1 City of Pullman 2 Draft ▪ July 2021

3 Comprehensive Plan

4 Charting Our Course to Continued Success

5 Prepared by 6 BERK Consulting 7 8 9 10 11

High tech, higher education, and highest quality of life— come home to stay. 12 Comprehensive Plan Acknowledgments

13 Acknowledgments

Planning Commission 14 City of Pullman 34 35 Dave Gibney ▪ Chair 15 City Council 36 John Anderson ▪ Vice Chair 37 Brent Carper 16 Brandon Chapman ▪ Councilmember, Ward 3 17 Eileen Macoll ▪ Councilmember, At-Large 38 Marcia Gossard 18 Ann Parks ▪ Councilmember, Ward 1 39 Scott Hodge 19 Dan Records ▪ Councilmember, Ward 2, Mayor Pro Tempore 40 Joe O'Callaghan 20 Al Sorensen ▪ Councilmember, Ward 1 41 Bob Olsen 21 Nathan Weller ▪ Councilmember, Ward 2 42 Stephanie Rink 22 Pat Wright ▪ Councilmember, Ward 3 43 Scott Vik

Consultants 23 Executive Management 44 24 Glenn A. Johnson ▪ Mayor BERK Consulting, Inc., 2020-2021 25 Adam Lincoln ▪ City Administrator 45 26 Mike Urban ▪ Finance & Administrative Services DirectorCity 46 Lisa Grueter, AICP ▪ Consultant Project Manager 27 Administrator 47 Kevin Gifford ▪ Analyst, Map Lead 28 Jonna Davis ▪ Finance & Administrative Services Director 48 Jessie Hartmann ▪ Analyst, Design Lead 29 Kevin GardesShawn Kohtz ▪ Public Works Director 49 Jonathan Morales ▪ Analyst 30 Jennifer Hackman ▪ Economic Development Manager 31 Pete DickinsonRJ Lott ▪ Planning Director, City Project 50 David Evans and Associates, Inc., 2018 32 Manager 51 33

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52

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT i Comprehensive Plan Acronyms

53 Acronyms

54 ACS US Census Bureau American Community Survey 80 PCC Rail Palouse River and Coulee City Railroad 55 ADA Americans with Disabilities Act 81 PMRA Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport 56 ADT Average Daily Traffic 82 PUW Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport (FAA Location ID) 57 AMI Area Median Income 83 RCW Revised Code of Washington 58 ARC Airport Reference Code 84 SEA Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (FAA Location ID) 59 BAS Best Available Science 85 SEWEDA Southeast Washington Economic Development 60 BMP Best Management Practice 86 Association 61 DAR Dial-A-Ride 87 SEPA State Environmental Policy Act 62 DUA Dwelling Units per Acre 88 SFCC Spokane Falls Community College 63 EA Environmental Assessment 89 SFPR South Fork Palouse River 64 FAA Federal Aviation Administration 90 SMA Shoreline Management Act 65 FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency 91 SMP Shoreline Master Program 66 FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact 92 SR State Route 67 GMA Growth Management Act 93 SWMP Stormwater Management Program 68 HAMFI HUD Area Median Family Income 94 SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats 69 IPZ Innovation Partnership Zone 95 TAZ Transportation Analysis Zone 70 LOS Level of Service 96 UGA Urban Growth Area 71 mph Miles per Hour 97 UGB Urban Growth Boundary 72 NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 98 USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service 73 NRCS Natural Resource Conservation Service 99 USGS United States Geological Survey 74 NRPA National Recreation and Park Association 100 WA DOR Washington State Department of Revenue 75 OFM Office of Financial Management (State of 101 WSU Washington State University 76 Washington) 102 WSDOT Washington State Department of Transportation 77 PAFC Pullman Aquatic and Fitness Center 103 78 PBAC Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee 79 PCC Pullman City Code

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Comprehensive Plan Contents

104 Contents

105 1 Plan Foundation 1 106 Introduction 3 107 Purpose 3 108 Applicability 4 109 City Government Structure 7 110 Process 7 111 Public Input 7 112 Alternative Scenarios 13 113 Using the Comprehensive Plan 21 114 Organization 21 115 Related Plans 22 116 Amending the Comprehensive Plan 23

117 2 Vision & Framework 25 118 Context 27 119 Vision Statement 28 120 Framework Principles 29

121 3 Land Use 33 122 Introduction 35 123 Conditions & Trends 36 124 Existing Land Use 36

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125 Urban Growth Areas 38 126 Shoreline Master Program 40 127 Critical Areas 42 128 Natural Heritage Conservation 52 129 Economic Development 53 130 Land Use Plan 56 131 Zoning 61 132 Opportunities & Constraints 62 133 Growth & Quality of Life 62 134 Natural Environment 71 135 View, Light, & Glare Conditions 73 136 ADA Accessibility 73 137 Goals & Policies 75 138 Growth & Annexation 76 139 Public Participation 80 140 Neighborhoods 81 141 Residential Uses 82 142 Commercial, Mixed Use, Industrial, & Public Uses 85 143 Washington State University 93 144 Public Health 95 145 Natural Environment 96

146 4 Community Design 105 147 Introduction 107 148 Conditions & Trends 108 149 Regional Setting & Landscape 108 150 Neighborhood Design Context 108

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151 Gateways 114 152 Signage, Wayfinding, & Public Art 115 153 Historic & Cultural Resources 115 154 Opportunities & Constraints 121 155 Goals & Policies 124

156 5 Housing 129 157 Introduction 131 158 Conditions & Trends 132 159 Housing Availability 132 160 Housing Stock Age 133 161 Housing Costs 134 162 Opportunities & Constraints 136 163 Future Housing Supply 136 164 Housing Affordability and Variety 137 165 Infill Development 140 166 Walkability 140 167 Housing Condition Trends 140 168 Goals & Policies 142

169 6 Transportation 149 170 Introduction 151 171 Conditions & Trends 152 172 Streets & Highways 152 173 Transit 155 174 Bicycle & Pedestrian Facilities 156

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175 Pullman-Moscow Airport 161 176 Railroad 162 177 Opportunities & Constraints 165 178 Traffic Trips 165 179 Roadway Network 166 180 Multimodal Transportation 168 181 Pullman-Moscow Airport 169 182 Transit 169 183 Parking 169 184 Traffic Calming 170 185 Bypass 170 186 Bicycle & Pedestrian 171 187 Goals & Policies 173

188 7 Parks & Open Space 183 189 Introduction 185 190 Conditions & Trends 187 191 Existing Facilities & Levels of Service 187 192 General Obligation Bonds No. 1 & No. 2 194 193 Opportunities & Constraints 196 194 Community Cohesion 196 195 Partnerships with Local Organizations 196 196 Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan 197 Recommendations 200 198 Goals & Policies 202

