QL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE "" JOURNAL AUGUST, 1945

JAMES F. BYRNES TAKES OATH AS SECRETARY OF STATE

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j( - m ♦ * 1 ■ ■ ■ HR . •'.£ f, ppfcp J THIS IS NOT FRANCE, BUT

T HAS TAKEN a world war to make that American vintners have a tradition I many of us here at home realize that which reaches back into Colonial days. in some ways we are not as dependent To their surprise, when other sources upon foreign sources as we had thought. were cut off, they found that American We have frequently found that our own wines are often superior to the imported home-grown products are as good as — peacetime products. We know this be¬ and often better than —those we once cause unbiased experts say so—and be¬ imported as a matter of course. cause the active demand for CrestaBlanca One such instance is California wine. is increasing daily. People in the States used to believe that Maybe you haven’t yet had the op¬ only European wines could measure up portunity to enjoy Cresta Blanca. If not, to every standard of excellence. Perhaps you owe it to your critical taste to try they were not aware that the climate and some of its nine superb types...and to soil of California is comparable to that let your friends share the experience of of the most famous French vineyards; so many of us back home. CRESTA BLANCA for over fifty years the finest of North American wines CONTENTS AUGUST, 1945

Cover Picture: James F. Byrnes Takes Oath as Secretary of State (See also page 50)

Foreign Service Changes 5

Press and Radio News Arrangements at the San Francisco Conference 7 By Homer M. Byington, Jr.

Mr. Hull Signing the United Nations Charter 11

The Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945 and the Foreign Service 12 By M. L. Leap

Liberian Legacy 15 By Clare H. Timberlake

Suggestions for Improving th<* Foreign Service and its Administration to Meet its War and Post-War Responsibilities 18 By James W. Gantenbein

Press Comment 21 Editors’ Column 22 Assured Purity... Statements bv Secretarv of State James F. Bvrnes At Home or Abroad and the Outgoing Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius 23 Poland Water, one of the world’s finest table waters, has been privileged to enjoy the prefer¬ letters to the Editors 24 ence of discriminating Embassies, Consulates, and Legations for almost 100 years. News from the Field 26 Of unparalleled purity and crystal clear this The Bookshelf 28 notably distinguished water is bottled just as it By Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor flows from nature’s deep rock sources at famous Poland Spring, in Maine. Salute to San Francisco 30 Delightfully tasteful and refreshing, healthful By Harry W. Frantz Poland \\ ater can be depended upon always to Birth 32 contribute its recognized purity regardless of where you may be. Enjoy its beneficial qualities Marriage 32 regularly.* If abroad, order direct from the States.

*A case of 24 half-gallons approximates the average consumption per person per month. In Memoria m 32

Foreign Service Examination for Veterans 33

Service Glimpses 34, 35

Naturalization Officer 36

Visitors 63

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THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

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4 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES The following changes have occurred in the American Foreign Service since June /, 1945: William C. Affeld, Jr., of Minneapolis, Minnesota, Sec¬ ond Secretary of Embassy at Guatemala, Guatemala, has been assigned American Foreign Service Officer attached to the staff of United States Political Advisor of German affairs, SHAEF. John M. Allison of Lincoln, Nebraska, Second Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at London, England, has been designated First Secretary of Embassy and Amer¬ ican Consul at the same place and will continue to serve in dual capacity. V. Harwood Blocker of Honod, Texas, American Vice Consul at Victoria, Brazil, has been assigned Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Robert M. Brandin of New York, New York, American Vice Consul at Madrid, Spain, has been assigned to the Department of State for duty. Basil D. Dahl of Blair, Wisconsin, Commercial attache at Wellington, Newr Zealand, has been assigned to the Depart¬ ment of State for duty. Sherburne Dillingham of Milburn, New Jersey, Second Secretary of Embassy at Caracas, Venezuela, has been as¬ signed to the Department of Stale for duty. FOREIGN and DOMESTIC John K. Emmerson of Canon City, Colorado, Second Sec¬ REMOVALS in safe steel lift retary of Embassy at Chungking, China, has been assigned to the Department of State for duty. vans, wooden vans or cases. Richard H. Hawkins, Jr., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, American Vice Consul at Sydney, New' South Wales, Aus¬ tralia, has been assigned to the Department of State for duty. George D. Henderson of aPIo Alto, California, now in the Department of State, has been designated Secretary of Mission at Tirana, Albania. L. Randolph Higgs of West Point, Mississippi. Second Secretary of Legation and American Consul at Stockholm, Sweden, has been designated First Secretary of Legation and American Consul at the same place, and will continue to serve in dual capacity. Avery F. Peterson of Boise, Idaho, Second Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at London. England, has been designated First Secretary and American Consul at the same place, and will continue to serve in dual capacity. Henry E. Stebbins of Milton, Massachusetts, Second Sec¬ retary of Embassy and Americon Consul at London, Eng¬ land, has been designated First Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at the same place, and will continue to serve in dual capacity. The following changes have occurred in the American Foreign Service since June 16, 1945: Barry T. Benson of Sherman, Texas, now serving as STORAGE of household effects, American Consul at Cuidad Juarez, Mexico, has been as¬ signed Commercial Attache of Embassy at Managua, Nica¬ Works of Art, furniture, office ragua. records and private automobiles. Donald C. Bergus of South Bend, Indiana, now serving Washington Representative: as American Vice Consul of Embassy at Athens, Greece, FEDERAL STORAGE COMPANY has been assigned American Vice Consul at Patras, Greece, 1701 FLORIDA AVE.-ADams 5600 upon opening of that office. Aaron S. Brown of Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, now on duty in the Department of State, has been designated Sec¬ ond Secretary of Embassy at Bogota, Colombia. Richard W. Byrd of Norfolk, Virginia, nowr serving as American Vice Consul at Iskenderun, Turkey, has been assigned American Consul at Cherbourg, France. J. Rives Childs of Lynchburg, Virginia, nowr serving as Counselor of Legation and American Consul General at Tangier, Morocco, has been assigned to the Department MEMHER of State for duty. ALLIED VAN LINES (Continued on page 41)

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VOL. 22, NO. 8 WASHINGTON, D. C. AUGUST, 1945

Press and Radio Xews Arrangeinen^s at the San Francisco Conference

By HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR., Foreign Service Officer

FAR larger in numbers than any individual dele¬ Officer of the United States Delegation I accom¬ gation, in fact vying in size with the personnel panied this group. The big plane landed to the of the Conference itself, were the correspondents tune of band music in the bright sunlight. A large of the press, radio and newsphotographic agencies crowd was there to greet the Secretary who issued who were assigned to cover the Conference on In- a statement to the press before leaving for the Fair¬ ternational Organ- mont Hotel. The i z a t i o n at San other members of Francisco. At one the Delegation had time there were already arrived more than 2,700 one or two days press accredita¬ previously as had tion cards in cir¬ the Secretariat and culation. Each cor¬ most of the offi¬ respondent wore a cials connected red button in his with the Confer¬ lapel; each official ence. There was had a similar but¬ immediately a tre¬ ton but blue in col- mendous demand or. Asthetwo from the corre¬ groups intermin¬ spondents for a gled, there was press conference. confusion and tur¬ The newsmen had moil beyond de¬ been charging scription. around for several Secretary of days and were de¬ State Stettinius manding news in and his staff ar¬ no uncertain man¬ rived in San Fran¬ Photo Chas. M. Hiller ner. The United cisco on Tuesday UNCIO PRESS OFFICERS States Delegation about midday, in a Left lo right: Harold McGrath, Senate Press Gallery; Dorsey G. decided to meet Fisher, F.S.O., London; Lincoln White, Executive Assistant to C-54 military Mr. McDermott; M. J. McDermott, Special Assistant to the Sec¬ the situation by plane. As Press retary of State; Willett Kempton, O.W.I. Radio Press Officer. holding a press

AUGUST, 1945 7 U. S. DELEGATION PRESS CONFERENCE

Chairman Sleltinius Reads Announcement to the I*res$

Left to right: Delegates Sol Bloom, Arthur H. Vandenburg, Tom Con- nally, Edward R. Stet- tinius, Charles A. Eat¬ on, Commander Harold E. Stassen and Dean Gildersleeve.

Typical scene in the Press Gallery at the Opera House. floor of the Fairmont Flotel called the Red Room. Its walls were green and no one could understand why it was the Red Room or how to get to it. It was large enough to hold some 700 newspapermen and as the gathering assembled, it became soon apparent that it was going to have to be large enough to hold a good many more, since every manner of newspaper correspondent began to crowd in, all with credentials. Many of the actual work¬ ing press were shoved into disadvantageous posts because the “crackpots” and “spellbinders” bad gotten in first. Mr. Stettinius, as Chairman of the United States Delegation, presided. The first quarter of an hour was taken up by pleaders for special causes who made little speeches in the form of questions and appeared uninterested in the reply as long as they could make a speech, publicizing their cause. There was a speech of this type on Poland, then one on Palestine and then one on India. This developed into a set procedure for many of the conferences held during the following two months. It certainly hindered the working press who had to write their stories on the Conference itself. At this first meeting with the press, Mr. Stettinius had two announcements for the correspondents: the assignment of functions among the members of the Delegation of the United States, and the acceptance conference that same afternoon. This was pretty by the four sponsoring governments of the Chinese tough on Mr. Stettinius who for the past three days amendments at Dumbarton Oaks. He also informed had been negotiating day and night in Washington the correspondents that a United States position on with the Russians and British, fn fact, the previous trusteeship had been established and the Delega¬ evening he went directly from a Big Four meeting in tion was prepared to discuss it at the Conference. his office to the Washington airport to take off by For the duration of the Conference a special con¬ plane at midnight for the thirteen-hour nonstop ference edition of press comment was prepared in flight to San Francisco. the State Department and sent by ticker to San For this first and subsequent press conferences, Francisco from Washington. It was distributed the Delegation used an enormous room on the first each morning to the delegates. The morning fol- 8 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL lowing the first press conference practically the Building to see how the international setup was first item of press comment in the Digest was a going. bitter criticism by a prominent eastern newspaper It was here that the main press and radio opera¬ of the Delegation’s press conference of the previous tions of the Conference were being conducted un¬ day. That was how things started. der the experienced direction of Michael J. Mc¬ Dermott, Press Officer of the Conference. He had The press functions of the United States Delega¬ organized a magnificent setup for complete cover¬ tion were carried on in four rooms on the fourth age of the entire Conference by press, motion pic¬ floor of the Fairmont. These quarters included a tures, radio, and news photographers. There were small press room with telephone booths, some red- elaborate lighting arrangements for recording by seated gold cane ballroom chairs, a table and later motion picture the historic plenary sessions in the that essential adjunct to any press room, a couch, Opera House. The sound and acoustical arrange¬ which can be used for repose during lulls—two ments in both the Veterans Building auditorium small office rooms and a double bedroom shared and in the Opera House were said by many to be at different periods by various occupants. Jack the best yet at any international conference. With Pool and Jim O’Sullivan had been detailed to assist a minimum of microphones the arrangements pro¬ on press matters for the Delegation. There was vided for simultaneous recording of sound for mo¬ also Mary Jo Leutzinger from Mr. McDermott’s tion pictures, radio pick-up, public address, and office in Washington. One of the local writers de¬ wire recording (for verbatim reports of the pro¬ scribed Mary Jo, who was the first to arrive, as the ceedings) . personable lady publicist from the State Depart¬ In the Veterans Building itself a large meeting ment. Jack Pool had to depart after ten days to room was devoted to a general press room with resume his duties in the Division of British Com¬ about 250 typewriters. Additional office space was monwealth Affairs in the Department. Before he provided for domestic and foreign wire services left, however, he found Bromley Smith, who was and radio networks. The auditorium of the Veter¬ knocking around in Protocol helping out. It seemed ans Building was utilized for press conferences. An that Mr. Smith had been assigned to the Confer¬ interlocking public address system was installed ence, but when he arrived in San Francisco, no¬ over which any announcement made by the inter¬ body knew just for what purpose he had come. Ac¬ national press Secretariat was heard simultaneously cordingly, he attached himself to Protocol for the in the press room, the individual offices of the first few days during the rush of arriving Delegates domestic and foreign wire services and the offices and then joined the United States Delegation press of the domestic and foreign radio networks. office to fill in for Jack Pool. He was a lucky find Mr. McDermott had a staff of assistants with for us. specialists in every line. Francis Alstock and Jack After struggling through the first day and a half Connolly for motion pictures, Harold McGrath and at the Fairmont Hotel, I went down to the Veterans Willett Kempton for radio and W. W. McClanahan

-V-

Working Press Room al the Veterans Building. for still photos. As special assistant for press rela¬ Chairman rushed immediately to the press at a tions in general Lincoln White of the Department faster clip than the other members present at the worked with Mr. McDermott from the very begin¬ Committee meeting. I don’t think anyone will ever ning in organizing the arrangements. Foreign Serv¬ call this a secret or closed Conference in spite of ice Officers, Guy Ray and Dorsey Fisher, were the ruling on Committee meetings being closed to brought in from Mexico City and London respec¬ the press. tively to form a staff nucleus in managing the op¬ One feature of the first two weeks was the ubiqui¬ erations. They were assisted by Mrs. Margaret Ray¬ tous hordes of “still” cameramen who popped up mond and Messrs. Bill Donaldson and Harold Beck- everywhere at every occasion so that the Delegates ley of the House and Senate Press Gallery. found their very existence punctuated by the per¬ As I approached to enter the huge reception room petual flashing of camera bulbs. It will always be a in Mr. McDermott’s main office, from the corridor mystery to me how they can take so many thousands I saw the backs of some 160 correspondents lined of pictures and yet one sees in print not more than up at a counter, all gesticulating and waiting with one-tenth of one per cent of the pictures. a patience that had obviously become exhausted. I If the difficulties of the press were great, as they fought my way through this crowd to a little gate were, because of the distance between the Fairmont and was shot into the room. There I found a staff Hotel, the Veterans Building and the Palace Hotel, that had had little sleep for at least a week but was I hate to think what would have happened had it not still fighting gamely to satisfy the needs of this been for the excellent bus service which the Navy inundation of clamoring correspondents. Link Department provided—new, clean busses complete White, Dorsey Fisher, and Guy Ray were not en¬ with Waves. This bus service saved the day be¬ joying themselves. Mac himself looked tired beyond cause taxis were almost unavailable and the working belief but he was sticking it through and figured correspondent had to go from one place to another it would be all right in the end although he ad¬ in order to cover the news. The wire services, of mitted this was the toughest thing he had run into course, had men at each place so their problem was in his 25 years of handling the press relations of simpler, but still their own specialists had to do con¬ the Department of State, and that is saying a great siderable traveling to each source of news. deal. There were complaints on every possible There were information booths all over San Fran¬ score. Correspondents didn’t like their accommo¬ cisco and an equal number of stories connected with dations, the telephone service at their hotels was the myriads of questions that were asked. An exam¬ inadequate, the Committee meetings were being ple: An official who was al-o a baseball fan wanted held behind closed doors and then they were being to take time out to see the Seals (the San Francisco told ten different versions of what was happening baseball team) play ball. He went to an information inside by as many different Delegates outside. booth in the Fairmont and said, “Where are the Up at the Fairmont Hotel the American corre¬ Seals playing today?” “Out on the rocks by the spondents claimed vociferously that the correspon¬ Cliff House,” replied the young lady. dents of other countries were being given much Throughout the Conference one of the chief cen¬ more adequate information concerning the proceed¬ ters of interest to the press was the penthouse of ings of Committees than they were being given by the Fairmont Hotel, headquarters of the Chairman American authorities. Meanwhile these Committee of the United States Delegation, Mr. Stettinius. meetings were all supposed to be secret closed ses¬ Meetings of the heads of the four sponsoring dele¬ sions. As to their secrecy the following anecdote gations occurred there almost daily. France was might give some ccrecption of how secret they included in these meetings shortly after the open¬ were: A distinguished member of one of the Dele¬ ing of the Conference and they became known as gations of the four sponsoring powers made an the meetings of the Big Five. eloquent speech at a supposedly secret Committee After the first three weeks the Conference shook meeting closed to the press. After the meeting he down considerably. Ways and means were organ¬ was waiting for his car in order to return to the ized by which the working press could get adequate hotel. A correspondent walked up to him to ask information to cover the Conference and many of him about the session. In her hand were quotes the pleaders of special causes retired from the scene from the supposedly confidential address which the of action, although some of their number remained Delegate had just made. It became a practical active to the bitter end. Accurate news as to what adage of the Conference that any news from a was going on appeared regularly in the serious Committee meeting would break long before it newspapers and the press and radio did a good would be announced officially. I do not know of over-all job of coverage. The New York Times any exception to that general practice unless the (Continued on page 53)

10 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MR. HI LL SIGNING THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER. JUNE 29, 1945

In a special ceremony at the State Department “The Father of the United Nations,” Cordell Hull, former Secretary of State, affixed his signature to the United Nations Charter for a world security organization. The original document, the interim agreement setting up a preparatory commission and certified copies of each had been brought to Washington by plane from San Francisco by Alger Hiss, Secretary General of the United Nations Conference on International Organization. Precautions taken to look after the historic documents included a parachute strapped to the seventy-five pound safe, which bore signs, in case of accident to the plane, labeled, “Do not open—return to the State Department.” The mission was intrusted to Major William Richmond, A.T.C. pilot who flew the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., to the Big Three Crimean Conference and to and from the San Francisco Conference. He made a special trip with the documents. Mr. Hull had been prevented by illness from attending even the final session of the United Nations Conference despite a special invitation from President Truman to join him for that event. With Mr. Hull when he signed the Charter were Mrs. Hull, Acting Secretary of State Joseph C. Grew, Mr. Hiss, and several other State Department officials gath¬ ered to greet the former Secretary of State and stand by as he appended his signature immedi¬ ately under that of Mr. Stettinius. Mr. Hull had been appointed by the President as a mem¬ ber and special adviser to the American delegation to the United Nations Conference. The original draft of the Charter, with the signatures of the delegates from fifty nations, has been deposited in the State Department’s archives as directed by the Conference.

