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Influence of Dredging and High Discharge on the Ecology of Black Canyon

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Influence of Dredging and High Discharge on the Ecology of Black Canyon Publications (WR) Water Resources 1980 Influence of dredging and high discharge on the ecology of Black Canyon Larry J. Paulson University of Nevada, Las Vegas Theron G. Miller University of Nevada, Las Vegas John R. Baker University of Nevada, Las Vegas U.S. Water and Power Resources Service Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/water_pubs Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Environmental Monitoring Commons, Fresh Water Studies Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Repository Citation Paulson, L. J., Miller, T. G., Baker, J. R., U.S. Water and Power Resources Service (1980). Influence of dredging and high discharge on the ecology of Black Canyon. Lake Mead Limnological Research Center: Technical Report Series, 2 Available at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/water_pubs/65 This Technical Report is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Technical Report in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Technical Report has been accepted for inclusion in Publications (WR) by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAKE MEAD LIMNOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER Influence of Dredging and High Discharge on the Ecology of Black Canyon Larry J. Paulson, Theron G. Miller, and John R. Baker Technical Report #2 TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES OVERTON LAS VEGAS D COLORADO ^x- RIVER HOOVER DAM DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA LAS VEGAS INFLUENCE OF DREDGING AND HIGH DISCHARGE ON THE ECOLOGY OF BLACK CANYON Larry J. Paulson, Theron G. Miller and John R. Baker Lake Mead Limnologies] Research Center University of Nevada, Las Vegas Technical Report. No. 2. Final Report to the Water and Power Resources Service on Lake Mead and Lake Mohave Investigations (Contract No. H»-06-300-22l8) James E. Deacon, Principal Investigator TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iii LIST OF TABLES iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 3 2.1 Ecological History of the Lake Mohave Area 6 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 3.1 Sampling Stations 11 3.2 Periphyton and Benthic Invertebrate Sampling 13 3.3 Benthic Invertebrate Sampling and Echo Sounding in Lake Mohave 14 3.4 Analysis of Data 16 4.0 RESULTS 16 4.1 Periphyton Community 16 4.2 Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Growth of Periphyton.... 18 4.3 Longitudinal Distribution of Periphyton Standing Crop 22 4.4 Invertebrate Community 22 4.5 Vertical Distribution and Abundance of Invertebrates 22 4.6 Invertebrate Colonization 24 4.7 Longitudinal Distribution of Invertebrates in Black Canyon. 24 4.8 Observations on Razorback Suckers 30 4.9 Benthic Invertebrates of the Lower Portion of Lake Mohave.. 38 4.10 The Morphometry of Cottonwood Basin 39 TABLE OF CONTENTS, Continued Paqe 5.0 DISCUSSION 4U 5.1 Factors Regulating Periphyton Distribution and Growth in Black Canyon 5.2 Factors Regulating the Distribution and Abundance of Invertebrates in Black Canyon ^ 5.3 The Benthos of the Lower Portion of Lake Mohave ^5 6.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED DREDGING ^ 6.1 Impacts on the Periphyton and Benthic Invertebrate Commun i ty 6.2 Impacts on Endemic Fish Species 50 6.3 Impacts of Higher Current Velocities 50 6.1» Effects of Dredge Spoil Disposal in Lake Mohave 53 6.5 Potential Mitigation Factors for Black Canyon 5*» 6.6 Recommendations for Further Study 55 7.0 REFERENCES 57 (ii) LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. 2.1 Map of Lake Mohave 4 3.1 Map of Black Canyon 12 3.2 Map of Upper Lake Mohave 15 4.1 Periphyton Growth at Stations 1A, IB, 1C 19 4.2 Hoover Dam Discharge and Lake Mohave Elevation 20 4.3 Periphyton Standing Crop in Box Samplers 21 4.4 Periphyton Distribution in Black Canyon 23 4.5 Invertebrate Biomass at Station 1 25 4.6 Relative Abundance of Hyalella at Station 1 26 4.7 Invertebrate Abundance at Station 1 27 4.8 Relative Abundance and Biomass of Invertebrates in Black Canyon in June - July, 1979 31 4.9 Relative Abundance and Biomass of Invertebrates in Black Canyon on 21 July, 1979 32 4.10 Relative Abundance and Biomass of Invertebrates in Black Canyon on 15 September, 1979 33 4.11 Relative Abundance and Biomass of Invertebrates in Black Canyon on 28 October, 1979 34 4.12 Relative Abundance and Biomass of Invertebrates in Black Canyon on 16 December, 1979 35 4.13 Abundance of Razorback Suckers in Upper Black Canyon 36 (iii) LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page 2.1 Morphometric Data on Lake Mohave 5 2.2 Introduced and Native Fishes of Lake Mohave 9 2.3 Fish Catch in Colorado River from Hoover Dam to Willow Beach.. 