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199 8 Capital Facilities 209 200 Introduction 211 201 Conditions & Trends 214 202 Community Services 214 203 Utilities 221 204 Opportunities & Constraints 226 205 Goals & Policies 228

206 9 Implementation 237 207 Introduction 239 208 Actions 241

209

210 Appendices

211 Appendix A Population, Demographics, & Housing 248 212 Appendix B Developed vs. Vacant Land 267 213 Appendix C Economic Development 271

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214 Exhibits

215

216 Exhibit 1 Pullman Planning Area 6 217 Exhibit 2 Alternative Scenario A 2013 Comprehensive Plan— 218 Preferred 16 219 Exhibit 3 Alternative Scenario Housing Comparison 19 220 Exhibit 4 Alternative Scenario Employment Comparison 20 221 Exhibit 5 Shoreline Environmental Designations, 2020 41 222 Exhibit 6 Wetlands and Floodplains, 2020 43 223 Exhibit 7 NRCS Representative Slopes, 2015 46 224 Exhibit 8 Prime Farmland Soils, 2015 48 225 Exhibit 9 Probability of Moderate Earthquake 50 226 Exhibit 10 Existing Population and Employment and Projected 227 (2060) Population 56 228 Exhibit 11 Land Use Plan Designations 57 229 Exhibit 12 Land Use Plan Map, 2060 60 230 Exhibit 13 Land Use Plan Acres in the City and UGA, 2060 61 231 Exhibit 14 Dwelling Types, 2019 132 232 Exhibit 15 Where Workers in Pullman Live, 2018 135 233 Exhibit 16 Future Housing Needs, 2020-2060 136

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234 Exhibit 17 Pullman Traffic Volumes, 2020 153 235 Exhibit 18 Pullman Roadway Functional Classification, 2020 154 236 Exhibit 19 Pullman Bicycle Network 158 237 Exhibit 20 Pullman Trails and Pathways 159 238 Exhibit 21 Preferred Alternative: Scenario A Modified 2013 239 Comprehensive Plan Trips 165 240 Exhibit 22 Map of Existing Park & Recreation Facilities, 2020 186 241 Exhibit 23 Existing Community Services, 2020 213 242 Exhibit 24 Implementation Actions—Land Use 241 243 Exhibit 25 Implementation Actions—Community Design 242 244 Exhibit 26 Implementation Actions—Housing 243 245 Exhibit 27 Implementation Actions—Transportation 244 246 Exhibit 28 Implementation Actions—Parks & Open Space 246 247 Exhibit 29 Implementation Actions—Capital Facilities 246 248 Exhibit 30 Population Trends, 1890–2019 250 249 Exhibit 31 Rate of Population Growth, 2010-2018 250 250 Exhibit 32 Historic and Projected Population/Enrollment for 251 Whitman County, City of Pullman, and WSU, 2000– 252 2060 251 253 Exhibit 33 Median Age, 2015-2019 252 254 Exhibit 34 City, County, and State Age Profile, 2019 252 255 Exhibit 35 Household Types, 2015-2019 253 256 Exhibit 36 Educational Attainment, 2019 253 257 Exhibit 37 Household Income, 2019 254

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258 Exhibit 38 Housing Tenure Share, 2019 258 259 Exhibit 39 Pullman Urban Area Household and Group Quarter 260 Population, 2019 259 261 Exhibit 40 Share of Population Living in Same House 1 Year 262 Ago, 2019 259 263 Exhibit 41 Vacancy Rate by Tenure, 2018 260 264 Exhibit 42 Housing Stock, 1995-2019 261 265 Exhibit 43 Pullman Building Permits, 2015-2019 262 266 Exhibit 44 Occupied Residential Dwellings, Year Built, 2018 263 267 Exhibit 45 Cost Burden by Tenure, 2017 264 268 Exhibit 46 Rental Units Available by Income Bracket, 2017 265 269 Exhibit 47 Ownership Housing Affordability Analysis 266 270 Exhibit 48 Acres of Developed and Vacant Land, 2020 269 271 Exhibit 49 Top Employers in Pullman, 2021 272 272 Exhibit 50 Civilian Employment by Industry, 2019 274 273 Exhibit 51 Pullman Employment by Occupation, 2010 and 274 2018 275 275 Exhibit 52 Comparison of Employment by Occupation, 2019 275 276 Exhibit 53 City of Pullman Revenue by Fund 276 277 Exhibit 54 Estimated Per Capita Retail Sales Trends, 2010-2018 278 278 Exhibit 55 Construction Industry Percentage of all Taxable 279 Retail Sales, 2010-2018 278 280

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281

282 Plan Foundation

283 Introduction 3 284 Process 7 285 Using the Comprehensive Plan 21 286 Amending the Comprehensive Plan 23

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287

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288 Introduction

289 This chapter describes the purpose and applicability of the plan, the community 290 outreach and engagement process that supported the plan development, the use of 291 the Comprehensive Plan, and how the plan can be amended.

292 Purpose 293 The Pullman Comprehensive Plan prepares the City to face challenges and opportunities 294 today and into the future, reflecting the collective values and vision of the whole Pullman 295 community. The 2020 Comprehensive Plan updates and builds upon the foundation of the

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296 City’s 1999 Comprehensive Plan that in turn was based on plans created in 1961, 1972, and 297 1982. This Comprehensive Plan is designed to: 298 ▪ Serve as the blueprint to guide growth and development within the City for the next 299 forty years 2020-2060. The plan’s vision, goals, and policies guide implementation of 300 the Pullman City Code, particularly Title 17, Zoning Code. 301 ▪ Fulfill planning responsibilities under planning enabling laws at RCW 35A.63 that 302 requires the creation of a land use element and a circulation element as well as 303 defining other municipal responsibilities. 304 ▪ Provide a framework for other planning requirements including critical areas 305 regulations. The City of Pullman is “partially planning” under the Growth 306 Management Act at RCW 36.70A, and is required to review and revise its critical 307 areas ordinance as appropriate to protect and manage wetlands, fish and wildlife 308 habitat conservation areas, flood hazard areas, geologic hazard areas, and critical 309 aquifer recharge areas.

310 Applicability 311 The City of Pullman is located in southeastern Washington, nestled in the rolling hills of the 312 Palouse in eastern Whitman County and surrounded by prime agricultural land 313 producing principally wheat, garbanzo beans, barley, lentils, canola, dry peas, hay, and 314 other legumescrop types. Pullman is located at the confluence of Missouri Flat Creek, Dry 315 Fork Creek, Paradise Creek, and the South Fork of the Palouse River.

316 Pullman acknowledges the early Paluutspuu, Palus, and Nimiipuu, the Indigenous People 317 who used and cared for the lands the city now occupies. According to the Department 318 of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, federally recognized tribes with areas of 319 interest in the Pullman vicinity include the Nez Perce, Colville, Spokane, and Yakama.