AUGUST, 1945 11 The Federal Employees Pay Act of ID43 and the Foreign Service

By M. L. LEAP, Division of Foreign Service Administration

TO about a million and a half officers and em¬ tinue on a descending scale to $628.33 for officers ployees of the Federal Government, including and employees whose new basic salaries are $6,440 officers and employees of the Foreign Service, the or over, subject to a $10,000 ceiling which is ex¬ Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945 is good news. plained in the footnote to the salary and overtime The War Overtime Pay Act of 1943, which pro¬ table appearing elsewhere in this article. vided increased take-home pay for various cate¬ gories of Federal employees, terminated under its INCREASE IN BASIC COMPENSATION own provisions on June 30, 1945, and were it not The new legislation also provides a much needed for the new and more permanent legislation, effec¬ increase in basic compensation for about a million tive July 1, 1945, a large number of Federal work¬ and a quarter Federal workers, including Foreign ers would have suffered a substantial reduction in Service officers, administrative officers, administra¬ earnings. tive assistants and senior clerks—that is to say, all The Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945 contains American officers and employees whose basic rates no mention of the Foreign Service, and although of compensation are specifically prescribed by its several provisions will doubtless have to be in¬ statute of Congress. There has been no basic terpreted in many instances by the appropriate statutory increase in pay for Foreign Service Governmental authorities, a quick analysis discloses officers since 1924; and with the exception of a that Foreign Service officers and American em¬ few groups, i.e. the first two grades of the subpro¬ ployees of the Foreign Service will benefit sub¬ fessional service, the first eight grades of the crafts, stantially by its terms. protective and custodial service, the clerical-me¬ chanical service, and part-time char forces, the OVERTIME PAY basic pay levels of employees subject to the Classi¬ Overtime pay is provided for Foreign Service fication Act of 1923, as amended, have not been officers and all American employees for all hours raised for the past fifteen years. Meanwhile, the of employment, officially ordered or approved, in cost of living has increased substantially, and indus¬ excess of 40 hours in any administrative workweek. trial workers and those Government employees However, the method for computing overtime pay whose compensation is fixed under prevailing wage varies considerably from that provided by the War rate schedules have received basic pay increases Overtime Pay Act of 1943. Officers and American generally up to the 15% limit established under the employees whose basic compensation is less than Little Steel formula. Taking into account these fac¬ $2,980 per annum will receive overtime pay at the tors and the national salary and wage stabilization rate of one and one-half times their basic hourly policy, the Congress has provided under the Act rate, and the basic hourly rate is to be determined for basic salary increases on a sliding scale which by dividing the per annum rate by 2,080 I 52 weeks works as follows—a 20% increase on that part of at 40 hours per week). Thus officers and Amer¬ the basic salary as of June 30, 1945 which was not ican employees whose basic salaries under the new in excess of $1,200 per annum, plus 10% of that pay Act are less than $2,980 per annum will receive part which was in excess of $1,200 but not in excess true time and one-half for overtime work as com¬ of $4,600, plus 5% of that part which wras in excess pared with time and one-twelfth at an annual sal¬ of $4,600, subject to the $10,000 limitation previ¬ ary of $2,900 or less under the War Overtime Pav ously mentioned. Act of 1943. The sliding scale obviously discriminates against Officers and American employees whose basic officers and employees whose salaries are in the compensation is $2,980 per annum or over will re¬ higher brackets, but it has the effect of keeping the ceive overtime pay in accordance with, and in pro¬ overall increase within the limitations of the Little portion to, a specific schedule based on 416 over¬ Steel formula and of providing, at the same time, time hours per annum (8 hours a week for 52 the larger increases deemed to be needed by the weeks). Under the schedule, the annual overtime lower salaried groups to meet increased costs of rates begin at $894 for those officers and employees living. However, in its report on the bill, the House whose new basic rate of pay is $2,980, and con¬ Committee on the Civil Service stated that it did

12 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL BASIC RATES OF COMPENSATION AND ANNUAL OVERTIME RATES

New Annual Rates of New Annual Rates of Overtime Pay Basic Annual Overtime Pay Basic Annual New Basic An New Basic An¬ | 44-hour week Salaries as 48-hour week 44-hour week Salaries fits nual Salaries 48-hour week nual Salaries of June 30, (416 overtime (208 overtime of June 30, (416 overtime (208 overtime 1945 hours) hours) 1945 hours) hours) $10,000 $10,000* $628.33*' $314.17* $5,200 $5,810 $676.71 $338.36 9,800 10,000* 428.33* 214.17* 5,100 5,705 684.77 342.39 9,600 10,000* 228.33* 114.17* 5,000 5,600 692.83 346.42 9,400 10,000* 28.33* 14.17* 4,900 5,495 700.89 350.45 * Q 900 10 000* 4,800 5,390 708.96 354.48 9J)00 9^800 200.00* 200.00* 4,700 5,285 717.02 358.51 8,900 9.695 305.00* 305.00* 4,600 5,180 725.08 362.54 8,800 9,590 410.00* 314.17 4.500 5,070 733.53 366.76 8,600 9,380 620.00* 314.17 4,400 4.960 741.97 370.99 8,400 9,170 628.33 314.17 4,300 4,850 750.42 375.21 8,200 8,960 628.33 314.17 4,200 4,740 758.86 379.43 8,000 8,750 628.33 314.17 4,100 4,630 767.31 383.66 7,900 8,645 628.33 314.17 4.000 4,520 775.76 387.88 7,800 8,540 628.33 314.17 3,900 4,410 784.20 392.10 7,600 8,330 628.33 314.17 3.800 4,300 79^.65 396.33 7,400 8.120 628.33 314.17 3,700 4,190 801.09 400.55 7.200 7,910 628.33 314.17 3.6C0 4,080 809.54 404.77 7.000 7,700 628.33 314.17 3,500 3.970 817.99 409.00 6,900 7,595 628.33 314.17 3,400 3,860 826.43 413.22 6,800 7,490 628.33 314.17 3,300 3,750 834.88 417.44 6,600 7,280 628.33 314.17 3,200 3.640 843.32 421.66 6,400 7,070 628.33 314.17 3,100 3,530 851.77 425.89 6.200 6,860 628.33 314.17 3,000 3,420 860.22 430.11 6,000 6,650 628.33 314.17 2.900 3,310 868.66 434.33 5.900 6.545 628.33 314.17 2,800 3,200 877.11 438.56 5,800 6,440 628.33 314.17 2,700 3,090 885.55 442.78 5,700 6,335 636.40 318.20 2.600 2,980 894.00 447.00 5.600 6,230 644.46 322.23 2.500 2,870 861.00 430.50 5,500 6,125 652.52 326.26 2,400 2,760 828.00 414.00 5,400 6,020 660.58 330.29 2,300 2,650 795.00 397.50 5,300 5,915 668.64 334.32 * Section 603(b) of the Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945 establishes a $10,000 ceiling on the aggregate amount of compensation that may be paid to any officer or employee under its provisions, with the proviso that “any officer or employee who was receiving overtime compensation on June 30, 1945, and whose aggregate rate of compensation on such date was in excess of $10,000 per annum may receive .overtime compensation at such rate as will not cause his aggregate rate of compensation for any pay period to exceed the aggregate rate of compensation he was receiving on June 30, 1945, until he ceases to occupy the office or position he occupied on such date or until the overtime hours of work in his administrative workweek are reduced by action of the head of his department or independent estab¬ lishment or agency, or Government-owned or controlled corporation, and when such overtime hours are reduced such rate of overtime compensation shall be reduced proportionately * not intend to establish this sliding salary scale as and employees of the Auxiliary Foreign Service, a permanent policy, and expressed the opinion that the salaries of American employees in these groups factors other than the relationship of salaries to may be adjusted administratively, if appropriations living costs deserve more weight in the future than are available, in cases wherein such action is neces¬ can be given them at this time. In this connection, sary in order to bring them into line with the new the Committee pointed out that postwar problems of pay scales. The House Committee on the Civil Government, the inevitable complexities of admin¬ Service, in its report on the bill, expressed the view istration, and the importance of effective service that such administrative action should be taken, and to the people “will justify unusual emphasis upon the various problems involved are being studied high standards in selecting, promoting, and retain¬ by the Department. ing personnel,” especially in the middle and higher Above is a tabulation showing basic annual brackets, and that “with high qualification stand¬ rates of compensation as of June 30, 1945, the cor¬ ards must be associated rates of compensation that responding annual rates of compensation under the are reasonably attractive to persons who meet those new legislation, and the new annual rates of over¬ standards.” time pay. In the case of an American employee Although the basic pay increases do not apply whose rate of overtime pay is not shown in the in respect of junior clerks, miscellaneous employees, tabulation, and whose salary is less than $2,980

AUGUST, 1945 13 per annum, the overtime hourly rate can be com¬ WITHIN-GRADE SALARY ADVANCEMENTS puted by dividing the annual rate of basic compen¬ The Act of May 3, 1945, which amends certain sation by 2,080 and multiplying the quotient by laws relating to the Foreign Service, provides among one and one-half. other things that administrative officers and admin¬ If the basic rate of compensation is more than istrative assistants shall, within the salary range $2,980 per annum, the overtime rate for 416 hours therein indicated, be entitled to administrative pro¬ can be determined by subtracting from $894 (the motions in accordance with laws prescribing pro¬ overtime rate at $2,980) 7.6782 per cent of the motions for civil-service personnel. Inasmuch as amount by which such basic rate is in excess of the Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945 substantial¬ $2,980, subject to the condition that for annual ly liberalizes the automatic salary advancement rates of basic compensation of $6,440 and over, the scheme for civil-service employees, this aspect of overtime rate for 416 hours is uniformly $628,33, the law should be of especial interest to the ad¬ and subject further to the $10,000 ceiling. It will be ministrative groups. The new pay legislation modi¬ seen from the foregoing that the overtime rate may fies the old provisions of law related to periodic be computed for any number of overtime hours. within-grade salary advancements by reducing the waiting period for pay increases from 18 to 12 COMPENSATORY TIME OFF, NIGHT PAY DIFFEREN¬ months for employees who are in grades wherein TIAL AND PAY FOR HOLIDAY WORK the salary steps are less than $200, and from 30 to Closely related to the overtime benefits provided 18 months for employees who are in grades where¬ by the Act are provisions for compensatory time in the salary steps are $200 or over. It further per¬ off for irregular or occasional overtime work, a mits a satisfactory employee whose efficientcy rating night pay differential, and compensation for holiday is “good” or better than “good” to advance peri¬ work, all of which appear to apply to Foreign Serv¬ odically to the maximum rate of his grade, whereas ice officers and all American Foreign Service em¬ under the previous law it was necessary that his ployees. Under the first-mentioned provision, the rating be better than “good” to advance beyond the Secretary of State is authorized to grant, in lieu of middle rate. Further, each automatic salary ad¬ overtime pay, compensatory time off for irregular vancement must now be effected at the beginning of or occasional overtime work in excess of 48 hours the next pay period following completion of the in any regularly scheduled administrative work¬ waiting period, rather than at the beginning of the week, at the request of the employee. next quarter as was formerly the case. Any former Any officer or American employee whose regular employee subject to the provisions for automatic tour of duty or any part thereof falls between the salary increases who returns to duty after satisfac¬ hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. is entitled to a 10% in¬ tory military service, service in the merchant ma¬ crease in his basic compensation for duty between rine, or service under a war transfer as defined by th ose hours. However, this night pay differential is the Civil Service Commission, is entitled to have not payable when the officer or employee is in a such service credited toward within-grade salary leave status, nor can the differential be included in advancements without regard to the provisions re¬ computing overtime. lated to efficiency and conduct. For work on a holiday, officers and American REWARDS FOR SUPERIOR ACCOMPLISHMENT employees of the Foreign Service will eventually be entitled to compensation at the full rate of time The provisions of Section 7 of the Classification and one-half. The extra pay will not serve to re¬ Act of 1923, as amended, which authorize one ad¬ duce the amount of overtime compensation which ditional within-grade salary advancement during is otherwise payable under the Act or any other the course of any one of the waiting periods previ¬ law during the administrative workweek in which ously mentioned as a reward for merit have been the holiday occurs but, as in the case of the night notably liberalized. Those provisions of the classi¬ pay differential, it cannot be considered to be a fication statute made it impossible to give rewards part of the basic compensation for the purpose of to employees who had rendered sustained superior computing overtime pay. The holiday-pay provi¬ performance unless their services were so distinc¬ sions will come into force upon the cessation of tive as to be classed as “especially meritorious.” hostilities or at such earlier time as the Congress Under the new legislation, the head of any depart¬ may prescribe. Prior to becoming effective in that ment or agency to which this part of the Act ap¬ manner, they will become effective with respect to plies is authorized to make one additional within- any designated holiday only if the President has grade salary advancement for “superior accom¬ declared that such day shall not be generally a work plishment”—a less restrictive term—under stand- day in the Federal service. (Continued on page 42)

14 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Liberian legacy

By CLARE H. TIMBERLAKE, Department of State

HE had been on the trail only fifteen minutes the trees arching over the trail and the matted un¬ and it was not yet seven o’clock but Bill’s dergrowth which walled us in steamed. I stopped a shirt was already soaked through and sweat began moment to drain the last drop of boiled water from to stain his long trousers. His big form swinging my canteen and watched Whitey plod up the rocky along before me was a constant reminder that I was slope I had just climbed. His sun helmet was in not the only uncomfortable member of our party. his hand and his thatch of prematurely white hair It was also a metronome setting the rythm of my stood out against the green of the jungle. He looked own pace. We had fallen into this single file march¬ as tired as I felt. Together we walked slowlv to¬ ing unconsciously and it did much to dull the fa¬ ward the brown, sun-baked floor of a native village tigue which comes during a twenty mile a day hike just ahead. Here Joe had halted the procession and to muscles which have been employed solely in was shouting at the boys to boil more drinking wa¬ maintaining a reasonably upright posture behind a ter and get lunch ready. Some of the villagers Washington desk for the preceding eighteen months. brought pineapples, papaya, and alligator pears We were a day’s march beyond our road head at which grow wild in Liberia and Bill was sitting on Suehen Mission which lies about twenty-five miles one of Joe’s tin lockers peeling a five-foot stalk of north of Monrovia, Liberia. From there to Bomi sugar cane. Notching and breaking off a one-inch Hills lay only jungle trails which had to be cov¬ length of the white, peeled cane, he gave it to me. ered on foot unles one elected to be carried in a Popping this chunk into my mouth I crushed the hammock. woody fibers to a pulp and found the abundant Bill Trimble, namesake of Foreign Service Officer juice sweet and cool. Bill Trimble, was a Lieutenant Commander in the I was standing in the middle of a cluster of fif¬ Navy and had been in Liberia nearly a year super¬ teen brown mud huts, irregularly spaced in a cleared vising the construction of the new port at Mon¬ area about sixty yards long and forty yards wi de. rovia. Captain E. B. Carv, the Naval officer in The ground was hard packed and clean, neither charge of construction, had declined the opportunity vegetation nor refuse was in evidence. The huts given us to spend five days in the hinterland and were round and palm thatched. The fronts were we suspected that our agreed means of locomotion flattened and some boasted narrow mud-floored was a more compelling reason for his refusal than porches before the single rough wooden door. They his actual plea that he had to stav on the job. Bill had no windows. Around us were a number of was no tenderfoot. Neither was Joe Jordense—Joe, small children, the boys entirely nude and the girls a Swede and jack of all trades, had been in Liberia clad only in the very briefest of breech-clouts and for a number of years, had travelled over most of ornamented bv a string of colored beads around the country and was bush wise. He was about 35, their hips. The older women wore a length of blonde in spite of accumulated tan, and as slender bright cloth wound about their waists and hanging and wiry as a bush buck. He organized the party, to their ankles. The men wore khaki shorts and collected the food and necessary impedimenta of a occasionally a white singlet. All were barefooted. safari, split the accumulation into head loads of Their dark skins glistened in the dazzling sunlight sixty pounds to each of our fourteen bearers and and their teeth shone white as pearls on dark velvet. ran the show. The older people stood a litle way off and stared Whitey Richards and I were having our first quietly at the rare but not unprecedented sight of taste of West Africa and the new army boots we white men in their midst. The children had already wore were not being broken in; they were break¬ overcome their first shyness and were running about ing us in. Captain W. L. Richards had been be¬ shouting at each other and at us. hind a desk in the Bureau of Yards and Docks The town Chiew was explaining that there was in the Navy Building nearly as long as I had been a grove of bamboo trees only two minutes walk in the Department. He was the Navy’s Washington from the village and he recommended that we rest end of the port project tie line as I was the desk there for an hour or two through the noon day heat. officer dealing with Americo-Liberian political re¬ We finished our light lunch and followed the Chief’s lations in the State Department. suggestion. The grove was cool and quiet and we As the sun climbed higher it beat down through stretched out on the ground, sun helmets propped

AUGUST. 1945 15 under our heads. We had been dozing comfortably our diplomatic and consular establishments at Addis for half an hour when Joe turned to me and said: Ababa. Aden, being fairly close and having long¬ “You told me you came out to Liberia on State standing commercial ties with Ethiopia, was a good Department business but what in the world has that listening post where information of economic or got to do with this bush trip?” “Maybe,” he added political importance concerning Ethiopia could on second thought, “this little bush trip is just a often be obtained. vacation, eh?” “When British and Ethiopian troops threw the “No,” I said, “this is not just a little vacation Italians out of East Africa in 1941, I went over and I am in Liberia on business. Business can also there. Drove about 2,000 miles through Ethiopia, be fun you know.” French and British Somaliland. I went back on “Well then,” said he, “how does this isolated two later occasions—concerned with the problem of little Liberian village have any importance to your persuading the Government of French Somaliland, work in the State Department?” which had gone along with Vichy France, to de¬ “It’s a legacy,” I replied. “Not exactly the vil¬ clare herself in with the United Nations. lage, but the problem of American Liberian rela¬ “That still doesn’t seem to me to have any con¬ tions,” I hastened to add a moment later. Joe nection with this place or that legacy you were had turned to look closely at me as though he sus¬ talking about,” said Joe. pected that the sun had affected my mind. “I’m coming to that,” I answered. “After French “Legacy?” said Joe incredulously—“How?” Somaliland did a volte face in 1943—January it “It’s fairly simple,” I explained. “You see I am was—I was ordered back to Washington. We had a Foreign Service Officer. Most of the time Foreign accredited a new Minister to Addis Ababa and di¬ Service Officers are in the field, in one of our con¬ rect relations with Haile Selassie’s Government were sulates, an Embassy or a Legation. Some of us demanding that someone be detailed to handle, as are from time to time assigned to the Department drafting officer in the Department, the increased so that our field experience can be used at home. amount of work which such relations always entail. I was in the field from 1931 until a year and a The old Near Eastern Division thought I could be half ago. My last post was Aden, Arabia. useful at such a job because I knew the area and “I was in Aden about three years and saw and had been reporting on its problems. So that is reported on a fairly large area. The Aden district where my new assignment landed me—behind the included French and British Somaliland and, on an Ethiopian desk, now a part of the Division of informal basis, Ethiopia. You see Ethiopia’s in¬ African Affairs. corporation into the Italian Empire was never offi¬ “I took over Ethiopia from Bill Lewis. At the cially recognized by the United States and after beginning, there was not enough to keep me busy the Italian conquest in 1935 and 1936 we withdrew all of the time. Bill had handled Ethiopia and was

PARAMOUNT CHIEF AND GUESTS Left to right: The author, Jordense, and Captain Richards.

16 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Liberian Bearers

still handling Liberia. He moved up to Assistant shape the objects we work on to a pattern. We Chief of the Division, had to give up the Liberia are working primarily on the minds of the men desk, I asked for it and got it. Hence the legacy— and women who make up and govern nations with from Bill Lewis—see?” whom we have friendly relations. “Complicated, and a little strained,” said Joe. “I “Friendly is sometimes a euphemism,” ejaculated get the legacy part—finally—but where does this Bill, thinking, perhaps, of the days just before Pearl trip fit in? I still don’t see that!” Harbor. “As soon as I began to get familiar with the “Sure,” said I, “and don’t think we always work problems of the Liberian desk,” I explained, “I with kid gloves on. We have in the past thrown realized how handicapped I was in doing an intelli¬ quite a few diplomatic punches with bare knuckles. gent job. 1 had never been in West Africa, let Successful diplomacy is not always dressed in a alone Liberia, didn’t know the people or have the top hat. It is more often in shirt sleeves. Policies personal feel of the place. Of course, I read all I may be born in high places or on obscure little could about the country and the people and I waded desks but it takes an army of skilled technicians to through stacks of files containing telegrams and carry them out. These are the diplomatic repre¬ despatches from the Legation, replies from the De¬ sentatives abroad, the consuls, explaining our poli¬ partment, and exchanges of notes. I knew what had cies to officials of the governments to which they happened and what our immediate problems were are accredited, reporting to us on the reception ac¬ —but I didn’t know how Liberians lived or why corded to such policies. These are also the desk their Government officials thought as they did on officers drafting the instructions carrying the poli¬ matters of interest to us. After twelve years in the cies to the field. Foreign Service I felt I knew my tools but not the “The man in the field knows the country and its new material I was working on. people—he works and lives among them. He can¬ “Tools?” cut in Bill who had rolled over and not, however, transmit on paper all of his back¬ was now listening. ground and knowledge to the Department every “Yes, tools,” I replied. We have them in diplo¬ time he reports on a subject of interest, or every macy and consular practice just as you have chisels time he recommends a course of action. In that and transits in the engineering profession. Ours sense, above all others, the desk officer in the geo¬ have somewhat more mystifying names—diplomatic graphic division must provide the link between the notes, aide memoires, treaties, international conven¬ field officer and the Department. He must be able tions—but like your tools they are designed to (Continued on page 50)

AUGUST, 1945 17 Suggestions for Improving the Foreign Service and its Administration to Meet its War and Post-War Responsibilities

By JAMES W. GANTENBEIN, Second Secretary and Consul, Quito This essay submitted in the JOURNAL contest was accorded a high rating by the Judges.

