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History7 Enhancements NELSON HISTORY7 ENHANCEMENTS AUTHOR AND ADVISOR TEAM Stan Hallman-Chong James Miles Jan Haskings-Winner Deneen Katsitsyon:nio Montour, Charlene Hendricks Rotinonhsyón:ni, Kanyen’kehaka (Mohawk Nation), Turtle Clan, Heidi Langille, Nunatsiavutmiut Six Nations of the Grand River Territory Dion Metcalfe, Nunatsiavutmiut Kyle Ross Benny Michaud,DRAFT Métis Nation SAMPLE REVIEWERS Jan Beaver, Zaawaakod Aankod Kwe, Yellow Cloud Woman, Bear Clan, Alderville First Nation Dr. Paige Raibmon, University of British Columbia A special thank you to our Authors, Advisors, and Reviewers for sharing their unique perspectives and voices in the development of these lessons. Nelson encourages students to work with their teachers as appropriate to seek out local perspectives in their communities to further their understanding of Indigenous knowledge. TABLE OF Nelson History7 Enhancements CONTENTS Authors and Advisors Stan Hallman-Chong Benny Michaud Jan Haskings-Winner James Miles Charlene Hendricks Deneen Katsitsyon:nio Montour Heidi Langille Kyle Ross Dion Metcalfe UNIT 1: NEW FRANCE AND BRITISH NORTH Reviewers Jan Beaver AMERICA: 1713-1800 Dr. Paige Raibmon What Were the Spiritual Practices and Beliefs of The lessons in this resource have been written and developed Indigenous Peoples? 2 with Indigenous authors, educators, and advisors, and are to be What Is the Significance of the Covenant Chain, used with Nelson History7. Fort Stanwix, and British–Inuit Treaties? 10 Senior Publisher, Social Studies Senior Production Project Manager Cover Design Paula Smith Susan Lee Courtney Hellam UNIT 2: CONFLICTS AND CHALLENGES IN Marketing Manager Content Production Editor Cover Image CANADA: 1800-1850 Katelyn Crawford Cheryl Tiongson Nine OK/Getty Images How Were Indigenous Communities Organized Socially and Politically? 18 Content Manager Copyeditor Asset Coordinator Naomi Go Paula Pettitt-Townsend Suzanne Peden What Is the Lasting Significance of Treaties Signed Content Editor Proofreader Illustrators in the 1800s? 26 Jonathan Furze Linda Szostak Crowle Art Group Content Coordinator Indexer Compositors GLOSSARY 34 Adam Fiske Marilyn Augst Courtney Hellam Cathy Mayer INDEX 35 Design Director Ken Phipps Photo/Permissions Researcher CREDITS 37 Eva Svec Interior Design Courtney Hellam COPYRIGHT © 2019 by Excerpts from this publication may Every effort has been made to Nelson Education Ltd. be reproduced under licence from trace ownership of all copyrighted Access Copyright, or with the material and to secure permission Student Text express written permission of from copyright holders. In the ISBN-13: 978-0-17-688673-8 Nelson Education Ltd., or as event of any question arising as ISBN-10: 0-17-688673-7DRAFTpermitted by law. SAMPLE Requests which to the use of any material, we will Student Text + PDF fall outside of Access Copyright be pleased to make the necessary ISBN-13: 978-0-17-689587-7 guidelines must be submitted online corrections in future printings. ISBN-10: 0-17-689587-6 to cengage.com/permissions. Further questions about Printed and bound in Canada permissions can be emailed to 1 2 3 4 22 21 20 19 [email protected]. For more information, contact ALL RIGHTS ARE OTHERWISE Nelson Education Ltd., RESERVED. No part of this 1120 Birchmount Road, Toronto, publication may be reproduced, Ontario M1K 5G4. Or you can visit stored in a retrieval system, or our website at nelson.com. transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanic, photocopying, scanning, recording, or otherwise, except as specifically authorized. NEL TABLE OF CONTENTS iii MIDEWIWIN CEREMONIES WHAT WERE THE The Anishinaabe are a large group of First Nations, including the Ojibwe, Potawatomi, Algonquin, and Odawa. In the 1700s, many Anishinaabe nations conducted Midewiwin SPIRITUAL PRACTICES ceremonies as part of their spiritual beliefs. The Midewiwin was a Grand Medicine Society that was responsible for AND BELIEFS OF keeping sacred spiritual and healing knowledge. The teachings of the Midewiwin were only passed on to certain members of the community, called Mide, who had shown INDIGENOUS PEOPLES? themselves to be healers. The Mide used birchbark scrolls FIGURE E.2 In this undated image, to pass on knowledge from one generation to another. They recorded a birchbark scroll from the Ojibwe instructions for ceremonies to mark major events (such as birth, puberty, of Leech Lake, Minnesota, shows the correct seating arrangement for marriage, and death) on the scrolls. The scrolls were considered sacred and a Midewiwin ceremony. Analyze: In the 1700s, Indigenous peoples, in what is now Canada, maintained a wide were kept by the Elders, who buried or hid them. In Anishinaabe culture in What does this scroll tell you about range of spiritual and religious practices. Passed down through generations, the 1700s, the Mide were primarily men. the importance of tradition among the Anishinaabe people? these belief systems reflected the diversity of the lands they had inhabited People who were initiated into the Midewiwin gradually learned several for thousands of years, as well as their relationships