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320 The Pullman planning area is depicted in Exhibit 1. The planning area includes the 321 Pullman city limits as well as a defined Urban Growth Area (UGA) within unincorporated 322 Whitman County. The UGA surrounding the City of Pullman would provide for future 323 growth through the 2060 planning horizon.

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324 Exhibit 1 Pullman Planning Area

325 326 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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327 City Government Structure 328 Pullman is a non-chartered code city. The City has a mayor-council form of 329 government, consisting of a mayor and a seven-member city council, who are 330 elected by the citizenscommunity members, and one administrative officer appointed 331 by the mayor. The City’s current form of government was established in 1971, and 332 remains stable and effective.1

333 Process

334 Public Input 335 This plan is based on the results of a community outreach and engagement process 336 including: 337 ▪ Neighborhood Meetings: 2014 338 ▪ Community Meeting on Policies: 2016 339 ▪ Land Use Scenarios: 2017 340 ▪ Planning Commission Meetings: 2017-2021

341 These efforts are described below.

342 Other plans and engagement that have informed this Comprehensive Plan include: 343 ▪ WSU Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan: 2016 344 ▪ Pullman Downtown Plan: 2020-2021

1 Based on City of Pullman, City Council, 2013.

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345 Neighborhood Meetings: 2014 346 In the fall of 2014, the planning department conducted a series of events to initiate the 347 process of engaging local citizens in the formulation of a Comprehensive Plan update. 348 The department conducted four neighborhood meetings in September—one on each of 349 Pullman’s four major hills—to solicit comments from members of the public about our 350 local community: 351 ▪ The first meeting was held at Jefferson Elementary School on Military Hill, where 41 352 citizens participated. 353 ▪ The second meeting was conducted at Sunnyside Elementary School, with 23 354 individuals in attendance. 355 ▪ The third meeting occurred at Lincoln Middle School on Pioneer Hill, with an 356 audience of 33 people. 357 ▪ The last meeting was held at the Community Congregational Church on College Hill, 358 where 31 people took part in the proceedings.

359 Planning Commission members volunteered their time to assist planning staff in 360 moderating each of the sessions.

361 At each meeting, participants rated the overall quality of life in Pullman, discussed the 362 city’s virtues and problems, offered input on a specific set of community features, and 363 expressed their ideas for improving Pullman in the future. The positive attributes most 364 often noted by citizens were the presence of WSU with its resources and cultural 365 amenities, our small town atmosphere, the K-12 school system, public safety, city services, 366 and local parks and trails. The challenges commonly mentioned were traffic volume and 367 speed, lack of retail services and restaurants, limitations on public services due to funding 368 constraints, lack of community engagement, WSU student behavior issues, availability of 369 parking (particularly on College Hill), and property/housing conditions.

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370 Since WSU students were underrepresented at these neighborhood meetings, planning 371 department staff visited the university campus in October and November to meet with 372 officials from the Associated Students of Washington State University (ASWSU) about the 373 Comprehensive Plan revision. At these sessions, staff explained the plan revision process 374 and asked ASWSU senators and executive officers for their input regarding the status of the 375 Pullman community and suggestions for improvement. In all, 37 students participated in the 376 activities. The major points of emphasis expressed by the ASWSU students were that: 377 ▪ Pullman should continue to broaden its commercial sector with more retail stores, 378 restaurants, and entertainment establishments. 379 ▪ The City should explore a multitude of transportation initiatives, including an 380 expanded transit system, ride-share programs, additional pathways, and wider, well- 381 maintained roads with safe crosswalks. 382 ▪ The community should ensure a good supply of high quality housing and provide a 383 wide variety of housing options. 384 ▪ WSU should continue to have a strong presence in the area, but the community 385 should create a more diversified economy to offer more local career opportunities.

386 In addition to these neighborhood and on-campus meetings, the Planning Commission 387 held two public forums—one each in October and November—to hear from the public 388 about any and all issues related to the Comprehensive Plan. Approximately 30 people 389 attended these sessions to offer their remarks. The most notable suggestions presented 390 by citizens at these forums were to: 391 ▪ Make pedestrian/bicycle transportation an integral part of the Comprehensive Plan 392 revision. 393 ▪ Recognize the significance of rental housing in the preparation of the new 394 Comprehensive Plan and develop policies that would expand housing choices, allow 395 for new construction in established neighborhoods, and promote high residential 396 densities in areas close to the WSU campus.

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397 ▪ Reinforce much of the vision expressed in the existing Comprehensive Plan (e.g., 398 protect historic resources and preserve a high quality of life in residential 399 neighborhoods). 400 ▪ Provide commercial services, parks, and other community facilities to complement 401 areas primarily occupied by housing, such as the series of apartment complexes in 402 the northeast part of town, or the burgeoning subdivisions in the vicinity of Old 403 Wawawai Road. 404 ▪ Explore ways to Rreinvigorate the downtown, including direct action to resolve the 405 issue of derelict buildings.

406 Those speaking at the forums also expressed appreciation for the variety of citizen 407 participation activities conducted by the planning department for the Comprehensive 408 Plan update because the City had shown that it is open to new ideas for the 409 community’s future.

410 Community Meeting on Policies: 2016 411 On May 5, 2016, the planning department conducted a community workshop to receive 412 public input on a set of preliminary policies prepared for the Comprehensive Plan 413 update. A total of 25 people attended the session, including several Planning 414 Commission and City Council members.

415 At the outset of the meeting, attendees were asked to identify the location of their home 416 on a city map. The completed map showed a wide geographic distribution of 417 participants. All four of Pullman’s major hills were represented, and some folks who lived 418 just outside of town came to the meeting.

419 For the session, planning staff provided a summary of the draft policies, consisting of a 420 mix of provisions from the 1999 Comprehensive Plan (as updated in 2013) and new 421 objectives based primarily on public feedback obtained at community meetings in the

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422 recent past. The discussion of these preliminary policies was organized under the 423 following topic areas: Land Use, Community Design, Housing, Transportation, Parks and 424 Open Space, and Capital Facilities and Infrastructure. Planning staff also read a 425 proposed vision statement for the future of this community.

426 During the workshop, planning staff asked the citizens in attendance to provide written 427 and verbal remarks on the proposed policies and vision statement. The most prevalent 428 public comments voiced at this session involved: 429 ▪ Implementing a southern bypass route to keep truck traffic out of the downtown and 430 facilitate other desirable actions in the community (e.g., converting Main Street to a 431 more pedestrian friendly atmosphere), including implementation of Complete 432 Streets. . 433 ▪ Promoting the establishment of ring roads in the city (e.g., Golden Hills Drive). 434 ▪ Employing a shuttle service through College Hill, WSU, and downtown for 435 residentscommunity members and employees to help mitigate parking impacts. 436 ▪ Promoting pedestrian/bicycle transportation throughout the city. 437 ▪ Emphasizing self-sufficient residential neighborhoods that include commercial 438 services and other community amenities. 439 ▪ Increasing housing density on College Hill given its location adjacent to the WSU 440 campus. 441 ▪ Implementing design standards for new construction on College Hill. 442 ▪ Consideration of a rental housing registry or ordinance that holds owners responsible 443 for the condition of their property. 444 ▪ Ensuring the protection of local historic resources. 445 ▪ Emphasizing sustainability concepts in the City’s vision statement.