FOLLOWING the passage in 1924 of the “Rogers policies that contributed to the unfortunate interna¬ Act” for the reorganization of the Foreign tional situation leading up to the present war. Service, the author of the law, the late Mr. John Similarly, an incompletely-defined or a vacilating Jacob Rogers, remarked that “the foreign service or unduly-delayed policy prevents the country’s of a nation is its first line of defense” and that representatives abroad from exercising their influ¬ “before armies and navies are requisitioned, before ence to the best advantage. The greatest improve¬ the decision as between peace and war has been ment that could be made to the operation of the arrived at, diplomacy has been diligently seeking a Foreign Service would be the assurance of maxi¬ way out of the controversy;” that “skilful diplo¬ mum efficiency in the determination of the direc¬ macy is the greatest protection of peace” but that tives, especially the major policies, on which the “bungling diplomacy is the most fertile cause of functioning of the Service must rely. war. ”11 The need for a better mechanism for the forma¬ The responsibilities of the United States Foreign tion of foreign policy has been recognized and Service in the last few years have been great and partially met in several recent measures. In Janu¬ varied: they have included the development of the ary 1944, there was established within the Depart¬ closest possible relations with the United Nations ment of State a Policy Committee to meet three and the countries associated with them; the obtain¬ times a week and to be composed of the Secretary, ing of various kinds of assistance in the prosecution the Linder Secretary and other high officers of the of the war, sometimes involving long and difficult Department. The function of the committee is to negotiations; the pursuance of intricate forms of “assist the Secretary in the consideration of major economic warfare, largely in uncharted fields; and operations of foreign policy.” At the same time a cooperation in a multitude of ways with the Allied Committee on Post War Programs was created, armed forces. After the war, however, the responsi¬ consisting of virtually the same officers as the Policy bilities will be even greater, for the Foreign Service Committee. Last April there was set up an Execu¬ will then become again the nation’s first line of de¬ tive Committee on Economic Foreign Policy, com¬ fense in a period when the hope of avoiding an¬ prising representatives of the Department of State other and perhaps more devastating world war will and seven other Government departments and agen¬ lie primarily in the skill with which there will be cies. In the same connection, there is to be par¬ formulated and executed the foreign policies of the ticularly mentioned the series of important meet¬ peace-loving nations. The foremost principle of ings which the Secretary of State has been conduct¬ the post-war foreign policy of the United States ing in recent months with Democratic and Republi¬ should be the development in the greatest degree can members of the Congress and other individuals possible of the effectiveness of its peace-maintain¬ both within and outside the Government with re¬ ing machinery. spect to post-war organization. Directives of the Foreign Service That these different devices are contributing in However well organized and however competent¬ large measure to a broader representation of points ly manned the Foreign Service mav be, it can never of view and a better coordination in the formula¬ function more effectively than the policies whmh tion of foreign policy, there can be no doubt. direct its activities. An unwise foreign policy that There remains, however, a need for a continuing is skilfully executed can be even more injurious to and permanent organism which would recruit over the national interests, including the maintenance of a broad basis the best minds of the country for the world peace, than an unwise policy incompetently purpose of assisting in the making of policy of a executed. In the years that followed the first world major character, especially during the formative war. the United States Foreign Service directed post-war years. On the one hand, there is need much of its effort toward the execution of unsound for greater objectivity than can come from a single organization of very busy men who are daily ab¬ 1. American Journal of International Law, October 1924, p. 791. sorbed in handling the details of the conduct of

18 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL foreign regulations. On the made to furnish greater as¬ other hand, foreign policy, sistance to the Secretary of however sound intrinsically, State in the making of sound can be effective only if it has and clearly-defined foreign the support of the nation. policy in the increasingly When the Secretary of State complex fabric of interna¬ was asked last January what tional relations; if it could the Congress might do to in¬ coordinate still further the sure the maximum effective¬ important international poli¬ ness in the conduct of the cies of the different depart¬ country’s foreign relations, ments and agencies of the his reply was that “the major Government; if it could problem is always, I think— bring closer together the especially in periods like the Department of State and one we are passing through the two Houses of Congress; -—to have the support of an and if it could enlist the con¬ informed, alert public opin¬ structive aid of a cross-sec¬ ion, so that all other govern¬ tion of the best minds in the ments will know that when field of foreign affairs out¬ we speak the American peo¬ side of the Government;— ple are behind us.”2 This then greater assurance would support can be assured only be provided that the policies if the policy-making machin¬ which the Foreign Service is ery is adequately ventilated called upon to execute and by the air currents of en¬ which it will be called upon lightened public opinion: JAMES W. GANTENBEIN to execute in the difficult only if the policies arrived Foreign Service Officer, Class V. post-war years will be the at are policies which enlight¬ best policies that can be ar¬ ened public opinion is disposed to support. rived at and that they will have the necessary sup¬ A contribution toward this end could be made by port of the nation. giving the Secretary of State the benefit of the opin¬ Liaison between the Department and the Field ions of a broadly-representative and permanent ad¬ There has never been a sufficiently close liaison visory council on major foreign policy, such as by between the Department of State and the Foreign crystallizing into a continuing institution, but of Service establishments abroad. The increasing use broader scope, the informal meetings that have of international telephone services with a number been taking place for consideration of post-war of field offices, the development of air postal facili¬ organization. A council of this nature might be ties, the daily radio bulletins being sent by the presided over by the Secretary of State and consist Department to the principal offices, the direct per¬ of the heads of several of the other departments sonal correspondence which a number of field offi¬ and agencies of the Government having particular cers, especially chiefs of mission, maintain with interests in foreign relations, as well as the chair¬ officers in the Department, the visits which officers men and ranking minority members of the Senate with varying frequency make to the Department Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition, there while on leave of absence, and particularly the could be invited to the meetings a certain number assignments of Foreign Service officers to duty in of non-Government and entirely non-partisan lead¬ the Department, are all helpful in bringing the De¬ ing authorities either in the broad field of interna¬ partment and the field closer together. However, tional relations or in the particular subjects under the texture of the relationship has never been suffi¬ consideration. The council could meet periodically ciently close-woven for purposes of maximum and at such other times as the Secretary of State efficiency. might wish to consult it. Such an entity could not, Officers in the field have not been kept adequate¬ of course, relieve the President and the Secretary of ly informed either of policies or of action taken in State of their responsibilities for the conduct of the the Department in individual cases, with the result country’s foreign affairs. If, however, it could be that not infrequently chiefs of mission and consular officers learn of important developments in matters 2. Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on in which their respective offices are particularly Appropriations . . . on the Department of State Appropriation Bill for 1945, p. 10. interested only through indirect channels, as

AUGUST. 1945 19 through officials of the foreign government. That two years would be desirable. They could be cal¬ lack of information in such cases seriously preju¬ culated to increase individual officer utility by dices the effectiveness of the efforts of field officers bringing the officer closer to the Department and and in many instances causes embarrassment to by keeping him better informed of the Depart¬ the extent of permitting the foreign government to ment’s needs; by directing his energies into chan¬ question whether the field officer has the full confi¬ nels most useful in furtherance of the Department’s dence of his own government, is axiomatic. In policies; by keeping him aroused to maximum the great majority of cases, the failure to keep the effort and to the various possibilities of his effort; field adequately informed is due solely to excessive and by offering him greater assurance of uniformity reliance upon already-overworked officers in the of criteria in the appraisement of work for purposes Department to attend to matters of this kind, which of promotion. Of equal importance, they could are too often regarded as of secondary importance. serve to encourage in greater degree the physical A mechanism which would allocate definite respon¬ wellbeing of the field officer, which in many in¬ sibility for the prompt furnishing of such informa¬ stances is neglected under the pressure of both tion to the field would serve a highly useful purpose. office work and consuming outside duties, often at Then, there is a tendency for officers in the field unhealthful posts. Frequent inspections could also to develop a skeptical attitude as to whether their be made to increase the efficiency of method of work especially resporting, is serving constructive many officers and to raise their productive capacity purposes and whether its value to the Department by improved systems of office management. A well- or other Government offices is commensurate with balanced, objective and sympathetic inspector is the effort involved. As a result, initiative and possibly in a position to do more than any other effort are not sufficiently stimulated. The Planning influence to maintain on a high plane the efficiency Board, which was recently established in the De¬ and utility of the officer in the field, whether he partment for considering ways of improving the be an Ambassador at an important world capital Foreign Serivce, has been giving special considera¬ or a fledgling vice consul at a small mosquito- tion to the possibilities of raising the efficiency of infected seaport. the field reporting, including the elimination of Another means of obtaining a closer liaison unnecessary periodic reports, and of devising a would be the normal assignment of a larger pro¬ system of more accurate appraisement of the merit portion of Foreign Service officers to work in the of reports submitted both in order to guide this Department. Before the war, approximately five work along more useful lines and for purposes of per cent of these officers were on such assignment, individual efficiency records. It is to be hoped although this proportion has materially increased that the results of the board’s labors will include a as a result of the present emergency. It would be carefully-planned system in the Department for desirable if after the war a policy were adopted of commenting upon the value of field reports. Such expanding the Service sufficiently to permit a larger comments should take the form of a stereotyped proportional assignment to Departmental work than kind of criticism made by officers overburdened the pre-war figure. These assignments, in addition with other duties but of careful, constructive and to affording valuable opportunities for re-orienta¬ guiding criticism by competent personnel devoting tion in the United States, give the officer a better all or most of their time to this particular work knowledge of the policies, organization and opera¬ with the collaboration of country-desk and other tion of the Department, and at the same time enable officers in the Department. him to establish useful contacts with Department A clearer liaison between the Department and personnel. They also serve a valuable purpose in the field could be achieved also by a more extensive bringing into the Department field points of view system of inspections. The advantages of frequent and field experience, the lack of which often proves field inspections was recognized as far back as the a serious handicap to the officer at a desk in Washington. Act of 1906 reorganizing the Consular Service, which provided for inspections “at least once in Appointment of Ambassadors and Ministers every two years,” and the same provision as appli¬ At the present time a little over sixtv per cent cable to the combined services was incorporated of the country’s ambassadors and ministers are in the “Moses-Linthicum Act” in 1931. Lack of career officers who have worked their wav up available personnel, however, has not made it pos¬ through the grades of the Foreign Service. This is sible to comply with these requirements, with the the highest proportion in the history of the Service, result that in many instances long periods elapse the average for some years having been until re¬ between the visits of inspectors to the various offices. cently about, or somewhat under, fifty per cent. Inspections even more frequently than once in (Continued on page 56)

20 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Press Comment From Washington Post, July 1, 1945 U. S. State Department Needs Vary By ERNEST LINDLEY

When the new Secretary of State takes office it This problem shows up in aggravated form in the is to be hoped that he will not become so over¬ State Department and our diplomatic service. For whelmed by vast affairs that he will lose sight of the salaries for the more important jobs are not the need for strengthening the State Department only low in comparison with private industry; they and our diplomatic service. A good beginning on are entirely inadequate to cover the costs of hold¬ this has been made under Secretary Stettinius, but ing jobs which require a certain amount of enter¬ much more remains to be done. taining. Doubtless there will be some changes in the Stet¬ The present Undersecretary and Assistant Secre¬ tinius “team.” It is not a weak team. It is better taries of State have private means. Their predeces¬ in some positions than its predecessor, poorer in sors had private means. Our most important am¬ others. It can be improved upon. bassadors, and most of our other ambassadors, have On the levels below the Assistant Secretaries there private means. Without a private income—at some are many excellent men. The State Department is posts, a very large private income—it is impossible not loaded down with inferior men. It does not for these men to discharge their duties properly. have enough first-rate men. That is, it is, or was This state of affairs is a disgrace to the richest for many years, a small organization. Now, if they nation in the world. It is also dangerous to our are to do a real job for the United States, the State welfare. With this handicap, it is remarkable that Department and its foreign service must be, after we are as well represented abroad as we are. We the war, several times their prewar size. will get better representation, on the average, when A good deal of new blood has been infused into men can be chosen entirely for their ability and the department. And a number of its better young¬ experience, without giving a thought to their per¬ er career men have been promoted to fairly influ¬ sonal financial status. ential positions. But some of them should be Had a fat private income been a prerequisite, pushed still higher and more new blood is still Eisenhower, Bradley and many other top-ranking needed. officers in both the Army and the Navy could not It is important also, both immediately and in have been chosen for the jobs which they have the longer run, that there be no “means test” for held. (Incidentally, our higher ranking officers in occupying any position in the State Department both the Army and the Navy are underpaid.) here or in our diplomatic service abroad. The We ought to be able to pick our diplomats also salary and expense allowance for any post should solely on the basis of merit. And on top of ade¬ be high enough to permit a man without private quate salaries, the Government should shoulder the income to occupy it. expenses that go with the job. If our Ambassador This requires a drastic revision of present salaries to Great Britain needs $50,000 a year for enter¬ and expense allowances, especially for key jobs. tainment and other expenses, he should receive it Many other Government jobs, especially those of from public funds. high responsibility, should carry higher salaries. The men who conduct our foreign relations have Cabinet members should receive at least $25,000 heavy responsibilities. There are division chiefs, a year. Senators and Representatives at least $20,- presently almost unknown to the public, and others 000, Undersecretaries and Assistant Secretaries, even lower down in the State Department, whose $20,000 or more. It should be possible for our best decisions or recommendations are more important career administrators, the key civil servants in each to all of us than the decisions of corporation execu¬ department or agency, to look forward to salaries tives or bankers receiving many times their salaries. of $20,000 to $25,000. The British pay that much We should make sure that we pay enough for these to their top civil servants. jobs, and those higher up, to attract and hold first- It is not hard, at present, to draw good young rate men. And we should be sure that first-rate men and women into the Government, because Gov¬ men are put into those jobs, regardless of seniority ernment salaries at lower levels are high in com¬ or other considerations. parison with private employment. But it is not easy This is a belated reform. It is all the more ur¬ to keep the best ones in the Government because gent now that the United States recognizes its prop¬ there is not enough advancement for them to look er place as a truly world power—indeed, as the forward to. world’s greatest power.

AUGUST, 1945 21 THE EDITORS’ COLUMN

During his period of office as Secretary of State, Air. Stettinius invigorated the entire Foreign Serv¬ FOREIGN JOURNAL ice with the belief that under his leadership, it would be strengthened and better equipped to meet No. 8 0*7 Vol. 22 AUCUST. 19t5 its heavy responsibilities. There appeared on the horizon hope that some of the long-standing ills PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN that have plagued the Foreign Service since its very SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription inception might now be challenged—the hope, for in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or instance, that the Foreign Service might truly be¬ 25 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. come a democratic service in which each Officer Copyright, 1945, by the American Foreign Service Association would be reimbursed by his Government for the The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the necessary expenses of his office—that our Govern¬ editors. ment would abolish the situation whereby many positions throughout the Service require that an JOURNAL STAFF Officer be endowed with private means to carry on HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman adequately in his job—that the Foreign Service, HOMER M. BYINCTON, JR. desperately understaffed, would receive new re¬ Editorial FOY D. KOHLER cruits from the one source where men of the neces¬ Board R. HORTON HENRY sary caliber are available—the armed forces. JANE WILSON, Managing Editor Under Mr. Stettinius’ direction, there was begun GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager an entire review of the needs of the Foreign Serv¬ CLIFTON P. ENCLISH Treasurer ice. He established a planning board with repre¬ sentation on it of Foreign Service Officers to sug¬ The Amreican Foreign Service Association gest legislative and administrative needs for planned The American Foreign Service Association is an unofficial and improvement in its operation and management. The voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of program that he evolved brought encouragement to the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and every Foreign Service Officer. He stated it on one to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. occasion as follows: “We need more men. I am confident that when the problem is put frankly before the Congress the Honorary President necessary funds will be appropriated to the De¬ JAMES F. BYRNES Secretary of State partment to carry through speedily a successful re¬ cruitment program. We shall draw extensively upon Honorary Vice-Presidents the fighting men who are now in our military JOSEPH C. GREW Under Secretary oj State forces. They deserve heavy representation in the DEAN ACHESON Assistant Secretary of State Department that will maintain the peace. JAMES C. DUNN Assistant Secretary of State “We need some mature men, particularly for WILLIAM L. CLAYTON.. ..Assistant Secretary of State specialized Service jobs. For this purpose we should NELSON ROCKEFELLER Assistant Secretary of State perfect an orderly scheme of drawing talent from ARCHIBALD MACLEISH Assistant Secretary of State the Federal Government for temporary assignments JULIUS C. HOLMES .....Assistant Secretary of State in today’s complex foreign relations.

JOSEPH C. GREW President “We need talent from civil life. Just as the Army GEORGE L. BRANDT Vice-President and Navy drew upon Reserve Officer in the hour R. HORTON HENRY..... Secretary-Treasurer of crisis, we in Foreign Service may need a Reserve Corps wherein prestige will help to enlist ability. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE H. MERLE COCHRAN, Chairman “We must increase the interchange of personnel ANDREW B. FOSTER, KENNETH C. KRENTZ between the Foreign Service and the Department. .1. W. RIDDLEBERGER, R. HORTON HENRY Such an interchange, extended to all branches of ERIC C. WENDELIN the Department and the Foreign Service, will en¬ ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE hance mutual understanding of our common re¬ PERRY N. JESTER, Chairman sponsibilities. RAYMOND E. COX WILLIAM P. COCHRAN, JR. “In all this, we must safeguard the career princi- MARSELIS PARSONS, JR. (Continued on page 50)

22 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Statement bv the Secretary of State

James F. Byw rnes

July 3, 1945. conference with Premier Stalin and Prime Minister Churchill, I am asking all of those in the Depart¬ I enter upon my duties as Secretary of State, ment at home or abroad to remain at their posts deeply conscious of the great and grave responsi¬ and to carry on as usual. I have asked the Di¬ bilities of that office. rector of the Budget to make an investigation of It is the function of the State Department to ad¬ the structure of the Department. Until I receive vise the President in the formulation of foreign that report and have an opportunity to study it and policy and to carry out the foreign policy of the make such personal inquiry as I deem advisable, United States as determined by the President and no change in personnel will be made. the Congress. It follows that a change in the Secre¬ The making of enduring peace will depend on taryship of State at this time involves no change in something more than skilled diplomacy, something the basic principles of our foreign policy, in the more than paper treaties, something more even than prosecution of the war and in the struggle for en¬ the best charter the wisest statesmen can draft. Im¬ during peace, which have been charted by the late portant as is diplomacy, important as are the peace President Roosevelt and reaffirmed by President settlements and the basic charter of world peace, Truman. these cannot succeed unless backed by the will of In advising President Truman on foreign policy, the peoples of different lands not only to have peace I shall seek the constant help and guidance of the but to live together as good neighbors. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the Centuries ago devout men thought that they had House Committee on to fight with one another Foreign Affairs. My to preserve their differ¬ friend, Cordell Hull, ent religious beliefs. But with whom I served in Message from the Outgoing we have learned through the Congress and in the Secretary of State long and bitter experi¬ Executive Rranch of the ence that the only way government, and who Edward R. Stettinius, Jr. to protect our religious has done so much to beliefs is to respect and shape our foreign policy To THE EMPLOYEES OF THE DEPARTMENT recognize the right of during the critical war AND FOREIGN SERVICE PERSONNEL: others to their religious years has promised to I cannot leave the Department without ex¬ beliefs. give me the benefit of pressing to you who have so faithfully served Today there can be no his wise counsel. I am in the Department and in the Foreign Service doubt that the peoples glad also that I will be my deep and sincere appreciation of the loyal¬ of this war-ravaged earth in a position to advise ty, ability, and devotion to duty which you want to live in a free with my immediate have constantly shown. I know that you will and peaceful world. But predecessor, Mr. Stet- extend the same magnificent cooperation to the supreme task of tinius, particularly on the new Secretary of State. statesmanship the world the tremendously impor¬ I have always had complete confidence in over is to help them to tant tasks relating to the you and the great part which you have played understand that they organization of the during these difficult days has merited the can have peace and United Nations as a gratitude of the entire country. I know that freedom only if they permanent institution to in the tasks that lie ahead the Nation will tolerate and respect the maintain peace. always be able to count upon you. rights of others to As I am leaving with¬ opinions, feelings and in a short time to ac¬ Washingtony ways of life which they company President Tru¬ July 7. 1945. do not and cannot man at his forthcoming share.

