH in the extreme west, at CO and OC. North of this, and in ❍ BA BI CC CL CO MI MO OC PP RA the rest of Saulteaux, the form is commonly nipigay. LS RL SA WB WI WP and WN have nipigaa, showing the –aa augment that is ❢ GL NB very chararacteristic of body part terms in these ✙ AM communities. ✦ OG ✧ WN I recorded nispikay for Fort Severn (Swampy) Cree . LS PH RP TE (plural -a, i.e., inanimate gender). Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (49) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-138 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❢ SB✺ CH ❢ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ● AM ▲ AR . AO ✦ RR ▲ ▲✙ GN BH ✦ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ● WN PP✦ WH▲✙ ✦ RB PH ✦ ✦ ✦ LH ✦ ✺ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❢ ✺ TE . MA ▲ Superior = zhemaag 22 RL ❍ BA ✦ ❍ ❍ NB = wewiib 5 ✺ ■ ❢ = wiiba(j) 3 MI GL ✙ WI ❍◗ = wiiwiib 2 ✧ CC✧ CL ✦ = gezhidine 9 Huron ✧ = ambe go 4 SA✧ RA✧ ✺ = noongom 4 ● = deshiwa(a)g 2 ■ = deshigoj 1 ❍ WP Erie ◗ = paabgi 1 Mich.

Right away Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting variation. In southeastern ▲ BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF FH GN Ontario, the form is ambe go; AM and WN (Algonquin) MU OC OG OS PC PE RO RR SL SM have deshiwa(a)g, and GL has apparently related, WB WH deshigoj; a large band of communities along the shores of ❍ LA NB RL WI WP Lake Superior from Batchawana to Emo, Ontario, have ❢ BI KL PI gezhidine. An interesting collection of communities, two ✙ BH WH in the west (LA and RL) and several in the east (NB, WI, ✦ AO BA EM LH LL MO PH PP RB and WP) have wewiib. BH and WH both have a variant, ✧ CC CL RA SA wiiwiib. Elsewhere, including Saulteaux and much of ✺ MI RP SB TE northwestern Ontario, the term is zhemaag. ● AM WN ■ GL Bloomfield lists semaak for Plains Cree, as well as ◗ WI kiisaac, ‘right away, at the same time.’ East Cree has . AR LS MA tiiwehch and chiishaach. Consolidations

▲ ▲ (22) ❍ ❍❢✙ (10) ❢ ✦ (9) ✙ ✧ (4) ✦ ✺ (4) ✧ ●■ (3) ✺ ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-139 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❍ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = miikana 34 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ = miikan 18 ❍ NB MI ❍ ❍ GL

WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Road Communities Grouped by Variant

Based on my data, Ojibwe dialects form two groups on the ▲ AM AO AR BH BT CH CO CT DL EA basis of this word, a southern group, encompassing MA EF EM FH GN KL LH LL LS MU OC and all communities south, those along the north shore of OG OS PC PE PI RO RR SB SL SM Lake Superior, and RL (Minnesota) and LA in the west, all TE WB WH WN of which have miikan. Elsewhere the term is miikana. ❍ BA BI CC CL GL LA MA MI MO NB Fort Severn (Cree) has miskanaw. PH PP RA RB RL SA WI WP . RP It may thus appear that miikana is not found in southern areas, but published sources show this not to be true: Consolidations Nichols and Nyholm 1979, for a dialect of Minnesota Chippewa, have miikana; Wilson 1878, for a dialect near ▲ ▲❍ (52) Sault Ste. Marie, has miikana, miikan; Baraga 1878 has both forms as well. Plains Cree and Swampy both has meskanaw. Potawatomi has myew. Rhodes 1989:4 gives miiwi for Miami, myeewi for Fox, miyeewi for Shawnee, and mi:hekan for Menomini. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-140 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ❍ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG ❍ OC ✙ ▲ CT OS ❢ (Alb.) ▲ ❢ FH❢ EF RO ❍ MU. ❢ ❢ AM RR ▲ GN ❢ AR AO . BH ❢ ❍ LS . WB EA. LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❢ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ LH ❢ ❍ RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = opichi 20 RL ▲ BA . ❍ ▲ NB = bipichi 12 ▲ ❍ ❢ = gwiishkwa’oo 14 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = banajaa 1 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Robin Communities Grouped by Variant

The variants for ‘robin’ show a very interesting ▲ CC CH CL CT EF EM LA MI NB PC distribution. In the north, the form is the same as the (Fort PE RA RL RR SA SL SM WH WI WP Severn) Cree, bipichi. This form is found throughout the Severn area and the Algonquin, as far south as GL. In the ❍ AM BT CO DL GL KL LS MA OG RP south, there is a similar form, opichi, which occurs SB WN throughout the Odawa/Eastern grouping, throughout the ❢ AO AR BI FH GN LL MO OS PH PI border lakes, and all Saulteaux except the extreme west. PP RB RO TE Note that phonetic changes disallow the distinction of ✙ OC bipichi and opichi in many dialects with vowel syncope, . BA BH EA LH MU WB since the deletion of the first vowel in the former would result in the sequence bp which would simplify to p, and Consolidations thus look identical to a reduced form of opichi, pichi. I assume that the forms in these dialects are from opichi on ▲ ▲❍ (32) the basis of historical evidence, such as Baraga 1878, ❍ ❢ (14) which lists opichi as ‘thrush.’ ❢ ✙ (1)

What is especially interersting about the variants for ‘robin’ is that there is a large grouping of communities including TE and BI in the east, extending across the north shore of Lake Superior and extending as far west as the Ontario border, where the word for ‘robin’ is gwiishkwa’oo or gwiishko’e. Though it is not charted, gwiishkwa’oo is the form in the extreme western range, being recorded at PI, RO and GN. The form recorded at OC, banajaa, is listed in Nichols and Nyholm 1979:251 as ‘a nestling.’ I do not know if this is the common form for ‘robin’ at OC or a matter of individual preference, etc.

Swampy Cree has pihpihcew; East Cree, piihpiihcheu. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-141 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

● CO ▲ DL ● BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL● SB● CH ▲❤ ● ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✺ OG OC CT OS ● (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✧ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲✧ AR ✧ AO ● RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✺ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA✧ LL SL ▲ ❢✙WN PP✱ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✧ ▲ ▲ LH ✧ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✦ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = biiminakwaan 21 RL ▲ BA ■ ❍ = sabaab 6 ❢ NB MI ❍ ❢ GL ❢ = zesab(ii) 5 ✱ = mishaaganaab 1 ✙ ❤ WI ❍ = zesabaab(ii) 3 = shiiyaab 1 ◗❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = ziisabaabii 1 Huron ✧ = zhinoodaagan 6 SA❍ RA. ✺ = zhinoodaaganeyaab 2 ● = biishaaganeyaab 7 ■ = biimskowaab 1 ❍ WP Erie ◗ = dkobjigan 1 Mich.

Rope (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has variants related to those for ‘thread.’ The ▲ BH CH CO CT EF EM GN LA LH MU word is of interest in that it groups Algonquin with OC PC PE PI RB RL RR SL SM WB southeastern dialects. Several Odawa communities (and WH CL) have sabaab, while those communities north of it ❍ CC CL MI SA WI WP have zesab(ii) (GL, MA, NB, WN, LS) or zesabaabii ❢ GL LS MA NB WN (AM, WN, BI, (TE)). Many of these communities have the ✙ AM BI WN same words for ‘thread,’ though note that AM and BI do ✦ TE not. Forms with /ze/ may represent some sort of ✧ AR EA GN MO PH RO reduplication, as /sab/ looks like the word for ‘net.’ ✺ LL OS ● AO BT DL FH KL OG SB Severn, extending down to AO, has biishaaganeyaab, ■ BA somewhat similar to Fort Severn (Cree), piishaakan= ◗ CL aapiy. Between the southern dialect discussed initially and ✱ PP Severn, there is a clustering of communities having ❤ PI zhinoodaagan(eyaab), beginning at MO and PH and . RA RP spreading north to LL and thence west across Ontario. Northwest of Lake Superior, and extending all the way Consolidations across Saulteaux, the form is biiminakwaan. Potawatomi ▲ ▲ has gch´-s´bab, s´bab (Buzard). Rhodes 1989:6 has (21) ❍ ❍❢✙✦ (15) Plains Cree pisaakanaapiy, Miami lokweesi, Fox ❢ ✧✺ (8) asapaapi, and Menomini ka:hkap. ✙ ● (7) ✦ ■ (1) ✧ ◗ (1) ✺ ✱ (1) ● ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-142 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ✺ BT PC▲ SM✙✧ CH ▲ KL✺ SB✺ PE ✧ PI ✧ OG ✺❍ OC . ▲ CT OS ✺ (Alb.) ✧ ✧✺ FH✺ EF RO ❍ MU▲ ✧ ✙ AM RR ▲ GN ✧ AR AO . BH ✙ ❍ LS ❍ WB EA✧ LL SL ▲ ❍✙WN PP✙ WH✧✙ ✧ RB PH ✙ ✧ ✧ LH ✙ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✧ BI ✙✦ ✙ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nengaw 8 RL ✙ BA ✙ ❍ ✙ NB = negaw 10 ✙ ✙ ❢ = negaa 1 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = bingwi 16 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = bingode 1 Huron ✧ = mitaawang 13 SA✙ RA. ✺ = newang 7

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Sand (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several regionally distributed variants making ▲ CH CO CT MA MU PC RR SL this one of the most interesting words in the entire corpus. ❍ AM CC CL LS OG RP WB WI WN WP Saulteaux from central Manitoba west has nengaw. ❢ BT Algonquin and many southeastern communties (cutting ✙ AO BA BI GL LL MI MO NB PH PP across the Odawa/Eastern boundaries) have negaw. In RL SA SM TE WH WN many Algonquin communities, nasal clusters have lost ✦ BI their nasals, so this form could be construed as identical to ✧ AR EA EF EM GN LA LH PE PI RB the Saulteaux. No such simplification of nasal clusters has RO SM WH occurred in the Odawa/Eastern complex. Note though that ✺ DL FH KL OG OS RO SB MA has nengaw. A large group of communities north of . BH OC RA Lakes Superior and Huron has bingwi, as well as RL (Minnesota) and as far east as GL (including NB and BA). Consolidations WN has two forms showing semantic specialization, negaw, meaning ‘fine sand with no stones,’ and bigwii as ▲ ▲❍❢ (19) a generic for sand. Fort Severn (Cree) also has nekaw. In ❍ ✙✦ (17) the Severn area I find newang widely distributed from OG ❢ ✧ (13) to DL and down to RO, which also shows mitaawang in ✙ ✺ (7) agreement with a large number of communties from Lake Nipigon stretching northwest to central Manitoba, a form Bloomfield lists both nekaw and yekaw that resembles the medial form of sand found in VII verbs for Plains Cree; East Cree has yekaau. in many dialects, e.g., apiit= aanaawa[n]gaa, ‘the sand Rhodes 1989:13 lists many related words is so deep’ VII (from AM, /n/ supplied, since deleted by with the meaning “dust”: Plains Cree general rule in Algonquin). pihkotew; Ojibwe bingwi/bangwi, Miami pinkwi, Fox pekwi, Shawnee Mitaawang also occurs in Baraga 1878 (Chippewa). His pekwi, and Menomini pEhki:w. entry for a Chippewa/Odawa dialect(s) of upper Michigan/Wisconsin shows some the semantic ambiguity associated with this word: ‘negaw, mitaawan. On the sand, mitaawang. There is sand: negawikaa, mitaawangaa. Fine white sand, bingwi, negaw.’ Thus there appear to be different words for different grades of sand, and all dialects may have multiple terms, but give preference to particular forms. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-143 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❢ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ❢ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR . AO ✦ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✦ . LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ WN PP✙ . WH▲ ✙ RB PH ● ▲ ✙ LH ✙ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA. BI ❍✦ ❍ TE . MA ▲ Superior = maadinawe-giizhig- 22 RL ✺ BA . ❍ = maanii-giizhig- 7 ❍ NB MI ❍ . GL ❢ = ngodwaaso-giizhig- 6 ✙ WI ❍ = marii-giizhig- 4 ❢ CC✧ CL ✦ = ashandin 3 Huron ✧ = saatewan 3 SA✧ RA❢ ✺ = giziibiigisaginigewigiizhig- 1 ● = jibwaa-anamaye-giizhig- 1 ❢✧ WP Mich. Erie