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446 In the months following this workshop, the planning department coordinated with the 447 Planning Commission to refine the proposed policies and vision statement based on the 448 input received.

449 Land Use Scenario Open Houses: 2017 450 The City held three open houses focused on land use scenarios to support the Land Use 451 Element and coordinate with other Plan Elements during the week of April 24 to 27, 2017: 452 ▪ City Hall on Monday, April 24 453 ▪ WSU Visitor Center on Tuesday, April 25 454 ▪ Gladish Community Center on Thursday, April 27

455 Advertising for the sessions included working with local media to develop news stories, 456 posting a notice on the City’s website, incorporating announcements in the planning 457 department newsletter, and mailing a flyer to the City’s list of 300 local individuals and 458 organizations. A total of 145 people visited the sessions.

459 The following materials were available at each open house: 460 ▪ Seven poster displays illustrating the three land use scenarios, the three 461 corresponding traffic volume maps, and a table comparing the three scenarios; 462 ▪ Comment forms; 463 ▪ Land Use Scenarios Technical Memorandum; and 464 ▪ Project schedule.

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465 Planning Commission: 2017-20182021 466 Based on public input gathered at the neighborhood meetings, community meeting on 467 policies, and land use scenario open houses, the Planning Commission at its June 28, 468 2017 meeting directed City staff on the basic elements of a preferred land use plan draft.

469 On February 28, 2018, City staff members presented the Existing Conditions and Future 470 Forecast Technical Memorandum, Land Use Scenarios Technical Memorandum, and 471 Transportation Technical Memorandum to the Planning Commission. Approximately 10 472 members of the public attended.

473 In 2021, the Planning Commission held monthly meetings and took public comments 474 regarding the Draft Comprehensive Plan, and held a public hearing. The plan policies 475 were shaped through the engagement.

476 Alternative Scenarios 477 For the open houses held in April of 2017, the City of Pullman staff developed three 478 preliminary alternative land use scenarios that address issues identified in an Existing 479 Conditions and Future Forecast. The three alternatives were meant to be consistent with 480 the policies and vision refined during the workshop: one scenario left the 2013 481 comprehensive plan designations substantially unchanged, and two substantially 482 change the focus of growth.

483 Alternative Scenario A 2013 Comprehensive Plan—Preferred 484 This scenario would provide areas for growth outside the city limits, within the existing 485 Urban Growth Area (UGA). New development would occur within the UGA in order to 486 preserve the prime agricultural land surrounding the City. This alternative was selected as

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487 a Preferred Alternative and the basis for the Future Land Use Plan in the Land Use 488 Element. See Exhibit 2. Highlights of the alternative and public discussion follow. 489 ▪ Housing: This alternative would encourage development of housing at lower densities 490 and less intensive commercial and industrial development compared to Scenarios B 491 and C. Most land within the UGA would be designated low-density residential, 492 devoted to single-family homes on larger lots. This dispersed residential pattern would 493 occur at the north, west, and southeast outskirts of the city, creating a transition 494 between the existing higher-density core and the rural farmland outside the city. 495 However, there would be two areas of high-density residential: north of Valley Road 496 on College Hill and west of the WSU campus, and at the southeast city limits south of 497 State Route (SR) 270. 498 ▪ Mixed Use: This alternative would include a new mixed-use designation, which would 499 allow housing as well as commercial. Locations for this designation would include the 500 areas along SR 270 from the junction with SR 195 eastward, on Old Wawawai Road 501 east of SR 194, NE Terre View Drive at NE Merman Drive, NE Stadium Way at NE Valley 502 Road, and NE Colorado Street at NE B Street. 503 ▪ Commercial: Commercial development would continue to be focused along SR 27 504 and SR 270, along SE Bishop Boulevard on Pioneer Hill and at the junction of SR 194 505 and SR 195, but it would be much expanded between SR 270 and the airport. 506 ▪ Industrial: Industrial designations would remain on NW Park Street/NW Guy Street 507 along the South Fork of the Palouse River; in the vicinity of the industrial park at the 508 north edge of the city, east of SR 27; along Albion Road, west of SR 27; along SR 270, 509 at the south edge of College Hill; and at the southwest limit of the UGA, along SR 27. 510 ▪ Transportation: Although Alternative Scenario A would be the most similar to current 511 traffic patterns, it would also add additional traffic to Old Wawawai Road, N Fairway 512 Road, Stadium Way and the two highways bisecting town.

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513 Discussions during the public open houses, and the Pullman Planning Commission 514 meetings described under Public Input, identified Alternative Scenario A as the preferred. 515 Opinion favored retaining the 2013 land use plan to reflect changed conditions with 516 these directions: 517 ▪ Retain the boundaries of the existing UGA, as the overall size of the city’s UGA still 518 meets the needs of the city’s steady rate of growth. 519 ▪ Within the UGA, enable compact development. 520 ▪ Add more high-density residential within the existing UGA boundaries. 521 ▪ Convert land use designations at the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport and its 522 environs to industrial. 523 ▪ In order to enable residential neighborhoods to be self-sufficient with nearby 524 commercial, parks, and schools, review opportunities to expand the new mixed-use 525 designation that would allow for commercial as well as residential development. 526 ▪ Ensure that transportation and land use are linked, particularly with respect to the 527 existing and proposed ring routes and (southern) bypass routes.

528 Alternative Scenario A was modified to include these refinements and is integrated into 529 this Comprehensive Plan in the Land Use Element. 530

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531 Exhibit 2 Alternative Scenario A 2013 Comprehensive Plan—Preferred

532 533 Source: City of Pullman, 2017.

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534 Alternative Scenario B Compact Higher Density 535 This scenario would center around a compact, high-density center with decreasing 536 density outward, but within the existing UGA. Scenario B would provide less low-density 537 residential than Scenarios A or C. Under Scenario B, commercial areas would be more 538 concentrated than under Scenario A. Industrial areas would be expanded beyond the 539 north city limits and along SR 27 and SR 270 in the south. Alternative B would balance the 540 traffic within the city better than Alternative Scenario A or C, but would add decidedly 541 more traffic on Stadium Way south of Fairway Road than A or C.