AUGUST, 194.5 23 Letters to the Kditori

Payment for Journal Material “As for me, I like my work, for it is not monotonous and is very interesting. I like the American Consulate, Service itself very well and would like to make Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil, it a career, but I am afraid I cannot last much June 23, 1945. longer because of the financial sacrifices we are To THE EDITORS, having to make. The Department apparently still THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: believes that this is some sort of tropical paradise Your letter of May 30, 1945, with its enclosed where it costs next to nothing to live. Actually, I check came as a very pleasant surprise. I did not am having to go into debt a little more than a realize that the JOURNAL paid so well for the articles hundred dollars every month here in order to which it published and had not expected to receive keep my job. Although I passed the written part more than a purely nominal sum. Accordingly, my of the Foreign Service examination, and there pleasure and gratitude is very great. was a hint that I might be called back to Wash¬ It seems to me that it might be distinctly to the ington for “consultation” to take the oral exam¬ advantage of the JOURNAL to publish an announce¬ ination, I am afraid I won’t be here then.” ment from time to time, soliciting articles and ad¬ It looks as though the Service is going to lose vising its readers of its customary rates of payment. another good man! If these rates* were more generally known, this Sincerely, knowledge might well prove an incentive to sub¬ scribers and others to submit articles, to the benefit GEORGE PALMER. of the JOURNAL and the contributors. In these busy times, not many Foreign Service employees have the leasure or the energy to prepare contributions New vs. Old Brooms to the JOURNAL, particularly with no thought of Madras, India, material reward. At the same time, however, the May 11, 1945. great majority of us can use a little spare cash to To the Editors, excellent advantage and the realization that contri¬ THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: butions, if accepted, will be adequately remuner¬ With what gusto do the wielders of the New ated, may result in worthwhile articles that other¬ Broom cry, “Look at the dust we’ve raised!” God wise would never be written. bless ’em. Yours very truly, May a meek, antique wielder of an old besom be WALTER W. HOFFMANN, allowed to whisper in your columns? (Postscript: American Consul. Probably not; my letter is much too long. ’Twas a *Editor’s Note: The JOURNAL’S rates are 1 cent relief however to let off steam.) per word for feature articles, upon publication, and Observe the enthusiastic description of a cultural $1.00 per photo or illustration used. attache’s manifold labors which appeared in the State Department Bulletin of April 1, 1945. He “I Like My Work, but . . cultivates the acquaintance of professors and violin¬ American Embassy, ists and polevaulters. He takes “unfeigned” in¬ Consular Section, terest in the people of his district and attends their Panama, R. P., homely functions, their concerts, spelling bees and June 26, 1945. potato races. He prepares lectures on Yellowstone To THE EDITORS, Park and he awards prizes at the dog show. Re¬ THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: sponsive to “primitive sub-surface emotions” (isn’t Just a short note to send you an excerpt from a that a daisy!) he reports to Washington on what letter which I have just received from a friend of makes the locals tick. mine. I don’t know what you will want to do with Observe, Ye Brethren of the Old Broom, the hon¬ it, but I feel that it should be publicized in some orable place in which this splendid prose appears— way as it shows pretty well not only what Auxiliary in the Bulletin, no less. Messieurs, we have been officers are going through but it also applies to speaking prose all our lifetime and didn’t know it! young Foreign Service officers. Sandwiched in between invoices, trade letters, visas

24 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and other poetical jobs how many hundreds of and in between are many types. Under the old set times have we suffered ourselves to be led to front of rules the duties of a cultural nature were per¬ row seats or up on to rickety platforms. Oh God, formed almost in secret, for conspicuous success those painful amateur dramatics, those meetings of ruined a man who hoped to rise in honor as well as the Entomological Society, those buffet suppers of rank. Perhaps by concentrating in the persons of the international good-will forum, those damned a few men the necessary but hitherto despised duties cracked lantern slides of Yellowstone Park. After of lecturing on Yellowstone Park, and by giving all the aching years these prosaic pastimes are final¬ these persons the perfectly splendid title of Cultural ly hailed as honorable chores. Attache, we are at last recognizing some of the com¬ Seriously, has the schizophrenic nature of the plexities, and acknowledging that a place of honor profession at last been recognized? And, to use must be made for many types if the Foreign Serv¬ another medical metaphor, has the day of the gen¬ ice is to recruit a strong team with diverse talents. eral practitioner gone for good? It is only one small step in our evolution, how¬ Examine the split personality aspect. On the ever, and this thought leads to the other medical one hand, diplomacy is the art of imperturbability, metaphor. Has the general practitioner gone for the science of perfectionism. It is the business of good? And, if gone, is it for the good of the never saying no and the game of saying yes in the Service ? right places. It is the most inhuman of the hu¬ Strange as it may seem to the writers of thou¬ manities. Its law requires its devotees to be persona sands of words on the subject of the coming glories grata but never persons. There is no place in dip¬ of the Service, there is and always will be a large lomacy for extroverts. But—on the other hand— number of officers who actually like consular work. Americans are not an inhibited people. Many or As I am one of them, I will use the word “we.’ ’ We most of the youngsters who vault the examinations not only like our job, we also are proud of it. We and land in the Foreign Service are extroverts, and think that it is a necessary job. We bow to no one probably they have wondered, as the years went by, in deference to any greater public service. We think just what hit them. Something certainly did. Many it is a job which merits the emoluments paid to all have staggered under the discovery that the warm ranks from beginners to the topmost. The only and exquisitely beautiful gospel handed out to them thing we don’t like about it is the shadow which on the threshold of their careers was so much pop¬ falls over it from Olympus, a shadow apparently pycock. They were not prepared for the stark fact reinforced by a few of our more vocal colleagues. that one (unmentioned) set of rules, and one only, To read the fine words which some of the brethren was in force; one cold course of action, and one have submitted to your pages, a taxpayer would only, rewarded. Under these rules the introverts never know that his highly paid consuls ever con¬ stood the best chance of rising to positions of hon¬ cerned themselves with what does, after all, make or. Although possible to rise in rank as one who up some seventy per cent of the nation’s foreign took an “unfeigned” interest in people, as one who work: log books and law books, passports and pay¬ administered an office, as one who mastered routine, rolls, dinner jackets and overalls, epidemics and as one who lectured on the Yellowstone Park, it expositions, honest traders and swindlers, midnight was not possible so to rise in honor. oil and the dawn’s early light. These activities are An abortive attempt was made to cloak all officers lumped under “routine” and “administration,” and with equal honor by combining the consular and brushed aside as matters which a good clerk can diplomatic services. Desirable for other reasons, handle. this did not, however, cure the schizophrenia, for The fact is that a good clerk can handle many of it was too artificial a remedy, just as it is also now these duties. (It is with satisfaction that we note too glib a description to define all men as introverts that our clerks are finally getting the recognition or extroverts. At an embassy there is need for they deserve). But as there must be Americans to butterflies as well as fish. At a consulate there is make decisions we have tried to provide them by need for moles as well as larks. Both menageries utilizing the existing machinery. And so we put a are incomplete without griffins and centaurs as well junior officer in charge of visas or invoices, and as sphinxes. Are we not now belatedly, and still not call it “training” (for what?), and if he makes very clearly, recognizing the complexity of the For¬ good we are as apt as not to damn him with faint eign Service’s psychology? The appointment of praise on an efficiency report as a “desk man.” We cultural attaches would seem to be a sign of the give an American clerk the title of Vice Consul so times. Temperamentally, there is no greater dif¬ that he may legally sign notarials, and then we ference between men than exists between the com¬ snub him (and his wife) socially, explaining to our petent cultural attache and the competent diplomat, (Continued on page 42)

AUGUST, 1945 25 News From the Field

, , , , .V.V.V.V.V.V.W.V.V. ,\WA .W.VAVAW. I •>V

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS Argentina—Hiram Bingham, Jr. Jamaica—John H. Lord Australia—John R. Minter Nassau—John H. E. McAndrews Bermuda—William H. Beck Nicaragua—James M. Gilchrist Brazil—Walter P. McConaughy New Zealand—John Fuess Ceylon—Robert L. Buell Panama—Arthur R. Williams Central Canada—Eric W. Magnuson Colombia—James S. Triolo Spain—John N. Hamlin Egypt—Edward Dow, Jr. Tangier—Paul H. Ailing French West Indies—William H. Christensen V. S. S. H.—Edward Page, Jr. , Great Britain—Dorsey G. Fisher Union of South Africa—Robert A. Acly, Edward Groth

Greece—William Witman, 2d Venezuela—Carl Breuer V.‘.V,V

«« ■ mi ■■■■■■■«■■■■■■■■!]■■■■■■■■■■ ■ ■■ •■a*auauu«touauiitfuUi»i>MUBi«uua v.v.v?

TORONTO

Canadian Army Photo INVESTITURE IN FRONT OF THE PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, QUEEN’S PARK, JUNE 17TH. Presentation of decorations to members of the Canadian Armed Forces at which Consul General Arthur C. Forst was invited by the Lieutenant Governor to present the DSC of the U. S. to Sgt. John Hillard Mclnnis. His Honor Albert Matthews, The Lieutenant Governor is before the mike, Mrs. Matthews at his right and next in order are Lt. Col. Baptist Johnston and Major General A. E. Potts, Officer Commanding, Toronto Military- District. Consul General Frost is second from the left of the Lieutenant Governor.

26 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LIMA sion the Papal Nuncio, Dean of the Corps, present¬ June 30, 1945. ed a farewell gift to Ambassador and Mrs. White The retiring American Ambassador to Peru and on behalf of himself and his colleagues. He stated Mrs. John Campbell White left Lima by plane on that even though the Ambassador’s stay in Lima June 17 for the United States. During their rela¬ had been brief it had been of sufficient length for tively short stay in Lima they won the sincere him to merit the respect and affection of all his friendship of high ranking Peruvian officials, the colleagues, by reason of his decorum and discre¬ Diplomatic Corps, and thousands of others. This tion, as well as by his loyal comradeship. great popularity, which had its basis in their spirit A scroll was presented at a party given by the of democracy, their dignity, culture, and genuine United States Universities Club of Lima honoring interest in the country to which they were accred¬ Ambassador and Mrs. White; different officers of ited, was shown by the large number of social func¬ the Embassy offered dinners and luncheons; and tions given in their honor during the last week of the entire Embassy staff attended a picnic in the their incumbency. garden of the home of the Counselor of Embassy, Among the affairs honoring them was a dinner when a large tray of handwrought Peruvian silver given at the Presidential Palace by President and was presented to Ambassador and Mrs. White as a Mrs. Prado; luncheons given by Mrs. White’s many token of the affection of the staff. friends; a stag luncheon given the Ambassador by Ambassador and Mrs. White have indeed been the Embassy officers; a luncheon in his honor given ambassadors of good will and cordiality in Peru. by the Cultural Attache of the Embassy which was He also was our first “flying” ambassador, piloting attended by representative members of the cultural his own plane. FRANCES WILSON groups in Lima. The Diplomatic Corps gave a luncheon at the Lawn Tennis Club, on which occa¬ (Continued on page 46)

PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN AT LUNCHEON GIVEN AMBASSADOR WHITE BY OFFICERS OF EMBASSY AND AMERICAN MISSIONS Seated: (Left to Right): Brig. Gen. Robt. W. Strong, Chief of Military Mission; Maj. Gen. Ross E. Rowell, Chief of U. S. Naval Aviation Mission to Peru; Ambassador White; Rear Admiral Laurence N. McNair, Chief of U. S. Naval Mission; Herbert Hallelt, Mr. P. Harper, Secretary, Peru-U. S. Cultural Institute; Mr. John R. Neale. Standing: (Left to Right): Captain Alexander S. Parr; Lt. John II. Jenkins, Jr.; Ralph Hilton; Charles Mitchell; Lt. Comdr. Donald D. Johnson; Major George A. Little; Frank Cintron; C. M. McNabb; Eugene G. Christin; Carrel B. Larson; Dr. Hugo W. Alberts; Claude Courand; Colonel Woodson Hocker, Military Attache; Dr. Edward Westphal; George F. Munro; M. A. Wiley; Edward G. Trueblood, Counselor of Embassy; Dr. Howard Lee Nostrand, Cultural Attache; Ivo Lopizich; Dr. A. A. Giesecke; Bernard C. Connelly; Captain W. R. Gaines, Naval Attache; Julian C. Greenup, Counselor for Economic Af¬ fairs (showing at extreme right).

AUGUST, 1945 27 The Dookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

AXIS RULE IN OCCUPIED EUROPE, by Raphael Probably no one but a German could rationalize Lemkin. Carnegie Endowment for International a procedure which satisfied his inherent sense of Peace, 1944. 674 pages. $7.50. orderliness on the one hand and the requirements The purpose of the book, as expressed by the au¬ of a totalitarian philosophy on the other hand by thor, is “to give an analysis, based upon objective laying down a complete set of laws and decrees for information and evidence, of the rule imposed upon the government of occupied areas and then nulli¬ the occupied countries of Europe by the Axis Pow¬ fy them by decreeing that the agent in charge of ers—Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ru¬ the entire public administration “shall not be bound mania. bv law” in the fulfilling of his duties. “This regime is totalitarian in its methods and GAEL SIMSON. spirit. Every phase of life, even the most intimate, is covered by a network of laws and regulations which create the instrumentalities of a complete “PERSONS AND PLACES: The Background of administrative control and coercion. My Life,” by George Santayana, New York: “One finds in them, for example, evidence in the Charles Scribner s Sons, 1944. 254 pages. $2.50. form of provisions for confiscations of private prop¬ “THE MIDDLE SPAN: Vol. 11, Persons and erty based upon a presumption of future guilt— Places,” by George Santayana, New York: and such evidence of moral debasement as clauses Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1945. 181 pages. $2.50. providing for subsidies to women of subjugated Apparently we are to have Mr. Santayana’s au¬ peoples for having illegitimate children by mem¬ tobiography in installments, as the spirit moves him bers of the Wehrmacht. to write it but without any commitment to continue. “Part I seeks to present a rational synthesis of These two slender volumes contain one uninter¬ the techniques of occupation, and part II analyzes rupted reminiscence from early childhood and the regime in each occupied country. Part III is a family background to the time when, having served collection of the more representative laws and de¬ his fill as a professor, Mr. Santayana walked out crees for every country and every phase of life.” of Harvard Yard into a life unencumbered by com¬ It is to be emphasized that “the present destruc¬ mitments or worldly responsibilities. This was a tion of Europe would not be as complete and thor¬ proper culmination, because it is evident that he ough had the German people not accepted freely was especially outfitted by nature to exist as an its plan, participated voluntarily in its execution, unattached spirit among this world’s masterpieces and up to this point profited greatly therefrom.’ of art and the variegated humors of its personalities In order to make any sense at all out of that —a critical, disciplined, unbelieving observer. This, horrible absurdity, German Law in occupied Eu¬ consequently, is the self-portrait of a spirit (in the rope, one must recognize that German law is that sense of the French esprit). There are no physical which is useful to the German State. In the Ger¬ adventures, no deeds. Even the relations with other man concept, the State is supreme and the citizen persons are, at their most intimate, merely “af¬ has no rights, hence the German law affords no protection for the individual but rather is a tool finities.” to further the objectives of the State. It follows, of Mr. Santayana was entitled, by one part of his course, that since the law is no more than an in¬ inheritance and upbringing, to be a provincial strument of the State, that the State is not subject Spaniard in the outskirts of gentility, absorbed in to the law. honor, religion, and the physical splendor of the Even the principle of legality in determining great world. But an equal part of his background criminal offenses and criminal responsibility has entitled him to be a New England puritan: his edu¬ been abandoned. Moreover, the principles of retro¬ cation, in particular, which was at the Boston Latin activity and presumption of future guilt have been School and Harvard. The result was that he could introduced. An order of the Reich Commissioner not even marry, because the Spanish Catholic would for the Netherlands of July 4, 1940 provided that never have accepted a Protestant New England confiscation may be imposed in instances where “it bride and, presumably, the puritan fwho calls him¬ must be assumed” that a person will in the future self a materialist!) could not have associated him¬ further activities hostile to the German Reich and self with dark eyes and a high mantilla. So the to Germany. social half-breed repaired to the mountain-top in

28 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL solitude to observe the passing world from au reading, since the observer is an intelligent man, dessus de la melee. sufficiently traveled not to be insular, and young Only the truly educated mind is capable of dis¬ enough not to be a slave of his prejudices. cerning and reporting the truth about anything. The It obviously cannot be a final verdict, for under virtue of this autobiography lies here, for Mr. San¬ our Anglo-American system of jurisprudence, one tayana is educated beyond the point w'here his view7 man cannot constitute a jury, and the Indian case of the mundane landscape can remain clouded by is too complex to be settled by ex parte proceedings, popular mythology, by passing fashions of thought but it is a brief worth preserving in the docket of or politics, by romantic wishfulness, or by self- “India vs. The Empire.” regarding pretensions. In the art-critic’s phrase, Beverley Nichols is a charming companion, and everything in this landscape “holds its place.” Mr. traveling with him in India is a most enjoyable Santayana falls naturally into the role of Prospero, experience, whether it be as a guest of the Viceroy capable of enjoying and displaying the insubstan¬ -— “Pomp and Circumstance” — or in a peasant’s tial pageant of cloud-capped towers, gorgeous pal¬ hut, sharing his quarters with four goats, some aces, and solemn temples, but never doubting that hens, and a bullock, or in a hospital where his most it must fade and, faded, “leave not a rack behind.” interesting companions were four murderers chained In his spiritual sophistication he is alike beyond to their beds. vanity and beyond blind indulgence in vanities. His thesis: The Hindu religion is the curse of So balanced a spirit, reflecting so steady a view' modern India, and no less a person than Mark of the world, implies a sense of humor. Mr. Santa¬ Twain, Following the Equator, put his finger on yana’s humor, which he himself refers to as satiric, the source of the trouble: is invariable and affectionate, whether he is describ¬ ‘ “In Benares they tell you that if a pilgrim ing his sister Susana, whom he loved, his native should ever cross to the other side of the Ganges Spanish town of Avila, polite society, the customs and get caught out and die there he would at of the English, or William James. It is a critical once come to life again in the form of an ass. humor that is candid and unreserved, even when Think of that, after all this trouble and expense. one would expect personal considerations to impose You see, the Hindu has a childish and unreason¬ reticence. But it is a quiet humor, like a soft light ing aversion to being turned into an ass. It is about the edges of things. An illustration of the hard to tell why. One would properly expect an play of his mind, in its speculation and implied ass to have an aversion to being turned into a humor, is afforded in a wistful reference to his Hindu. He would lose dignity by it, self-respect, father’s decision to send him to Boston for his edu¬ and nine-tenths of his intelligence. But the Hin¬ cation rather than keep him in Spain, where such du who changed into an ass would not lose any¬ scraps of learning or ideas as he might have gath¬ thing at all . . . unless, of course, you count his ered “would have been vital, the wind of politics religion. And he would gain much. He would and of poetry w'ould have swelled them, and allied gain release from his slavery to two million gods them with notions of honor.” The nostalgia is and twenty million priests, fakirs, holy mendi¬ only momentary, for he concludes immediately: cants and other sacred bacilli; he yvould escape “But then I should have become a different man; the Hindu hell; he would also escape the Hindu so that my father’s decision was all for my good, if I was to be the person that I am now.” If the heaven. These are the advantages which the Hin¬ reader will take a moment to ponder this show' of du ought to consider; and then—he’d go over intellectual finesse, he w'ill see wrhy these reminis¬ and die on the other side.” ’ cences make such rewarding and delightful reading. His conclusion: “To Quit or Not to Quit.” Louis J. HALLE, JR. “But whether it is tomorrow or a day a little more remote, there will be one sense in which the British will never quit India, and that is a VERDICT ON INDIA, by Beverley Nichols. Har- spiritual sense. With all our faults of omission court, Brace and Company, New York, 1944. 304 and commission, our ocasional outbursts of tem¬ pages. $2.50. per, our frequent lack of imagination, we gave Beverley Nichols—London boulevardier. equally India peace, and it was not the peace of the at home in New York, Hollywood and Villars-sur- desert; we gave India law, and it was not the Ollon (on skis) — the author of such pleasant law of the strong; and—in the final judgment, creampuff confections as “The Star Spangled Man¬ wre gave India liberty, for it was the ideals of ner,” “Oxford-London-Hollywood,” has written a sincere and arresting report on India: it is worth (Continued on page 33)

AUGUST, 1945 29 Salute to San Francisco!