Be Saturday (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several interesting regional variants. Extending ▲ BH BT CH CT DL EA EF EM GN KL southwest from Algonquin to MI and WI, one finds MU OG OS PC PE PI RO RR SB SL maanii-giizhig, ‘Mary’s day’ (?). Five communities SM WH along the north shore of Lake Superior have ❍ AM BI MI NB RP TE WI marii-giizhig, ‘Mary’s day,’ without phonological ❢ CL CO OC RA WB WP adjustment of the sonorant. AO and LL have ashandin. ✙ LH MO PP RB This word appears related to the VTA form asham, ‘feed ✦ AO BI LL him.’ Several southeastern communities (RA, CL, WP) ✧ CC SA WP and Saulteaux (CO, OC, WB) have ngodwaaso-giizhig-, ✺ RL ‘day six (of the week).’ Three southeastern communities, ● PH CC, SA, WP, have saatewan, a borrowing of English . AR BA FH GL LA LS MA WN ‘Saturday.’ RL has giziibiigisaginigewi-giizhig, ‘floor-washing day.’ Elsewhere the common form is Consolidations maadinawe-giizhig. A similar form occurs in Plains Cree (BLN), maatinawe- kiisikaaw, which Bloomfield ▲ ▲ (22) glosses as ‘it is Saturday (food serving).’ McGregor ❍ ❍ (7) 1987:164 glosses maadinawen (a transitive verb) as ‘to ❢ ❢ (6) distribute or apportion land, n.b., denoted a father ✙ ✙ (4) apportioning his hunting-grounds among his sons.’ ✦ ✦ (3) Perhaps this was a day in which provisions of food and ✧ ✧ (3) other goods were customarily distributed. The same form ✺ ✺ (1) is found in Swampy Cree, and, with appropriate ● ● (1) palatalization, in East Cree, maatiniwe-chiisikaau. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-144 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❢ SB❢▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✦ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = moozhwaagan 42 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = dagokomaan 6 ▲ ❍ ❢ = maajizhigan 3 MI GL ✙ WI ▲✧ = giishkizhigan 1 ▲✙ CC▲ CL ✦ = mooshkomaan 1 Huron ✧ = sipinigan 1 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Scissors Communities Grouped by Variant

The main form is moozhwaagan, widely represented. ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT Severn (BT, KL, SB) has maajizhigan, while Algonquin, DL EA EF EM FH GN LA LH LL MI extending south to NB and GL has dagokomaan (MA MO MU OC OG OS PC PE PI PP RA data from McGregor 1987:391). RB RL RO RR SA SB SL SM WB WH WI WP Swampy Cree has maacishikan; East Cree has English ❍ AM GL MA NB TE WN borrowing sasis, as well as takuhkumaan; Plains Cree ❢ BT KL SB ✙ has moosotoowin. Potawatomi has mozhwag´n. CL ✦ PH ✧ WI . LS RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (42) ❍ ❍ (6) ❢ ❢ (3) ✙ ✙ (1) ✦ ✦ (1) ✧ ✧ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-145 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ◗ DL ✺ BT PC▲ SM✺ CH ✺ KL✺ SB✺ PE ✺ PI ✺ OG ✺ OC ▲ ✺ CT OS ✺ (Alb.) EF ✺ RO ✺ FH. MU✺ ■ AM ✺ AR ✺ AO ❤ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ◗ WB EA. LL SL ✺◗ WN PP❍ . WH✱ ❢ RB PH ▲ ✺ LH ● . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲● ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = gaashka’igan 10 RL ✦ BA ▲ ❍ = gaashkigan 4 ❍ NB MI . . GL ❢ = gaashkaadigan 3 ✱ = bishagaakwa’igan 1 ✙ ❤ WI ❢✧ = gaashkzhigan 2 = jiig’omaan 1 ✙❍ CC❢ CL ✦ = gaashkiiga’igan 1 Huron ✧ = gaashkwaajigan 1 SA❍ RA. ✺ = maada’igan 18 ● = jiishaakohigan 2 ■ = jiishaakwe’igan 1 ✙ WP Erie ◗ = mikiingwan 3 Mich.

Scraper Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows the most consistency in northwestern ▲ BA BH BI LA LL OC PC PH RR TE Ontario, where the word is uniformly maada’igan, ❍ CL NB PP SA extending, particularly, into the northern areas of ❢ CC RB WI Saulteaux. Though gaashka’igan (and phonetic variant ✙ CL WP gaashkigan) is represented by many tokens, they are ✦ RL widely scattered and show little apparent patterning, other ✧ WI than a somewhat higher frequency in the southeast. AM, ✺ AR BT CH CT DL EF EM GN KL MU MO and BI have related forms, jiishaakwehigan and OG OS PE PI RO SB SL SM jiishaakohigan, both of which appear similar to ● BI MO Atikamekw ciihshaaskohikanaahtikw (Béland ■ AM 1978:412). Plains Cree has maatahikan, and East Cree, ◗ CO SL WB maatahiikan. ✱ WH ❤ AO . EA FH GL LH LS MA MI RA RP WN

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (21) ❍ ✺ (18) ❢ ●■ (3) ✙ ◗ (3) ✦ ✱ (1) ✧ ❤ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-146 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❍ WH▲ ✙ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = adaawaage 28 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = adaawe 21 ❍ ❢ ❢ = adaawaawe 1 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = adaawejige 1 ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Sells (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two principal variants, dividing the range east and ▲ AO AR BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF west. In the west, the form is adaawaage, while in the east EM GN KL LA MU OC OS PC PE PI it is adaawe. Nichols and Nyholm 1979:206 have RL RO RR SB SL SM WB WH adaawaage for another dialect of Minnesota (besides that ❍ AM BA BI CC CL LH LL LS MA MI represented by RL, which has adaawaage as well). See MO NB OG PH PP RA SA TE WI WN also the word for ‘someone buys’ in this study, where WP adaawe is widely used in the west for ‘buy.’ ❢ GL ✙ RB Swampy Cree and Plains Cree have ataawaakew; East . FH MA RP Cree, ataaweu. Consolidations MA data from McGregor 1987:7. ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (51) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-147 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❂ DL ▲ BT PC♣ SM▲✱ CH ❋❦ KL▲ SB▲ PE ❍ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ❂ . CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍♣✱ RO ▲ FH. MU❍ ▼ AM ▲ AR ● AO ✦ RR ✙ ▲ GN BH ✺ ✇ LS ❂❍ WB EA❦ LL SL ✙ ➢ WN PP✺ WH❤ ● RB PH ■ ✱ ● LH ✺ ✇ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❤ BI ✺ . TE ✇ MA ▲ Superior = isped 11 RL ➙ BA ◗ ❍ = moona’igan 5 ❢ NB MI . ✇ GL ❢ = moonigan 2 ✱ = gwaaba’ishkiwaan 3 ✙ ❤ WI . = moonashkwaan 2 = gwaaba’adaawangwaan 2 ✧ CC✜ CL ✦ = moonikaan 1 ✜ = gwaabadaawangagan 2 Huron ✜ ✧ = moonkaajgan 1 ➙ = gwaaba’aawangwaan 1 SA RA❍ ✺ = mangaanibaajigan 4 ✇ = giishkabwii 4 ➻ = labesh 2 ● = gaanibaajigan 3 ❦ = nabagaabik 2 2 ▼ = agwaaskobaan 1 ■ = magaanibaan 1 ❋ 1 ➢ = magaanahaabwii 1 ❢ WP = nabagibiiwaabik 1 Erie ◗ = nigaanibaajigan 1 ❂ = abwi 3 Mich.

Shovel (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has a large number of variants, though with ▲ BH BT DL GN KL OG OS PI RO SB frequent tight regional groupings. Severn, and extending SM south to GN, uniformly has isped, borrowed from English ❍ EF MU PE RA WB spade. Another group of communities along northern ❢ NB WP Lake Superior have related mangaanibaajigan. A ✙ RR SL grouping of AR, RB and LH have gaanibaajigan, ✦ AO probably a reduced form of the previous variant. This form ✧ CL is also given in Nichols and Nyholm 1979 (Minnesota ✺ BI LL MO PP Chippewa) and Baraga 1878 (Michigan/Wisconsin ● AR LH RB Chippewa/Ottawa), suggesting that it is a general ■ PH Chippewa form. ◗ BA ✱ EF EM SM CC and SA have gwaaba’adaawangwaan. Several ❤ LA WH Algonquin (extending to GL) have giishkabwii. WN has ✜ CC SA a fudged form, mangaanahaabwii. In Saulteaux, PC and ➙ RL EF have labesh, borrowed from French la bêche, ‘spade.’ ✇ GL LS MA RP RR and SL have moonashkwaan. CO, OC and WB (all ❦ CH EA in Saskatchewan) have abwi, which in other dialects ❋ CH means ‘paddle.’ Evidently, paddles were more useful on ❂ CO OC WB the prairies for moving earth than water. Bloomfield ♣ EF PC records the Plains Cree form apoy with the same double ▼ AM meaning, ‘paddle, shovel.’ Swampy Cree has ➢ WN makaantepoy. . CT FH MI TE WI Consolidations

▲ ▲ (11) G ❂ (3) ❍ ❍❢✙✦✧ (11) H ♣ (2) ❢ ✺●■◗ (9) I ▼ (1) ✙ ✱❤✜➙ (8) J ➢ (1) ✦ ✇ (4) ✧ ❦❋ (3) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-148 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✺ CO ✙ DL ■ BT PC▲ SM❢ CH ✙ KL✺ SB. PE ❢ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ✙ ✙ CT OS ●▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ▲ FH. MU❢ ▲ AM ❢✧ AR ❢ AO ▲ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ✙ ▲ LS ❢● WB EA✙ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP WH❢ ❍ RB . PH ◗✧ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✙ BI . ✧ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nishiimenzh 15 RL ❍ BA ❢ ❍ ❍ NB = nishiimenh 10 ❍ ▲ ❢ = nishiime 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = nijiimenzh 7 ✧ CC❍ CL ✧ = niijkiiwe 4 Huron ✺ = nijiimij 2 SA. RA. ● = nidawemaa 2 ■ = nijiwaam 1 ◗ = nimiseyens 1 ❍ WP Mich. Erie

My younger sibling Communities Grouped by Variant

There is some structured variation here, though kin terms ▲ AM AO BH GL LH LS MA MO OG OS are extremely difficult to collect, since the traditional PC PI RO SL WN system everywhere seems to be on the retreat. BT and KL ❍ CC EF EM MI NB RB RL RR WI WP have nijiimij. Forms with jiim- are also very common in ❢ AR BA GN MU PE SM WB WH western Saskatchewan Saulteaux, where nijiime(n)zh ✙ CH CO CT EA LA LL OC was recorded at CH, CT, CO and OC (Alberta). Nichols ✧ CL GN PH TE (1975) gives nijiijech for DL, though I recorded ✺ BT KL nijiwaam, a form unknown to us, but probably reflecting ● OS WB my informant’s lack of familiarity with some aspects of ■ DL the traditional system. Elsewhere the common word has ◗ PH stem –shiime–, which takes variable diminutive endings. . BI FH PP RA RP SA SB –e(n)zh is found throughout the north, roughly in the same range as that shown for ‘my older sister,’ i.e., from Consolidations Algonquin roughly straight across to PI and RO. In the south, -(e)nh is found, at the border lakes and in Odawa ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (40) and NB. A number of Saulteaux responses lack any ❍ ✧ (4) ending, perhaps due to a phonological process ❢ ✺ (2) denasalizing certain nasal vowels. ✙ ● (2) ✦ ■ (1) I have very limited Cree data, unfortunately. The Fort ✧ ◗ (1) Severn form I recorded was nishiim. The East Cree lexicon has a number of forms, including ushiimimaau, ‘a younger brother or sister,’ wiichiinuu, wiichiiyiyuu, both glossed, ‘his younger brother or sister, parallel cousin,’ and wiichishaanh, ‘his/her brother or sister.’ Potawatomi has nshime. Data for MA from McGregor 1987:376. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-149 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB. PE ▲ PI ❍ OG ❍ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ❍ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ✦ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP WH▲ ❢ RB . PH ❢ ❢ ▲ LH ❍ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI . ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = nimise 16 RL ❢ BA ❢ ❍ = nimisenz 16 ❢ NB . ❍ ❢ = nimisenh 11 MI GL ❢ ✙ = ningichi-nidawemaa 1 WI CC❢ . CL ✦ = ndawemaa 1 Huron SA. RA.