542 Alternative Scenario C Pullman-Moscow Corridor 543 The Pullman-Moscow corridor is along SR 270, which connects the two cities. The purpose 544 of Scenario C is to enable corridor growth that would foster a stronger link between the 545 two cities and especially between Washington State University (WSU), the largest 546 employer in Whitman County, and University of Idaho in Moscow, the largest employer in 547 Latah County.

548 In terms of growth relative to city limits, Scenario C is between Scenario A, which directs 549 some growth outside of the city limits, and Scenario B, which limits growth to almost 550 entirely within the city limits. Scenario C allows for much more commercial, industrial, and 551 medium-density residential growth than Scenarios A and B, and it would be mostly along 552 the highway corridors.

553 Alternative C would add the most traffic to College Hill on N Fairway Road, Stadium Way, 554 Grimes Way, and Airport Road, compared to Alternative Scenarios A and B.

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555 Alternative Growth Comparisons 556 For each alternative, growth was calculated and evaluted in terms of transportation 557 effects. The Comprehensive Plan is designed to carry forward the Preferred Alternative. It 558 contains capacity for 36,818 dwellings and 30,683 jobs.

559 All three scenarios would be expected to more than meet the projected housing need in 560 2035 and 2060. Alternative Scenario A would provide one-third more total housing units 561 than Scenario B and one-sixth more than Scenario C. The housing would more than 562 accommodate a future target population of 46,000 with 20% in group housing. See 563 Exhibit 3. 564

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565 Exhibit 3 Alternative Scenario Housing Comparison

Scenario A: 2013 Scenario B: Scenario C: Comprehensive Compact Higher Pullman-Moscow Plan—Preferred Density Corridor

Low residential (R1, RT, R2) Gross acres 8,124 1,574 1,954 Net acres (80% of gross) 6,499 1,259 1,563 Assumed density (DUA) 3 4 4 Units 19,498 5,037 6,253

Medium residential (R3) Gross acres 0 474 1,317 Net acres (80% of gross) 0 379 1,053 Assumed density (DUA) 6 12 10 Units 0 4,551 10,534

High residential (R4) Gross acres 1,924 1,021 1,160 Net acres (75% of gross) 1,443 765 870 Assumed density (DUA) 12 20 16 Units 17,320 15,308 13,923 Total units 36,818 24,895 30,710 566 Source: City of Pullman GIS, 2016.

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567 The three scenarios would accommodate jobs nearly in balance with housing. The 568 Preferred Alternative would accommodate the most jobs. See Exhibit 4.

569 Exhibit 4 Alternative Scenario Employment Comparison

Scenario A: 2013 Scenario B: Scenario C: Comprehensive Compact Higher Pullman-Moscow Plan—Preferred Density Corridor

Commercial (C1, C2, C3) Acres1 3,467 741 1,049 Assumed density 8 jobs/acre 16 jobs/acre 12 jobs/acre Jobs 27,739 11,863 12,589 Industrial (I1, I2, IRP) Acres1 736 1,104 1,841 Assumed density 4 jobs/acre 12 jobs/acre 8 jobs/acre Jobs 2,945 13,246 14,724 Total acres 4,203 1,845 2,890 Total jobs 30,683 25,108 27,313 570 Source: 1 City of Pullman GIS, 2016.

571 Each Element of the Comprehensive Plan supports the Land Use Plan that is designed to 572 accommodate the Preferred Alternative housing and job targets. For example, public 573 services and capital facilities are planned to support the demand for service and 574 infrastructure needs to support current and new residentscommunity members and 575 businesses.

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576 Using the Comprehensive Plan

577 Organization 578 This Plan is organized into Elements or Chapters. Following this Plan Foundation, the Vision Goals and Policies 579 and Framework envision a future and provide a set of guiding principles in framework 580 goals carried throughout the Comprehensive Plan. Other elements are topic-specific Framework Principle: Framework 581 such as Land Use, Community Design, Housing, Transportation, Parks and Open Space, principles are an extension of a vision 582 and Capital Facilities. Within each element is a summary of conditions and trends, and form the foundation for the goals and policies contained in other 583 opportunities and constraints, and goals and policies. The plan concludes with a elements of the Comprehensive Plan. 584 summary of actions to implement the plan. Goal: A goal is a direction-setter. It is 585 Plan Foundation a general expression of community values and, it is abstract in nature. A 586 Vision & Framework goal is generally not quantifiable, 587 Land Use time-dependent, or suggestive of specific actions for its achievement. 588 Community Design Policy: A policy is based on a 589 Housing comprehensive plan’s goals and is a specific statement that guides 590 Transportation decision-making. It indicates a clear 591 Parks & Open Space commitment of the local legislative body. A policy is put into effect 592 Capital Facilities through implementation measures 593 Implementation such as zoning, land division, and environmental ordinances, as well as 594 Appendix A provides information on community demographics and housing, Appendix B the provision of financial resources and community programs. 595 provides a summary of developed and vacant land, and Appendix C provides 596 information on existing economic conditions.

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597

598 Related Plans 599 The following related plans address particular geographic areas or systems important to 600 the Pullman quality of life, and are considered a part of this document and hereby 601 incorporated by reference, as they may be amended over time: 602 ▪ College Hill Core Neighborhood Plan 603 ▪ Downtown Master Plan 604 ▪ Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan

605 In addition, this plan has been informed by other entities that plan for the physical form 606 of Pullman, including, but not limited to: 607 ▪ WSU Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan

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608 Amending the

609 Comprehensive Plan

610 Pullman’s Comprehensive Plan is an evolving document and will be 611 periodically reviewed and revised during the 2020-2060 planning 612 period as better information becomes available and public 613 attitudes, development technologies, economic forces, and 614 legislative policy change over time.

615 The Plan may be amended after proposed changes are considered 616 and recommended by the Planning Commission and considered 617 and approved by the City Council.

618 Whenever the plan is amended it is important to verify that it is 619 consistent with applicable statutes, and is “internally consistent” 620 among the elements. Development regulations should also be consistent with and 621 implement the comprehensive plan.

622

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623

624 Vision & 625 Framework

626 Context 27 627 Vision Statement 28 628 Framework Principles 29

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629

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630 Context

631 The vision statement represents the community’s core values and principles and should 632 align with the City’s value statements. The City’s mission statement is “to provide the 633 highest quality of life through essential infrastructure, public safety, recreation, and 634 welcoming growth within the constraints of fiscally responsible government.” The City’s 635 motto is “High tech, higher education, and highest quality of life—come home to stay.”

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636 Vision Statement

637 Pullman is an innovative education - and agricultural -center in the heart of the Palouse. 638 The Our rolling hills are home to a unique offering of small-town comforts and big-city 639 amenities, including well-maintained affordable housing for all incomes, a thriving 640 economy, living-wage employment, accessible transportation, ample infrastructure and 641 public services, and a valued natural environment. Pullman has a sustainable economy 642 with a university and high-technology companies providing transformational education, 643 research, and products. Pullman will develop and implement policies consistent with the 644 best climate science available to both minimize anthropogenic climate change and 645 reduce its impact. Residents Community members enjoy a high quality of life sustained 646 by anour enduring sense of place and community pride.