By HARRY W. FRANTZ. Department of State

Oro En Paz, Fierro En Guerra taxi-men made no complaint of the government’s “Gold in Peace, Iron in War” free car service. —from the seal of the City and Many facilities for the service and convenience County of San Francisco of delegates and members of the press were estab¬ lished in the Opera House and the Veterans Build¬ IT was the custom at Old California ranches to ing. In the basement of the former was a first- leave an open bowl of gold or silver coin on the class cafeteria operated by members of the Ameri¬ living-room table, to which the chance guest might can Women’s Volunteer Service. It had the volun¬ help himself on his own credit, and repay when he teer services also of the famous Armenian chef, might. Something of this open-handed hospitality George Mardikian. The Mayor’s press-radio com¬ lingers in the modern State, and the hundreds of mittee maintained a luncheon room for conveni¬ delegates, aides, consultants and press men at U.N. ence of the hundreds of newspapermen, where C.I.O. felt the big-hearted welcome and the warm sandwiches, ice cream and soft drinks were served generosity of the people of California. without charge. Telephone, telegraph, radio and The good will of the City by the Golden Gate cable companies and banks all maintained special reached its climax in the magnificent welcome ac¬ services for the conference at points of greatest corded to President Harry W. Truman during his convenience. There was a branch post office at the visit on June 25-26. A half million people lined Veterans Building. the streets for the parade on his arrival and tre¬ But the essential charm of San Francisco’s wel¬ mendous public interest attended his address to come to the 50-nation conference was derived from U.N.C.I.O. next day. The entire West Coast in the cosmopolitan spirit of the city. Chinese dele¬ fact, was pleased and flattered by the President’s gates walked down to St. Mary’s Square to see the visit. chrome-and-granite monument to Sun Yat Sen. The The City of San Francisco with its prodigal re¬ Latin-Americans found home-like appeal in the sources of park, bay, bridge, hill, sunlight, sand Franciscan Mission Dolores. The Greek delegates dune, and flower was an ideal setting for the world’s met countrymen in countless stores and shops. The great drama of peace and security. Russians found a great Hill of their own name. Five famous hostelries devoted themselves exclu¬ There was a Gothic church on Nob Hill for Angli¬ sively to accommodation of the delegations, consul¬ can prayers, and there was a Hindu temple for tants, and press; the beautiful buildings at the Mu¬ delegates from far India. nicipal Civic Center were at the disposition of the Literary tradition, too, added to the enjoyment Conference management, while Army and Navy of delegates’ spare hours. Many paused at the Bo¬ offered abundant transportation facilities to the op¬ hemian Club to study the bas-relief of Bret Harte eration of the meeting. characters. Others strolled to Portsmouth Square Supporting the major municipal measures for the to see the Robert Louis Stevenson monument with welfare and convenience of the Conference, hun¬ its bronze galleon from “Treasure Island.” Not a dreds of civic groups, stores, shipyards, industrial few motored to Jack London’s Valley of the Moon. establishments, schools, and churches made indi¬ Still others went to the Public Library to see the vidual effort to be hospitable and helpful to the James D. Phelan collection of manuscripts by Cali¬ three thousand visitors. Vintners sent delegates fornia authors. Economists inquired about Henry cases of wines and horticulturists sent in baskets of George’s San Francisco residence. Some sought fruit. Window-dressers made effort to depict 50 the touching monument of Don Quixote and Sancho United Nations without discrimination or offense; Panza kneeling in praise before a bust of their the big stores provided translating service; auto¬ creator, Cervantes. The California Historical So¬ graph hunters flattered every wearer of a Confer¬ ciety kept open house at its library-museum for all ence button; library attendants short-circuited in¬ conference visitors, and presented many valuable dex and card to help Conference workers; shop¬ publications and pictures to delegates. keepers “found” hidden cigarettes for delegation The University of California, at Berkeley across smokers. Even the Musicians’ Union relaxed some the Bay, and Stanford University, 35 miles south of its rules for Conference enjoyment, and the of San Francisco, held all doors open to the Con-

30 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL MARKET STREET, SAPS FRANCISCO

San Francisco’s Market Street is the main street of the West. Spanish Dons laid it down as a sandy road be¬ tween the settlement at Yerha Buena Cove and the Mission Dolores. When the Americans laid out the city in the Gold Rush Days they made Market Street 120 feet wide to accommodate parades. It is three miles long, ex¬ tending from the Ferry Building to Twin Peaks at the center of the city.

Almost every kind of building and of business is found along Market Street. For its middle third it is a street oi the people. Here are hotels, depart¬ ment stores, banks, and theatres, as well as specialty shops, food markets, restaurants, and cafes. This stretch of it in the current wartime is crowd¬ ed more than 20 hours out of every 24. And the people are a pageant ol the world.

PLENARY SESSIONS OF UNCIO WERE HELD IN SAN FRANCISCO OPERA HOUSE

The San Francisco Opera House, and the similarly appearing Veterans’ Building on the adjoining city block or square, where the committee ses¬ sions were held, together with the for¬ mal Memorial Court between them, constitute the city’s memorial to its war dead. Both buildings front on Vaii Ness Avenue and are directly op¬ posite the City Hall. Thev were erected in 1932.

This is the only municipally-owned opera house in the United States. The floor of the orchestra pit can he raised and lowered. The stage is 131 feet wide, 83 feet deep, and 120 feet from floor to roof. At the 30-foot-Iong switchboard, all the lighting combina¬ tions required for an entire perform¬ ance can be set in advance and released in proper order by the throwing of a single switch.

AUGUST, 1945 ference delegates, and many visited one or both in¬ session on June 26, the white-haired, venerable stitutions. At California, delegates marvelled at the Joseph Paul Boncour of France, proposed that the Venetian-style campanile and the wonderful libra¬ entire Conference express its grateful appreciation ry. At Stanford, the Hoover War Library and the to California and San Francisco, “which have mosaic-fronted Memorial Chapel, depicting the brought such joy to us.” The Conference approved Sermon on the Mount, were points of especial in¬ and submitted to the Chairman for delivery to the terest to the visitors. Mayor, an official expression as follows: The newspapers of San Francisco—Chronicle, “In recognition of the innumerable courtesies Examiner, News, and Call-Bulletin — were lavish and manifestations of spontaneous hospitality which with space, picture, and friendly service to all visi¬ the people of San Francisco have offered to the tors. But they found competition from far afield members of the delegations to the United Nations in the photographically transmitted New York Conference; Times and New York Post, the trans-Atlantic edi¬ “In recognition of the Contribution which the tion of the Daily Express and India-paper airmail arrangements for the reception and entertainment edition of the London Times; and routinely air¬ of the members of the delegations has made to mailed copies of Chicago Sun, Washington Post, their effective participation in the work of the Con¬ and Christian Science Monitor. Delegates’ desks ference; and were literally swamped with free copies of news¬ “In recognition of the efforts of the citizens of papers, which featured Conference news and ex¬ San Francisco, appointed by the Honorable Roger ploited every modern device of publication and D. Lapham, Mayor of San Francisco, to be mem¬ transmission for the benefit of delegates. bers of the United Nations Conference Committee, in the planning and organization of the hospitality San Francisco clubs heaped good measure of extended to the delegations; social pleasure. The brownstone Pacific Union on high Nob Hill was luncheon spot for the mighty. “The chairmen of the delegations to the United Nations Conference on International Organization The Press Club’s “Gang Nights” were devoted to unanimously express their heartfelt thanks to the Conference personalities, and newsmen sacked the people of San Francisco and the members of the club till to pay for four fine special editions of “The aforesaid Committee and request that the original Black Cat.” The Bohemian Club offered its legend¬ of the present testimonial be deposited with His ary treasures of art and cuisine to delegates’ par¬ Honor the Mayor of San Francisco and that ap¬ ties, and the San Francisco Yacht Club thrilled propriate copies thereof be presented to the indi¬ Conference company with its magnificent bay view. vidual members of the Committee.” The “little man” and “little woman” were not forgotten at San Francisco. The motion picture producers maintained a United Nations Theater, which offered a nightly program of preview “fea¬ BIRTH ture,” pre-release newsreel, and foreign features BENTLEY. A son, Michael Drummond, was born free to anyone wearing a conference badge. This to Mr. and Mrs. Alvin M. Bentley at Los Angeles, theater usually was packed from 7 until 11:30. It California, on June 16, 1945. Mr. Bentley is Third was pleasant and convenient diversion to hundreds Secretary of Embassy and Vice Consul at Bogota. of conference workers, and quite bften clerk or stenographer was thrilled, indeed, to find an adja¬ cent seat occupied by celebrated statesmen who had MARRIAGE come in to see conference newsreel or some national BENNETT-WHITE. Miss Margaret Rutherford film. The “little folks,” too, could arrange motor White and Lieutenant William Tapley Bennett, Jr., sightseeing trip in private car for only the trouble U.S.A., were married on June 23, 1945, in Ber- and expense of a telephone request. nardsville, New Jersey. Miss White is the daugh¬ Distant cities and resorts of California reached ter of The Honorable and Mrs. John Campbell in with long arms to seize any delegate who might White. Lt. Bennett was formerly Economic Analyst have time to leave San Francisco. Week-end excur¬ at Panama. sionists went to Los Angeles, Hollywood, Yosemite Valley and Lake Tahoe. Fishermen tried their luck as far away as Feather River Canyon. Several par¬ IN MEMORIAM ties went to Monterey and Carmel. CHILDS. Mrs. Esther B. Childs, wife of Mr. The good will and generosity of the State of Cali¬ Archie W. Childs, formerly Assistant Commercial fornia and the City of San Francisco were not lost Attache at Rio de Janeiro and now assigned to the on the Conference delegates. At the final plenary Department, died on March 22, 1945, in Sao Paulo.

32 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Service Examination for Veterans

THE Department of State announced on June wife must be an American citizen. Enlisted and 29th that it is about to undertake the recruiting commissioned personnel are equally eligible. They of four hundred commissioned Foreign Service offi¬ must have served with the Armed Forces for at cers from among as great a number as possible of least one year as of January 1, 1945, or have been men and women of the Armed Services and veterans honorably separated from the service. of the present war. Arrangements have been made Applicants must have received an A.B. or equiva¬ with the Army and Navy, including the Marine lent college degree, except that if the applicant’s Corps, Coast Guard, and Naval ROTC, for exam¬ education was interrupted by military service, he inations to be given at suitable locations to quali¬ must have completed approximately three-fourths of fied applicants. Those persons in active service his undergraduate college course. Applicants must who pass the examination and receive appointments also have a reading knowledge of either French, will be given discharges, except in cases of over¬ German or Spanish. ruling military necessity. Persons in the Armed Services desiring to make This recruitment is being undertaken because of application will be able to obtain the necessary ap¬ the greatly expanding American responsibility in plication blanks from their commanding officers. international relations in the postwar period. Al¬ Veterans can obtain the blanks from offices of the though operating under heavy pressure during the Civil Service Commission, from the Veterans’ Ad¬ war, the Foreign Service recognized the vital need ministration, or from colleges and universities for the best American youth to go into military throughout the United States. service and discontinued recruiting after Pearl Har¬ Applicants found by the Department of State to bor. It is now, therefore, seriously understaffed. be qualified, will be given an opportunity to take The end of the war in Europe, and the increased the examinations at locations to be designated by tempo of the war in the Pacific have stimulated the military services. The first examination is a young men and women who have been in the written one, and those who pass it with a grade Armed Services to start making plans for their fu¬ of seventy per cent or higher, will be eligible for a ture personal careers. As a natural result of their subsequent oral examination. To receive appoint¬ war experience, which has taken many of them ment, the average for both written and oral exam¬ abroad and taught them the importance of foreign inations must be eighty per cent or higher. relations and America’s place in world affairs, there is more interest by young men and women than ever before in international affairs. This interest is being shown by the flood of inquiries being re¬ THE BOOKSHELF ceived from veterans and men and women in the Army and Navy concerning the Foreign Service as (Continued from page 29) a career. The Department of State realizes that the Milton, of Locke, of Wilberforce, Mill, Bright, American people expect and deserve the best pos¬ and Gladstone that first kindled the Indian mind sible Foreign Service, and that the most suitable to an understanding of what liberty really is. talent to draw from is among the men and women Long after we have left, the students of the fu¬ who have fought to win the war, and therefore have ture will be opening the golden pages of the a vital and personal interest in building a lasting Areopagitica, and thrilling, as all young men peace. should thrill, to the revolutionary music of Shel¬ The Department of State is now distributing cir¬ ley. The ghost of Byron will brood in the quad¬ culars and application blanks through the Armed rangles of universities yet unbuilt, and in the Services to military units selected by the War and council chambers there will be heard the echo Navy Departments. It is also distributing them to of the distant cadences of Burke. These things veterans through the Civil Service Commission, the we gave to India, as we gave them to the rest Veterans’ Administration, and colleges and univer¬ of the world, and maybe it is in India that they sities throughout the United States. will have their finest flowering. In the fulfilment Applicants must be between twenty-one and thir¬ of such a hope lies much of the future happiness ty years of age, and have been American citizens of mankind.” for at least fifteen years. If they are married, the FRANCIS COLT DE WOLF.

AUGUST, 1945 33 American Consulate, Rabat, French Morocco 15 Rue Khourigba. Courtesy Donald A. Du¬ mont.

SEE VICE

STAFF OF THE CONSULATE GENERAL, LAGOS Front row, left to right: Night watchman, Chauffeur Ben Aud, Gardner Aliku, Chief Messenger Theophilus Williams, Messenger Benny. Second row: American Clerk, Mrs. Eve Ramsay: Vice Consul J. M. Gilchrist; Mrs. Lynch; Consul Andrew Lynch, Mrs. Hemmerich; American Clerk, Miss Vaughn, Rear row: African Clerk Ogandi; Chief Amer¬ ican Clerk Ogungbuyi; African Clerk Michael Sotejehin; Mr. Gaunthier, F.B.O.; Vice Con¬ sul George Hayes; Vice Consul Harry F. Hem¬ merich; Mr. C. H. Nelson, Senior Economic Analyst; African Clerk Festus N. Oddhem; African Clerk Johnson. ■

FISHERMAN BOUCHER SCORES AGAIN Hiram Boucher says he can give names ana addresses of witnesses to this catch of his: Rainbow trout, 12 pounds.

» ..

Ambassador and Mrs. Norman Armour in the patio of the American Consulate, Seville, with Consul and Mrs. John Hamlin, during Holy Week.

■ : -1 AT MADRAS, ON THE OCCASION OF THE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL SERVICE Left to right: Lady Hope; Captain H. H. Johnson (hidden in background), C.O. of U. S. Army Rest Camp No. 10; Lieut. Arthur Babson (back to camera), U. S. Naval Liaison Officer; Captain C. Harding, A.D.C. to the Governor; H.E. The Governor of Madras, Sir Arthur Hope; Mr. Roy E. B. Bower, Amer¬ ican Consul, Madras.

On the steps of the Presidential Palace at Cankaya, Ankara, immediately after Ambassa¬ dor Wilson presented his Letters of Credence to President Inonu on June 11. From left to right: M. Behqet Sefik Ozdoganci, Assistant Director General of Protocol; Am¬ bassador Wilson; E. L. Packer, First Secre¬ tary of Embassy; Captain Sait, Naval aide de camp to the President of Turkey; Ed¬ ward B. Lawson, Commercial Attache; General Joseph E. Harriman, Military Attache; Colo¬ nel Frederick A. Pillet, Military Attache for Air and Assistant Military Attache; Captain Webb Trammell, Naval Attache; Colonel Theodore Babbitt, Assistant Military Attache; Lieutenant Commander Richard D. Sears, As¬ sistant Naval Attache; M. Kenan Gokart, Di¬ rector of Section, Department of Protocol; Captain William F. Ross, Assistant Military Attache; Richard E. Gnade and Jack Everts Horner, Third Secretaries of Embassy.

American Consulate, Nuevo Laredo, Mexico. Courtesy Frederick I). Hunt.

DR. JOHN VAN HORNE, CULTURAL RE¬ LATIONS ATTACHE IN MADRID. VISITS VALENCIA This photograph, with Valencia harbor in the background, was taken after a luncheon given in honor of Dr. Van Horne, who later in the day delivered a lecture in Spanish on “Trends in North-American Literature,” at the Uni¬ versity of Valencia. Right to left in the group appear Dr. Sanchez-Castaher, professor of lit¬ erature, Daniel Anderson, American Consul, Dr. Fornos, Rector of the University, and Dr. Van Horne with a group of professors. Cour¬ tesy Joy Anderson. rVaturalization Officer

The following is a letter to friends in the Paris Embassy from Vice Consul Cyrus B. Follmer, the De¬ partment’s Special N aturalization Officer with the armed forces in France and lately in Belgium, Lux¬ emburg and Germany. The Department is in receipt of the special commendation of Lieutenant General Courtney H. Hodges of Mr. Follmer’s service rendered the First United States Army in France

March 5, 1945 DEAR FRIENDS: again.” So we left him alone for a min¬ I write from a poor miserable dirty ute and then I clapped him on the back. room with a muddy floor in a battered “That’s all right son, I know how you house in a poor little village, shot-up feel — now you and I will celebrate -—• in recent fighting. Outside it is snow¬ I’ve got a little medicine here for just ing — raining — sleeting — and a high such occasions,” and I opened my bottle wind blows, and in spite of the bad of precious rum which I’ve used after weather we’ve heard our great bombers cold night rides. He drank a slug. flying upstairs. We prayed they would “Well so long Sir, I thank you. I’ll land safely. The village streets are run¬ never forget you and this day,” and off ning rivers and the mud is almost over he and his Lieutenant went. Back to my high galoshes. The door opened and the Front. There was silence in the room. We in walked a Lietuenant and asked, “Is Cyrus B. Fullmer this where the Naturalization Officer were all busy with our thoughts, and is?” I told him yes, but that we were packing. Then one of my men said, just packing to leave. It was getting dusk and we “Well, Chief, I guess that makes up for your night had a 2-hour drive ahead of us. I saw his face fall on the floor.” It did. It more than did! and the face of the G.I. with him. more than fell: The night had been a pretty rugged one for me. it sagged. The Lieutenant said he had been trying We had all slept on a dirty muddy floor. And 1 to get in with his man but just couldn’t get here have no sleeping bag—just a waterproof bedding before—right back from the Front—the real front. roll and three Army blankets. I had gone out in So I told him to come on in and we would see if the field to the latrine, an open trench with no we could fix him up right away. They were muddy roof—in the snow and cold wind. I had walked and dirty and badly needed shaves, and had gear a mile to a Dispensary to have a sore throat hanging all over them—short little guns, mess kits swabbed wallowing in the deep, deep mud, I had —no, only 2 of them have guns—the 2 witnesses. ridden hours in an open truck over awful, you can The guy to be naturalized was a medic—wore a never imagine how awful, roads. I had received Red Cross. I examined his papers. He had just a bump on my nose, fracturing the bridge—the been decorated, did some great work in the battle nose’s bridge—it is now a deep purple red and sore of H. Forest—under heavy shell fire saved several as a bad tooth. My whole face aches. And I’ve badly wounded men—a grand piece of work. got laryngitis and have almost lost my voice. But So we hung our Flag on the wall of this miser¬ I feel fine— and as one of my men said, “Chief, able room from whose windows the wreckage and it’s worth it—to see these guys’ faces, and to make misery of war could be seen, truck-loads of German a brave man cry with joy to be an American citi¬ prisoners rumbled past, and by a dim light we had zen.” What is this, our citizenship? It never meant our little ceremony—this G.I. stood before the flag so much to me before. I had never thought much and took the oath and I told him I was proud and about it. happy to give him the oath. “You are now an So we packed and rode several hours by night American citizen and here is your Certificate of to this town, one of the few undamaged places. A Naturalization.” He grasped my hand and tried to hard cold ride in a truck without lights, in the rain say something—but he couldn’t. He turned away and over bad roads. And while I write I was again and wiped at his eyes with a grimy hand and finally interrupted. An officer came into the office and said, “Dammit all, excuse me Sir, but I just can’t asked if the Naturalization Team had left. I said, help it. You don’t know what this day means to “No, here I am, leaving early in the morning.” “Oh, me—nobody will ever—ever—call me a foreigner here’s a soldier from the outfit who had just

