DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rise and Fall of the Bloc Quebecois

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rise and Fall of the Bloc Quebecois University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Winter 2011 Consequences of a separatist platform? The rise and fall of the Bloc Quebecois Zachary Azem University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Azem, Zachary, "Consequences of a separatist platform? The rise and fall of the Bloc Quebecois" (2011). Master's Theses and Capstones. 156. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/156 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSEQUENCES OF A SEPARATIST PLATFORM? THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLOC QUEBECOIS BY ZACHARY AZEM BA, University of New Hampshire, 2010 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science December, 2011 UMI Number: 1507809 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 1507809 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ©2011 Zachary Azem This thesis has been examined and approved. Thesis Director, Susan Sigge rofessor of Political Science AndrevvSmith, Associate Professor of Political Science AlynraMLyon/Associate-Pfpfessor of Political Science r^/Wa /^ 2&// Date TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES V ABSTRACT VI CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 Introduction 7 Origins of Quebec Alienation 8 Development of Early Canadian Party Systems 9 First Impact of the Quebec Voting Block 11 Emergence of Separatism in Quebec 12 Decline of the Liberals in Quebec 15 Emergence of the Bloc Quebecois 17 Political Survival After the Failed Referendum 20 Platform and Demographics of Bloc Voters 23 The Quebec Nation 26 Death of the BQ? 27 Conclusion 30 III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES 33 IV. RESULTS 40 Hypothesis 1: NDP Surge 40 Hypothesis 2: Modified Contact Hypothesis 44 Hypothesis 3: Campaigns 50 Hypothesis 4: Separatism 61 Hypothesis 5: SMDP 65 V. CONCLUSION 72 REFERENCES 79 APPENDIX A NDP ORANGE CRUSH 84 APPENDIX B CONTACT HYPOTHESIS 2004-2011 87 APPENDIX C PROTEST PARTIES 2004-2011 90 APPENDIX D SUPPORT FLUCTUATIONS IN RIDINGS 93 APPENDIX E OPEN LETTER OF FORMER BQ MEMBERS 100 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Bloc Quebecois Election Results in Quebec 2 Table2: The"McGill Five" 3 Table 3: Elected Bloc Quebecois MPs in 2011 5 Table 4: Liberal Dominance and Downfall in Quebec 16 Figure 1: Spectrum of Canadian Political Ideology 26 Table 5: Incumbent Bloc MPs Who Lost in 2011 29 Table 6: NDP Percentage of Vote in 2006-2011 41 Table 7: NDP Seat Changes 2008-2011 42 Table 8: Changes in Quebec Representation 43 Table 9: Contact Hypothesis: Bloc Quebecois 45 Table 10: Contact Hypothesis: Protest Parties 46 Table 11: Total and Quebec Seat Changes in Watershed Elections 48 Table 12: Electoral Support Trends from 2008 to 2011 49 Table 13: Longest Tenure For Party Leaders 51 Table 14: EKOS Seat Projections 53 Figure 2: NANOS Leadership Data 55 Table 15: Polling in Quebec Prior to 2011 Election 57 Table 16: Parti Quebecois/Bloc Quebecois Election Performance.. 58 Table 17: Quebec Second Choice Parties in 2011 59 Table 18: Quebeckers Views on Distinctness 62 Table 19: Proportional Representation 68 v ABSTRACT CONSEQUENCES OF A SEPARATIST PLATFORM? THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLOC QUEBECOIS By Zachary Azem University of New Hampshire, December, 2011 This thesis analyzes the contributing factors to the Bloc Quebecois' overwhelming loss in the 2011 Canadian Federal Election. Using both qualitative evidence and statistical analysis, it will investigate the extent in which five potential causes affected this outcome: a shift in support of the New Democratic Party, the distribution of Francophone protest party votes, campaign strategies of the New Democratic Party and Bloc Quebecois, changing views on separatism, and the single member district plurality system. VI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION On May 2 2011, the Canadian people sent a message that realigned the political landscape in the federal House of Commons.1 The Conservative Party defied all polls and finally secured a majority government in