Development Team
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Paper No. : Women, Media and Films Module : Pro-women Media Activism Development Team Principal Investigator Prof. Sumita Parmar Allahabad University, Allahabad Paper Coordinator Prof. Sisir Basu Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Content Writer Mr. Sudarshan Yadav, Assistant Professor Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi Prof. Sisir Basu, BHU, Varanasi Content Reviewer 1 Women, Media and Films Women’s Studies Pro-women Media Activism Description of Module Subject Name Women’s Studies Paper Name Women, Media and Films Module Name/Title Pro-women Media Activism Module Id Paper – 10, Unit – 4, Module – 18 Pre-requisites The reader is expected to have the knowledge of different mass media channels and organizations, and broadly what kind of content they present on their respective platforms. Objectives To make the readers aware about the different steps taken by media to serve the women interests, their issue and cause. Keywords Media, Media Activism, Media Trial, Media Voyeurism, Agenda-Setting, propaganda, Card Stacking, Band Wagon, Pack Journalism. 2 Women, Media and Films Women’s Studies Pro-women Media Activism 3: Pro-women Media Activism 3.0 Objectives The module is designed to introduce to you the idea of media activism and the role media play in women related issues. It will give an understanding about the basic difference between media trial and media activism. In doing so the reference to different cases where media, particularly the news media, played an important role will be made for the understanding of the reader. After having studied this module you should be able to: • define media and media activism; • describe the role of media in women centric issues; • differentiate between media trial and media activism. • Distinguish whether the taking up of a particular women’s issue is an act of responsibility or done to garner the TRP. • describe the cases related to media activism and media trial. 3.1 Introduction The module, Pro-Women Media Activism, will cover altogether, seven themes for establishing the role of media in women-related issues and in particular the attempt by media organisations to draw the attention of the audience, policy makers and the government towards women centric issues. Here the role of the media will be of an activist, i.e., taking up an issue on its own and leading with follow-up stories. Let us now discuss each theme which has been mentioned in the order as put above. 3.2 Definition of Media and Media Activism At the very onset we must understand the meaning of media activism and the context in which we are taking into consideration the media and its various forms. Media basically is a plural form of medium which means the intermediate between two elements. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, media is defined as a medium of cultivation, conveyance, or expression.1 Here we must keep in mind the term media is used in the context of technology or means of transmission of a message/messages from one person to another or many or masses. Like we can say that newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and internet are different media transmitting a message or information from a person/media organisation to a large audience who are separated by time and space. The term media is often synonymously used for mass media and mass communication. Thus mass media plays a significant role in informing, instructing, entertaining, and persuading a large public. Also it facilitates opinion formation as a result of debate and discussion, promotes culture and national integration. These functions have become all the more important in the present times where the whole world is coming close due to the technological advancements. Mass media is influencing substantially the lives of people and has proved to be an effective tool for the dissemination of an idea/ideas. 1 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/media. Downloaded on 16 June 2015 3 Women, Media and Films Women’s Studies Pro-women Media Activism • The Media’s role is of a scrutiniser; in doing so it enlightens the public and citizens regarding different facets of an issue. • At times it takes up an issue with an agenda to fulfil which occupies most of its space and time. This agenda based reporting of an issue on the media platforms is known as Media Activism. Thus when media takes up an idea/issue for social and political development where it entrusts to itself the role of an activist serving as an agent of change it is considered to be Media Activism. • It employs communication technologies to publish news which include audio-video investigative clips, and registering protests on its different platforms including internet. Sometimes this activism is attributed to the grassroots activists and anarchists who resort to the alternative media and new media to bring into focus the stories to which mainstream media do not give much coverage. • Graham Meikle in his book “Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet” has talked about Internet Activism. • Internet Activism is defined as “political uses of networked computers that attempt to effect social or cultural change in the offline world: a politics which can use the graphical and multimedia capabilities of the web as well as text-based applications such as email”.2 So far we have understood the term media activism in different contexts. Our concern in this module will be primarily based on the activists approach used by mainstream news media and supported by other mediums. 3.3 Role of Media in Women Centric Issues 3.3.1 Media as a fourth estate of Democracy: Media is considered to be the fourth estate of democracy along with the other three, viz., Judiciary, Legislative and Executive. The latter three estates help in the proper functioning of the democracy where they complement each other as well as from time to time guide each other. In this regard the role of the media becomes very important in a democracy where the powers are bestowed to the citizens of the country. The citizens choose their representatives who in turn through the government established rules and mechanism see to the functioning of judiciary and executive. Also the executive looks into the functioning of the administration of the country while the judiciary provides the judicial remedies to the citizens and at times guides the government. So in a way all these three estates maintain a check and balance on each other. 2 Graham Meikle, Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet, Routledge, London, 2002. Page 4. Available from: http://www.amazon.in/Future-Active-Media-Activism-Internet/dp/041594322. Accessed on: 30 June 2015 4 Women, Media and Films Women’s Studies Pro-women Media Activism Image Source: http://tribune.com.pk/story/702537/the-fourth-estate-what-were-talking-about-today- was-discussed-in-europe-after-wwii/ But here the question arises, what would happen when all these estates do not perform their duties properly? Who will keep a check on these estates and not to be influenced by it? The answer to these questions is the Media, through its reports and coverage. The media is an independent entity (not referring to state-owned media like Doordarshan, Rajya Sabha TV, Lok Sabha TV, and All India Radio) without the control of government except what is laid down in the constitution and the ethical norms given by different bodies concerning media. Here to the rescue of the media comes Article 19. 1 (A) of the constitution of India which gives immense power and immunity to the media. This article talks about the right to freedom of speech and expression to all the citizens of India, and by that definition the media gets the advantage of this article. Thus, from time to time it brings the activities of the other three estates in front of the public by facilitating debate and discussions as well as reporting the daily events and in- depth investigative reports related to various issues. 5 Women, Media and Films Women’s Studies Pro-women Media Activism Image Source: http://www.slideshare.net/cskinner1/intro-marxgramsci Some of the significant women issues where the media reported stories on a daily basis as well as carried in-depth investigative reports are: Tandoor (Naina Sahni) Case, Shah Bano Case, Shahin Dhadha case, Ishrat Jahan fake encounter case, Irom Chanu Sharmila case, Badaun rape case (2014), Captain Divya Ajith leading first all-women contingent on Republic Day (2015) and Wing Commander Pooja Thakur giving ceremonial guard of honour to President Obama, Delhi, Uber rape case, witch- hunting cases from across India, Sonali Mukherjee case, Lakshmi acid victim case, Aruna Shanbaug’s issue, etc. 6 Women, Media and Films Women’s Studies Pro-women Media Activism 3.4 Media Trial Vs. Media Activism In this section we will discuss the difference between the two. Also the act of media will be analysed from the point of view of whether that act of taking up the women issue is an act of a responsible agent or it is just to garner the TRP. 3.4.1 On many occasions while reporting an issue, media go to the extent of what is called a media trial. This means even when the matter is under the jurisdiction of the court, the media also runs a kind of trial on its channel by bringing experts to talk on the issue. Sometimes its presentation is such that it indicts by implication, the suspect or the culprit even before the court has given its final verdict. Such case was of the Aarushi murder which will be discussed in detail later. 3.4.2 In the era of liberalization and market economy, the media is no longer confined only to social service but has broadened its horizon as a business entity producing and earning profit.