❢ WP Mich. Erie

My older sister Communities Grouped by Variant

This word mainly varies in the form of the diminutive ▲ AR BH CH CO CT EA LH MU OC PC suffix. The basic word is nimise, which may have no PE RR SL SM WB WH diminutive, –(e)nh, or –(e)nz. The latter is found ❍ AM AO BT GL KL LL LS MA MO OG throughout the north, including all Algonquin, MO, LL, OS PI RO RP TE WN AO and OG and all Severn except DL (though this may be ❢ BA CC EF EM LA NB PH RB RL WI an error), and PI and RO. Forms with –(e)nh are common WP in the south, especially in the southeast and along the ✙ DL border lakes. Saulteaux lacks any diminutive, perhaps as a ✦ GN general phonological process by which nasalized vowels . BI CL FH MI PP RA SA SB have lost nasalization. DL gave ningichi-nidawemaa, but Nichols (1975) has the more traditional nimided. GN Consolidations also had a form with dawemaa, ‘my sister,’ without respect to age. The DL form is also interesting in its ▲ ▲❍❢ (43) double marking of the first person possessor prefix, on ❍ ✙✦ (2) both the prenoun gichi-, and the noun stem, -dawemaa. Todd 1970 reported this feature for the DL dialect as well. Swampy Cree has nimis; East Cree, umisimaau, ‘an older sister.’ Potawatomi has nm´se. Miami (D), nimissa. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-150 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢❍ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❢ SB. PE ▲ PI ▲ OG . OC ❢ ▲ CT OS . (Alb.) EF ▲ RO . FH. MU▲ ▲ . AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR . AO ▲ BH . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL. SL ▲ ❍ WN PP WH▲ ▲ RB . PH ▲ LH . ▲ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA. BI ▲ . TE . MA ▲ Superior = nidaangwe 20 RL ✙ BA . ❍ = nidaangos(h)e(zh) 2 . NB MI . . GL ❢ = nijaakosh 5 ✙ ✙ = niinim (possibly error) 3 WI CC✦ . CL ✦ = nidawemaa 1 Huron SA. RA.

✙ WP Mich. Erie

My sister-in-law (woman speaking) Communities Grouped by Variant

This is another word that is quickly passing from Ojibwe, ▲ AO BH BI CH CT EA EF EM GN MO and my data is consequently rather impoverished. Severn MU PC PE PI RB RR SL SM WB WH (BT,DL,KL) has nijaakosh, which also shows up at OC ❍ CO WN and CO. The most common form is nidaangwe, which ❢ BT CO DL KL OC occurs over the entire data range except for Severn. It ✙ RL WI WP looks as if -jaakosh could be a Cree cognate for Ojibwe ✦ CC -daangwe, with palatalization of the /d/ due to the addition . AM AR BA CL FH GL LA LH LL LS of the diminutive/contemptive suffix -sh. MA MI NB OG OS PH PP RA RO RP SA SB TE Swampy Cree has nicaakosh. East Cree has wishtaauh, ‘her sister-in-law, his brother-in-law.’ Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (22) ❍ ❢ (5) ❢ ✙ (3) ✙ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-151 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ❢ DL ❢▲ BT PC❢ SM❢ CH ✧ KL❢ SB▲ PE ❢▲ PI ✙❢▲ OG ▲ OC ❢ ❢▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❢▲ RO ▲ FH. MU❢▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ✙❍ ❢▲ GN BH ▲ ❢✦ LS ❢ WB EA❍ LL SL ❢▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ✦ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = namadabin 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = nabadabin 2 ▲ ▲ ❢ = abin 18 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = onabin 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = (desabin) 2 Huron ✧ = ayabin 1 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Sit down! (VAI 2s imperative) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two main variants, abin, northern, and ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CL CT DL EF namadabin, southern. The former extends into most EM GL GN LA LH LL MI MO MU NB Saulteaux, though in many Saulteaux communities both OG OS PE PI PP RA RB RL RO SA forms are found. Abin is found in Severn and Algonquin, SB SL TE WH WI WN WP though the latter is split in that AM and LS have abin, and ❍ EA RR TE and WN have namadabin. ❢ AM BH BT CO CT DL EF KL LS MU OC PC PE PH PI SL SM WB The word for sit is api in Swampy and Plains Cree. ✙ PI RR Rhodes 1989:6 has Miami ceenkweepita, Fox apiwa, ✦ LS RP Shawnee lematapi, and Menomini ape:w. ✧ CH . FH MA

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (62) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-152 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC▲ SM. ▲ KL✙ SB✙ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ● RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✧ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ● ▲ GN BH ❍ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ● ❢ WN PP▲ WH❍ ❍ RB PH ▲ ❍ ❍ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = nizhagay 24 RL ❍ BA ✺ ❍ = nizhaga’ay 12 . NB MI ■ . GL ❢ = nizhagaa 5 ✙ WI ❍■ = niwazhagay 3 ●▲❍ CC▲ CL ✦ = nidazhagay 1 Huron ✧ = nizhagey 1 SA❍ RA▲ ✺ = nizhagi 1 ● = nishkatay 4 ■ = ninagay 3 ■❍ WP Mich. Erie

My skin Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is nizhagay. Nizhaga’ay occurs ▲ AO BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA FH north and west of Lake Superior, as well as among a GN MO MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI number of Odawa communities. A group of five PP RA RO WB Algonquin communities (including WN, and MA in this ❍ AR CL EM LA LH LL RB RL SA WH case) have an augment, -aa, very common in body parts WI WP especially at WN and LS. Several Severn commnunities ❢ LS MA RP TE WN have niwazhagay. Four communities (strangely, CL plus ✙ DL KL SB EF, RR, SL) have nishkatay. Fort Severn (Cree) has ✦ BT nishakay, as does Atikamekw (Béland 1978:528). East ✧ AM Cree has ushikai. Rhodes 1989:4 has lookayi for Miami, ✺ BA ● nenemas&kaya for Fox, nilooka for Shawnee, and CL EF RR SL ■ MI WI WP neno:k for Menomini. . GL NB SM

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (47) ❍ ● (4) ❢ ■ (3) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-153 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❢ SB✙ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG ❢ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❍ WH▲ ✺ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ✦ MA ▲ Superior = agaashiinyi 27 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = agaashiinzhi 12 ✧ ✦ ❢ = agaashenzhi 6 MI GL ✙ WI ● = agaachenji 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = agaashiinzhishi 2 Huron ✧ = agaashiiyenh 1 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = agaashiiyensi 1 ● = gaachiiyenh 1 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Be small (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

The data range divides rather well for this word. In the ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM north, including core Severn and Algonquin, the form is LA LH MO MU NB OC PC PE RA RL agaashe(n)zhi. South of this group, a large group RR SA SL SM WB WH WP extending from Algonquin (WN, TE and BI) to western ❍ AO AR BI GN LL OS PH PI PP RO Ontario (PI, RO, GN) has agaashiinzhi. Elsewhere the TE WN common form is agaashiinyi. ❢ AM BT DL KL LS OG ✙ SB Plains Cree has apisiisiisiw, Swampy, apishiishishiw; ✦ GL MA East Cree, apishiishuu (VAI-i stem). Potawatomi has ✧ MI ✺ gachiy´t. RB ● WI . FH MA RP I found three broad tiers of forms, a northern tier, with agaashenzhi/agaachenji (i.e., a stem vowel /e/); a middle Consolidations tier havining agaashiinzhi (and the Nipissing form has yet another diminutive suffix added on); and a southern ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺● (51) tier having agaashiinyi, i.e., with the southern contemptive/diminutive suffix, -ny, as opposed to the -zh/sh of the more northern forms. Rhodes 1989:14 has Miami apiliwa, Fox aahcikenoohiwa, Shawnee caki-, an Menomini nahE:nesew. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-154 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✧ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✧ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ✦ ✧ WN PP▲ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✧ TE ✺ MA ▲ Superior = agaasin 37 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = agaasaa 2 ▲ ✺ ❢ = agaasaamagad 2 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = agaachin 1 ■ CC▲ CL ✦ = agaanshiimagad 1 Huron ✧ = agaashinoozhaa 4 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = agaashinoonzhishin 2 ● = gaachnawan 1 ■ = gaashiiwan 1 ● WP Mich. Erie

Be small (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

Agaasin is by far the most common form. Algonquin has ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CO CT agaashinoozhaa, and GL and MA (Nipissing) have DL EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL MI related agaashinoozhishin (MA data from McGregor MU NB OC OG OS PC PE PI PP RA 1987:12). Two Odawa communities have ch for sh: RO RR SA SB SM WB WH agaachin (WI) and gaachnawan (WP). ❍ MO RL ❢ PH RB Plains Cree has apisaasin, Swampy Cree, apishaashin; ✙ WI East Cree, apishaashuu. ✦ SL ✧ AM LS TE WN ✺ GL MA ● WP ■ CL . FH MA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺●■ (51) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-155 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = zagaswaa 39 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = zagaswe 6 ▲ ❍ ❢ = zagaswaawinaan 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = biindaakwe 1 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

✙ WP Mich. Erie

Smoke (tobacco) (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

Some Severn (BT, KL, SB) have zagaswe, along with BI, ▲ AM AR BA BH CC CH CL CO CT DL GL and MA. In the case of the eastern communities, I find EA EF EM GN LA LH LL MI MO MU a vowel alternation found in several AI verbs in Nipissing, NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RA whereby the first and second person singular forms end in RB RL RO RR SA SL SM TE WB WH -aa, but the third person in -e, e.g., nizagaswaa, ‘I WI WN smoke,’ gizagaswaa, ‘you smoke,’ zagaswe, ‘s|he ❍ BI BT GL KL MA SB smokes.’ Elsewhere, the common form is zagaswaa for ❢ AO all person/number combinations. Compare also the word ✙ WP ‘fish (with a net)’ which shows a similar variation in the . FH LS RP final vowel. Consolidations At Walpole Island (WP), the form found is biindaakwe. Rhodes lists this form with a note indicating that it is rare ▲ ▲❍❢ (46) on Manitoulin Island, Walpole Island, and Curve Lake. ❍ ✙ (1) Baraga 1878 glosses biindaakwe with the meaning, ‘I snuff, I take snuff’ (the same form appears in Kegg 1991 for Minnesota Chippewa). Wilson 1873:357 (for a dialect near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) has biindaakoojaane glossed as ‘he takes snuff,’ which appears to have a structure glossed literally as ‘put something inside one’s nose.’ Kegg 1991 also has biindaakoozh, ‘make an offering of something (especially tobacco).’ Swampy Cree has piihtaaw, East Cree, piihtwaau. MA data from McGregor 1987:361. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-156 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲❢ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = zoogipon 42 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = zoogpo 9 ❍ ✙ ❢ = zoobikwan 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = zoogipwi 1 ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Snow (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

Here again a group of communities lack final n, having ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT zoogipo where elsewhere zoogipon is found. Communi- EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL LS MO ties lacking final n include MA, GL, NB, MI, WI, CC, RA, MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB SA, CL and WP, i.e., they are all restricted to the southeast. RL RO RP RR SB SL SM TE WB WH WN All three dialects of Cree represented here have mispon ❍ CC CL MA MI NB RA SA WI WP (Plains, Swampy, East). Miami (D), minatwa pissata, ❢ DL ‘snow falls.’ ✙ GL . FH

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙ (52) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-157 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ❍ PE ❍ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❢ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ❍ ❢ LH ❢❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲❢ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = azhigan -ag 27 RL ❍ BA ❢ ❍ ❍ NB = azhigan -an 14 ✙ ❍ ❢ = midaas -an 13 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = kokmidaas 2 ▲❢ CC❢ CL Huron SA❢ RA❢

▲❢✙ WP Mich. Erie

Sock Communities Grouped by Variant

This is a word that today reflects a collapsing of ▲ AO AR BI BT CH CL CO DL EA EF vocabulary for distinct garments, stockings and leggings. It FH GN KL MU OC OG OS PC PI RO is probable that several dialects had distinct words for SB SL SM TE WB WH WN WP these two articles of clothing, as is reflected in Baraga ❍ AM BH CT EM GL LA LL MA MO NB 1878 (for Michigan/Wisconsin Chippewa), where words PE RL RR for stocking include azhigan and akokomidaas, while ❢ BA BI CC CL LH MO PH PP RA RB leggings are identifed as midaas. SA WI WP ✙ MI WP The most common form is azhigan, which has variable . LS RP gender. Inanimate forms are focused in two places: the northeast, including Algonquin and NB and GL, extending Consolidations west to LL; on the northwest shore of Lake Superior, extending northwest into Manitoba to CT in ▲ ▲❍ (41) Saskatchewan. Elsewhere it is animate, as with Fort Severn ❍ ❢✙ (15) (Cree). Along the Great Lakes, the common form is midaas, everywhere in the southeast and as far west as LH. At MI and WP I also elicited kokmidaas, which Rhodes 1985 glosses as‘knitted socks.’ Consult also the word for ‘pants’ in this study, as midaas is used for pants in several dialects. Swampy Cree has ashikan (animate), Plains the equivalent asikan (animate); East Cree has mitaas (animate dependent). Potawatomi has gokm´das (NI), sakson (NI), mj´das. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-158 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ✱ BT PC■ SM▲● ❤ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ●▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ◗▲ AR ▲ AO ❍▲ RR ▲ ● GN BH ❍ ▲ LS . WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP■ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❍ ▲ ◗ LH ■ ● RP EM MO VARIANTS LA➙▲ BI ❢ ✺ TE . MA ▲ Superior = zhiiwaaboo 27 RL . BA . ❍ = gaa-wiishkobaagaming 3 ✺ NB MI ✺ . GL ❢ = wiishkobaagaming 2 ✱ = minikwewinish 1 ✙ ❤ WI ✺ = e-wiishkbaagmig 1 = minikwewinens 1 ✜✧✦ CC✺ CL ✦ = wiishkobang 1 ✜ = bizomgad 1 Huron ✺ ✧ = wiishpogwak 1 ➙ = gaa-pakwaakseg 1 SA RA■ ✺ = menwaagamig 7 ● = gaa-zhiiwaagamig 4 ■ = 4 ✺✙ WP Erie ◗ = gizhaatewaaboo 2 Mich.