Parliament. The once-dominant Liberal Party, which forced the 2011 election, not only suffered its greatest loss in its history but also lost its leader Michael Ignatieff who could not win his own riding.2 Additionally, the Green Party finally broke through with leader Elizabeth May winning a seat in the House of Commons. Truly dramatic changes occurred with both the separatist Bloc Quebecois and the leftist New Democratic Party in the province of Quebec. The Bloc Quebecois (often referred to as the Bloc or BQ) became the Official Opposition in its inaugural election in 1993 and had maintained a majority of seats in Quebec ever since. Yet, this time the New Democratic Party (often referred to as the NDP) won 59 seats in the province after only possessing one in 2008.3 Meanwhile the Bloc shockingly dropped from 49 seats in 2008 to only four seats in 2011, a prediction not even the most daring 1 The terms "Parliament" and "House of Commons" are interchangeably in this paper. 2 Riding is the term used in Canada for a Parliamentary District. 3 NDP candidate Thomas Mulcair first won the riding of Outremont in a special election in 2007. He then became the first NDP member to win in a general election in Quebec with his victory in 2008. 1 pundit made. Therefore my research question is: Why did the Bloc Quebecois suffer such heavy losses in the 2011 Canadian Federal Election? Table 1: Bloc Quebecois Election Results in Quebec Election % of Vote Bloc Quebecois Seats 1993 49.3% 54 1997 37.9% 44 2000 39.9% 38 2004 48.9% 54 2006 42.1% 51 2008 38.1%. 49 2011 23.4% 4 Note: As The Bloc Quebecois is a separatist party, it only runs candidates in the province of Quebec. Therefore the percentage of the vote and seat total is only within the province. All electoral data used is from Elections Canada. One of the best examples illustrating the scope of the NDPs "Orange Crush" is the Members of Parliament (MPs) referred to as the "McGill Five."4 The four undergraduate students and one doctoral student at McGill University were on the ballot as NDP candidates in largely symbolic fashion. They were running in strong Bloc Quebecois districts and appeared to have little chance of victory. Three of them (Borg, Freeman and Liu) were not even native Quebecers. Charmaine Borg planned to spend her fall in Mexico and did not even attempt to monitor the vote count in her riding.5 The chances of victory appeared so slim that multiple candidates admitted that they never visited nor campaigned in their riding.6 They instead spent their time helping Quebec's one New Democratic Party MP, Thomas Mulcair, win re-election. 4 Scott, M. (2011, May 4). "McGill 5 Head Off to House of Commons." Montreal Gazette. 5 Porter, C. (2011, May 14). "Dose of Reality For Political Junkies..." Toronto Star. 6 Scott, M. (2011, May 4). "McGill 5 Head Off to House of Commons." Montreal Gazette. 2 Table 2: The "McGill Five MP Age Riding Region Laurin Liu 20 Riviere-des-Mille-lles Laurentides Charmaine Borg 21 Terrebonne-Blainville Laurentides Mylene Freeman 22 Argenteuil-Papineau-Mirabel Laurentides Matthew Dube 23 Chambly-Borduas Monteregie Jamie Nicholls 40 Vaudreuil-Soulanges Monteregie MP Vote Margin BQ Inc. Prev Margin Laurin Liu 49.2% 20.7% 1-Time 26.2% Charmaine Borg 49.3% 18.5% 4-Time 35.9% Mylene Freeman 44.3% 15.3% 4-Time 22.6% Matthew Dube 42.7% 15.1% 3-Time 35.2% Jamie Nicholls 43.6% 17.9% 3-Time 12.6% Note: The column "Prev Margin" represents the average victory margin of the defeated BQ incumbent in their previous elections. All electoral data used in from Elections Canada. Despite the pollsters predicting strong NDP gains in Quebec, no reason existed to believe that these ridings would fall victim to the Orange Crush. Four of the ridings were represented by the Bloc Quebecois since 1993 (Vaudreuil- Soulanges being the exception) and four of the ridings featured incumbent MPs who were elected at least 3 times previously (Riviere-des-Mille-lles being the exception). Furthermore, each incumbent Bloc MP in these ridings enjoyed double-digit margins of victory in previous elections. It is within this context that we witnessed the wave in which NDP candidates rode into Ottawa. The results were stunning as all five students won with over 40% of the vote with all margins of over 15%. While the McGill Five provides an example of the overwhelming impact that the New Democratic Party had on the Bloc Quebecois, no similarities seem apparent among the four surviving Bloc MPs. Strangely enough, the sole freshman Bloc MP, Jean-Francois Fortin, was the only candidate to win by a 3 double digit margin. Meanwhile, Louis Plamondon, the last active MP to cross the floor and form the Bloc Quebecois in 1991, barely survived with a 2.7% margin and 38.3% of the vote.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CRITICAL THEORY and AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism
    CDSMS EDITED BY JEREMIAH MORELOCK CRITICAL THEORY AND AUTHORITARIAN POPULISM Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism edited by Jeremiah Morelock Critical, Digital and Social Media Studies Series Editor: Christian Fuchs The peer-reviewed book series edited by Christian Fuchs publishes books that critically study the role of the internet and digital and social media in society. Titles analyse how power structures, digital capitalism, ideology and social struggles shape and are shaped by digital and social media. They use and develop critical theory discussing the political relevance and implications of studied topics. The series is a theoretical forum for in- ternet and social media research for books using methods and theories that challenge digital positivism; it also seeks to explore digital media ethics grounded in critical social theories and philosophy. Editorial Board Thomas Allmer, Mark Andrejevic, Miriyam Aouragh, Charles Brown, Eran Fisher, Peter Goodwin, Jonathan Hardy, Kylie Jarrett, Anastasia Kavada, Maria Michalis, Stefania Milan, Vincent Mosco, Jack Qiu, Jernej Amon Prodnik, Marisol Sandoval, Se- bastian Sevignani, Pieter Verdegem Published Critical Theory of Communication: New Readings of Lukács, Adorno, Marcuse, Honneth and Habermas in the Age of the Internet Christian Fuchs https://doi.org/10.16997/book1 Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism Mariano Zukerfeld https://doi.org/10.16997/book3 Politicizing Digital Space: Theory, the Internet, and Renewing Democracy Trevor Garrison Smith https://doi.org/10.16997/book5 Capital, State, Empire: The New American Way of Digital Warfare Scott Timcke https://doi.org/10.16997/book6 The Spectacle 2.0: Reading Debord in the Context of Digital Capitalism Edited by Marco Briziarelli and Emiliana Armano https://doi.org/10.16997/book11 The Big Data Agenda: Data Ethics and Critical Data Studies Annika Richterich https://doi.org/10.16997/book14 Social Capital Online: Alienation and Accumulation Kane X.
    [Show full text]
  • Core 1..39 Journalweekly (PRISM::Advent3b2 10.50)
    HOUSE OF COMMONS OF CANADA CHAMBRE DES COMMUNES DU CANADA 40th PARLIAMENT, 3rd SESSION 40e LÉGISLATURE, 3e SESSION Journals Journaux No. 2 No 2 Thursday, March 4, 2010 Le jeudi 4 mars 2010 10:00 a.m. 10 heures PRAYERS PRIÈRE DAILY ROUTINE OF BUSINESS AFFAIRES COURANTES ORDINAIRES TABLING OF DOCUMENTS DÉPÔT DE DOCUMENTS Pursuant to Standing Order 32(2), Mr. Lukiwski (Parliamentary Conformément à l'article 32(2) du Règlement, M. Lukiwski Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of (secrétaire parlementaire du leader du gouvernement à la Chambre Commons) laid upon the Table, — Government responses, des communes) dépose sur le Bureau, — Réponses du pursuant to Standing Order 36(8), to the following petitions: gouvernement, conformément à l’article 36(8) du Règlement, aux pétitions suivantes : — Nos. 402-1109 to 402-1111, 402-1132, 402-1147, 402-1150, — nos 402-1109 to 402-1111, 402-1132, 402-1147, 402-1150, 402- 402-1185, 402-1222, 402-1246, 402-1259, 402-1321, 402-1336, 1185, 402-1222, 402-1246, 402-1259, 402-1321, 402-1336, 402- 402-1379, 402-1428, 402-1485, 402-1508 and 402-1513 1379, 402-1428, 402-1485, 402-1508 et 402-1513 au sujet du concerning the Employment Insurance Program. — Sessional régime d'assurance-emploi. — Document parlementaire no 8545- Paper No. 8545-403-1-01; 403-1-01; — Nos. 402-1129, 402-1174 and 402-1268 concerning national — nos 402-1129, 402-1174 et 402-1268 au sujet des parcs parks. — Sessional Paper No. 8545-403-2-01; nationaux. — Document parlementaire no 8545-403-2-01; — Nos.