to those lands. This levels of spiritual knowledge from the Elders. Each level of knowledge was lesson will examine the beliefs and values of Indigenous peoples in Canada more powerful than the previous one and was accompanied by a pouch, or during the 1700s, which are still practised by many Indigenous people today. FIGURE E.1 This wood engraving medicine bag. The pouch was used to hold the herbs and items that were from 1853 shows a group of necessary for practising Midewiwin. It was made from the skin of a specific SPIRITUALITY AND HAUDENOSAUNEE Mohawk women in council in a animal, such as a weasel or a bear. FIGURE E.3 This photo was taken Haudenosaunee community in near Keshena, Wisconsin, in 1890 on SOCIAL ORGANIZATION New York State. In Haudenosaunee In addition to spiritual healing, members of the Midewiwin society the Menominee Indian Reservation. nations, clan mothers chose the learned how to use plants to treat illnesses. For example, they used the It shows the setup of a Midewiwin One example of the complex values and beliefs held by Indigenous peoples chief and could also remove him needles of the white pine tree to treat headaches, and the sap of the balsam ceremony. Analyze: Compare this is Haudenosaunee spirituality. The Haudenosaunee believe that in order from power. Analyze: How did the photo with Figure E.2. Are there fir tree to treat colds. Today, more First Nations women and men are for the cycle of the natural world to continue, the people must give thanks values of matrilineal societies, such any similarities in the ceremonial as the Haudenosaunee, differ from practising Midewiwin, as a way to maintain their culture and teachings. arrangements shown on the Ojibwe to the Creator. They also believe all living things and natural phenomena— the values of the European settlers scroll and in this photo? plants, animals, wind, thunder, rain, Sun, Moon, and stars—have spirits. during this time period? In the 1700s, the Haudenosaunee maintained a yearly cycle of ceremonies to give special thanks, beginning with the “Thanks to the Maple” ceremony in early spring and finishing with the mid-winterDRAFT ceremonies, after which SAMPLE the cycle would begin again. The ceremonies involved speeches, songs, and dances as expressions of thanksgiving to the Creator. Each ceremony opened and closed with a thanksgiving address. Food was prepared at each ceremony and, at the conclusion, was given to all those present. Men, women, and children attended the ceremonies. Each Haudenosaunee clan chose both men and women to be Keepers of the Faith. The female Faithkeepers were responsible for the special preparations, such as cooking. The male Faithkeepers were responsible for gathering firewood and water. The men were also responsible for presenting the oral traditions involved in the ceremonies, as well as the songs for all the dances. The Faithkeepers were equal in authority and worked in unity. The position of Faithkeeper was matrilineal a hereditary system of inheriting titles and inherited through the matrilineal clan system. However, the title could also roles through the mother’s be earned through keen interest, enthusiasm, and hard work. lineage 2 UNIT 1: New France and British North America: 1713–1800 NEL NEL What Were the Spiritual Practices and Beliefs of Indigenous Peoples? 3 SPIRITUALITY AND THE TRANSMISSION OF SPIRITUAL BEINGS INUIT KNOWLEDGE Inuit attributed the powers of good and evil to deities, or gods, monsters, and trickster In the 1700s, like it is today, Inuit spirituality was tied to the land, sea, and beings, that lived in a spirit world alongside sky. Inuit told stories of gods, heroes, giants, and spirits in long, elaborate their own. The spirit world was linked to the oral histories. These oral histories connected Inuit to their ancestors and to physical land and was upheld by communal the Tuniit, the first Inuit. beliefs. Prominent deities governed the Inuit recognize, in their oral tradition, that the Tuniit travelled east from elements and the animals associated with what is now southwest Alaska thousands of years ago. As they migrated, them. One of the most important goddesses they developed new strategies to thrive in the icy region. For example, to is Sedna, the mother of sea mammals. In one be able to hunt and travel, the Tuniit mastered an understanding of the Inuit story, Sedna’s fingers are severed, and ice pack that covers the Arctic waters in winter. On land, the Tuniit built she is thrown into the sea. Her fingertips stone piles known as inuksuit (plural of inukshuk, meaning “substitute for FIGURE E.4 Inuit oral tradition become the mammals of the sea—seals, a person”). Inuksuit were used as markers for navigating, hunting, fishing, includes many guiding stories walruses, and whales. As the mother of sea about the Tuniit and how they commemoration, and safety. For example, in caribou hunting, Inuit built mammals, Sedna rules over them and taught the peoples who came after lines of inuksuit on ridges overlooking a valley, to keep the caribou in the them the skills needed to live in controls their migrations.
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