Ojibwe Dialect Relations : Lexical Maps J. Randolph Valentine 1995 Community Codes AM Pikogan (Amos), PQ MO Pic Mobert, ON AO Aroland, ON MU Muscowpetung, SK AR Armstrong, ON NB North Bay, ON BA Batchawana Bay, ON OC O’Chiese, AB BH Brokenhead, MB OG Ogoki Post, ON BI Biscotasting, ON OS Osnaburgh, ON BT Big Trout Lake, ON PA Parry Island, ON CC Cape Croker, ON PC Pine Creek, MB CH Chagoness, SK PE Peguis, MB CL Curve Lake, ON PH Pic Heron, ON CN Constance Lake, ON PI Pikangikum, ON CO Cochin, SK PP Pays Plat, ON CT Cote, SK RA Rama, ON DL Deer Lake, ON RB Rocky Bay, ON EA Eagle Lake, ON RL Red Lake, Minn. EF Ebb & Flow, MB RN Round Lake, ON EM Emo, ON RO Red Lake, ON FH Fort Hope, ON RP Rapid Lake, PQ GL Golden Lake, ON RR Rolling River, MB GN Grassy Narrows, ON SA Saugeen, ON KL Kingfisher Lake, ON SL Swan Lake, MA LA Lac la Croix, ON SM Lk. St. Martin, MB LH Lake Helen, ON TE Temagami, ON LL Long Lake, ON WB Whitebear, SK LS Lac Simon, PQ WH Whitefish Bay, ON MA Maniwaki, PQ WI Wikwemikong, ON MD Muskrat Dam, ON WN Winneway, PQ MI Mississauga, ON WP Walpole Island, ON Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps L-1 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec ❍ CO . DL ❍ BT PC❍ SM❍ CH ❍ KL▲❍ SB▲ PE ▲ PI ❍ OG . OC ❍ ▲ CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲❍ RO ▲ FH. MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ▲ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ❍ ▲ WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ▲ TE ▲ MA ▲ Superior = Compounded with ininiw 41 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = Derived by addition of prefix o- 10 ▲ ▲ ❢ = Using a participial form 1 MI GL WI ▲ ▲ CC▲ CL Huron SA▲ RA❢ ▲ WP Mich. Erie Agentive noun forms Communities Grouped by Variant In order to determine the means by which agentive nominal ▲ AM AO AR BA BH BI CC CL CT EA forms of verbs are derived, I collected the Ojibwe words EF EM GL GN KL LA LH LL LS MA for ‘trapper’ and ‘hunter.’ In most cases, agentives are MI MO MU NB OS PE PH PP RB RL created by compounding the verb with a head nominal RO RP RR SA SB TE WB WH WI WN /ininiw/, ‘man,’ e.g, wanihiigewinini, ‘trapper’ (with WP VAI wanihiige, ‘trap’). Several communities also form ❍ BT CH DL EF OC PC PI SL SM agentive nouns by prefixing o-, e.g., owaniihige, ❢ RA ‘trapper.’ These include Severn, PI, and a number of . CO FH OG Saulteaux communities including PC, SM, EF, SL, CH, and OC. At Rama, Ontario (RA), the form given was a Consolidations participle, that is, a deverbal form, which shows initial change and conjunct order inflection, bebaa-ndawenjged, ▲ ▲ -ininiw (41) ‘one who goes around hunting,’ from b[a]baa- ❍ ❍ o- (9) [a]ndawenj[i]ge, ‘go around hunting’ (n.b., vowels in ❢ ❢ participial (1) square brackets represent restored syncopated vowels). This manner of forming agentives is undoubtedly used throughout a large area of the south, in those areas where participles are used. Both Swampy Cree (our data from Fort Severn, Ontario) and Plains Cree (from BLN) show agentives with o-, owanihikew and omaaciiw, respectively, for ‘trapper’ and ‘hunter.’ East Cree, however, shows nuuchimiiuiinuu (-im stem) for ‘inland hunter or trapper,’ with an agentive form having a cognate with Ojibwe ininiw (East Cree, iyiniw). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps L-2 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec ✙ CO ✺ DL ✙ BT PC❢ SM❢ ❢ KL✙ SB✧ CH ✧✙ ▲ ✺❢ ✦ PE ✦ PI ✙ OG OC CT OS ✙ (Alb.) EF ❢ RO ✧ FH MU✦ ● AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ■ RR ✦❢ ✦▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ✦ WB EA▲ LL SL ❢ ✙●WN PP▲ WH▲ ▲ RB PH ▲ ✙▲ ▲ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = apane 25 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = apinigoj 2 ▲ ❍ ❢ = daabida 7 MI GL ✙ WI ▲ = moozhag 9 ▲ CC▲ CL ✦ = nisine 6 Huron ✧ = bizhishig 3 SA▲ RA▲ ✺ = gaakabeyi’ii 2 ● = ga(a)benaa 2 ■ = gaagiye 1 ▲ WP Mich. Erie Always Communities Grouped by Variant A difficulty with collection of this term is its semantic ▲ AR BA BH BI CC CL EA EM GN LA vagueness. Most communities probably have several LH LL MI MO NB OG PH PP RA RB terms. At Kingfisher Lake, Ontario, (KL), for example, I RL SA WH WI WP have heard bizhishig, nishine, and moozhag, though the ❍ GL MA last appears to be most common. The forms given above ❢ CH EF OC PC RR SL SM thus represent only the most general forms for each ✙ BT DL EM FH KL OS PI TE WN community. They do show some potentially significant ✦ BH CT MU PE RR WB patterning. Moozhag is found in the Severn area and is ✧ PI RO SB also attested at two Algonquin communities (TE and WN); ✺ CO OC Saulteaux is the locus of two distinct forms, daabida and ● AM WN nisine. Elsewhere the most common form by far is ■ AO apane. LS MA RP Plains Cree (BLN) has maana, moosak and tahkine; Consolidations Eastern Cree has kaach, kaachiche, both meaning, ‘for ever and ever,’ as well as muush, with the meaning, ▲ ▲❍ (26) ‘always.’ Swampy Cree has mooshak. This shows that ❍ ❢ (7) the northern Ojibwe form moozhag is shared with several ❢ ✙ (9) ✙ ✦ varieties of Cree. Potawatomi has p´ne. (6) ✦ ✧ (3) ✧ ✺ (2) ✺ ● (2) ● ■ (1) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps L-3 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec ✦ CO ▲ DL ✦ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✦ SB✦ CH ✧ ✦ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ✧ OG OC CT OS ✦ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ✧✦ FH MU▲● ❢ AM ✧▲ AR . AO ❢ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ❢ ❢ LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ✙ ❢ WN PP❍ WH▲ ❍ RB PH ▲ ❍ ❍ LH ▲ . RP EM MO VARIANTS LA❍ BI ✺ ❢ TE ❢ MA ▲ Superior = awesii 21 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ ▲ NB = awesiinh 11 ▲ ❢ ❢ = awesii(n)s 8 MI GL ✙ WI ❍ = waawesii 1 ❍ CC❍ CL ✦ = awiyaazhiish 7 Huron ✧ = aya’aawish 4 SA❍ RA❍ ✺ = awegwenish 1 ● = bizhiki 1 ❍ WP Mich. Erie Animal Communities Grouped by Variant This is another form which shows variation in a traditional ▲ BA BH CH CO CT EA EF GN MI MO diminutive. The most common form across many dialects MU NB OC PC PE PH RL RR SM WB has stem awesii-. A form with a final nasalized vowel WH (signified orthographically with a spelling «nh») is ❍ CC CL EM LA LH PP RA RB SA WI common in southeastern areas and north and northwest of WP Lake Superior. A form with final /ns/ is common ❢ AM AO GL LL LS MA TE WN throughout Algonquin (including my WN data), ✙ SL extending as far west as AO and LL. Severn uniformly has ✦ BT DL FH KL OG RO SB awiyaazhiish (identical to Fort Severn