Soft drink Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two major variants, zhiiwaaboo, which occurs ▲ AM AO AR BT CO CT EA EF EM FH everywhere except in a grouping of Odawa and GN KL LA LS MU OC OG OS PE PI communities north of it (including TE and NB), which RO RR SB SL SM WH WN have menwaagamig. There is also a small grouping of ❍ AO LL PH communities north of Lake Superior which have some ❢ BI RB form containing wiishkoban,‘be sweet.’ These include ✙ WP RB, AO, LL, PH and BI. ✦ CL ✧ CL Swampy Cree has shiiwaapoy. Potawatomi has ✺ CC MI NB SA TE WI WP wishkbabo. ● BH EF RP SM ■ MO PC PP RA ◗ GN LH ✱ DL ❤ CH ✜ CL ➙ LA . BA GL MA RL WB

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (27) ❍ ❍❢✙✦✧ (8) ❢ ✺ (7) ✙ ● (4) ✦ ■ (4) ✧ ◗ (2) ✺ ✱ (1) ● ❤ (1) ■ ✜ (1) ◗ ➙ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-159 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

■ CO ▲ DL ✧ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL■✧ SB❢ CH ▲ ✺ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❢ FH MU▲ ❍ ● AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR AO . ▲ BH ● LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL. SL ▲ ● WN PP✺ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ✦ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ● ● TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = aanind 26 RL . BA ▲ ❍ = naanind 5 ❍ NB MI . . GL ❢ = aaninda 3 ✙ WI ✙ = aanin 1 ❍ CC▲ CL ✦ = aanindam 1 Huron ✧ = aanda 2 SA▲ RA❍ ✺ = aandam 2 ● = (naa)naandam 5 ■ = aadit 2 ▲ WP Mich. Erie

Some Communities Grouped by Variant

There are several very significant regional patterns. ▲ BA BH CC CH CO CT EA EF EM GN Algonquin uniformly has (naa)naandam; Eastern LA MO MU OC OS PC PE PI RB RR Ojibwe (NB, RA and CL) has naanind; Severn is quite SA SL SM WB WH WP split, showing aanda (DL and KL) and aadit (BT and ❍ AR CL MA NB RA KL). Elsewhere the form is mostly aanind. ❢ FH RO SB ✙ WI Swampy Cree and Plains both have aatiht; East Cree has ✦ PH ✧ pasch. Potawatomi has an´t. DL KL ✺ OG PP ● AM BI LS TE WN McGregor 1987 (MA) does not list naandam, the ■ BT KL Algonquin form, but does have naanind (p. 233), glossed, . AO GL LH LL MI RL RP ‘some, any, a number of persons.’ He also gives naanaanind with the same meaning. Nipissing thus Consolidations agrees with Eastern Ojibwe. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺●■ (46) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-160 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❍▲ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = gegoo 28 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = gegoon 24 ▲ NB MI . ❍▲ GL

WI ▲ ❍ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA❍

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Something Communities Grouped by Variant

This is another excellent word for revealing a basic ▲ BA BH CC CH CO CT EA EF EM GL north/south division between dialects. All of Severn, many GN LA MA MU NB OC PC PE PP RL communities south of Severn (PI, RO, and OS), all the RR SA SL SM WB WH WI WP communities north of Lake Superior (including even RB ❍ AM AO AR BI BT CL DL FH GL KL and LH, all of Algonquin, and many Eastern Ojibwe (CL, LH LL MO OG OS PH PI PP RA RB RA and GL) have gegoon. Elsewhere, e.g., in Minnesota RO SB TE WN and the border lakes region, all of Saulteaux and Odawa . LS MA MI RP have gegoo, i.e., there is no final n. This absence is somewhat ambiguous in Odawa, since a large number of Consolidations inflectional and derivational morphemes lack a final -n that is found in other dialects. ▲ ▲❍ (52) Swampy Cree has kekwaan, East Cree, chekwaan. Potawatomi has gego. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-161 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB. PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = nigozis 30 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = ngwis 8 ❍ NB MI ❍ ▲ GL

WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

My son Communities Grouped by Variant

The variation here has to do with the presenence or ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT absence of a suffix -is found on different terms of kinship: DL EA EF EM GL GN KL LA LH LL southeastern communities all have nigwis. Elsewhere, the LS MA MO MU OC OG OS PC PE PH form is nigozis. The presence of /z/ in the form with the PI PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SL SM suffix is due to a general rule of lenition when occurs TE WB WH WN when a variety of diminutive/pejorative suffixes containing ❍ CC CL MI NB RA SA WI WP sibilants are added. . FH RP SB Swampy Cree has nikosis; East Cree, ukusa, ‘his son.’ Consolidations Potawatomi has ngw´s. Miami (D) ningwissa. ▲ ▲❍ (51) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-162 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

CO ▲ DL ❍ BT . PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB. CH ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI OG . OC CT OS . ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR . AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ✙ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = wiiba 29 RL ❢ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = wiibaj 11 ▲ ❍ ❢ = wayiiba 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = azhigwa 2 ✦ CC▲ CL ✦ = ngim 1 Huron SA. RA.

✙ WP Mich. Erie

Soon Communities Grouped by Variant

This form demonstrates a common pattern of variation in ▲ BA BH CC CH CO CT EA EF EM GN particles: northern communities often have a final -j which LA LH MI MU NB OC PC PE PH PI southern communities lack. Wiibaj, with final -j, is found PP RB RO RR SL SM WB WH WI at DL, KL (Severn), at AO and FH; at AM, WN, TE and ❍ AM AO BI DL FH GL KL LL MA TE BI (all Algonquin), and at GL and MA (Nipissing). WN Elsewhere the form is wiiba. ❢ RL ✙ MO WP All Cree dialects for which I have data (Plains, Swampy ✦ CL and East) have wiipac. Potawatomi has nagach. Miami, . AR BT LS OG OS RA RP SA SB kinjimi. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (41) ❍ ✙ (2) ❢ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-163 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ✦ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL◗❢ SB◗ CH ◗ ● ✧ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✱❤ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ◗ FH MU▲ ✇ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ✙ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✺ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✜ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ ✜ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ . TE ✜ MA ▲ Superior = asabikeshii 26 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ = asabikeshiinh 7 ▲ NB MI ▲ ➙ GL ❢ = ojashabikeshi 2 ✱ = asabike-manijoosh 1 ✙ ❤ WI ❍■ = asabikejii 1 = odeshkanimanijoosh 1 ❍■ CC❍ CL ✦ = jebikeshii 1 ✜ = eyebig 3 Huron ■ ✧ = ochabikezhiis 1 ➙ = eyebigos 1 SA RA❍ ✺ = sabikejiis 1 ✇ = bikwaabagesi 1 ● = shabikejiish 1 ■ = esbikenh 4 ■ WP Erie ◗ = manijoosh 4 Mich.

Spider Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I find several variants. Most common is a form with a ▲ AR BA BH BI CH CT DL EA EF FH diminutive suffix, attached to a deverbal agent noun, which GN LH MI MO MU NB PC PE PH PP means literally, ‘the one who makes a net.’ There are two RB RR SL SM WB WH basic sub-variants of this form, with and without initial ❍ CC CL EM LA RA RL WI change. The form with initial change, esbikenh, with ❢ BT KL change of initial a of asab, ‘net,’ to e, perhaps as a general ✙ AO strategy in deriving participles, was found in the southeast, ✦ CO at CL, SA, WI, WP, i.e., it is quite common in Odawa ✧ OC (though CL is Eastern). The forms which do not have ✺ LL initial change all have an apparently diminutive final, zh/j. ● OG Forms with j are restricted to a corridor involving OG, AO ■ CL SA WI WP and LL. ◗ KL PI RO SB ✱ OS A number of communities (5) along the southern edge of ❤ OS Severn have manijoosh, the same form used for ‘insect.’ ✜ MA RP WN OS has a blend incorporating both of the preceding forms, ➙ GL asabike-manijoosh. ✇ AM . LS TE The last variant, eyebig, is restricted to the Algonquin/ Nipissing dialect, including WN, RP, MA and GL. This Consolidations form also occurs in some eastern dialects with the meaning ‘ant’ (see data in this study). ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺●■ (44) ❍ ◗✱❤ (6) Fort Severn Cree has otanapihkesiw; Plains Cree, ❢ ✜➙ (4) ocapiihkesiis; East Cree, kwaamiyetisuu. Potawatomi ✙ ✇ (1) has esbike. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-164 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ AM RR ❍ GN ▲ AR AO ▲ BH . LS . WB EA▲ LL. SL ❍ WN . PP WH❍ ▲ RB . PH ❍ ❍ ▲ LH . RP EM MO . VARIANTS LA❍ BI . ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = emikwaan(ens) -ag 23 RL ❍ BA . ❍ = emikwaan(ens) -an 19 ❍ NB MI ❍ . GL

WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Spoon (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

The major variation involves the animacy of the Ojibwe ▲ BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF FH GN word. In characteristic fashion, the southeastern dialects KL LH OC OG OS PC PE PI RB RO and Algonquin have made the logically inanimate item into SB SM TE a grammatically inanimate one, while the other dialects ❍ AM AR CC CL EM LA MA MI MU NB generally show it as animate. Note that the border lakes PH RA RL RR SA WH WI WN WP also have the form as inanimate, extending into the . AO BA BI GL LL LS MO PP RP SL southern Saulteaux of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Note WB that AO north of Lake Superior is also inanimate, which may indicate that an inanimate form extends quite far Consolidations north, though data is lacking. ▲ ▲ (23) Spoon is animate in the three Cree dialects for which I ❍ ❍ (19) have data (Plains, Swampy, East Cree). Potawatomi has emkwan (animate). Miami, kokani (pl., -na). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-165 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = ziigwan 45 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = mnookami(n) 7 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ❍ ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Be spring (season) (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two variants, ziigwan and mnookami. The ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT latter is restricted to the extreme southeast, south of GL DL EA EF EM GL GN KL LA LH LL and MI, except for WN, which also has it. LS MA MI MO MU NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO RP RR SB East Cree has siikun; Swampy Cree, siikwan; Plains SL SM TE WB WH Cree, siikwan and miyoskamiw. ❍ CC CL RA SA WI WN WP . FH

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (45) ❍ ❍ (7) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-166 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲❢RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = niibawi 36 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = naaniibawi 12 ❍ ❍ ❢ = badakigaabawi 2 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = dazhigaabaawi 1 ❍ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Stands (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word is potentially ambiguous in English, as it can be ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT DL interpreted as either stative or as a motion verb. The EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL MO MU southeast shows an interesting grouping of communities OC OG OS PC PE PI PP RB RL RO (extending as far north as WN), which has naaniibawi. RR SB SL SM WB WH Elsewhere the common form is niibawi. Niibawi in most ❍ CC CL GL MA MI NB RA SA TE WI eastern dialects refers to a specific act of standing, namely, WN WP getting married (e.g., MA as attested in McGregor ❢ PH RB 1987:246; general southern Ojibwe, Rhodes 1985:519; my ✙ AM fieldnotes for AM). Baraga 1878:283, 276 (for Michigan . FH LS MA RP Ojibwe) makes an interesting distinction between these two forms: niibawi, ‘I stand, I am standing up’; naaniibawi, Consolidations ‘I stand here and there, in different places successively.’ This would make sense, since the latter form appears ▲ ▲❍ (48) derived from the former by means of reduplication. ❍ ❢ (2) ❢ ✙ (1) The form from Amos, Québec, dazhigaabawi is echoed in McGregor 1987:392 (Nipissing dialect), where dazhi nanaamadabi is listed with the gloss, ‘sitting or lolling at a certain place,’ using a relative particle/preverb dazhi, ‘there’ and a reduplicated form of the AI verb for sit, namadabi. The AM form, however, has dazhi in the root position. Plains Cree and Swampy have niipawiw; East Cree has niipuu. Rhodes 1989:11 has Miami neepawita, Fox nemasowa, Shawnee niipawi, and Menomini ne:powew. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-167 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✧ CO ✦ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍❢ ❢ ✦ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = anang 32 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = wanangosh 9 ▲ ✙ ❢ = anangosh 8 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = anaangwish 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = wanangoons 2 Huron ✧ = wajakosh 1 SA▲ RA.