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AUGUST, 1945 37 arrived—traveled all day and just got in. Came me was the last straw. And so American. Just from the front, 90 miles away. There was a imagine being caught with a breakfast ration at tired, womout soldier who had left his outfit yes¬ supper time! terday and thought he was too late. He had been Until we got up here near the Front we usually trying to get naturalized for over a year. I told had fine quarters—heat! heated, too much heated. them, “We 11 naturalize him in the morning before Hot water. Even in Verdun. Brave tragic Verdun. we leave—give me his papers right away to check The wall of our room was hanging by a thread—no over and sign.” windows—or rather no glass—and it was pretty And the other day at a big Hospital in Belgium battered. But there was heat and hot water; —forty-five guys were naturalized. And my hand We’ve been lost and almost went right into the was almost broken—or paralyzed when I handed front one night. We naturalized to the sound of them their certificates and shook hands with them. heavy artillery, to the roar of our big bombers Never have I seen such enormous powerful mits or thundering by. I’ve watched at night the flashes of such dirty ones and they almost crushed mine. our guns and gone to sleep to their dull roar, and One great Canadian—or was it a Dane—shook and thought of the brave guys out there. While I slept shook my hand and said, “This is the day Ive in a bed—of sorts—with blankets, dry and fairly waited for. A great day for me, I thank you. Sir.” warm, with a roof—of sorts—sometimes they leak— And so on. We’ve been on the go almost night over my head. I’ve seen Bastogne—dear God, what and day. I’ve bounced over the muddy roads— a sig ht; T ve seen the wrecks of planes, gliders, some of them worse than anything I ever saw in tanks and the horrible ruin of War. You should the other war—in jeeps, trucks, big and little, see Aachen! munitions carriers, command cars—been lost at And tomorrow we are off at dawn into Germany. night, driven without lights, hanging on as best 1 Our headquarters (for this Army with which I’ve could—slept on hard floors, gone days withou' been working) are in a little town in Belgium—I washing, shaving or brushing my teeth. My coat is think I’ll soon have to go back there for a little rest covered with mud. But it’s worth it. —and a bath. We’ve been on the go ever since I What men one meets up here. The officers and left and I’ve lost all sense of time, place, date or soldiers—what a country we are, what fine, splendid how long ago I left Paris. people we are—0, have I been proud! And happy. We have several more Armies to do! Everyone It’s been just about the greatest time in my life—a is helpful and does everything thev can for us. My little rugged—the life—for me, I haven’t gone three soldiers are fine lads and doing great work. through training for this. I’ve been so tired I I am often touched and amused to see how they try couldn’t move—so cold, wet and hungry—so sore to take care of me, even offer me their blankets! from bumping and bouncing and trying to hang on, They are good G.I.s—anything I want or need they so miserable in the pouring rain and mud—such get, somehow or somewhere, for me. Now they are deep mud—and so cozy and comfortable around a trying to get me a cot to carry along with us, so little stove in the officers’ quarters at night, our I’ll not have to sleep on the floor again. For at the beds made up in some half wrecked building. Only outfits up front they are not prepared for guests two night ago in that dreary German village the and the best they can do for us is some sort of a guard came to tell us to have rifles ready, some room and when they can it has a stove and fuel. prisoners had just escaped. That is the important thing in life up here—a little And one night we spent the night alone in what stove. Then we can keep dry and warm. Everyone had once been a great school for German officers— tries to give us something—cigarettes, soap, choc¬ badly shot and bombed. The outfit moved out olate, even precious toilet paper. suddenly and we were to be picked up in the morn¬ And the stories I’ve heard—what the guys have ing. So we barricaded ourselves in one wing and done at the front. An officer who was there took my men slept with their guns beside them. I had us over the Aachen field and told us the story of my flash-light! each hill, each pill-box, each street. But we’ve had fine food, mostly; the mess has I begin to feel like the guys you see at the Red been very good when we had a real kitchen. What Cross. The other dav at the Mess a girl walked a remarkable thine our Army is in this war. Emer¬ in, a Red Cross girl. Couldn’t take mv eyes off her. gency rations which we often need and use. Each And I wanted to talk to her, to hear her voice, just one has a little box and the funniest thing—instead to sit there with her. I almost bawled, just to see of hard-tack and bullv beef which we used to have, her. She was home—America—everything that is they now have: breakfast, dinner and supper boxeH good, docent, nice, normal life—Home—So do all Imagine that. And they are good too. That for (Continued on page 41)

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40 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL you can for the G.I.s and officers from the Front. They deserve it. They are doing a lot for you— and for me. For all of us. I miss you all, get a little homesick at times— and sometimes when the going is just about as rugged as I can take I begin to weaken and wonder WINGS OF if I can carry it through. Then comes a moment like the one I tried to tell you at the beginning of this letter—and it doesn’t seem too bad! OF IB I FBtANIE Our first ceremony was at Verdun, in the Court¬ yard of the old French barracks where I slept in November, 1918. And our Flag flew from the flag¬ pole and I had to make a little talk and read the The brightest page in the epic of war oath—emotions and thoughts, souvenirs and mem¬ ories almost got me. I had to stop, swallow, breathe is being written by the swift flight of and start again. It was like living something all huge mercy ships of the air . . . bringing over again. That strange feeling of an unreal ex¬ perience. wounded American boys back to medi¬ And now to bed—I would enjoy a bath—or a cal care. From the most remote battle good warm water wash—a cup of hot tea and sheets. And I send you all my love and thoughts. Tell front back to base hospital or to the the gang to write me. Affectionately, homeland is a matter of a few hours . . . CY. or a day. Thousands who would have FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES died are being delivered . . . back to (Continued from page 5) Hugo V. Newell of Champaign, Illinois, has been desig¬ their families and loved ones, to live nated American Vice Consul and Special Disbursing Agent on the Staff of United States Political Adviser on Austrian out their days. Along with penicillin, Affairs, SHAEF, at Naples, Italy. Charles W. Smith of Burbank, California, now in the plasma and the sulfa drugs, the air¬ Department of State, has been designated Assistant Agri¬ cultural Attache at Rome, Italy. plane is the great lifesaver of this war. Francis B. Stevens of Schenectady, New York, now serv¬ ing as Second Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Douglas workers, builders of planes for Consul at Moscow, Russia, has been assigned to the Depart¬ ment of State for duty. the world’s airlines yesterday and to¬ The following changes have occurred in the American Foreign Service since June 23, 194.5. morrow, cherish their privilege today Thomas J. Maleady of Fall River, Massachusetts, Second of building wings of deliverance for Secretary of Embassy at Caracas, Venezuela, has been designated First Secretary of Embassy at the same place. those to whom we all owe so much. Gordon H. Mattison of Wooster, Ohio, Second Secretary of Legation and American Vice Consul at Beirut, Lebanon, has been designated Second Secretary and American Con¬ sul at the same place and will continue to serve in dual capacity. Edward Page, Jr., of West Newton, Massachusetts, Sec¬ ond Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at Moscow, U.S.S.R., has been designated First Secretary and American Consul at the same place and will continue to serve in dual capacity. Robert K. Peyton of Linden, Newr Jersey, American Vice Consul of non-career at Chihuahua, Mexico, has been desig¬ Santa Monica, Calif. nated Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul of career at Guatemala, Guatemala. LONG BEACH, EL SEGUNOO, DAGGETT, CALIF. Harold Sims of Sparta, Tennessee, American Vice Con¬ TULSA, OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA CITY, CHICAGO sul at Luanda, Angola, Africa, has been designated Ameri¬ can Consul at the same place. ♦ Horace H. Smith of Xenia, Ohio, Second Secretary of Member, Aircraft War Production Council, Inc Embassy and American Consul at Moscow, U.S.S.R., has been designated First Secretary and American Consul at the same place and will continue to serve in dual capacity.

AUGUST. 1945 41 FEDERAL EMPLOYEES PAY ACT OF 1945 worked on whatever days it is required.” (Continued from, page 14) In line with the President’s wishes, the Depart¬ ards to be promulgated by the Civil Service Com¬ ment of State has determined that its basic work¬ mission and subject to the Commission’s prior ap¬ week shall be Monday through Friday with eight proval, or without such prior approval in individ¬ hours of work to be performed each day, and that ual cases if the Commission, in its discretion, de¬ the administrative workweek shall be forty hours cides to delegate its authority. Any authority which worked on Monday through Friday, plus four hours the Commission may delegate in this connection of work on Saturday. Thus the four hours worked may be withdrawn or suspended from time to time on Saturday are overtime hours and overtime rates if it is found on investigation that the established apply. However, the Saturday hours must be standards have not been observed. Assuming that worked in order that the officer or employee con¬ the provisions of the pay Act which authorize these cerned may receive pay therefor. No charge will be awards are administrative promotions within the made against annual or sick leave for absence on meaning of Section 2 of the Act of May 3, 1945, Saturday, but the amount of overtime pay which the they are applicable to American administrative offi¬ officer or employee would have earned had he not cers and administrative assistants. been absent will be deducted from his pay check. Of interest to all officers and employees, and par¬ BASIC FORTY-HOUR WORKWEEK ticularly to accounting officers, is the establishment An outstanding feature of the new legislation is of new rules for pay computation purposes. Under the establishment of a basic 40-hour workweek— these rules, a monthly compensation rate is multi¬ applicable in respect of Foreign Service officers plied by twelve to derive an annual rate; an annual and all American employees. Hours of work mu«t rate is divided by 52 to derive a weekly rate; a be performed within a period of not more than six weekly rate is divided by 40 to derive an hourly of any seven consecutive days, and paydays will oc¬ rate; and a daily rate is derived by multiplying an cur every two weeks rather than twice a month. hourly rate by the number of daily hours of serv- Among other things, this means that there will be (Continued on page 56) 26 paydays each year instead of 24—a good thing to remember in comparing the amount of pay LETTERS TO THE EDITORS checks under the new legislation with the amounts previously received . The Act does not require that (Continued from page 25) the bi-weeklv pay plan be put into effect prior to foreign friends that the poor mut is not really One October 1, 1945, but it has already been adopted of Us. by the Department of State and other departments With the advent of the Cultural Attache and the and agencies. Economic Analyst can we not devise an equally The House Committee on the Civil Service ob¬ honorable and equally rewarding position for those served in its report that the new 40-hour basic other essential Americans who would gladly make workweek would encourage the establishment, ad¬ a career of “routine?” It might require newT legis¬ ministratively, of workweeks of 5 days of 8 hours lation in order to legalize signatures, but an excel¬ each as has been done for employees of the postal lent solution would be to create the titles of Pass¬ service and certain other groups of Government port Officer, Visa Officer, Trade Officer, Shipping workers; and on June 30, 1945, the President issued Officer, Accounts Officer, Librarian and the like. De¬ the following statement of his general policy on the tails suggest themselves and need not be gone into subject: here. “It is my desire that, wherever practicable, the Having thus provided specialists in heart, brain basic workweek of 40 hours provided for in the and alimentary canal, is there no place for the gen¬ Federal Employees Pay Act of 1945 should be eral practitioner? I think there is. I think it spread out over the first five days of the admin¬ would be disastrous for the Service if he were gone istrative workweek. The sixth day should be for good. I think that the chief consultant in the regarded as the day during which any hours in whole series of planning instructions is the general excess of 40, in a regularly scheduled workweek, practitioner. Yet so much which we read on the • should be scheduled. Wherever possible, the future of the Service is written at the ambassadorial practice should be followed of scheduling the “level,” to use a currently popular word. As though first 40 hours on Monday through Friday with that level were the only one to which any self-re¬ any additional hours wTithin an administrative specting officer cared to rise. workweek being scheduled for Saturday. For what my experience is worth my small voice “Occasional overtime may, of course, be would warn the Olympians that they cannot go

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Louse . . . PUNTS IN 33 CITIES the Electronic Air Cleaner through with their building if they fail to offer re¬ town America. How about representing America in spect as well as mere promotion to the men who a small town abroad?” make as well as adorn the structure. It must start Mine is a counsel of imperfection. Or shall I say at the very bottom, at the recruitment level. Is this of exploiting the imperfect. Or better still, of hold¬ young man or woman a potential Passport Officer, ing the imperfect in esteem, for the imperfect man Cultural Attache, General Practitioner or Ambassa¬ is quite as much the creation of God as is the diplo¬ dor? Heretofore, the search has been for poten¬ mat. I would argue too that mine is a counsel of Americanization. The public’s instinct has been tial ambassadors, with a rather muddled conception right, as usual, in calling us cookie-pushers. Most that all who don’t make good as such are failures, unfair, of course, for probably the hardest worked the rubble in the foundation. Far better compre¬ man in the Service is the souless frequenter of hend the distinction (in both senses) and interde¬ drawing rooms. But the instinct was sound, for we pendence of all parts and make the function of each have definitely assumed attitudes which can fairly part clear in advance to those who imagine that be described as undemocratic. We have within our they would fit. “You, Sir, claim to take an un¬ own circle despised our colleagues, and outside the feigned interest in people? You are more con¬ circle we have snubbed them. Oh, don’t imagine cerned with humans than humanity? Very well, this is a thing of the past. Read the letters advocat¬ there is a better use for you than as a potential ing giving a vice consul the title of consul general ambassador.” Several candidates would be sadly if all the corps sport the same. If our Americanism jolted at this point, for they have heard enough had no taint of cookie-pushing we would know and poppycock to have quite fanciful ideas of the quali¬ require all beholders to acknowledge that whatever ties required for a diplomatic career. “You will his rank a representative of our nation is as im¬ probably make an excellent Cultural Attache.” Or portant as his nation. In my nonicareer days to another, “Your temperament fits you to become twenty years ago my revered chief never let his a success at the responsible job of Visa Officer.” vice consuls be snubbed. If they were not properly Or to another, “You represent the best of small¬ placed at a function—that is, ahead of the consul

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44 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Why Not Write It For The GEOGRAPHIC?

The Editor invites you to submit to the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE narra¬ tives and photographs that portray your travel observations in lands of timely in¬ terest. Millions of readers watch the mails each month for their copy of The Magazine. Your experiences as a Foreign Service Officer may contribute in sub¬ stantial measure to the increase of their geographic knowledge. • Manuscripts should be written as personal narratives, describing your observations in lands you know, and preferably accompanied with human-interest photographs. Liberal pay¬ ment is made for material accepted for publication. • Before preparing manu¬ scripts, it is advisable that you submit a brief outline of your proposed article.

Right: THE GEOGRAPHIC and siesta- time are enjoyed by a Mexican farmer. Staff photograph by Richard B. Stewart.

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D.. Editor WASHINGTON 6, I). C. 1

general for Andorra-—he would have declined to “To Bigger and Better Promotions” attend it himself. A few good democratic snorts Center Lovell, Maine, like that are better than truckling to superficialities June 12, 1945. of title. To the Editors, Yes, the new broom is raising a lot of dust which THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: may clear the air, an unnatural phenomenon which The appearance of a promotion list recalls the bears watching. All success to the new broom bri¬ time honored practice throughout the Service of gade, but I hope that they will realize that the house sending congratulations to colleagues, a practice has been swept many times before they moved in. which plays a part in the esprit de corps. I hope also that they will remove some of the over¬ There are those friends who feel that even air painting of the past two decades and discover valued mail communications take too long for their good frescos beneath. Some of the frescos are none the wishes to reach widely scattered colleagues and, in less valuable because they are comic strips, like the their impatience, they resort to the cable. picture of the consul soothing a frustrated salesman Some have not seen their friends for years, per¬ with one hand while he chucks out a drunken sailor haps since that eventful day in the Department with the other. Life is like that in the Service. when first assignments were given out, and yet they Much more so than the mystical overpainting por¬ do not fail to send a few lines at promotion time. traying the Adoration of the Fish. We who are While a promotion is a promotion, whether one edging toward the exit have neglected some dusty happens to be in the field at the time or in Wash¬ corners no doubt, but we have also left some trusty ington, nevertheless the real savor of it seems to be traditions. Do be careful how you handle your new enjoyed more in the “family circle” on post. It is vacuum cleaner, children. there, at some favorite retreat in the neighborhood of the Mission or Consulate and surrounded by Sincerely yours, friends, that the old familiar toast “To bigger and ROY E. B. BOWER, better promotions” is given with enthusiasm and General Practitioner. the proper abandon.

AUGUST, 1945 45 Apropos of this felicitous custom throughout the AMERICAN EASTERN Service is the sentiment expressed by Oscar Wilde: “Anyone can sympathize with the suffering of a TRADING & SHIPPING CO..S.A.E. friend, but it requires a very fine nature to sympa¬ Alexandria and Suez (Egypt) thize with a friend’s success.” JAMES B. STEWART. Branches or Agents in: Alexandria, Egypt Jaffa, Palestine No Hits, No Runs, No Errors Cairo, Egypt Jerusalem, Palestine American Embassy, Port Said, Egypt Haifa, Palestine Suez, Egypt Beirut, Lebanon Mexico City, Port Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Iskenderon, Turkey June 20, 1945. Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Damascus, Syria To THE EDITORS, Djibouti, French Somaliland Ankara, Turkey THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL: Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Izmir, Turkey Jedda, Arabia Istanbul, Turkey Chapter IX, Section 5 of recently issued Foreign Nicosia, Cyprus Valetta, Malta Service Regulations concerns honors paid Foreign Service officers on the occasion of their visits to United States Naval vessels, per guns, ruffles, flour¬ AMERICAN IRAQI SNIPPING CO., LTD ishes and music; from Ambassadors (19 guns, 4 (Only American-Owned Shipping Firm ruffles, 4 flourishes, and the National Anthem), to Vice Consuls (5 guns). in Persian Culf) Amusing to all of us, especially those who “hired out” many years ago to be consuls, is the notation Basrah and Baghdad (Iraq) opposite the rank of First Secretary of Legation or Embassy, i.e. no guns, no ruffles, no flourishes, no Branches or Agents in: music. Baghdad, Iraq Bandar Abbas, Iran No mention is made of the other secretarial Basrah, Iraq Teheran, Iran ranks, so the Navy bats a thousand. Khorramshahr, Iran Bahrein, Bahrein Islands Bandar Shahpour, Iran RasTannurah, Saudi Arabia Sincerely, Abadan, Iran Koweit, Arabia A SECOND SECRETARY . . . (AND CONSUL). Bushire, Iran Mosul, Iraq

NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 27) MADRID Madrid, June 27, fAP).—An American baseball team composed mainly of amateurs from the U. S. Embassy Colony, holds first place in the Madrid area of Spain’s first “world series,” in which 12 teams are participating. “Los Yanquis” (the Yankees) managed by Em¬ met Hughes, Summit, N. J., pitcher, and Melvin Alter, Millsboro, Oreg., catcher, posted a 10-inning upset victory over a Madrid club to take the lead. The American squad will fly to Barcelona Sun¬ day to play an exhibition engagement against the Barcelona Athletic Club, champion in the seven- team Barcelona circuit. The game will be played in New York Representatives the city’s largest stadium in connection with the Barcelona International Samples Fair. AMERICAN EASTERN CORP. Baseball got a feeble precivil war start in Spain but was dormant until after hostilities when Gen. Near East Division Franco contributed the “Generalissimo’s Cup” for BO Rockefeller Plaza Circle 6-0333 the tourney. Madrid enthusiasts sought the aid of Americans in Madrid to form a fifth club for the New York 20, N. Y. Spanish League. The Americans agreed, with the

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48 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL provision that if they should win the championship the runnerup would take the cup. The U. S. Volunteer team took the name “Yan¬ kees” because one of the Spanish teams composed of players who had played baseball in Cuba had taken the name “America.” The “Los Yanquis” line-up includes: William G. Connor, Kansas City, Mo.; U. S. Embassy Attache, Staff Sergt. Paul Gullikson, Wilmette, 111.; military attache, Staff Sergt. Sidney Watson, formerly of the Texas League, Houston, Tex.; Maj. Gregory Prince, Chevy Chase, Md.; U. S. Army Purchasing Mission; John Lopez, San Bruno, Calif., Army Technician; Robert E. Harris, Philadelphia, Pa., Military Attache’s Office and Paul Quinn, Interna¬ tional Telephone Co.—Washington Post, June 28, 1945.