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647 Framework Principles

648 Our community is characterized by our…

649 Defined and welcoming sense of place. 650 Population growth is slow and new growth is cohesive with existing neighborhoods. 651 Pullman Our city is compact with a well-defined urban planning area/rural interface. 652 Whenever possible, Ddevelopment is focused occurs within city bounds to reduce sprawl 653 and conserve the city’s ambient views. Agricultural land is preserved to the greatest 654 extent possible.

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655 Abundant variety of quality and affordable housing for all. 656 Residential neighborhoods are clean, attractive, and comfortable. Dwellings are 657 structurally sound and well-maintained by owners, tenants, and landlords. An abundant 658 supply of good quality, affordable housing is available to all current and prospective 659 residentscommunity members, regardless of their age, race, ethnicity, sexual 660 orientation, physical abilities, or socio-economic status. People live near their regular 661 destinations, including school, work, or commercial services, and are within walking 662 distance of basic commercial services, transit stops, and parks. Historic places in the 663 community are preserved.

664 Diverse and thriving economy. 665 Pullman has a diverse economic base. Local businesses thrive and meet 666 residentscommunity members’ needs for goods and services. The downtown is 667 recognized as the heart of the community – with continued investment and 668 implementation of downtown plan strategies, it is busy, vibrant, attractive, fun, and 669 safe. Commercial facilities and small-scale businesses outside the downtown area are 670 clustered in locations convenient to surrounding neighborhood residentscommunity 671 members. Small, clean industries – many of which are research-oriented – thrive in 672 appropriate locations throughout the city.

673 Employment is readily available to those seeking local jobs. Education and training are 674 available locally to provide residentscommunity members with the skills they need to 675 gain, keep, or create living-wage jobs. Low-impact cottage industries and home 676 occupations flourish. 677

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678 Accessible transportation choices. 679 Residents Community members use a variety of means to travel safely and comfortably 680 in and around the city: walking, bicycling, mass transit, taxi, ridesharetrain, and motor 681 vehicle. Paths, sidewalks, and bikeways link residents households to with all major 682 destination in the city. The city transit service is convenient, affordable, safe, and 683 heavily used. Except for an occasional "rush minute," motor vehicle traffic is light and 684 flow is smooth. Sufficient and attractive parking is available in downtown, on the WSU 685 campus, and throughout the city. Efficient and affordable regional transportation for 686 both private and commercial use is available and includes highways, county roads, 687 multi-use trails, transit service, passenger and freight railroad service, and aircraft.

688 Sufficient infrastructure and public services. 689 There is adequate and appropriate infrastructure (e.g., water, sewer, transportation, 690 telecommunications) to protect public health and the environment and to ensure that 691 development achieves the desired urban form. Cost-effective and efficient public 692 services and facilities are used throughout the city by residentscommunity members 693 seeking to interact, learn, create, socialize, recreate, stay healthy, and celebrate 694 community achievements. Day or night, people feel extremely safe and are well 695 protected by local police and fire. Parks are beautiful and well-maintained gathering 696 places. Open space is provided through a network of multi-use paths, greenways, parks, 697 and private land held in trust.

698 The community values education at all age levels and is a showcase for other college 699 communities; Pullman schools empower students to achieve academic excellence and 700 Washington State University is a thriving educational center that offers learning 701 opportunities for individuals across the state and around the world. The public library is a 702 focal point for learning and education.

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703 Healthy and valued natural environment. 704 Natural resources are highly valued, cared for, and protected. The air is clean and 705 healthy, trees are a prominent part of the cityscape, streams and shorelines are clear, 706 water and energy use are efficient, and native vegetation and wildlife are abundant. 707 Development conserves and complements the natural features of the area.

708 Long-term sustainability. 709 Pullman is characterized by community membersresidents, businesses, visitors, 710 landownerscommuters, landowners, and government officials committed to the long- 711 term health and stability of our community, its residentspeople, and the environment 712 that sustains them. No decision is made without full consideration of its long-term 713 effect on the community and environment. In this way, the high quality of life our 714 community members itizens enjoy is maintained for future generations.

715

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716

717 Land Use

718 Introduction 35 719 Conditions & Trends 36 720 Opportunities & Constraints 62 721 Goals & Policies 75

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 33 Comprehensive Plan Land Use

722

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723 Introduction The Land Use Element supports the Vision Statement by establishing policies that promote a high quality of life through wise 724 Land use influences many aspects of community health and vitality, and is the basis for growth with supporting infrastructure, housing and economic opportunity, and 725 establishing zoning which determines where people can live, work, shop, or recreate. This protections for the natural environment 726 element inventories the location, distribution, and extent of land uses and environmental (including critical areas). 727 resources within the city, and establishes goals and policies to guide development of the This element directly supports all of the 728 desired land use pattern to support future growth. Policies support new development Framework Principles. 729 within the UGA in order to preserve the prime agricultural land surrounding the city, as 730 well as protection and enhancement of natural and historic resources.

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731 Conditions & Trends

732 Existing Land Use 733 Pullman is divided into four distinct quadrants or hillsneighborhoods largely defined by 734 the city’s natural topography. The urban core of the city developed around the 735 confluence of Dry Fork Creek and Missouri Flat Creek along the banks of the South Fork of 736 the Palouse River (SFPR), and the valleys formed by these streams demarcate the four 737 major hills in the community: Pioneer Hill, Sunnyside Hill, Military Hill, and College Hill (see 738 Exhibit 1 on page 5 6 in the Plan Foundation).

739 Downtown 740 Downtown Pullman is a beautiful and well preserved American west town center with a 741 distinct topography. It represents the heart of the community, centered around the 742 juncture of waterways and the intersection of Grand Avenue (SR 27) and Main Street (SR 743 270). Downtown is approximately 25 acres in size and characterized by its historic 744 buildings, walkable street grid, and engaged business community. Commercial areas 745 extend linearly outward from the downtown along N Grand Avenue, S Grand Avenue, 746 and E Main Street.

747 Pioneer Hill 748 Pioneer Hill, located in the southeast quadrant of the city, contains an established 749 residential neighborhood within walking distance to downtown and WSU. It is home to 750 several parks, as well as an elementary and middle school, and is ringed by the 751 aforementioned commercial areas along S Grand Avenue and E Main Street, as well as

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752 a sizable business district situated on either side of Bishop Boulevard. The Pullman 753 Regional Hospital is located within this business district.