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Star (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This is a good word for showing a basic north/south split ▲ AO BA BH CC CH CL CT EA EF EM in Ojibwe dialects. All dialects have a basic stem GN LA LH LL MI MO MU NB PC PE (w)anangw, but northern dialects add a (no longer PH PP RB RL RR SA SL SM WB WH productive) diminutive suffix, producing (w)anangosh. WI WP This form occurs throughout Severn and the tier just south ❍ AM AR DL KL OS PI RO SB WN of it, including RO, OS and AR, then at BI and TE in the ❢ BI FH LS MA OG PI RP TE east, and all other Algonquin/ Nipissing as far south as ✙ GL GL. The southern form occurs throughout Odawa, north ✦ CO OC of the Great Lake, and westward across the border lakes ✧ BT region into Saulteaux. BT has evidently borrowed . RA wajakosh from Cree, since the same form is attested at Fort Severn (and Constance Lake). Regarding initial w, it Consolidations is absent at FH, OG, BI, TE and most Algonquin south of AM. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦ (53) ❍ ✧ (1) Plains Cree has ataahk; East Cree, achahkush. Potawatomi has n´go, n´gos. Miami, alangwa (pl. -ki). Rhodes 1989:13 has Miami ala(a)nkwa, Fox anaakwa, Shawnee laakwa, and Menomini ana:h. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-168 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❍▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = asin -iig (animate) 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❢ NB = asinii -g (animate) 6 ❢ ❢ ❢ = asin -iin (inanimate) 10 MI GL WI ❢ ❢ CC❢ CL Huron SA❢ RA❢

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Stone (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

The principal item of interest is the animacy of this word. ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CH CO CT DL There are many words which while logically inanimate, are EA EF EM FH GN KL LA LH LL MO grammatically animate in many dialects. ‘Stone’ is such a MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB word. Many of these words are grammatically inanimate in RL RO RR SB SL SM WB WH southeastern dialects. Thus one finds asiniin, ‘stones ❍ AM LS MU RP TE WN (inan.)’ uniformly throughout the area of Odawa and ❢ CC CL GL MA MI NB RA SA WI WP Eastern Ojibwe, extending as far north as MA. Consolidations One other feature of interest involves the presence of a long vowel final ii in Algonquin. These forms are a ▲ ▲❍❢ (54) hallmark of that dialect, said by Piggott (1978) to involve the analogical back-formation of singulars based on traditional Cy stem plurals. Asinii extends only as far west as TE, though it also shows up in MU, perhaps as a Cree borrowing. Fort Severn (Cree) and Plains Cree have asiniy. East Cree has asinii. Potawatomi has s´n (inanimate); Miami, sEni (inanimate). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-169 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ❢ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍▲ ❍ ❢ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = ziinzibaakwad 45 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = zhoogaa 7 ▲ ▲ ❢ = zhiiwinigan 4 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Sugar (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

I found three variants. By far the most common is ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CT ziinsibaakwad, which occurs everywhere except in the EA EF EM GL GN LA LH LL LS MA Severn dialect and portions of Saskatchewan. Severn has MI MO MU NB OS PC PE PH PI PP zhoogaa, borrowed from English. Four communities in RA RB RL RO RP RR SA SL SM TE Saskatchewan have zhiiwinigan, which is also listed in WB WH WI WN WP Faries 1938 (along with |sesepaskwut| and |sookaw|). East ❍ BT DL FH KL OG PI SB Cree has shuukaau, and Plains sookaaw. Potawatomi ❢ CO MU OC WB ´ has zizbakw d. Miami, pangosakani. Consolidations

▲ ▲ (45) ❍ ❍ (7) ❢ ❢ (4) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-170 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC❍ SM❍ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ❍ OC ❍ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ . LS ▲ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP❢ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❢ ▲ ❢ LH ❢ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ▲ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = zhiiwan 20 RL ❢ BA ❢ ❍ ❢ NB = zhiiwaa 11 ❢ ❢ ❢ = wiishkoban 19 MI GL WI ❢ ❢ CC❢ CL Huron SA❢ RA❢

❢ WP Mich. Erie

Be sweet (to taste) (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

This form divides the data range north and south. In the ▲ AO BH CH CO CT DL EF EM LA MU north, the common form is zhiiwaa, especially in Severn OS PE PI RO RR SL TE WB WH WN but extending south to GN and EA and across to AM ❍ AM AR BT EA GN KL OC OG PC SB (Algon-quin). South of this, the form is zhiiwan, differing SM only in the final. This form is found at WN and TE ❢ BA BI CC CL GL LH LL MA MI MO (Algonquin), AO, and then in extreme southwestern NB PH PP RA RB RL SA WI WP Ontario, with heavy representation on the prairies . FH LS RP (Saulteaux). South of the region for zhiiwan, wiishkoban is found, in the southeast, all along L. Consolidations Superior and at RL (Minnesota). Wiishkoban is also listed in Nichols and Nyholm 1979:222, Wilson ▲ ▲❍ (31) 1874:374; Baraga 1878:252 has wiishkobad. Such ❍ ❢ (19) variation shows that the loss of the VII -ad/-an distinction in the independent order is lexically governed.

MA data is from McGregor 1987:444. Interestingly, McGregor also lists zhiiwan, but with the gloss, ‘being salty, sour, or rancid.’ Wilson 1873:359 (Ojibwe near Sault Ste. Marie, ON) has a similar form, as do Baraga 1878:238 (Michigan Ojibwe) and Nichols and Nyholm 1979:214 (Minnesota Chippewa). Rhodes 1985:407 (Eastern Ojibwe and Odawa) has ziiwan, lacking initial palatalization. The form for ‘taste sour’ (VII) in Severn Ojibwe, a northern dialect, is wiisagipagwan. East Cree and Swampy have shiiwaaw, Plains siiwaaw. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-171 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❤ CO ▲ DL ✧ BT PC▲ SM▲ ❍▲ KL❤ SB▲ CH ✧ ✧ ◗▲■ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ❢ AO . RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✺ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✦ WN PP❢● WH▲✱ ❢ RB PH ▲ ▲ ❢ LH ✺ ✦ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✦ ✦ TE . MA ▲ Superior = niinimoshe(nh) 26 RL ▲ BA . ❍ ▲ NB = niinim 2 ▲ ❢ ❢ = nidikwezensim, nigwiiwizensim 5 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = nibazigim 5 ✱ = zaayaagi’aag 1 ✙ CC✙ CL ✦ = nidoogaasim 5 ❤ = nimoozom 2 Huron ✙ ✧ = niijimosh 3 ✜ = niwiijkiwenh 1 SA RA✙ ✺ = niwiishkobideyaan 2 ● = mishkobide 1 ■ = nizaagichigan 1 ✜ WP Erie ◗ = nizaagi’aagan 1 Mich.

My sweetheart Communities Grouped by Variant

This form cannot be used for any general charting, though ▲ BH CH CO CT EA EF EM FH GN LA it is useful for investigating local relationships. MI MU NB OC OS PC PE PH RL RO Niinimoshe(nh) is the most common form. A group of RR SB SL SM WB WH Eastern and Ottawa communities have nibazigim, while ❍ CH OS several northern communities have forms of affection ❢ AR GL LH PP RB involving some sort of game, either animal, as in Severn, ✙ CC CL RA SA WI nimoozom, ‘my moose,’ or fish, as in Algonquin, ✦ AM BI RP TE nidoogaansim, ‘my pickerel,’ which I also have for WN. ✧ DL OG PI Niwiishkobideyaan, meaning literally, ‘my sweet-heart’ ✺ LL MO and mishkobide are quite possibly neologisms coined to ● PP satisfy a curious researcher. There is a small clustering of ■ OC communties with ndikwezensim, literally ‘my girl’ ◗ OC directly north of Lake Superior (AR, RB, LH, PP) which ✱ WH may or may not be significant. ❤ BT KL ✜ WP Swampy Cree has niciimisim. . AO BA LS MA WN Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (28) ❍ ❢ (5) ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (4) ✦ ✧ (3) ✧ ✺● (3) ✺ ■◗✱ (3) ● ❤ (2) ■ ✜ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-172 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ✙ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❢ SB❢ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG ❢ OC ✙ ▲ CT OS ❢❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❢ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲❍ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP❍ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❢❍ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = bagizo 24 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✦ NB = bimaadage 15 ❍ ❢ ❢ = gabaashimo 13 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = bagaasimo 2 ▲ CC▲❍ CL ✦ = bkobii 1 Huron ✧ = dakaabaawizo 1 SA▲ RA✧

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Swims (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows a north/south grouping of communities. ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CT EA EF EM LA In the north, including Severn (and PI, OS, AO), and MU PC PE RB RL RO RR SA SL SM extending to MO and Algonquin (AM, WN and GL), the WB WH WI WP form is gabaashimo (MA data from McGregor ❍ AR BI CC EA GN LA LH LL LS MI 1987:105). Fort Severn (Cree) has the same form. CO and MO OS PH PP TE OC share an apparent metathesis of this word, ❢ AM AO BT DL GL KL MA MO OG OS bagaasimo. Scattered, but relatively regionally contained PI SB WN north of the Great Lakes, one finds bimaadage. ✙ CO OC Elsewhere, the most common form is bagizo. ✦ NB ✧ RA Swampy Cree has kapaashimow; East Cree, . FH MA RP pakaashimuu. Potawatomi has bmadgat. Rhodes 1989:4 gives peemicimiaani for Miami, pemicimeewa Consolidations for Fox, holelwi for Shawnee, and peme:cemEw for ▲ ▲ (24) Menomini. ❍ ❍ (15) ❢ ❢✙ (15) ✙ ✦ (1) ✦ ✧ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-173 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✦ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ❍ KL✦ SB■ PE ▲ PI ● OG ✧ OC ✦ ❍ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH. MU❢ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✙ LS ✺ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH❍ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ ◗ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ✙ ✙ TE ✙ MA ▲ Superior = adoopowin 25 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ✙ NB = adoopowinaak 7 ▲ ✙ ❢ = adoopowinaatig 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = wiisiniwaagan 10 ▲✙ CC▲ CL ✦ = wiisiniiwinaatig 5 Huron ✧ = wiisiniiwinaak 1 SA▲ RA✙ ✺ = wiisiniiwaatig 1 ● = desijigan 1 ■ = desaagochigan 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = achiganaak 1 Mich.

Table (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

One must be cautious in using this word diagnostically, as ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CL EF GN LH LL there is the English word is quite general, and may be MI MO OS PC PE PH PP RB RL RR interpreted as several distinct Ojibwe words (e.g., a table SA SL SM WI WP for eating, or for putting things on, working on, etc.). But ❍ CH CT EA EM LA RO WH the clear regional distribution of many variants is rather ❢ MU striking. Algonquin and Eastern Ojibwe uniformly have ✙ AM BI CL GL LS MA NB RA TE WN wiisiniwaagan, which is a noun built by adding a suffix ✦ BT CO DL KL OC to the general Ojibwe VAI wiisini, ‘eat.’ This same ✧ OG grouping of communities shows -waagan in the form for ✺ WB ‘chair’ as well (see elsewhere in this study). A group of ● PI five communities in the border lakes region and north to ■ SB RO have adoopowinaak, as opposed to the more general ◗ RP adoopowin. These words are evidently formed with an . FH initial element VAI adoopo, which McGregor 1987:10 glosses as ‘eating, as from a plate, pan, etc.’ Rhodes Consolidations 1985:119 glosses the same verb as ‘eat from something.’ Perhaps the use of this verb as a stem for forming the ▲ ▲❍❢ (33) noun reflects a focus on the formality in the using of ❍ ✙✦✧✺ (17) utensils and dishes involved in eating at table. ❢ ● (1) Adoopowinaak was also found in two eastern ✙ ■ (1) Saskatchewan communities, CH and CT. The two extreme ✦ ◗ (1) western Saulteaux communities along with Severn BT, KL and DL have wiisiniiwinaatig. Swampy and Plains Cree have miicisoowinaahtik, built on the standard Cree intransitive verb of eating, miicisow. East Cree has the same form, miichisuunaahtikw. Potawatomi has dopw´n, topew´n. Miami (D), atoponi. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-174 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ❍ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ❍ KL▲ SB▲❢ CH ▲ ▲ ❍ ❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❍ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲❍ LL SL ❍ ✙ WN PP✙ WH❍ ▲✙RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ✙▲ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA✦ BI ✙❍ ✙ TE . MA ▲ Superior = 24 RL ✦ BA ✦ ❍ ✙ NB = nitii 11 ✙ ✙ ❢ = diiwaaboo 1 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = aniibiishaaboo 18 ✙ CC✙ CL ✦ = aniibiish 3 Huron SA✙ RA✙