    [Show full text]
  • Core 1..214 Hansard (PRISM::Advent3b2 14.25)
    House of Commons Debates VOLUME 146 Ï NUMBER 060 Ï 1st SESSION Ï 41st PARLIAMENT OFFICIAL REPORT (HANSARD) Monday, December 5, 2011 Speaker: The Honourable Andrew Scheer CONTENTS (Table of Contents appears at back of this issue.) 3947 HOUSE OF COMMONS Monday, December 5, 2011 The House met at 11 a.m. increase Canadian trade with our major partners in a new sustainable energy economy. The Acting Speaker (Mr. Barry Devolin): Since today is the Prayers final allotted day for the supply period ending December 10, 2011, the House will go through the usual procedures to consider and dispose of the supply bill. PRIVATE MEMBERS' BUSINESS In view of recent practices, do hon. members agree that the bill be distributed now? CANADA LABOUR CODE (Bill C-307. On the Order: Private Members' Business:) Some hon. members: Agreed. October 3, 2011—Second reading of Bill C-307, An Act to amend the Canada Labour Code (pregnant or nursing employees)—The member for Rosemont—La Ms. Megan Leslie: Mr. Speaker, I am honoured to share my time Petite-Patrie. with the member for Terrebonne—Blainville. Ï (1105) I am very honoured to stand here today and debate this NDP [Translation] motion on climate change and what is happening in Durban. I am SUSPENSION OF SITTING proud to be here with my colleagues in the House who are clear supporters of internationally binding agreements when it comes to The Speaker: The hon. member for Rosemont—La Petite-Patrie reducing our greenhouse gas emissions and actually taking action on is not present to move the order as announced in today's notice climate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Culture of Canada
    CHAPTER 2 The Political Culture of Canada LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this chapter you should be able to • Define the terms political culture, ideology, and cleavages. • Describe the main principles of each of the major ideologies in Canada. • Describe the ideological orientation of the main political parties in Canada. • Describe the major cleavages in Canadian politics. Introduction Canadian politics, like politics in other societies, is a public conflict over different conceptions of the good life. Canadians agree on some important matters (e.g., Canadians are overwhelmingly committed to the rule of law, democracy, equality, individual rights, and respect for minorities) and disagree on others. That Canadians share certain values represents a substantial consensus about how the political system should work. While Canadians generally agree on the rules of the game, they dis- agree—sometimes very strongly—on what laws and policies the government should adopt. Should governments spend more or less? Should taxes be lower or higher? Should governments build more prisons or more hospitals? Should we build more pipelines or fight climate change? Fortunately for students of politics, different conceptions of the good life are not random. The different views on what laws and policies are appropriate to realize the ideologies Specific bundles of good life coalesce into a few distinct groupings of ideas known as ideologies. These ideas about politics and the good ideologies have names that are familiar to you, such as liberalism, conservatism, and life, such as liberalism, conserva- (democratic) socialism, which are the principal ideologies in Canadian politics. More tism, and socialism. Ideologies radical ideologies, such as Marxism, communism, and fascism, are at best only mar- help people explain political ginally present in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Brookfield Place Calgary East Tower