754 Sunnyside Hill 755 Sunnyside Hill, located in the southwest quadrant of the City, is a primarily residential 756 neighborhood interspersed with several parks and an elementary school. Much of 757 Sunnyside Hill is also within walking distance to the downtown. In recent years, the vast 758 majority of the city’s new single family homes have been built on this hill.

759 Military Hill 760 Military Hill, located in the northwest portion of the city, is occupied by housing, 761 commercial and industrial facilities, several parks, and an aquatics center, as well as two 762 elementary schools and the high school. It is within walking distance of downtown 763 and/or the N Grand Avenue commercial area.

764 College Hill 765 College Hill, located in the northeast section of town, is home to the WSU campus, a 766 wide variety of housing, small pockets of commercial development, light industrial uses, 767 and the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport. The WSU property is roughly 27% of the total 768 acreage within the city. Much of College Hill is easily accessible by foot to the downtown 769 and WSU facilities. Given its diversity, College Hill is divided into threetwo distinct sections: 770 ▪ The College Hill Core area is bordered by N Grand Avenue, E Main Street, and 771 Stadium Way (excluding the WSU campus), and contains a mix of low and high- 772 density residential development, fraternity and sorority houses, several small 773 neighborhood commercial areas, and three parks. The northwest part of College Hill 774 Core is listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.

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775 ▪ The McGee area is bordered by Stadium Way, Valley Road, and Orchard Drive, and 776 is comprised primarily of single-family residences built between the 1940’s and the 777 1970’s that surround the centrally located McGee Park. The north side of the Stadium 778 Way corridor also contains several churches, childcare, and health facilities. 779 ▪ The College Hill North area, which consists of that part of College Hill not included in 780 the College Hill Core, McGee area, or WSU campus, is occupied primarily by 781 apartment complexes. Most of the high density residential development in the 782 community occurs here. It also contains the Port of Whitman County Industrial Park, 783 the WSU Research and Technology Park, and the airport. A number of high tech 784 industries, including Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, operate facilities in this part 785 of town.

786 Vacant Land 787 As of 2020, there are approximately 2,200 acres of vacant land in Pullman, with 788 approximately half in low-density residential and one-fifth in high-density residential land 789 use designations. Most of the low-density vacant residential is in Military Hill and Sunnyside 790 Hill; most of the vacant high-density residential is in College Hill to accommodate WSU 791 housing. Most of the vacant industrial land is clustered in the north, near SR 27, and close 792 to the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport and the Pullman-Moscow corridor. Vacant 793 commercial land is scattered throughout the city, but the most substantial portion of 794 vacant land is in the south end.

795 Urban Growth Areas 796 The City of Pullman’s urban growth area (the UGA) desiginates land supply for new 797 development until 2060. Directing new growth to urban areas allows for more efficient 798 and predictable provision of adequate public facilities, promotes orderly transition of

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799 governance for urban areas, reduces development pressure on rural lands, and 800 encourages redevelopment of existing urban areas.

801 The existing UGA, shown in Exhibit 1 Exhibit 1 on page 66, meets the needs of the city’s 802 projected growth. Planned growth extends in every direction, but mainly to the west and 803 south of current city limits.

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804 Shoreline Master Program SMP Environmental Designations

805 Washington’s Shoreline Management Act (SMA; RCW 90.58) was High Intensity: The purpose of the High Intensity environment is to 806 passed by the State Legislature in 1971 and adopted by the public in provide for high-intensity water-oriented commercial, transportation, and industrial uses while protecting existing 807 a referendum in response to growing concern about damage being ecological functions and restoring ecological functions in areas 808 done to Washington shorelines due to unplanned and uncoordinated that have been previously degraded. Nonwater-oriented uses 809 development. The goals of the SMA are to protect shoreline resources may be allowed as part of mixed-use developments, in areas of traditional non-water-oriented uses (such as retail and similar uses 810 while providing opportunities for appropriate use and public access in in the downtown area), and in limited situations where they do 811 and around the shorelines. In 2014 and 2015, Whitman County and not conflict with opportunities for water-oriented uses or on sites 812 local cities went through a shoreline planning process. Pullman’s where there is no direct access to the shoreline. 813 Shoreline Master Program Update was adopted by the City Council Shoreline Residential: The purpose of the Shoreline Residential 814 early in 2016, and became effective in March of 2017. environment is to accommodate residential development and appurtenant structures that are consistent with the SMP, and to 815 The program update guides shoreline activities to prioritize provide appropriate public access and recreational uses. The designation is assigned to areas that are predominantly single- 816 environmental conservation of shoreline land. The minimum criteria family or multi-family residential development or are planned and 817 for a shoreline subject to regulation under the SMA is defined as land platted for residential development. 818 surrounding a stream whose mean annual flow is at least 20 cubic Shoreline Parks: The purpose of the Shoreline Parks environment is 819 feet per second and a lake whose area is greater than 20 acres. The to protect ecological functions of open space, floodplain, and other sensitive public or protected lands. This designation is also 820 South Fork of the Palouse River that runs through downtown Pullman intended to conserve existing natural resources and valuable 821 is the only water body within the city limits that meets these criteria. historic and cultural areas while allowing a variety of compatible 822 Of the shoreline land of the SFPR, the study found that 56% qualified uses, and to ensure appropriate management and development of existing and future public parks and recreation areas. 823 as high intensity, 25% shoreline residential, and 19% shoreline parks.2 824 Exhibit 5 shows these designations along the river. Each category Aquatic: The purpose of the Aquatic environment is to protect, restore, and manage the unique characteristics and resources of 825 regulates specific land uses differently and institutes a permitting the areas waterward of the ordinary high-water mark of the South 826 system for some activities that have potential to affect the health of Fork of the Palouse River. This environment designation is assigned 827 the waterway. only to those areas below the ordinary high-water mark.

2 City of Pullman, City of Pullman Shoreline Master Program Update Executive Summary, March 2016.

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828 Exhibit 5 Shoreline Environmental Designations, 2020

829 830 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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831 Critical Areas 832 The City of Pullman is required under the Growth Management Act (GMA) to designate 833 and protect critical areas, including a review of the best available science on the 834 function and values of critical areas. Pullman has a critical areas ordinance (CAO), 835 codified in PCC 16.50, to designate and protect critical areas and ensure no net loss of 836 the functions and values of critical areas and their buffers.

837 Pullman’s CAO regulates wetlands, critical aquifer recharge areas, frequently flooded 838 areas, geologically hazardous areas, and fish and wildlife conservation areas.

839 Wetlands 840 National Wetlands Inventory wetlands and other aquatic habitats may be subject to 841 regulation under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act or other state or federal statutes. 842 Within Pullman, the US Fish and Wildlife survey has identified 23 acres of freshwater 843 emergent land, 3 acres of forested/shrub freshwater wetlands and 7 acres of freshwater 844 ponds.3 Development affecting these areas is subject to regulation. Exhibit 6 shows the 845 wetland areas along the waterways and scattered in all four quadrants.