AUCKLAND June 29, 1945. The past few months have seen considerable changes in the staffs of the Legation and Consul¬ ate, and the character of the work at the Consulate in particular has been somewhat altered by the abandonment of New Zealand as a rest area for our troops some time ago. Second Secretary Thomas Weil has departed en route to his new post at Bombay with an assign¬ ment at the San Francisco Conference on the way; Commercial Attache Basil Dahl will be shortly ® Favorite meeting place of For¬ leaving for an assignment in Washington; Colonel John Nankivell has been succeeded as Military At¬ eign Service men in the Nation’s tache by Colonel Myers; and Auxiliary Vice Con¬ Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ sul Norman Redden has arrived on his first assign¬ ment. partment of State. Convenient to Hiram A. Boucher has been succeeded by your correspondent as Consul at Auckland, and has de¬ all points of interest in Washing¬ parted for his new assignment as Consul General ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous at Rio. James W. Boyd, formerly at Wellington, has been promoted to Vice Consul and assigned at food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail Auckland. As predicted, the Consulate has largely become Lounge. Air Conditioned in the a visa mill for the wives and fiancees of our service¬ summer. men, some 850 of the former and 1,100 of the lat¬ ter being recorded. The sight of a diaper (with a baby inside it) crawling around the door has be¬ come a familiar one, although it has not yet been necessary to requisition a play pen as it is rumored that the Consulate General at Sydney has done! The usual visa problems are streamlined these days by the addition of those requiring in an officer a lllflVFLbuJER combination of Wailing Wall, Dorothy Dix, Mr. WASHINGTON, D.C. Anthony, East Side welfare worker, and the Court C. J. MACK, General Manager of Marital Relations! Let no one say the Foreign Service is not versatile! JOHN C. FUESS.

AUGUST, 1945 49 COVER PICTURE ice as a whole in expressing its confidence that the objectives of the program begun under Mr. Stet¬ On July 3rd James F. Byrnes was sworn in as tinius will receive the vigorous support of Mr. Secretary of State by Chief Justice Ricard S. Whaley Byrnes. of the Court of Claims on the steps outside the President’s office. From left to right are: Justice Whaley, Representative Edith Nourse Rogers; Mrs. Byrnes; Secretary of the Treasury Henry Mor- LIRERIAN LEGACY genthau, Jr.; former Secretary of State Edward R. (Continued from page 17) Stettinius; Byrnes, holding Bible; Secretary of War to understand the implications in a situation pe¬ Henry L. Stimson; Secretary of Agriculture Clinton culiar to a given country and interpret them ac¬ P. Anderson, Postmaster General Robert E. Han- curately to those considering the problem in Wash¬ negan and President Truman, holding Byrnes’ com¬ ington. He must know the people of the other mission.—AP photo by Herbert K. White. country—their characteristics, their hopes and as¬ pirations, their psychology, their weaknesses. “These things limit policies and dictate methods EDITORS’ COLUMN of carrying them out. In other words, you do not (Continued from page 22) enter a Percheron in the Kentucky Derby—nor do you hitch a thoroughbred to an ice wagon.” pie.—Our tested organization must be the nucleus of expansion. Morale will be fortified, and recruit¬ “Ice wagon!” said Bill with feeling—“I would ment facilitated by speeding up machinery for pro¬ give a month’s pay for just enough ice to cool the motions; by better evaluation and recognition of water in this canteen. Right now you could boil work well done; by making top diplomatic posts an egg in it.” available to men without private means; by open¬ We were on the march again, following a steadily ing assignments of responsibility to men of ability narrowing path as the jungle closed in on less used while they are still young. trails. Monkeys were chattering in the large trees “We must continue to improve operating condi¬ of the Gola Forest which we were entering and tions overseas. This means better offices and bet¬ covies of grouse drummed away out of the clearings ter equipment. It means realistic living allow¬ near the trail. These burned over patches of land ances. We should never require men to choose were the only signs of agriculture we now came between skimping on the responsibilities of their across. The native farmer clears his one or two assignments or neglecting their personal and fami¬ acres of jungle with a cutlass, burns off the vege¬ ly requirements.” tation and plants his rice or cassava around the stumps and the felled tree runks. When his meager Mr. Stettinius leaves with us the remarkable crop is harvested he leaves the little farm to be achievement of having obtained an increase in the reclaimed by the jungle and seeks a virgin plot Department of State’s appropriation from 47 mil¬ for the next season. lion dollars to 74 million dollars for the present I caught up with Bill on a broad part of the trail fiscal year, and a well thought out plan as to how and asked him what he thought of the agricultural this money should be spent in the interest of an habits of the district through which we were improved Department of State and Foreign Service. passing. In wishing Mr. Stettinius Godspeed in his new “Wouldn’t have believed it if I hadn’t seen it,” and tremendously important assignment, the For¬ he said. eign Service will not fail to recognize that it owes him a rising vote of thanks. Few Secretaries of “Neither would I,” I replied. “Any agricultural State in our history have shown such an immedi¬ scheme for improvement here will have to be sim¬ ate interest in the Service itself or have done so ple and geared to what these people can under¬ much for it in such a little time. With courage, stand.” initiative and intelligence he undertook to push “Agreed,” said Bill. “Imagine trying to intro¬ through needed reforms and succeeded greatly in duce tractors here when these people have not even helping the Service to do its work abroad. seen a plow.” The Foreign Service now welcomes its new Chief, “Just another example of the value of knowing Secretary of State James F. Byrnes. It pledges him your district,” I said. “As a matter of fact we are the full ioyalty of every Officer. The Foreign Serv¬ now helping Liberia to improve agricultural prac¬ ice will continue to put everything it has got into tices through the loan of an expert from the De¬ the job. The JOURNAL speaks for the Foreign Serv- partment of Agriculture. When his reports and

50 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Whether the destination of a trip is across tances. More important, each trip will be a country or a continent, the airplane has made shortened to hours or minutes of easy comfort. the calendar obsolete in measuring time spent When you go by air you will find rates com¬ en route. As a result of the plane, typical tele¬ parable to or even below, in some cases, those grams which once read "Leaving Monday will of first class surface travel over the same route. arrive Tuesday night” now say, "Leaving seven One reason for the ease and speed of air o’clock tonight will arrive midnight.” travel is efficient, economical engine power. On The plane cannot create more days per week. air routes the world over, you will find Wright But it can save hours on short trips and any¬ Cyclone engines used by leading lines. They where from days to weeks over longer dis- are in use because of their power, reliability, economy, and the payload bonus they offer due to their lighter weight per horsepower. Their continued use is doing much to bring the THE JOB FOR PLANES TO COME world’s air travel to you.

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POWJRED BY LYCOMING — THE ENGINE WITH A PROVEN PAST AND A SURE FUTURE recommendations come in, I will be able to see his problems in the right perspective and help others back in Washington to understand his programs. “The same method applies to the solution of Emblems of other problems in our relations with Liberia. I have seen the place and talked with the people. I have a much better idea of their reasons for doing Quality Petroleum many of the things they do than I had before I came out. “There is also a corollary to this proposition. Liberian officials whom I have met now know me— Products we have sat around the table discussing various aspects of the relations of our two countries. They know that when I get back to Washington I will be able to bring a better understanding of their prob¬ lems to bear on the settlement of differences, and their confidence in the fairness of our decisions will be increased.” “Seems logical,” said Bill. “Aside from the logic,” I confessed, “there is a very practical asset which I shall carry back to Washington from Liberia. That is a quick and usually devastating reply to those who may chal¬ lenge my right to an opinion on matters Liberian— ‘I’ve been there; have you?’” SOCONY-VACU^

PRESS AND RADIO NEWS ARRANGE¬ MENTS AT UNCIO (Continued from page 10) had a special edition printed in Richmond (across the Bay from San Francisco). This was wire- photoed each morning at 2 A.M. from New York. It was delivered daily free of charge to the hotel room of every member of each Delegation. The story went around during the Conference that at one Committee meeting a Delegate of Country A interpolated the Delegate from Country B who had just stated the position of his Delegation. Accord¬ ing to this story, the Delegate from Country A said that the position of Delegation B on this ques¬ tion had already been outlined in the New York Times that morning. He wished to point out, how¬ ever, that there were one or two slight differences in the version stated in the New York Times com¬ pared with that outlined by the Delegate of Coun¬ try B. He would like to inquire which position was correct. The New York Post also produced locally a daily special edition which was on sale at all newsstands for ten cents. There was certainly every desire on the part of the United States and other Delegations that the work of the press should be facilitated and this was accomplished. Plenary and Commission rneet-

AUGUST. 1945 53 ings held in the Opera House were open to the general public. At Plenary meetings copies of all formal speeches were given the press, radio and newsphotographic correspondents in advance by the Conference Press Secretariat, together with such formal reports as were presented for consideration. Impromptu speeches, and extemporaneous additions to formal speeches were also made available, gen¬ erally within an hour after the close of the meet¬ ings. This was accomplished by getting from the Conference reporters (taking verbatim minutes) “takes” (single typewritten sheets) which were stencilled and mimeographed during and immedi¬ ately following the close of each meeting. At Commission meetings the same procedure was followed. Reports of the Committee Rapporteurs were made available to correspondents well in ad¬ vance of the meeting together with such formal speeches as were available in advance. From the Conference reporters’ “takes”, speeches and re¬ Overseas Branches marks of Delegates not available in advance were in the hands of correspondents immediately follow¬ ing the close of each Commission meeting. ARGENTINA CUBA PERU Buenos Aires Havana Lima In order that correspondents might be informed Flores Cuatro Caminos ( Buenos Aires) (Havana) of the work of the Conference Committee meetings Plaza Once Galiano PUERTO which were not open to them, three (sometimes a ( Buenos Aires) ( Havana) RICO Rosario La Lonja combination of each) techniques were followed: San Juan (Havana) Arecibo 1. A formal communique issued within an hour BRAZIL Caibarien Bayamon Rio de Janeiro Cardenas after the close of each Committee meeting. This Caguas Pernambuco Manzanillo Mayaguez was prepared during the course of the meeting by Santos Matanzas Ponce Sao Paulo Santiago an assistant secretary of the Committee concerned, assisted by a Conference Press Relations Officer. CANAL ZONE REPUBLIC OF Balboa ENGLAND 2. Press Conferences at which the Chairman and PANAMA Cristobal London Secretary of the Committee met with the press and 117, Old Broad St. Panama CHILE 11 .Waterloo Place reviewed the work of the meeting just adjourned Santiago and its relation to the work of the Conference as a URUGUAY Valparaiso INDIA Montevideo whole. COLOMBIA Bombay 3. Background Press Conferences conducted by Bogota a Press Relations Officer covering the Committee Barranquilla MEXICO VENEZUELA Medellin Mexico City Caracas meeting. The lesson to be learned from the San Francisco 66 BRANCHES IN GREATER NEW YORK Conference with regard to press arrangements is, in my opinion, that Committee meetings of the Or¬ Correspondent Banks in Every Commercially ganization, once it is established, should be open. Important City of the World This was not possible at San Francisco because the facilities did not exist for the attendance of hun¬ dreds of correspondents at each session, but ar¬ rangements should be made for such facilities when the organization begins to function. The argument When traveling carry NCB Letters of Credit advanced by some against open sessions of the or Travelers’ Checks. They safeguard and Committees was that the Delegates would talk at great length in order to see their views in print. make your money easily available for your use. The experience of San Francisco showed that this happened anyway. The San Francisco Conference Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation proved to me that closed Committee meetings are an anachronism in the present day of press and radio.

54 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL / • •

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AUGUST, 1945 PLAIN AS DAY SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE It might cheer up those who are obliged to FOREIGN SERVICE struggle with complicated cross references and sym¬ (Continued, from page 20) bols to read the following which was quoted by a Over a long period of time there has been a local newspaper in Johannesburg. growing widespread feeling, frequently reflected in EXCELLENT NEWS the press, that the quality of the conduct of our “My attention has been called (I have just in¬ foreign relations abroad could be raised by taking vented this serviceable phrase) to Statutory Rules diplomacy entirely out of politics. This has been and Orders 1943 No. 1216, issued by the Ministry accompanied by a developing realization that the of Supply. You can buy it from Statutory Office Foreign Service, like the Army and the Navy, is for a penny. Its operative clause runs thus: far too important to the national interests to allow “1. The Control of Tins, Cans, Kegs, Drums and its top positions to be filled by virtue of any con¬ Packaging Pails (No. 5) Order, 1942(a), as varied siderations other than diplomatic qualifications. It by the control of Tins, Cans, Kegs, Drums and was for the same reason that the Consular Service Packaging Pails (No. 6) Order, 1942(b), the Con¬ and the Diplomatic Service below the positions of trol of Tins, Cans, Kegs, Drums and Packaging chiefs of mission were removed from politics many Pails (No. 7) Order, 1942(c), the Control of Tins, years ago. However, there would appear to be Cans, Kegs, Drums and Packaging Pails (No. 8) even greater logic for divorcing all considerations Order, 1942(d), and the Control of Tins, Cans, of domestic politics from the appointments of chiefs Kegs, Drums and Packaging Pails (No. 9) Order, of mission, whose part in the conduct of the na¬ 1942(e), is hereby further varied in the Third tion’s foreign relations is, or should be, more im¬ Schedule thereto (which is printed at p.2 of the portant than that of the lower officers. For these printed (No. 6) Order), in “Part II. Commodities reasons, the present upward trend in the propor¬ other than food,” by substituting for the reference tion of career officers who are serving as ambas¬ “2A” therein, the reference “2A(ll”; and by de¬ sadors and ministers is particularly encouraging. leting therefrom the reference “2B.'’ It would be distinctly advantageous if this trend “This is excellent news, that will gladden the could be maintained. Although it must be recog¬ heart of every public-spirited citizen. Why the nized that certain posts sometimes require special Ministry of Supply could not leave it at that is qualifications that can be found only outside of the unimaginable. Jettisoning gratuitously the sound Service, in the majority of cases the factors of and time-honoured principle that a Government training, discipline and skill acquired by long ex¬ Department never explains, it adds—quite incredi¬ perience outweigh such other qualities as may be bly—an Explanatory Note, which reads: had by persons without diplomatic experience. “ ‘The above Order enables tinplate to be used Furthermore, to reward a larger percentage of de¬ for tobacco and snuff tins other then cutter-lid serving officers who have spent the greater part of tobacco tins.’ their lives in the Foreign Service would necessarily “What is to be said of this unwarranted insult make for a better morale and would serve as added to the national intelligence? What kind of a people incentive for maximum effort within the Service. do they tink we are—Do they suppose we can’t read plain English?” Obtaining of Adequate Subordinate Personnel —Janus in “The Spectator.” The Foreign Service is facing two major prob¬ Courtesy THOM vs D. BOWMAN. lems of an organizational nature. In the first American Consul General. place, there is the prospect of an acute shortage of Foreign Service officers at the end of the war at FEDERAL EMPLOYEES PAY ACT the very time when a resumption of normal interna¬ (Continued from page 42) tional relations, as well as programs to meet far- ice required. Thus the old scheme of regarding reaching transitional and post-war problems, will the salaries of per annum employees as payment be making urgent demands for increased personnel. for every calendar day in the year, including Sun¬ No regular examinations for entrance into the For¬ days, is abolished along with its accompanying eign Service have been held since Pearl Harbor, complexities. with the result that the numerical officer strength is The new legislation has received a good deal of now considerably below normal; and it is antici¬ publicity in Washington, and there is a feeling in pated that by the end of the war, when there may some quarters that it represents the most progres¬ be expected a number of retarded voluntary retire¬ sive step so far taken by the Congress in connection ments, besides further depletions by deaths and with the welfare of Federal workers. resignations, the number will be still lower. More-

56 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL r

I History of Alaska ... Rewritten \

i i

"Seward’s Folly” was not linked to the United States until 1940

HISTORY says that an able Secretary of State, and Clipper Express to Alaska and to 45 more William H. Seward, acquired what is now of the 68 countries and colonies to which Pan the Organized Territory of Alaska for $7,200,000 American had pioneered service before Pearl Har¬ in gold in 1867. But it was not until 1940— bor. These 46 places are: seventy-three years later—that Alaska was linked Alaska Curacao, NWI Mexico to the United States by an all-year-’round rapid Antigua, BWI Dominican Re¬ Newfoundland Argentina public Nicaragua transport system. Azores Ecuador Panama Bahamas Eire Paraguay As recently as 1939 the only “regular” connec¬ Belgian Congo El Salvador Peru Bermuda French Guiana Portugal French W. Africa tion between Alaska and the U. S. was by steamer Bolivia Portuguese Guinea Guadeloupe, FWI Brazil Puerto Rico ...And that route, in the case of Nome, for ex¬ Guatemala British Guiana St. Lucia, BWI Canada Haiti ample, was open for only four months of the year. St. Thomas, V. I. Canal Zone Hawaii Surinam Then, in June 1940, after eight years of airport Chile Honduras Colombia Jamaica, BWI Trinidad, BWI construction work inside Alaska, Pan American Costa Rica Liberia Uruguay Venezuela World Airways opened regularly scheduled, all- Cuba Martinique, FWI year-’round air service to Seattle... Alaska was If you need to fly today to any of the above places, closely linked to the United States for the first time. please consult your Travel Agent or the nearest Pan American office. They will be glad to give you sched¬ Today Pan American’s Alaska routes, like all ules, rates and other up-to-the-minute information. PAA routes, are serving the war effort. But serv¬ For Clipper Express shipments, please get in touch ice is available for qualified civilian passengers with Pan American’s nearest office.