Swampy Cree), ✧ GN OS PI RO while a group of four communities southwest of Severn ✺ BI have aya’aawish. ● MU . AR RP Forms with /ish/ are concentrated near Severn, including all Severn, OS, PI,RO and GN. BI in the east also has a Consolidations form with -ish, awegwenish, which has a stem that looks likes a dubitative/interrogative pronoun. ▲ ▲❍❢✙ (40) ❍ ✦ (6) Eastern Cree uses awesiis to represent a wild animal; the ❢ ✧ (4) only relevant word in BLN is apisiisisiw, ‘small person ✙ ✺ (1) or animal.’ Potawatomi has mijbe. Rhodes 1989:6 has ✦ ● (1) pisiskîw for Plains Cree (see ‘cow’ in this study), aweehsa for Miami, kiiseeneniwa for Fox, mekinhwe for Shawnee, and manE:to:w for Menomini (see ‘bug/insect’ in this study). Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps L-4 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec ✧ CO ▲ DL ▲ BT PC▲ SM▲ ▲ KL✧ SB✧ CH ▲ ✧ ▲ ▲ PE ▲ PI ▲ OG OC CT OS ▲ (Alb.) EF ▲ RO ▲ FH MU▲ ▲ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ . LS ▲ WB EA▲ LL SL ▲ ✙ WN PP▲ WH▲ ❢ RB PH ❍ ▲ ✧ LH ✱ ▲ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ✙ TE ■ MA ▲ Superior = enigoo 37 RL ▲ BA ❍ ❍ = nenigoo 2 ▲ NB MI ▲ ▲ GL ❢ = endigoo 1 ✱ = eleligoons 1 ✙ WI ▲ = enigoosh 2 ✺● CC▲ CL ✦ = eyengoonh 1 Huron ✧ = enig 5 SA✦ RA◗ ✺ = eyebgoonh 1 ● = ebgoonh 1 ■ = (eyebigoons) 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = wewebgoo 1 Mich. Ant Communities Grouped by Variant There are two main variants, enig(oo), and eyebig(oo) (or ▲ AM AO AR BH BI CC CH CO CT DL ehebig(oo)), both of which have sub-variants. The latter EA EF EM FH GL GN LA LL MI MU variant is restricted to three communities in the Eastern NB OC OS PC PE PI PP RL RO RP Ojibwe range, CL, RA and MA. The variant enigoo has RR SL SM WB WH WI WP two main sub-variants, enig, lacking the final vowel, which ❍ BA PH occurs in central and eastern Severn (and somewhat ❢ RB surprisingly at LH), and enigoo, which occurs elsewhere ✙ TE WN over a very wide range. Clearly the form enig is an ✦ SA innovation, in which the final -oo has been reanalyzed as ✧ BT KL LH OG SB being part of the plural suffix, perhaps on the analogy of ✺ CL words such as mitig, ‘tree’ with plural mitigoog. The ● CL diminutive endings should probably be charted for patterns ■ MA as well, something I have not done here. Note that ◗ RA McGregor 1987:80 gives both enig and enigoo for MA, ✱ MO with the gloss, ‘ant, pismire, emmet,’ interestingly using . LS the arachaic English terms, emmet and pismire. Consolidations Plains Cree (BLN) has eyikos; East Cree, ayikw and ucheikuush; Swampy Cree, enik. Potawatomi has ▲ ▲❍❢✙✦✧✱ enig- (49) angono. Miami has elikwa. ❍ ✺●■◗ (4) eyebig- (4) Valentine, J. Randolph. Ojibwe Dialect Relations: Lexical Maps L-5 Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Québec ✙ CO ❢ DL ✙ BT PC✦ SM■ ✱ KL✙ SB✧ CH ▲ ❢ ◗ PE ▲ PI ✺ OG . OC CT OS ✧ (Alb.) EF ✦ RO ▲ FH MU❢ ❍ AM ▲ AR ▲ AO ▲ RR ▲ ▲ GN BH ▲ ❍ LS ❢ WB EA❤ LL SL ▲ ❍ WN PP▲ WH● ▲ RB PH ▲ ▲ ▲ LH ▲ ❍ RP EM MO VARIANTS LA▲ BI ▲ ❍ TE ❍ MA ▲ Superior = mishiimin 25 RL ▲ BA ▲ ❍ = waabimin 10 ❍ NB MI ▲ ❍ GL ❢ = bichigwaas 4 ✱ = zhiiwi-gitigaan 1 ✙ ❤ WI ▲ = miinish 3 = zhoomin 1 ❍ CC▲ CL ✦ = <apple> 2 Huron ✧ = aapinis 2 SA▲ RA❍ ✺ = ashkanij 1 ● = bikwaakadoons 1 ■ = mishiijiimin 1 ▲ WP Erie ◗ = ozhashkwedoo 1 Mich.