10 *».! Periphyton Species found in the Upper End of Black Canyon 17 k.2 Invertebrate Colonization of Basket Samplers at Station 1 (3 March - 22 April) 28 Invertebrate Colonization of Basket Samplers at Station 1 (22 Apr!1 - 23 June) 29 b.k Benthic Organisms in Lake Mohave 37 5.1 Estimates of Standing Crop of Invertebrate Fauna below Dams... (iv) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are extremely grateful to Mr. Gary Bryant, Mr. Martin Einert and Mr. Curtis Groom of the Water and Power Resources Service for their assistance with the study. We are grateful to Mr. Charles Keenan for assistance in the field and laboratory work. Special thanks go to Mr. Mick Reese for repairing the boat, helping with field work and for his assistance in diving. We are also thankful to Mr. Benny Sanchez for drawing the figures, and to Marsha Buesgens, Dorothy Edelman and Carol Patterson for typing the report. We thank Ms. Penelope Kellar for editing the report. (v) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY I. The Water and Power Resources Service is considering dredging in Black Canyon to create a larger forebay to accommodate higher peak- discharges and reverse flows for proposed modifications to Hoover Dam. II. The Black Canyon area from Hoover Dam to Willow Beach supports a heavily utilized trout fishery and is important habitat for the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) and possibly bonytail chub (Gila elegans). III. The Water and Power Resources Service initiated this investigation to determine what effect dredging and higher peak-discharges would have on the ecology of Black Canyon. IV. Two permanent stations were established above Ringbolt Rapids and sampled approximately every six weeks to measure periphyton species composition and growth, invertebrate species composition and density and fish distribution. Four other stations were later established downstream and sampled for the same parameters. V. The food chain in Black Canyon is relatively simple and consists of a few invertebrate and fish species that are wholly supported by periphyton productivity occurring in the canyon. VI. Periphyton and invertebrate productivity were highest in the first three miles of river below the dam and decreased dramatically in downstream areas due to lack of suitable substrate and light. Light transparency was lower downstream because of increased turbidity from resuspension of silt and greater water depths. (vi) High discharges from Hoover Dam during the summer caused considerable scouring and shifting of substrates that reduced periphyton growth and invertebrate colonization in the deep river channel of Upper Black Canyon, (fill. Underwater observations of razorback suckers indicated they were most abundant in the first 1 mile of river probably due to higher productivity. IX. Dredging in the area above Ringbolt Rapids will significantly reduce periphyton and invertebrate productivity. Periphyton will reestablish within one-two months of dredging but at a lower level than currently exists due to increased water depths and decreased light penetration. Invertebrates will also invade the dredged area within a few months, but it may take several months or possibly a year for their population to fully recover. This is primarily because most of the invertebrate species will have to colonize from downstream sources. Reduction in periphyton and invertebrate productivity could reduce the trout and endemic fish populations because they are wholly dependent on these autochthonous resources for food. X. Higher current velocities created by increased peak-discharges from Hoover Dam could have a more permanent impact on the ecology of Black Canyon than dredging. Siltation occurs below the tailrace during low discharge periods in the winter. These materials are flushed downstream during peak-discharge periods of spring and summer and scour the bottom of periphyton and invertebrates. The Water and Power Resources Service estimates that the bottom will become armored after two-three months of higher discharge which would allow periphyton growth to again increase. However, seasonal and annual variations in siltation (e.g. flashflooding) and in the rate and duration of peak-discharges may preclude permanent (vii) armoring of the bottom. If dredging is conducted, consideration should be given to disposal of dredge spoils (cobble and boulder size) along the river banks in Black Canyon, rather than in Lake Mohave as is currently being planned. Boulder and cobble substrate would probably enhance periphyton and invertebrate productivity in downstream areas thus providing more food resources and habitat for the trout and endemic fish populations. This could serve to mitigate losses in productivity and habitat that may occur in the upper canyon from dredging activities and higher peak-discharge from Hoover Dam.
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