PA/V AM EHfCAM, 'WonID AIRWAYS C7lJfe System of tfe^Fhjiny Clippers

AUGUST, 1945 57 over, if, as has been suggested above, there are to be increased Foreign Service Inspectors and in¬ creased normal assignments to the Department, the need for additional officers will be correspondingly greater. A further demand will arise from the desirability to take advantage of legislation enacted in recent years, to retire a substantial number of officers who, for various reasons, are not rendering efficient service and whose continuance on active duty serves in some instances to depress a more wholesome development of esprit de corps. The demands for new officer personnel can and should be met within the framework of the Rogers LONC active in promoting commerc* Act, whose flexibility permits any amount of re¬ among the peoples of the Americas, quired personnel. New recruits in sufficient num¬ the Chase National Bank today is in the bers should, by the prescribed method of examina¬ vanguard of those institutions which are tions, be taken into the lowest brackets of the Service, thereafter to work their way up the ladder fostering Pan-American relations by the of grades according to the operation of the merit promotion of trade and travel. system. As to requirements for the higher desig¬ nations of officers, i.e., counsellors, first and second THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK secretaries, consuls general and consuls, as con¬ OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK trasted with grades in the Service, these could be Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation met by a simple expedient without recourse to the induction of new recruits over the heads of experi¬ enced officers. The practice of the United States Government in recent years in making advanced designations has been excessively conservative both in comparison with foreign services of other coun¬ tries and from the point of view of efficiency. The average years of experience required in our service To the Joreign Service Officers for the higher designations are far above the aver¬ age of other countries. To consider, for example, of the United States the naming of second secretaries of embassy or legation, an officer in the diplomatic branch of the ♦ British service usually becomes a second secretary

THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ in five years; in the Brazilian service, the average is about seven years; in the Chilean service, ap¬ ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ proximately five years; in the Belgian service, ice in writing your bond. Special attention about two years; while in the United States For¬ is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ eign Service, the average is now approximately ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes ten years. To bring the average number of years in this service. required for advanced diplomatic and consular designations more into line with that of other ♦ countries would, without entailing any increases in salaries or in Congressional appropriations, make UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND available a larger number of needed higher-ranking GUARANTY COMPANY officers. Also, far from impairing the efficiency of Eugene Halley, Acting Manager the Service, it would relieve officers of the handi¬ 1616 EYE ST., N. W., caps involved in having to deal with foreign gov¬ Washington 5, D. C. ernment officials and with diplomatic and consular colleagues on a plane of rank inferior to the nature Telephone—National 0913 of their functions and the degree of their responsi¬ Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” bility. The second major personnel problem is the need

58 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL for specialized personnel. For a number of years it has been realized that the changing character of work in the Foreign Service has demanded a great¬ er specialization in such fields as economics and finance, agriculture, press relations and cultural relations. Before the war, funds had been made available by the Congress for sending several For¬ eign Service officers each year to universities in the United States for purposes of specialization, par¬ ticularly in economics. With the consolidation in July 1939 of the foreign services of the Depart¬ ments of State, Commerce and Agriculture, the need for specialized work in the combined service neces¬ sarily became greater, for an officer who was pro¬ ficient in general diplomatic and consular work would not necessarily be qualified to handle the technical problems of trade and commerce, finance and agriculture formerly entrusted entirely or large¬ ly to the other field services. The demands of the war, particularly in economic warfare, with its foreign-funds controls, export controls and “black lists,” have required still further specialization. Following the war, there will be many new needs for work of a technical nature in the combined Foreign Service. The rehabilitation of international trade and commerce, the reconstruction and main¬ tenance of stable currencies, the rebuilding of effi¬ cient transportation and communications systems, and the developing of mutually-profitable arrange¬ ments for the exploitation and marketing of essen¬ tial raw materials are only some of the demands that will place new and important responsibilities on the technical facilities of the Service. The supplying of the personnel for dealing with this kind of work is admittedly a difficult problem. HE TEXAS COMPANY through Constructive proposals for meeting it are contained T in the reorganization plan which the President sent close supervision of all to the Congress on February 29, 1944, and which would authorize the induction into advanced grades phases of its operations such of a maximum of five per cent of all Foreisn Serv¬ ice officers, these individuals not being obliged to as drilling, pipe lines, refining, start from the bottom but being placed in grades “commensurate with the candidate’s age, qualifica¬ etc. assures users of uniformly tions and experience.” The plan provides also for high quality Texaco fuels and the temporary integration into the Service of ex¬ perienced technical personnel from other depart¬ lubricants. ments and agencies of the Government. The proposal to induct new officers into advanced grades in the Foreign Service has evoked consider¬ able criticism, principally on the grounds that re¬ quired specialization could most effectively be de¬ THE TEXAS COMPANY veloped from within and that the taking of new men over the heads of experienced officers might Texaco Petroleum Products be looked upon in the Service as an injustice, with adverse effects upon morale. Although the re-

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60 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL organization plan is unquestionably based upon a ferred from post to post less often than Foreign sound premise, namely, that a materially-increased Service officers, and their value in many cases is number of Foreign Service officers will be neces¬ based largely on' their knowledge of conditions at sary during both the transitional and the post-war a particular post. They are outranked by all Foreign periods to perform work requiring varying degrees Service officers, and as a consequence it frequently of specialized knowledge, the critics of the pro¬ happens that a new career officer with no previous posal are on firm ground in arguing that the sug¬ experience will he the permanent or temporary chief gested form of induction is not necessary. In this of an office with one or more non-career officers of connection, it is noteworthy that the majority of long experience serving under him.. That there is a the temporary officers who have been performing tendency towards feeling between the two categories technical work in the field of economic warfare of officers is only natural, and non-career vice con¬ are lawyers and university and college professors suls in many instances become dissatisfied members who, previous to receiving specialized training in of the Foreign Service organization who stay on the Department of State and the Treasury Depart¬ only because of the difficulty, owing to age, dis¬ ment. had had little or no experience in the type of tance from the United States or lack of training for work which they have subsequently been perform¬ other occupations, in finding another means of live¬ ing with marked success. lihood. It would seem that the need for additional spe¬ The Subcommittee of the Committee on Appro¬ cialists could best be met by (1) combining For¬ priations of the House of Representatives which eign Service experience with specialized training each year passes upon the Department of State either through university courses or through courses funds has over a period of time severely criticized of training in Government departments in Wash¬ the status of these officers and has asked for a re¬ ington along the lines of the training that has been organization of the non-career service. In its report so successful in economic warfare work; 12) meet¬ in 1943, it stated that “the committee wishes to ing the demand for increased numerical personnel reiterate its position with respect to the status of for this type of work in the same way as is pro¬ the non-career officers of the Department and hopes posed for additional general personnel, namely, by that everything possible will he done to accord increased inductions into the lowest grade of the these officers the opportunities and conditions of Service within the framework of the existing legis¬ service commensurate with the responsibilities im¬ lation; and 13) meeting immediate demands for posed upon them,” adding that “It would appear additional specialized personnel by temporary to the committee that the needs of efficient and loans of experts from other departments and offi¬ effective consular representation would suggest an cial agencies. adjustment in the present methods of administering Reorganization of the “Non-Career” Service this segment of the Foreign Service organization. The step-child of the Foreign Service has long In its most recent report, the Subcommittee again been the so-called “non-career” vice consul, who is stressed the problem and stated that it was not commissioned by the Secretary of State but is not a satisfied with the progress that had been made in Foreign Service officer and who, unless he enters its solution. the career service by passing examinations, can The Foreign Service would be a more efficient never advance to become a consul, consul general, and a more-smoothly functioning organization if or secretary in the Diplomatic Service. There are the position of non-career vice consul were entirely at the present time approximately 230 of these abolished, and this was contemplated at the time officers (excluding those appointed temporarily for that the Rogers Act was passed. It would seem only the war emergency), and they represent well over logical that if an officer is not deemed to have the a fourth of the number of Foreign Service officers. requisite qualifications for a Foreign Service offi¬ The permanent non-career vice consuls are some¬ cer, he should not be a consular officer at all, for times individuals who have previously served as at his post he represents the United States in the Foreign Service clerks and who have shown out¬ eyes of the local inhabitants just as much as the standing ability in that capacity. In other in¬ career officer, and because of his probable longer stances, they are appointed as voung men directly time at the post, he is likely to be known and to from the United States, often having the purpose be considered such a representative by a larger of later entering the career service. Frequently number of people. Also his responsibility is often they do not perform strictly consular functions but as great as that of the career officer. are engaged in administrative work, political or The solution to the problem, would appear to lie commercial reporting, or cultural-relations activi¬ in (1) issuing no further commissions as non¬ ties. As a rule, non-career vice consuls are trans¬ career vice consuls and meeting the demands for

AUGUST, 1945 61 consular work through recruiting by degrees a suffi¬ who, during the course of their assignment at any cient number of new Foreign Service officers to one post, acquire a speaking and reading knowl¬ handle ultimately all of the consular work; and edge of another foreign language.”3 The Subcom¬ (2) re-classifying the present permanent non-career mittee observed also that “officers many times are vice consuls along “administrative” lines. The re¬ assigned to posts where they have no knowledge organization plan which the President submitted to whatsoever of the language of the country to which the Congress last February seems thoroughly sound they are assigned, with a result that for a period in providing for a broader field of advancement of many months their productive capacity is seri¬ for these officers by according them a fairer salary ously compromised,” and it proposed that the De¬ classification and giving them the status of “ad¬ partment give an officer adequate opportunity to ministrative officers” and “administrative assis¬ study the language of his next post, giving him “a tants.” However, the officers who have been per¬ salary step-up of a reasonable amount.” Although forming strictly consular functions and who would most officers make sincere efforts to learn the lan¬ be required to continue doing such work for at guages of the countries to which they are assigned, least a transitional period would necessarily have the proposals of the Subcommittee would furnish to retain their commissions and titles as vice consuls. additional incentive for increased effort and, if Foreign-Language Study adopted, they could be assumed to contribute to There is no factor more important in determin¬ the utility of the Service. ing the efficiency of a diplomatic or consular offi¬ It would be useful also if the Department of cer at most posts than an adequate working knowl¬ State extended special facilities to officers proceed¬ edge of the local language. Candidates for entry ing to new posts whose languages they do not know into the Foreign Service are expected to have a to take intensive language courses in institutions in command of at least one of several prescribed for¬ the United States. eign languages, but this is not always of assistance * * * at a given post. With respect to Oriental languages, Before the treaties of peace are signed, even be¬ the Department of State for a long time has pro¬ fore the first American troops are demobilized, the vided for language study by young officers desiring seeds of another world war will have been sown. to specialize in service in the East and the Near Whether they will be allowed this time to sprout East. This program has recently been extended to into another destructive conflict will depend in include three-months courses in certain of these lan¬ large part on the degree of constructive and able guages, as well as Russian. leadership that the United States will offer the post¬ It has been proposed that if a special incentive war world. The will to furnish the Foreign Service were offered for the learning of other foreign lan¬ with the best charts for its difficult course that can guages, this would serve to increase the utility of humanely be devised and the will to insist upon a number of officers. A Subcommittee of the House the most efficient functioning of the Foreign Service of Representatives Committee on Appropriations that can possibly be developed would be among the after an inspection trip through Latin America in principal contributions that this country could 1941 suggested that “the Department may well give make to the shaping of a happier and a more peace¬ consideration to the possibility of some form of ful world. salary advancement to Foreign Service officers 3. Report, etc., December 4. 1941, p. 10.

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62 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL IN NEW YORK CITY SHOP BY PROXY PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE Ask me to attend to your orders. One letter for everything. Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or United States Despatch Agent. Men’s Suits $50.00, Palm Beach $19.50, Seersucker $14.95, Nettleton’s Shoes for Men, Table Delicacies and Household Necessities. MISS E. J. TYNER Murray Hill Hotel 112 Park Avenue New York City Telephone: Murray Hill 5-5479 Essential Cargo and COLOMBIA COSTA RICA Passenger Service to CUBA DOMINICAN MIDDLE AMERICA REPUBLIC As Agent for the War Ship¬ ECUADOR Canned Salmon ping Administration, the EL SALVADOR United Fruit Company is serv¬ GUATEMALA An Appetizing, Nu¬ ing Middle America today in HONDURAS all ways possible under war JAMAICA, B. W. I. tritious, Easily Kept conditions. If you have a NICARAGUA and Transported shipping problem involving PANAMA countries listed here, please CANAL ZONE Sea Food call on us. PANAMA ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC GREAT WHITE FLEET FISHERIES UNITED FRUIT COMPANY SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE

VISITORS The following Foreign Service per¬ Sadie Irene Sanders, Paris Peter M. Rouzitsky, Germany sonnel recently signed the Department Alma Jeanne McManus, Santiago Constance G. Ainley Register: Stanley M. Herber C. Hoyt Price, Germany Irene E. Beam, London Mary E. Weakland, Panama City June Alberic de Laet, Leopoldville William Borden Cobb John W. Sweeney, Jr., Liverpool Charles D. Matthews Neil A. Gorman, Chungking Rachel Hughes Virginia Pennoyer Beulah Amelia Buck, Belgrade Nelle Varner Smith, Moscow Felipe Molano, La Guana, Venezuela Carl H. Boehringer, Chungking Barbara Baer, Santiago Colette Coulter, Paris Boaz Long Bolard More, Zurich Mary G. Corinha Joel Eckstein May Perryman Patterson, London Betty Jane Shear, Paris Leo H. Eckstein Elizabeth Love More, Zurich Helen Elizabeth Geen, San Jose Marie C. Hury, Managua Valerie J. Kulbacki, Paris Marion F. Robertson Z. V. Warner, Santiago William E. Prize, Lisbon Sofia Kearney, Genoa George H. Ennis, Manila Marjorie Anne Nield, London Barry T. Benson, Managua Helen N. Fluker, Kabul Dorothy M. McKorkle, Paris Charles W. Smith, Rome Martin B. Dale, Sydney Stephen A. Comiskey Muriel J. Hansen Phyllis E. Abbott Marjorie A. IJormel, Versailles Olga I. Fedak, Moscow Nicholas F. Lopes, Rome Lydia Coranin, Paris Bradley H. Patterson, Jr. Gordon C. Laughlin, Wellington Shirley H. Duffy, Frankfurt Liswa Davies Ellerbe Maxfield H. Dunlap, Brazzaville Ann Louise Edwards, Paris William 0. Vandenburg, Pretoria Paul C. Squire, Buenos Aires Colette Meyer, Paris Aaron S. Brown, Bogota Andrew G. Lynch, Lagos Margot J. Fellinger, Madrid James W. Anderson, Chungking Fay Boyle, Mexico Raymond E. Kolb. Nassau Wilma Gygaz, Paris Graham S. Quate, Guatemala Elvin Seibert, Wellington Elaine Hertzman, Antwerp Harold Sims, Angola Albert Cizauskas, Karachi Stephen E. C. Kendrick. Antwerp Mary E. Taudy, New Delhi Leo E. Williams, Chungking Delta Mae Bates, Chungking Gladys Knutzen, Copenhagen J. Wesley Jones, Rome Fmily P. McGonagle, Chungking Martha 0. L. Ogren, Copenhagen Pauline M. Frank, Nassau Robert Deeping, Naples Aileen Mendenahll, Madrid Florence A. Neilan, Santiago Anna F. Hellyer, Ankara Margaret Ann Reilly, Rome Esther Edna Krucklin Franklin Hawley, Santiago de Cuba Joan McKerness, Paris Nancy Coleman Rue E. Canvin

AUGUST, 1945 63 Helen M. Portz, Cuidad Trujillo Lillyan Gilson Henry Zolini, Prague Margaret Avent Olaf Francis Sundt, Lima Emile W. Juhasz, Budapest Elizabeth A. Vogel S. Roger Tyler, Jr., Moscow Fred Godsey, Budapest Bruce L. Smith J. Joe Reed Nathan Berkowitz, Bucarest William C. Affeld, Jr., Germany Mary L. McKesson, Paris Mildred L. Ferguson Stanley L. Friedman Jeon D. Yarrow, Paris Blanche Lyons Lucie Marie Patnode, Quito Jean E. N. Baxter, Genoa Ruch B. Glass Jeannette Wertheim, Lima W. F. Dickson, New Delhi Catherine Eda Alford, Lima Thomas A. Kelly Mary E. Tandy, New Delhi J. Brock Havron, Geneva Viola Johnson, Sofia James L. O’Sullivan Marie R. Fisher Genevieve Rowan, Belgrade Walton C. Hart Florence M. MacKenzie Rosa R. DeLeon Catharine P. Gaines, Rome Frances E. Diell, Tegucigalpa Joel C. Hudson, Cairo Arden L. DuBois, Porto Alegre Roger S. Stiles, Sydney Henry G. B. Westheimer, Calcutta Edwin L. Smith, Algiers William P. Blocker, Ciudad Juarez Eleanor Mason Elizabeth N. Wood A. Bland Calder Berta L. Haynes Paul F. Liston, Belize Fred T. Wagner, Rio de Janeiro Edward T. Wall, Budapest Martha Sue Newell, The Hague Louise D. Ziegler Helen Nufer Winckel, Mexico Terrell Wyatt Fondren Edward D. Cuffe, Chungking Frederick W. Hinke, Chungking Robert W. Wagner, Buenos A'res Louise D. Ziegler John C. Hawley, Ciudad Jaurez Chester Francis Lander, Madrid Ruth Weyler Perrin Louis G. Michael, Moscow W. A. Carsev John F. Fitzgerald, Tiajliana C. H. Nelson, Lagos William N. Marvel Claire LaFave, Bucharest J. Stanford Edwards, Brussels James Richard Todd, Cairo Muriel E. McCormick July Print Hudson, Athens W. A. Hodgman, Montevideo Paul L. Springer, Cairo Joan M. Clark Robert F. Corrigan, Natal John F. Fitzgerald, Liguana, Mexico Marjorie J. Hess Susan L. Marshall, Lima Freda J. Laughlin Margaret Ann Reilly, Rome Weldon Litsey, Barranquilla Rollo P. Stovall, Ciudad Trujillo Robert S. Fo^rd, Naples Fred Godsey, Budapest Gwen D. Phillips Claire R. Waldner Roger B. Stiles Mary S. Olmsted Rollo P. Shovall, Ciudad Trujillo Bernice M. Goetz, Bogota Margaret Anne Bumann Ruth M. Fowler Minedee McLean, Santiago Elizabeth L. Faler Dorothy Brinner Madelaine R. Kernan, Vladivostock Lola de Prado Carl F. Norden W. P. Cumming, Germany Martha Jean Moses Zoya V. Steere, Hoechst W. J. Miller Harriet C. Thurgood, Rome Charlotte Ratcliffe Howard H. Tewkch-iry, Buenos Aires Bromley Smith Vera M. Weidman, San Jose Thomas J. Corv, Moscow Oscar E. Heskin, Oslo Harold Norman Taylor Charles R. Enlow, Pretoria Dorothy V. Broussari, Paris Robert S. Folsom Clare H. McNair, Mexico Louise S. Ziegler Margaret Speight, Chungking Walter C. Dowling Marie Elizabeth Wright Harrv C. Hawkins. London Ouincy Adams Dorothy M. Loughead, Paris Regina E. Bushwaller, Vatican City Ellen H. Cunniff Isabel Conroy Clarence E. Birgfeld, Buenos Aires Mary A. Mohrbacher Manuel Sanchez, Paris Clarence A. Botsford Bruce W. Forbes, Palermo Julius Ernest Benjamin, Praha Matilda Elizabeth Connolly Virgil A. Smith, Jr. Hubert M. Curry, Habana Annette Bellinger Cabot Sedgwick. Port-au-Prince M«ry Helen Reeves, Paris Dorothy E. Smith Mack Hawkins, Jr., Guayaquil Alice Louise Seckel. Paris Sherburn*3 D'llingham Frances M. Travino Maurice J. Broderick, Ciudad Trujillo T . Moorehead Ruth Booker, Ottawa yMlan F. McLean. Jr.. San Salvador Jean Danzer Eleanor B. Arthur Frances M. Dabell. Cairo Pierre M. Purves, Versailles Wallace S. Espy Alice Lou Campbell, Paris James K. Pollock Maurice J. Broderick, Ciudad Trujillo Edward H. Waggoner, La Ceiba Parker T. Hart W. Wendell Blancke Jean C. McCulloch, Paris Dorsey Gassaway Fisher, Londoi Ben Jacobs, Rome Catherine E. Main Nancey G. Howard, Tangier Francis M. Col^mbat. Guayaquil Weldon Litsey, Barranquilla Evelyn M. Daniel A. W. Childs. Fio de Janeiro George L. West, Jr.. Stockholm Virginia Botsford, Tehran Mary G. Shenard. San Jose. Costa Rica Robert J. Gibbons, Baghdad Verna M. Everett William L. Smyser, Madrid William W. Walker. Habana E. R. Raymond Mary Webster June L. Thompson. Nassau Ruth Eleanor Bruton, Ral at Jessie Flizabeth Dent Ralph N. Clough, Kunming Melville E. Osborn*3 W. R. Lynch, Istanbul Philip D. Sprouse. Chungking Florence M. Connelly Hans E. Erickson. Stockholm Himo V. Newell. vienna Francis Raymond Senden, B°r:. Burton Y. Berry, Bucharest Stella Walence, W"r=aw Warren M. Chase, Bern Vincent LaVista, Rome FWen*3*3 Patricia Snringer, Warsaw Verle Mav Moss. I or»~oldv:llQ George J. Haering. The Hague B°ttv M. Greenwald V. Marcell*3 Mit^h-di W. W. Butterworth. Madrid D^rsev Cassowav Fisher. Longon Helen L. House. F^rn Mrs. Nellie V. Smith, Moscow ^ inton Chaoin. Rio de Janeiro Manrine Mullins London Irene Boka Fdward p. Mqffitt. Buenos Aires Marie C. Hury. Managua Thomas S. Horn, Suva N. W°lr"=W, Jr., Paris Marion Park*. Madrid MRdred A. Miller Chpries H. T ong, Jr. Donald E. Webstar. Ankara Oscar C. Holder, Lisbon Willard 0. Means Gerald A. Drew, Paris

64 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THANK TOU FOR YOUR PATRONAGBF The popularity of American products in many world markets may at least in part be attributed to the wholehearted cooperation of America’s diplomatic and consular representatives abroad. This reflects not only conscious effort on their part, but the great power of their example. Schenley appreciates your patronage of its products—not merely because your prestige impresses our foreign prospects and customers and means better business for us, but also because we are genuinely proud to serve the distinguished group of men and women to which you belong. We would like to call your particular attention to Schenley Reserve —a true American whiskey of the finest quality.

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