✙ WP Mich. Erie

Tea Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows another grouping of Algonquin with the ▲ AO AR BH BT DL EA EF EM FH GN southeast for trade items. In the north, excluding all KL LH LL MO OG OS PC PE PI RB Algonquin, from RB and EA north, the form is borrowed RO SB SM WB from English. Starting from EA and WH and proceeding ❍ BI CH CO CT EA MU OC PH RR SL all the way west through Saulteaux, the form is a variant WH nitii, perhaps from French le thé. From AM southeast ❢ SB extending throughout the Great Lakes region, the form is ✙ AM BI CC CL GL LS MI MO NB PP aniibiishaaboo, ‘leaf liquid,’ except at RL, LA, and BA, RA RB RP SA TE WI WN WP where it is the related form, aniibiish, literally, ‘leaf.’ ✦ BA LA RL . MA Swampy Cree has niipiishaaboy; Plains Cree, maskihkiiwaapoy and nihtiy; East Cree, tii. Consolidations Potawatomi has ti. ▲ ▲❍❢ (36) ❍ ✙✦ (21) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-175 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ✧ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❢ CH ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ PE ▲ PI ❢ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ✦ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✙ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = midaaswi 31 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = midaaso 12 ▲ ▲ ❢ = midaasi 5 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = midaachin 3 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = midaashin 1 Huron ✧ = midaat 1 SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Ten Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is midaaswi. In Severn, and ▲ AR BA BH CC CH CL EA EF EM GL extending south to GN in the west and AO in the east, the LA LH LL MA MI MO MU NB PC PE form is midaaso. This form also occurs in several PH PP RA RB RR SA SL SM WH WI communities in Saskatchewan (OC, CT, WB). SB, OS and WP FH have midaasi, lacking the w, as do LS and RP ❍ AO BT CT DL GN KL OC OG PI RL (though w is rather unstable in these (see Gilstrap RO WB 1978:13-15)). BI, TE and WN have augment -in, ❢ FH LS OS RP SB midaachin, and AM has related, midaashin (though ✙ BI TE WN Gilstrap 1978:45 has midaachin for AM). Fort Severn ✦ AM (Cree) has mitaataht (as does Plains Cree), while ✧ CO Atikamekw (Béland 1978:492) has mitaahto. East Cree has mitaaht. Miami (D) has matatswi. Rhodes 1989:13 Consolidations has Miami mataatihswi, Fox metaaswi, Shawnee metahzwi and Menomini meta:tah. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (53) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-176 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ✦ DL ✦▲ BT PC✦ SM✧ CH ✧ KL▲ SB✦ PE ❍ PI ✦❍ OG . OC ✦ ✧ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ✙✦ FH. MU✦✧ ▲ AM ✧ AR ❤ AO ▲ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ . LS ✦● WB EA❢✺ LL SL ◗● ▲ WN PP▲ WH✧❍ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲✱TE . MA ▲ Superior = wii-minikwe 18 RL ● BA ● ❍ = noonde-minikwe 7 ▲ NB MI ■ ▲ GL ❢ = nende-minikwe 1 ✱ = baagaagwe 1 ✙ ❤ WI ■ = noonde-wii-minikwe 1 = mamiidaawaabaagwe 1 ● CC■ CL ✦ = noondeyaabaagwe 10 ✜ = baaso 1 Huron ✧ = noondaabaagwe 6 SA■ RA▲✜ ✺ = nendebaagwe 1 ● = giishkaabaagwe 5 ■ = gaasknaabaagwe 5 ■ WP Erie ◗ = gaawaabaagwe 1 Mich.

Be thirsty (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

This form has many variants. The most common is ▲ AM AO BI DL GL KL LA LH LL MO wii-minikwe, using the voluntative preverb with the NB OS PH PP RA RB TE WN general verb for drink, found in all dialects except those in ❍ BH EF EM PE PI RR WH extreme western Ontario, Minnesota, and Saulteaux. ❢ EA Saulteaux has a functional equivalent in many places, ✙ RO noonde-minikwe, with a different desiderative preverb. ✦ BT CO DL MU OC PC PI RO SB WB RO has the fudged form noonde-wii-minikwe. Several ✧ CH CT GN MU SM WH Severn (BT, DL and SB) as well as a couple of ✺ EA communities south (PI, RO) have noondeyaabaagwe, ● BA CL RL SL WB which is also common in Saskatchewan. Odawa has ■ CC MI SA WI WP gaasknaabaagwe, and BA, CL, RL, SL and WB have ◗ SL giishkaabaagwe. ✱ TE ❤ AR McGregor 1987 (MA) has no entry for either of the ✜ RA common southeastern forms, giishkaabaagwe or . FH LS MA OG RP gaasknaabaagwe, so presumably wii-minikwe is used in that Nipissing community, just as I recorded at GL. Consolidations Swampy Cree has paahkwataamow; East Cree, ▲ ▲ (18) paahkutaamuu; Plains Cree has noohteyaapaakwew. ❍ ✦✧✺ (17) Potawatomi has gashknabagwet. ❢ ●■◗ (11) ✙ ❍❢✙ (9) ✦ ✱ (1) ✧ ❤ (1) ✺ ✜ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-177 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

● CO ▲ DL ✙ BT PC❍ SM▲ ▲ KL■●✙ SB✙ CH ✙ ✙ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✙ OG OC CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✙ FH MU▲ ■ AM ▲ AR ▲✙ AO ✦ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ✦ ✧ LS ▲◗✙ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ■ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ▲✦ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✱ ✺ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = asabaabis 21 RL ❍ BA ❍ ❍ = asabaab(iins) 10 ✧ NB MI ❍ ✧ GL ❢ = shkigwaaso-sabaabiins 1 ✱ = naabikwaashin 1 ✙ WI ❢ = gashkigwaajiganeyaab 10 ❍✺ CC❍ CL ✦ = (ga)shkigwaasineyaab 3 Huron ✧ = zesab(iins) 4 SA❍ RA✺ ✺ = zesabaab(iins) 3 ● = zhestag 2 ■ = zhetag 3 ❍ WP Erie ◗ = asab 1 Mich.

Thread (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has several variants showing strong regional ▲ AR BH CH CO CT EA EF EM GN LA patterning. In the immediate area of the Great Lakes, the MO MU OC PE PP RB RR SL SM WB form is asabaab(iins), extending from CL in the east to WH RL (Minnesota). LS (Algonquin) shares zesab(iins) with ❍ BA CC CL LH MI PC PH RL SA WP MA, NB and GL. TE, CL and RA, standing between the ❢ WI areas of the two previous forms, appear to have a blend, ✙ AR DL FH KL OG OS PI RO SB WB zesabaab(iins). AO, LL and MO group, having ✦ AO LL MO gashkigwaasineyaab, ‘sewing thread,’ very similar to the ✧ GL LS MA NB northwestern Ontario communities, which nearly all have ✺ CL RA TE gashkigwaajiganeyaab. BT and KL (Severn) have ● BT KL zhestag (or variant zhetag), along with AM and WN ■ AM KL WN (Algonquin). This is similar to the form for Atikamekw ◗ WB (Cree), sheshtokw (Béland 1978:566). Southwestern ✱ BI Ontario, along with all Saulteaux has asabaabis, a minor . RP variant of the first form discussed. Consolidations See also ‘rope’ in this study. ▲ ▲❍ (31) Plains Cree has asapaap and sescakos; Swampy Cree, ❍ ❢✙✦ (14) taapiskwaason; East Cree, kaschikwaasunayaapii. ❢ ✧✺ (7) ✙ ●■ Miami has mEzani. (5) ✦ ◗ (1) ✧ ✱ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-178 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = niswi 36 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = nisin 17 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Three Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two primary variants, distributed along a ▲ AO BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF north/south axis. These variants involve the alternation of EM GL LA LH LL MA MI MO MU NB augment, -in vs. -wi. From GN and AR north in the west, OC PC PE PH PP RA RB RL RR SA and BI and TE in the west (but not including GL/MA), the SL SM WB WH WI WP form is nisin; elsewhere it is niswi. Fort Severn (Cree) ❍ AM AR BI BT DL FH GN KL LS OG has nisto, Atikamekw, nishto (Béland 1978: 510); East OS PI RO RP SB TE WN Cree, nishtuu. Potawatomi has nsw´. Peoria has nihswi. Consolidations Rhodes 1989:13 has Miami nihswi, Fox neswi, Shawnee nzwi, and Menomini nE?niw. ▲ ▲❍ (53) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-179 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ✧ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM✧ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC . CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲❍ ✙ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ✧ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP✧ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ✧ ▲ ❍ LH ✧ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ✧ MA ▲ Superior = nigondashk 27 RL ❍ BA . ❍ = nigondashkway 6 ❍ NB MI ✧ . GL ✙ = nigondashkwaa 3 ✦ WI ✧ = nigonshkwe 1 ▲✧ CC✧ CL ✧ = nigondaagan 13 Huron SA✧ RA✦

✧ WP Mich. Erie

My throat Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two primary variants, nigondaagan, found ▲ AR BH BI CH CL CT DL EA EF EM extensively in the southeast, especially among Odawa FH GN KL LA LL MU OG OS PC PE communities, and extending up northwest Lake Superior to PI RO RR SB SL WB WH AO (and also at SM and CO among Saulteaux). Elsewhere ❍ BT LH MU NB RB RL the common form is nigondashk. A subvariant, ✙ AM TE WN nigodashkway, is represented by six communities, but ✦ RA these do not show any patterning. Three Algonquian ✧ AO CC CL CO MA MI MO PH PP SA communities have augment -aa (AM TE WN). SM WI WP . BA GL LS MA OC RP MA data are from McGregor 1987:86. McGregor glosses gondaagan, ‘wind-pipe, throat.’ He also has Consolidations gondashkwey (cf. gondashkway above), which he glosses as ‘gullet, trachea, larynx.’ The semantics could ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (50) get pretty tricky here, an indication that the collection of this form is fraught with uncertainty. Bloomfield has koohtaakan for Plains; East Cree, ukuhtashkui, ‘his throat,’ and Swampy, nikotashkway. Potawatomi has ngodag´n´n. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-180 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = asemaa 42 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = nasemaa 11 ▲ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Tobacco Communities Grouped by Variant

This form varies on a north/south axis. The northern form, ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA embracing Severn and Algonquin (including WN, BI, MA EF EM FH GN LA LH LL MI MO MU and GL, but not TE) is nasemaa; elsewhere it is asemaa. NB OC OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SL SM TE WB WH Bloomfield lists ciistemaaw and cistemaaw for Plains WI WP Cree; East Cree has chishtemaau; Swampy Cree has ❍ AM BI BT DL GL KL LS MA RP SB cistemaaw. Potawatomi has sema, and also n´nsemaa, WN glossed as ‘Indian tobacco.’ Miami, sEma. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (53) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-181 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ✺ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✺ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ✙ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = nidenaniw 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = nidenan 12 ✧ ❍ ❢ = nidenanii 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = (nidedalii) 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = nidenoo 1 Huron ✧ = nidewan 1 SA▲ RA✦ ✺ = nidenanaa 2

▲ WP Mich. Erie

My tongue Communities Grouped by Variant

The chief parameter of variation is the presence or absence ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT of final –iw, nidenan vs. nidenaniw. The former term is EA EF EM FH GN LA LH LL MO MU common to all Severn except marginal FH, and all OC OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RR Algonquin, including marginal MA/GL and BI, though SA SL SM WB WH WI WP WN and LS in characteristic fashion, also have augment ❍ AM BI BT DL GL KL MA NB OG RO -aa. RP has nidelalii, i.e., with a lateral rather than a nasal, SB TE as does Constance Lake. Fort Severn (Cree) has ❢ BT nitenaniy, and Atikamekw has oteraniy, ‘his tongue’ ✙ RP (Béland 1978:533). East Cree has uteyii, ‘his tongue.’ ✦ RA ✧ Potawatomi has nzegn´nwag´n. Miami, nilani. Rhodes MI ✺ LS WN 1989:5 has niilani for Miami, Fox niinaniwi, Shawnee wiilani (3 form), and Menomini netE:naniw. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (55) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-182 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ❍ DL ✦ BT PC❍ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB❢ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ❍ PE ▲ PI ✦ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ✧ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ✧ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ✙ ✧ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = niibid-an 20 RL ▲❍ BA ❍ ❍ ✙ NB = niwiibid-an 24 ❍ ❍ ❢ = niwiibiday-an 1 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = niwiibid-ag 4 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = niibid-ag 3 Huron ✧ = niwiibidaa-g 3 SA❍ RA❍