    BROOKFIELD PLACE CALGARY EAST TOWER UP TO 78,162 SF FOR SUBLEASE 225 - 6th Avenue SW CALGARY, ALBERTA ALEX BROUGH JAMES MCKENZIE CUSHMAN & WAKEFIELD ULC Executive Vice President Vice President 250 - 6th Avenue SW, Suite 2400 Calgary, Alberta T2P 3H7 403 261 1186 403 261 1140 403 261 1111 [email protected] [email protected] cushmanwakefield.com FOR SUBLEASE Brookfield Place Calgary - East Tower 225 - 6th Avenue SW | Calgary, AB Property Details Building Amenities Address 225 - 6th Avenue SW • +15 connected to Stephen Avenue Place & Year Built 2017 Bow Valley Square • Large urban plaza features a south facing Landlord Brookfield Place (Calgary) LP landscaped courtyard with extensive Property Management Brookfield Properties Canada seating and common areas Management LP • In-house Porter Service Total Building Size 1,417,577 SF • Bike storage facility/shower Number of Floors 56 • LEED GOLD Core & Shell Certification Average Floor Plate 26,300 SF - Low Rise 27,800 SF - Mid Rise Elevators 10 per rise Ceiling Height 9’ Parking Ratio 1:3,000 SF Leasing Particulars Sublandlord: Cenovus Energy Inc. Area Available: Fl 20: 26,477 SF SUBLEASED Fl 21: 26,474 SF SUBLEASED Fl 22: 26,473 SF SUBLEASED Fl 23: 25,755 SF SUBLEASED Fl 24: 26,412 SF Virtual Tour Fl 25: 25,704 SF Fl 26: 11,736 SF Fl 27: 27,521 SF SUBLEASED Fl 28: 14,310 SF Total: 78,162 SF Rental Rate: Market sublease rates Additional Rent: $19.35/SF (2021 LL estimate) Parking: 1 stall per 3,000 SF As at March 2020 Bike Facilities Plan FOR SUBLEASE Brookfield Place Calgary
    [Show full text]
  • The Honourable Christian Paradis, Canadian Minister of Industry and Minister of State to Ring the NASDAQ Stock Market Closing Bell
    The Honourable Christian Paradis, Canadian Minister of Industry and Minister of State to Ring The NASDAQ Stock Market Closing Bell ADVISORY, Nov. 30, 2011 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- What: The Honourable Christian Paradis, Canadian Minister of Industry and Minister of State (Agriculture), will visit the NASDAQ MarketSite in New York City's Times Square to officially ring The NASDAQ Stock Market Closing Bell. Where: NASDAQ MarketSite — 4 Times Square — 43rd & Broadway — Broadcast Studio When: Thursday, December 1st, 2011 — 3:45 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET Contact: Richard Walker Director of Communications Office of the Honourable Christian Paradis Minister of Industry (613) 995-9001 NASDAQ MarketSite: Jen Knapp (212) 401-8916 [email protected] Feed Information: Fiber Line (Encompass Waterfront): 4463 Gal 3C/06C 95.05 degrees West 18 mhz Lower DL 3811 Vertical FEC 3/4 SR 13.235 DR 18.295411 MOD 4:2:0 DVBS QPSK Facebook and Twitter: For multimedia features such as exclusive content, photo postings, status updates and video of bell ceremonies please visit our Facebook page at: http://www.facebook.com/nasdaqomx For news tweets, please visit our Twitter page at: http://twitter.com/nasdaqomx Webcast: A live webcast of the NASDAQ Closing Bell will be available at: http://www.nasdaq.com/about/marketsitetowervideo.asx or http://social.nasdaqomx.com. Photos: To obtain a hi-resolution photograph of the Market Close, please go to http://www.nasdaq.com/reference/marketsite_events.stm and click on the market close of your choice. About Christian Paradis: Christian Paradis was named Minister of Industry and Minister of State (Agriculture) on May 18, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Hill Times, Health Policy Review, 17NOV2014
    TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR, NO. 1260 CANADA’S POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT NEWSWEEKLY MONDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2014 $4.00 HEARD ON THE HILL BUZZ NEWS HARASSMENT Artist paints Queen, other prominent MPs like ‘kings, queens in their people, wants a national portrait gallery little domains,’ contribute to ‘culture of silence’: Clancy BY LAURA RYCKEWAERT “The combination of power and testosterone often leads, unfortu- n arm’s-length process needs nately, to poor judgment, especially Ato be established to deal in a system where there has been with allegations of misconduct no real process to date,” said Nancy or harassment—sexual and Peckford, executive director of otherwise—on Parliament Hill, Equal Voice Canada, a multi-par- say experts, as the culture on tisan organization focused on the Hill is more conducive to getting more women elected. inappropriate behaviour than the average workplace. Continued on page 14 NEWS HARASSMENT Campbell, Proctor call on two unnamed NDP harassment victims to speak up publicly BY ABBAS RANA Liberal Senator and a former A NDP MP say the two un- identifi ed NDP MPs who have You don’t say: Queen Elizabeth, oil on canvas, by artist Lorena Ziraldo. Ms. Ziraldo said she got fed up that Ottawa doesn’t have accused two now-suspended a national portrait gallery, so started her own, kind of, or at least until Nov. 22. Read HOH p. 2. Photograph courtesy of Lorena Ziraldo Liberal MPs of “serious person- al misconduct” should identify themselves publicly and share their experiences with Canadians, NEWS LEGISLATION arguing that it is not only a ques- tion of fairness, but would also be returns on Monday, as the race helpful to address the issue in a Feds to push ahead on begins to move bills through the transparent fashion.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister
    PIERRE TRUDEAU PRIME MINISTER Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau PC CC CH QC .. Prime Ministers all : (l-r) Trudeau, future leaders John Turner and Jean Chrétien, and Trudeau's predecessor, Lester B. The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country. His energetic campaign attracted massive media attention and mobilized many young people, who saw Trudeau as a symbol of generational change. His father was a French-Canadian businessman, His mother was of Scottish ancestry, and although bilingual, spoke English at home. He defeated several prominent and long-serving Liberals including Paul Martin Sr. He immediately called an election. For information about the 28th Parliament, to , see 28th Canadian Parliament. Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election, and rumours again circulated that Trudeau could run to become his successor. Over a five-week period he attended many lectures and became a follower of personalism after being influenced most notably by Emmanuel Mounier. In this and other forums, Trudeau sought to rouse opposition to what he believed were reactionary and inward-looking elites. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! In his next election, in at the height of Trudeaumania , he received Trudeau, in an attempt to represent Western interests, offered to form a coalition government with Ed Broadbent's NDP, which had won 22 seats in the west, but was rebuffed by Broadbent out of fear the party would have no influence in a majority government. Trudeau criticized the Liberal Party of Lester Pearson when it supported arming Bomarc missiles in Canada with nuclear warheads.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of French-Canadian and Mexican-American Contemporary Poetry
    A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FRENCH-CANADIAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY POETRY by RODERICK JAMES MACINTOSH, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN SPANISH Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Approved Accepted May, 1981 /V<9/J^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am T«ry grateful to Dr. Edmundo Garcia-Giron for his direction of this dissertation and to the other mem­ bers of my committee, Dr. Norwood Andrews, Dr. Alfred Cismaru, Dr. Aldo Finco and Dr. Faye L. Bianpass, for their helpful criticism and advice. 11 ' V^-^'s;-^' CONTENTS ACKNOWI£DGMENTS n I. k BRIEF HISTORY OF QUE3EC 1 II• A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS ^9 III. A LITERARY HISTORY OF QUEBEC 109 IV. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF ^MEXICAN LITERATURE 164 7» A LITERARY HISTORY OF HffiXICAN-AT/lERICANS 190 ' VI. A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT CANADZkll FRENCH AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN SPANISH 228 VII- CONTEMPORARY PRSNCK-CANADIAN POETRY 2^7 VIII. CONTEMPORARY TffiCICAN-AMERICAN POETRY 26? NOTES 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY 356 111 A BRIEF HISTORY OF QUEBEC In 153^ Jacques Cartier landed on the Gaspe Penin­ sula and established French sovereignty in North America. Nevertheless, the French did not take effective control of their foothold on this continent until 7^ years later when Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement of Quebec in 1608, at the foot of Cape Diamond on the St. Laurence River. At first, the settlement was conceived of as a trading post for the lucrative fur trade, but two difficul­ ties soon becam,e apparent—problems that have plagued French Canada to the present day—the difficulty of comirunication across trackless forests and m.ountainous terrain and the rigors of the Great Canadian Winter.