❍▲ WP Mich. Erie

My tooth/teeth Communities Grouped by Variant

Many speakers had difficulty with this word, almost as if ▲ BH CH EA EF EM GN LA LH MO MU the word were a mass noun and thus not readily pluralized. OC PE PI RL RO RR SM WB WH WP The forms I collected show little patterning. The most ❍ AO AR BA CC CL CO CT FH GL LL significant observation is that in Algonquin and Severn this MA MI OG PC PH PP RA RB RL RP word is animate, while everywhere else (including GL and SA SL WI WP MA), it is inanimate. ❢ SB ✙ AM BI KL NB Unfortunately, my Cree data are limited. The East Cree ✦ BT DL OS lexicon has umistaapit, ‘his molar tooth,’ which is ✧ LS TE WN animate, and wiihkwaapit, ‘molar,’ an inanimate noun; Swampy Cree has niipita, ‘my teeth’ (inanimate). Consolidations Potawatomi has nib´t (inanimate). Rhodes 1989:13 has ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧ (55) Miami awiipiti, Fox niipici, Shawnee wiipici, and Menomini ne:pet (all of these singular, and the Shawnee (and Miami?) third person). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-183 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ❢ KL▲❍ SB❍▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲❍ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU❢▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = mitig 51 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = zhigob 4 ▲ ▲ ❢ = azaad 2 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Tree (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

There is little variation here. The common form is mitig. ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CL CO Certain Severn communities (and OS) have zhingob as CT DL EA EF EM FH GL GN KL LA the generic, while elsewhere it usually refers specifically to LH LL MA MI MO MU NB OC OG OS fir trees. Two Saskatchewan Saulteaux communities had PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO RP azaad as the generic, while elsewhere it usually refers to RR SA SB SL SM TE WB WH WI WN poplar. WP ❍ BT KL OS SB Swampy, Plains and East Cree all have mistik. ❢ CH MU Potawatomi has mt´k. .LS Consolidations

▲ ▲ (51) ❍ ❍ (4) ❢ ❢ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-184 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ✙ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✙ SB▲ CH ▲ ✙ ❍ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ WN PP▲ . WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ▲ ❢ TE . MA ▲ Superior = midaaswi-ashi-niizhin 38 RL ▲ BA ❢ ❍ ▲ NB = ashi-niizh 3 ▲ ❢ ❢ = midaaso-niizhin 6 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = niizhozhaab 4 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA❢ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Twelve Communities Grouped by Variant

Four communities (three Severn and CO) have ▲ AM AR BH BI CC CH CL CT DL EA niizhozhaab, in agreement with Fort Severn (Cree). EF EM GN LH LL MI MO MU NB OS Elsewhere, the common form is midaas[x]-ashi- PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO RP niizhin, where [x] represents the variable ending of the RR SB SL SM WB WH WI WP number for ‘ten’ (see ‘ten’ for discussion). Two border ❍ EM LA OC lakes communities (EM, LA) have ashi- niizhin, though ❢ AO BA FH GL SA TE these may be merely short forms that do not represent ✙ BT CO KL OG significant variation from other communities. . LS MA WN Swampy and East Cree have niishoshaap; Plains, Consolidations niisosaap. ▲ ▲❍❢ (47) ❍ ✙ (4) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-185 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❢ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = niizhing 36 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = niizhwaa 9 ▲ ❢ ❢ = niizhin 6 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Twice Communities Grouped by Variant

This word shows interesting variation. In northwestern ▲ AO BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF Ontario, embracing Severn and a group of communities EM GN LA LH LL MI MO MU NB OC south of it, the form is niizhwaa. In the Algonquin area PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RR SA (including marginal GL and MA), it is niizhin. Elsewhere, SL SM WB WH WI WP it is niizhing. ❍ AR BT DL FH KL OG OS RO SB ❢ AM BI GL MA TE WN All three Cree dialects for which I have data form the . LS RP ordinal as in Severn: Swampy, niishwaa; East Cree, niishwaau. The Plains form I have is nistwaaw, ‘three Consolidations times.’ ▲ ▲❍❢ (51) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-186 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ❍ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ❍ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❍ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ▲ ❍ LH ❍ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = niizh 29 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = niizhin 24 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Two Communities Grouped by Variant

This word has a minor variant which divides dialects along ▲ BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EA EF EM a north/south axis. The variants involve the presence or GL LA MA MI MU NB OC PC PE RA absence of an augment, -in. Niizh appears from BA RL RR SA SL SM WB WH WI WP southeast (and MA/GL), and in the border lakes, and in all ❍ AM AO AR BI BT DL FH GN KL LH Saulteaux. Elsewhere the form is niizhin. Fort Severn LL LS MO OG OS PH PI PP RB RO (Cree) has niisho, East Cree, niishuu. Potawatomi has RP SB TE WN nish, nizh. Rhodes 1989:13 lists Miami niis&wi, Fox Consolidations niis&wi, Shawnee niis&wi, and Menomini, ni:s. ▲ ▲❍ (53) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-187 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲❢ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ❍▲ OC ❢ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✦ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = mawadishiwe 37 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = giiwide 5 ✙ ▲ ❢ = giiwige 3 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = mbwaachiwe 5 ▲ CC✙ CL ✦ = (nda-)ode’owe 2 Huron SA✙ RA▲

✙ WP Mich. Erie

Visits (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is mawadishiwe. Severn has ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CH CL CO CT EA giiwide, and Odawa has mbwaachiwe. EF EM GL GN LA LH LL MA MO MU NB OG PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL East Cree has muuchishiwaau and muupuu; Swampy, RO RR SL SM TE WB WH mowapiw and kiyokew. Bloomfield lists several forms ❍ BT KL OG OS SB for Plains, including kiiwokew, kiiwootew, kiiyokew, ❢ CO DL OC kiiyookew and mawapiw. ✙ CC MI SA WI WP ✦ AM WN . FH LS MA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (37) ❍ ❍❢ (8) ❢ ✙ (5) ✙ ✦ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-188 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP❢ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ❍ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = nibi 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ❍ NB = nibii 8 ✙ ❍ ❢ = nimbi 1 MI GL ✙ WI ✙ = nbiish 5 ▲ CC✙ CL Huron SA✙ RA▲

✙ WP Mich. Erie

Water (noun) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two points of interest here. All Algonquin ▲ AO AR BA BH BT CH CL CO CT DL communities, including marginal BI and GL/MA have a EA EF EM FH GN KL LA LH LL MO long final vowel, nibii. All Odawa (MI, WI, CC, SA, WP) MU OC OG OS PC PE PH PI RA RB have a suffix, creating nbiish. RL RO RR SB SL SM WB WH ❍ AM BI GL LS MA NB TE WN Plains, East and Swampy Cree all have nipiy. Potawatomi ❢ PP has mbish, nbi, nbish. Rhodes 1989:13 lists Miami nipi, ✙ CC MI SA WI WP Fox nepi, Shawnee nepi, and Menomini, nepe:w. . RP Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢✙ (52) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-189 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

CO ▲ DL ❍ BT . PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ❍ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ❍ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ❢ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI . ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = zhingos 32 RL ▲ BA . ❍ . NB = zhi(n)gosi 8 ▲ ❢ ❢ = zhi(n)gosii 7 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA.

. WP Mich. Erie

Weasel/Ermine Communities Grouped by Variant

While the basic form everywhere involves stem zhingos-, ▲ AO AR BH CC CH CL CO CT EF EM there are interesting regional variants. In the Algonquin FH LA LH LL MI MO MU OC OG PC range, including GL, one finds forms with a long vowel ii PE PH PP RB RL RR SA SL SM WB final. In the Severn area (but not the eastern communities WH WI of FH and SB), extending down as far as EA in western ❍ DL EA GN KL OS PI RO SB Ontario, one finds forms with a short vowel final i. Fort ❢ AM GL LS MA RP TE WN Severn Cree has sihkosiw, which also shows a short . BA BI BT NB RA WP vowel i in the final syllable. Consolidations East Cree has shihkushiish; Swampy Cree, sihkosiw; Plains Cree sihkos and sihkosiw. ▲ ▲❍❢ (47) MA data from McGregor 1987:378. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-190 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✙▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ✙ AM ▲ AR ❍ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲❍ GN BH ❍ ✙ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP✦ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ❍ ❍▲ LH ✦ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA✧ BI ✧ ✺ TE . MA ▲ Superior = aanapii 28 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = aaniin apii 9 ❢ ✙ ❢ = aaniish pii 6 MI GL ✙ WI ❢ = aanapiich 5 ❍ CC❢ CL ✦ = aandi apii 2 Huron ✧ = aansh apii 2 SA❢ RA❢ ✺ = aandi apiich 1

❢ WP Mich. Erie

When (did he leave)? (pc) Communities Grouped by Variant

There are a number of parameters by which communities ▲ BA BH BT CH CO CT DL EA EF EM may be grouped. Algonquin communities (and GL) have a FH GN KL MU NB OC OG OS PC PE form ending in -ch (AM, TE and WN). An (alternate) PI RO RR SB SL SM WB WH ending in -ch is also given for Central (Ottawa) in Rhodes ❍ AO AR BH CL EM LL PH RB RL 1976:132, aaniish piich, but this was not attested in my ❢ CC MI RA SA WI WP data. I did not find aanii pii as a general Eastern form (as ✙ AM GL LS OS WN suggested in Rhodes 1976), but rather only at CL in the ✦ MO PP southeast. This form is rather common in southwestern ✧ BI LA Ontario (and at RL and BH). ✺ TE . LH MA RP East Cree has taaisp and taispis; Plains Cree, taayispi. Rhodes 1989:14 has Miami taanaha, Fox taanaakwa, Consolidations and Menomini a:ne?. ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✺ (53) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-191 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ❢ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA❢▲ LL SL ▲❢ ❍ WN PP▲ WH❢ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ❢ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI . ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = aandi 36 RL ▲ BA ▲❢ ❍ ▲ NB = aadiidog 3 ▲ ▲ ❢ = dibi 15 MI GL WI ❢ ❢ CC❢ CL Huron SA❢ RA❢

❢ WP Mich. Erie

where(ever): I don’t know where Communities Grouped by Variant

Here I was checking for the existence of a distinct ▲ AR BA BH BT CH CO DL EA EF EM dubitative particle expressing doubt as to location, as in the GL GN KL LL MI MO MU MU NB OC examples occurring in the following citation from Baraga OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO 1878: 386 (n.b., I have modernized spellings.) RR SB SL SM TE WB ❍ AM MA WN Dibi. adv. This adverb cannot be given in English with ❢ AO BA CC CL CT EA FH LA LH RA a corresponding adverb. It signified ‘I don’t know SA SL WH WI WP where.’ Aaniindi goos?— Dibi. Where is thy father?— . BI LS MA RP I don’t know where he is. Dibi ge-daapinewaanen. ‘I don’t know where I shall die.’ Consolidations It thus translates as something like ‘wherever’ in English. ▲ ▲❍ (39) In Baraga’s example above, it occurs with the dubitative ❍ ❢ (15) verbal mode (daapine, VAI, ‘die in such a location’; -waanen, conjunct dubitative 1 sg.)

There are two main variants, dibi, found almost everywhere in the southeast, at BA, at AO and FH further north, and in several communities in the border lakes region of western Ontario (LH, LA, EA, WH). Algonquin (we only have data for AM and WN, but they agree) has aadiidog, as does MA (from McGregor 1987:35). Elsewhere the form I recorded was aandi, which is simply the standard word for ‘where,’ i.e., I did not record a special dubitative interrogative locative particle in the locations represented by aandi. There is some problem in collection though, as I did not really understand this word until acquiring a copy of Baraga’s dictionary a few years ago, long after I had completed this survey. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-192 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❍ SB❍ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU. ▲ ▲ ❍ AM RR ▲ GN ▲ AR AO ▲ BH . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL. SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM . MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = megwaa 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = megwaaj 9 ▲ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA. RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

While Communities Grouped by Variant

This word is another which shows a strong relationship ▲ AO AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT between Severn and Algonquin. In those dialects, EA EF EM FH GN LA MI MO NB OC extending into Nipissing (MA and GL), the form ends OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL with a final -j, megwaaj. Elsewhere it is megwaa. RO RR SL SM WB WH WI WP ❍ AM BT DL GL KL MA SB TE WN Plains Cree has mekwaa; Swampy Cree and East Cree . LH LL LS MU RP SA both have mekwaac. Potawatomi has megwa. Consolidations

▲ ▲❍ (47) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-193 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❍ CO ▲ DL ❍ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL❍ SB❍ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ❍ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU❍ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = waabishkaa 38 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = waabaa 14 ▲ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL

WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Be white in color (VII) Communities Grouped by Variant

This word divides the data range on a north-south axis. ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CH CL CO CT EA Waabaa is found in Severn, a lone community north of EF EM GN LA LH LL MI MO NB OC Lake Superior, though one showing many northern OG PC PE PH PI PP RA RB RL RO features, AO, Algonquin, and Nipissing. Waabishkaa is RR SA SL SM WB WH WI WP found elsewhere. ❍ AM AO BT DL GL KL LS MA MU OS RP SB TE WN Plains, Swampy and East Cree all have waapaaw. . FH MA Bloomfield also lists waapiskaaw for Plains. Consolidations Potawatomi has wabk´shyak. Rhodes 1989:11 lists Miami waapisita, Fox waapes&kyaawi, Shawnee ▲ ▲❍ (52) waaps&kyaaki, and Menomini wa:peskiw.

MA data from McGregor 1987:411. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-194 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ✙ DL ❢ BT PC✙ SM✙ ✙ KL❢ SB❢ CH ❢ ▲ ✙ ▲✙ PE ❢ PI ❢❍ OG OC CT OS ❢ (Alb.) EF ✙ RO ❢ FH MU✙▲ . AM ❢ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲✙ ❢ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA✙ LL SL ✙ ✧ WN PP▲ WH▲❢ ▲ RB PH ❍ ❍▲ ▲ LH ❍▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❢ BI ❍ ❍ TE . MA ▲ Superior = waabishkiiwe 18 RL ✦ BA ▲ ❍ = zhaaganaash 13 ❍ NB MI ❍ . GL ❢ = wemitigoozhi 13 ✙ WI ▲ = mooniyaans 11 ❍▲ CC❍▲ CL ✦ = gichi-mookomaan 1 Huron ✧ = gaa-waabaskiij 1 SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

White man Communities Grouped by Variant

This form shows regional variants which are related to the ▲ AO AR BA CC CL CT EM LH LL MO predominant ethnicity of the whitemen with whom local MU OG PP RB RR WB WH WI Ojibwes historically came into contact. In the southeast, ❍ BI CC CL EM MI MO NB OS PH RA from PH south (except BA), the form is zhaaganaash, SA TE WP which means ‘Englishman’ in many dialects. This word ❢ BH BT DL FH GN KL LA OS PE PI has been hypothesized to be derived from the French les RO SB WH Anglais (presumably by adapting the string ‘s Anglais’). ✙ CH CO CT EA EF MU OC PC RR SL SM In western Ontario, including all of Severn and extending ✦ RL down to LA, the form is wemitigoozhi, which often . AM GL LS MA RP WN means ‘Frenchman’ in areas where a distinction between French and English is made. This form is possibly an old Consolidations participle, meaning ‘have a wooden boat,’ perhaps in reference to traditional European sailing vessels. The form ▲ ▲ (18) is no longer semantically transparent, and folk etymologies ❍ ❍ (13) abound. Severn lacks any standard specific form for ❢ ❢ (13) Frenchman. South and west of Lake Winnipeg (also at ✙ ✙ (11) EA), the form is mooniyaans, from the French for ✦ ✦ (1) ‘Montrealer,’ (perhaps with a historical diminutive or pejorative) evidently reflecting the close traditional association between the Saulteaux and French trappers. There is a wide band in Ontario focused north of Lake Superior which shows waabishkiiwe, with a root meaning ‘white.’ This form also occurs widely elsewhere as well, generally in competition with some other form in each of the southern regions. Algonquin does not have a commonly used generic term for whiteman. Swampy Cree has wemistikooshiw; East Cree, wemistikushiiu. Potawatomi has gch´-mokman. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-195 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ✧ DL ✙ BT PC❍❢ SM✦✙ CH ❢ KL✙ SB. PE ❍✺ PI ❍✙ OG ● OC ❍✺ ❢ CT OS ✦✙ (Alb.) EF ✦■ RO ❍ FH. MU❢ ▲ AM ❍ AR ▲ AO ❍ RR ✦ ✙❢ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ■✧✦ WB EA❍◗ LL SL ✦ ▲✦WN ❢ PP▲❢ WH❍✦✧ ▲ RB PH ▲❢ ❍▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ✦ ✦ TE ▲✦ MA ▲ Superior = niwiidigemaagan 20 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = niwiiw 13 ▲ ▲ ❢ = nimindimooyem 9 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = niwiijiiwaagan 7 ❢ CC▲ CL ✦ = nidikwem 11 Huron ✧ = niwiigimaagan 3 SA▲ RA. ✺ = niigimaagan 2 ● = niwiigiwaagan 1 ■ = niijikikaa 2 ▲❍ WP Erie ◗ = niwiijiwaamaagan 1 Mich.

My wife Communities Grouped by Variant

This is a word with interesting variation, especially in the ▲ AM AR BA CC EM GL LH LL LS MA west. In western Ontario, in a corridor from PI to RL MI MO NB PH PP RB SA WI WN WP (Minnesota), the form is niwiiw, and occurs in other areas ❍ AO EA EM GN LA OC PC PE PI RL as well (AO, PC, and OC). In Manitoba the most common RO WH WP form given was ndikwem, literally, ‘my woman,’ which ❢ BH CH CL CT MU PC PH PP WB was also given at BI, TE, WN and MA. Severn, to PI and ✙ BH BT DL KL OS PI SM Saulteaux (SM and BH), has niwiijiiwaagan. EF and ✦ BI EF MA OS RR SL SM TE WB WH WB have niijikikaa, of unknown origin. Elsewhere, the WN most common form is niwiidigemaagan, apart from a ✧ CO WB WH few isolates. ✺ OC PE ● OG East Cree has uwiiuh, ‘his wife’; Plains and Swampy ■ EF WB have wiikimaakan, with the meaning ‘spouse.’ ◗ EA Potawatomi has nd´kw´yom, nitakniw. Rhodes 1989:9 . FH RA RP SB has Miami niwiiwa, Fox niiwa, Shawnee (ho)wiiwali, Consolidations and Menomini ne:w. ▲ ▲ (20) ❍ ❍ (13) ❢ ✦ (11) ✙ ❢ (9) ✦ ✙ (7) ✧ ✧✺● (6) ✺ ■ (2) ● ◗ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-196 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✙ CO ❍ DL ❍ BT PC❍ SM❍ ❍ KL✙ SB▲ CH ❍▲ ▲ ❍ ❍ PE ❍ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ❍▲ FH MU❍ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ❍ ❍ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ❍ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = waasechigan 32 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = waasenigan 16 ▲ ✦ ❢ = waaseyaanchigan 2 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = bapaabowin 2 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = ozaabwaagan 1 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Window Communities Grouped by Variant

This form is interesting in that Saulteaux displays a unique ▲ AO AR BA BI CC CL EA EM FH GN minor variant. Everywhere except Saulteaux and isolated LA LH LL MI MO NB OG OS PH PI pockets, the form is waasechigan. Saulteaux uniformly PP RA RB RL RO SA SB TE WH WI shows waasenigan, which has its eastern limit at DL, PI WN WP and RO in western Ontario. AM and LS (Algonquin) have ❍ BH CH CO CT DL EF MU OC PC PE another variant, waaseyaanchigan. KL and BT of Severn PI RO RR SL SM have bapaabowin, cognate with Fort Severn (Cree) WB paspaapiwin. East Cree has waasenihtaakan; Plains ❢ AM LS Cree, waasenamaan and waasenamaawin. Potawatomi ✙ BT KL ✦ has wasejg´n. Miami, pokishUkan. GL . MA RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲❍❢ (50) ❍ ✙ (2) ❢ ✦ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-197 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

✦ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ▲ ✦ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO . FH MU▲ ✦ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ✙ WB EA❍ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH❍ ▲ RB PH ▲ ❍ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ❢ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = akakojiish 37 RL ❍ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = akakojiishi(i) 6 ▲ ▲ ❢ = agaakojiish 1 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = makakodii 1 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = wiinashk 6 Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Woodchuck/Groundhog Communities Grouped by Variant

There are two principal forms here. The northern form, ▲ AO AR BA BH CC CH CL CO CT EF wiinashk, is identical to the Fort Severn Cree form, used FH GL GN LH LL LS MA MI MO MU in most Severn communities (as well as Constance Lake), NB OC OS PC PE PH PI PP RA RB and at the northernmost Algonquin community, AM. The RR SA SL SM TE WI WP general Ojibwe form appears to be akakojiish. Several ❍ EA EM LA RL WH WN communities clustering around the border lakes (EA, WH, ❢ BI EM, LA and RL) have a final -i. WN (Algonquin) also has ✙ WB a final -ii. The speaker at PP added a final i, but only when ✦ AM BT DL KL OG SB the plural was added. Nichols and Nyholm 1979:9 . MA RO RP WN (representing a variety of Chippewa south of RL) have akakojiish as well, and Baraga 1878:24 (Michigan Consolidations Ojibwe) lists akakwijiish, but glossed as ‘fisher (animal).’ MA data from McGregor 1987:24, and ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (45) akakwijiish is listed as an alternate form. ❍ ✦ (6)

Swampy Cree has wiinashk; Plains Cree, wiinask and ciinask. Potawatomi has k´kwjish. Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-198 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ CH ▲ KL▲ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG ▲ OC ▲ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = anokii 45 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = miikimo 4 ▲ ❢ ❢ = ondamitaa 3 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Works (VAI) Communities Grouped by Variant

The most common form is anokii. Algonquin has ▲ AO AR BA BH BI BT CC CH CL CO miikimo; RP, MA and GL have ondamitaa. Note that in CT DL EA EF EM GN KL LA LH LL these latter dialects, the word anokii is used to mean, ‘he MI MO MU NB OC OG OS PC PE PH hunts.’ Note also that ondamitaa is used in other dialects, PI PP RA RB RL RO RR SA SB SL e.g., Minnesota (Nichols and Nyholm 1979: 80) with a SM WB WH WI WP sense, ‘be busy (in some work or activity)’, i.e., the ❍ AM LS TE WN Nipissing form represents a lexical specialization. ❢ GL MA RP Atikamekw (Béland 1978:532) has otamiro- for work, . FH perhaps cognate with Ojibwe odamino, ‘he plays.’ Consolidations Swampy Cree has aapatisiw; East Cree, aapatisiiu; Plains Cree, atoskew. Rhodes 1989:11 has Miami ▲ ▲ (45) meehkimwita, Fox anohkyeewa, Shawnee pekatezi and ❍ ❍ (4) Menomini anohki:w. ❢ ❢ (3) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-199 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

▲ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC❍ SM❍ ❍ KL▲ SB▲ CH ▲ ▲ ❍ PE ❍▲ PI ▲ OG . OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ❍ RO ▲ FH MU❍▲ ▲ AM ▲❍ AR ▲ AO ✙ RR ❍ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ❢ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢▲ ▲ WN PP❢▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ❢ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE . MA ▲ Superior = ehe 41 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = mii nange 9 ▲ ▲ ❢ = geget 4 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = ahaw 2 ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲✙ RA▲

▲ WP Mich. Erie

Yes Communities Grouped by Variant

Mii nange is frequently found in the Saulteaux range. ▲ AM AR BA BH BI BT CC CL CO DL Elsewhere ehe is common. EA EA EM FH GL GN KL LA LH LL MI MO MU NB OC OS PE PI PP RA East Cree has chemekaa, kiipwaa and ehe; Plains Cree RB RL RO SA SB SL TE WH WI WN has eha. WP ❍ CH CT EF GN MU PC PE RR SM ❢ PH PP SL WB ✙ AO SA . LS MA OG RP

Consolidations

▲ ▲ (41) ❍ ❍ (9) ❢ ❢ (4) ✙ ✙ (2) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps

L-200 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec

❢ CO ▲ DL ❢ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL❢ SB❢ CH ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ❢ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ▲❢WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❢ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = bijiinaago 37 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ ❍ NB = jiinaagwa 9 ▲ ❍ ❢ = onaago 8 MI GL WI ❍ ▲ CC❍ CL Huron SA❍ RA❍

❍ WP Mich. Erie

Yesterday Communities Grouped by Variant

This is an excellent item for showing a relationship ▲ AO AR BH BI CH CL CO CT EA EF between Severn and Algonquin. These two dialects rather EM FH GN LA LH LL MI MO MU OC uniformly have onaago, while other dialects have OG OS PC PE PH PI PP RB RL RO bijiinaago. A group of Odawa and Eastern communities RR SL SM TE WB WH WN have jiinaagwa, perhaps due to loss of an unstressed ❍ BA CC GL MA NB RA SA WI WP vowel in the initial syllable. However, this is also the form ❢ AM BT DL KL LS RP SB WN that I recorded at GL, and it is listed in McGregor 1987:72 with the following note: ‘jiinaago: yesterday; n.b., the Consolidations correct form of this word is ‘bijiinaago,’ and has been abridged, through usage, to the above form.’ So I find the ▲ ▲❍ (46) reduced form even in a dialect where the general metrical ❍ ❢ (8) syncope rule would not account for its reduction. The Nipissing form does end in /o/ as opposed to the /wa/ of the more southern variety, but I find bijiinaagwa in some Saulteaux communities, so the difference may not be crucial. It is also often very hard to hear the difference in many cases, and may not be reliably recorded in my data. East Cree uses utaakushiihch, lit., ‘when it was evening.’ Swampy uses the equivalent form, otaakoshiihk. Potawatomi has nagon, wnago. Miami (D), alakia.