    [Show full text]
  • PRISM::Advent3b2 8.25
    HOUSE OF COMMONS OF CANADA CHAMBRE DES COMMUNES DU CANADA 39th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION 39e LÉGISLATURE, 1re SESSION Journals Journaux No. 1 No 1 Monday, April 3, 2006 Le lundi 3 avril 2006 11:00 a.m. 11 heures Today being the first day of the meeting of the First Session of Le Parlement se réunit aujourd'hui pour la première fois de la the 39th Parliament for the dispatch of business, Ms. Audrey première session de la 39e législature, pour l'expédition des O'Brien, Clerk of the House of Commons, Mr. Marc Bosc, Deputy affaires. Mme Audrey O'Brien, greffière de la Chambre des Clerk of the House of Commons, Mr. R. R. Walsh, Law Clerk and communes, M. Marc Bosc, sous-greffier de la Chambre des Parliamentary Counsel of the House of Commons, and Ms. Marie- communes, M. R. R. Walsh, légiste et conseiller parlementaire de Andrée Lajoie, Clerk Assistant of the House of Commons, la Chambre des communes, et Mme Marie-Andrée Lajoie, greffier Commissioners appointed per dedimus potestatem for the adjoint de la Chambre des communes, commissaires nommés en purpose of administering the oath to Members of the House of vertu d'une ordonnance, dedimus potestatem, pour faire prêter Commons, attending according to their duty, Ms. Audrey O'Brien serment aux députés de la Chambre des communes, sont présents laid upon the Table a list of the Members returned to serve in this dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Mme Audrey O'Brien dépose sur Parliament received by her as Clerk of the House of Commons le Bureau la liste des députés qui ont été proclamés élus au from and certified under the hand of Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960S
    Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies Revue interdisciplinaire des études canadiennes en France 84 | 2018 Le Canada et ses définitions de 1867 à 2017 : valeurs, pratiques et représentations (volume 2) From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s De la britannicité au multiculturalisme : l’identité officielle du Canada dans les années 1960 Shannon Conway Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1118 DOI: 10.4000/eccs.1118 ISSN: 2429-4667 Publisher Association française des études canadiennes (AFEC) Printed version Date of publication: 30 June 2018 Number of pages: 9-30 ISSN: 0153-1700 Electronic reference Shannon Conway, « From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s », Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies [Online], 84 | 2018, Online since 01 June 2019, connection on 07 July 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1118 ; DOI : 10.4000/eccs.1118 AFEC From Britishness to Multiculturalism: Official Canadian Identity in the 1960s Shannon CONWAY University of Ottawa The 1960s was a tumultuous period that resulted in the reshaping of official Canadian identity from a predominately British-based identity to one that reflected Canada’s diversity. The change in constructions of official Canadian identity was due to pressures from an ongoing dialogue in Canadian society that reflected the larger geo-political shifts taking place during the period. This dialogue helped shape the political discussion, from one focused on maintaining an out-dated national identity to one that was more representative of how many Canadians understood Canada to be. This change in political opinion accordingly transformed the official identity of the nation-state of Canada. Les années 1960 ont été une période tumultueuse qui a fait passer l'identité officielle canadienne d'une identité essentiellement britannique à une identité reflétant la diversité du Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Engagements Financiers De 25 000 $ Et Plus
    Ministère de l’Économie et de l’Innovation ENGAGEMENTS FINANCIERS DE 25 K$ ET PLUS Juin 2019 Page 1 de 16 Formulaire 2 - CAP - Liste des contrats de 25 000 $ et plus publiés au SEAO Pour la période du 2019-06-01 au 2019-06-30 Date de Montant du Numéro Soumissionnaires (* = contractant; NC = Municipalité du Montant du Région administrative de No. Organisme I/M Type de contrat Nature du contrat conclusion Titre Montant soumis contrat avec SEAO non conforme; NA = non admissible) soumissionnaire contrat livraison du contrat option(s) 1 Ministère de l'Économie et de I Contrat de gré à Services 2019-04-12 1225686 Donner accès au programme de formation * FORUM FOR INTENATIONAL TRADE Ottawa 50 000,00 $ 100 000,00 $ Hors Québec l'Innovation gré professionnels spécialisé et poussé en commerce TRAINING (FITT) international en ligne : FITT habiletés aux conseillers en affaires internationales du secteur du Commerce Extérieur et octroyer l’abonnement corporatif. 2 Ministère de l'Économie et de I Contrat de gré à Services 2019-03-31 1250958 Effectuer des mandats en conception * Studio Alphatek inc. Québec 25 000,00 $ 75 000,00 $ Capitale-Nationale l'Innovation gré professionnels graphique, de design interactif et occasionnellement en infographie. 3 Ministère de l'Économie et de I Contrat de gré à Services 2019-03-29 1252344 Réaliser un défilé de mode présentant * PROMOTING ARTISTS REDEFINING Calgary 32 000,00 $ 32 000,00 $ Hors Québec l'Innovation gré professionnels 10 designers québécois, un événement KULTURE FOUNDATION (PARK) d’achat privé réalisé avec la Boutique ESPY. Les services inclut la location d’un espace d’exposition de type « pop-up shop » pour 10 designers.
    [Show full text]