3 USFWS, IPaC Trust Resource Report, 2017.

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846 Exhibit 6 Wetlands and Floodplains, 2020

847 848 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 2021.

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849 Critical Aquifer Recharge Areas 850 Critical aquifer recharge areas (CARAs) are areas with a critical recharging effect Grande Ronde Aquifer 851 on aquifers used for potable water.4 CARAs have prevailing geologic conditions 852 associated with infiltration rates that create a high potential for contamination of The Grande Ronde Aquifer, a part of the 853 ground water resources or contribute significantly to the replenishment of ground Columbia Basin Basalt Aquifer system, is 854 water. The City’s CAO addresses CARAs and designates them as follows: the sole source of Pullman’s municipal water. The Aquifer is one of two aquifer 855 ▪ Wellhead protection areas are defined by the boundaries of the 10 year time of systems that make up Water Resource 856 ground water travel (or boundaries established using alternate criteria approved Inventory Area (WRIA) 34, known as the Palouse Basin. WSU’s water system is also 857 by the Department of Health in those settings where ground water time of travel derived from the Grande Ronde Aquifer, 858 is not a reasonable delineation criterion). as is most of the municipal water for the 859 ▪ Special protection areas include all areas for which perennial surface water (i.e., neighboring City of Moscow and University of Idaho (the rest is pumped from the 860 Paradise Creek and portions of the South Fork Palouse River and Missouri Flat Wanapum Aquifer in the same basalt 861 Creek) are in direct or near contact with outcroppings of either the Wanapum or deposit system). 862 Grande Ronde basalts.5

863 The protection of CARAs is important because Pullman’s municipal water supply is 864 derived exclusively from the Grande Ronde Aquifer. See Chapter 8, Capital Facilities for 865 further discussion of the Grande Ronde Aquifer, the Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee, 866 and the Palouse Ground Water Management Plan.

4 WAC 365-190-030(3). 5 Pullman City Code 16.50.300. All areas within the city meeting the definition of critical aquifer recharge areas, regardless of any formal identification, are designated critical areas and are subject to the provisions of PCC 16.50, with the exception of areas under the jurisdiction of the city’s Shoreline Master Program, codified as Chapter 16.55.

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867 Frequently Flooded Areas 868 The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) conducts flood insurance studies 869 to identify a community’s flood risk. Hydraulic analyses, statistical data for river and 870 stream flows, and rainfall and topographic surveys are used in the study. This information 871 is then used by FEMA to create the flood hazard maps for an area. Floodplains (areas 872 that may experience frequent flooding or are affected by severe storm events) are 873 shown as high-risk areas on the FEMA flood hazard maps. The last FEMA flood hazard 874 map for the Pullman area was prepared in 1981. FEMA is currently updating these maps. 875 The Pullman City Code also addresses development within the floodplain in Chapter 876 17.100. Exhibit 6 shows floodplains and wetlands within Pullman. Designated 100-year 877 floodplains are along the SFPR, Missouri Flat Creek, Dry Fork Creek, Paradise Creek, and 878 Airport Road Creek.

879 Geologically Hazardous Areas

880 Steep Slopes 881 According to data from the United States Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resource 882 Conservation Service (NRCS), most of the land within Pullman falls within the range of 16– 883 30% slopes (82% of land). Approximately 5% of land in the planning area is greater than 884 30% slope. Only 14% falls within the 0–5% slope range, and those areas primarily follow the 885 contours of Missouri Flat Creek, Dry Fork Creek, Paradise Creek, and the South Fork of the 886 Palouse River, and are thus subject to periodic flooding. Exhibit 7 depicts the slope 887 gradient in the Pullman planning area.6

6 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey, 2015.

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888 Exhibit 7 NRCS Representative Slopes, 2015

889 890 Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey, 2015; BERK, 20210.

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891 Soils 892 Whitman County and the rolling hills of the Palouse are well known for their agricultural 893 soils, and agriculture is the major economic engine for the county outside of Pullman. 894 Even within the Pullman planning area, 80% of land is considered farmland of statewide 895 importance, 3% of the land is considered prime farmland, and 10% is prime farmland if 896 well drained (based on soil type). Only 6% of the land in the planning area is considered 897 “not prime farmland” by the NRCS. Exhibit 8 maps the location of the Prime Farmland 898 Soils within the Pullman planning area.7

899 Within the city, the Thatuna Soil Series – consisting of the Thatuna Silt Loams on slopes of 900 7-25% and 25-40% and the Thatuna-Tilma Silt Loams on slopes of 7-25% – have potentially 901 severe erosion hazard.8 Thatuna soils are a fine, silty loam located on dominantly north- 902 facing slopes and other slopes that receive runoff from higher lying areas or additional 903 moisture from snow drifts.9

904 Some additional soil types in the city present potential limitations to building 905 development because of severe risk of flooding/wetness, slope, shrink-swell, low-strength, 906 or depth to rock. These landslide hazard areas are detailed in the City’s Critical Areas 907 Ordinance (see PCC 16.50, Table 16.50.7) and critical area map.

7 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey, 2015. 8 PCC 16.50.410. 9 USDA Natural Resources Conservation Services, Thatuna Series Description, 2016 (available at https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/THATUNA.html).

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908 Exhibit 8 Prime Farmland Soils, 2015

909 910 Source: USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Soil Survey, 2015; BERK, 20210.

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911 Seismic Zones & Risk Categories 912 Pullman has a moderate earthquake risk. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) 913 earthquake hazards database shows a small probability (between 0.12 and 0.15) of a 914 moderate earthquake between magnitude 5 and 5.9 occurring within 31 miles of 915 Pullman within the next 50 years (see Exhibit 9). In the past 30 years, the closest 916 earthquake to Pullman occurred 2.8 miles to the north-northeast in 2004 and had a 917 magnitude of 2.5, and the largest earthquake occurred approximately 72 miles northeast 918 of Boise, Idaho and 19 miles northwest of Stanley, Idaho on March 31, 2020 in Central 919 Idaho with a magnitude of 6.5. 18.7 miles to the southeast in 1998 and had a magnitude 920 of 3.8.10

10 USGS Earthquakes Hazard Database, 2020. Search run for earthquakes with a magnitude 2 or greater from January 1, 1990 to March 20, 2020 at https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/. See https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/uw10610473/executive for more information on the magnitude 2.5 earthquake and https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0008qmp/executive for more information on the magnitude 3.8 earthquake.

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921 Exhibit 9 Probability of Moderate Earthquake

922 923 Source: USGS Earthquakes Hazard Database, 2015.

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924 Fish & Wildlife Habitat Conservation Areas 925 The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) maintains a list of sensitive species and 926 their critical habitats protected under the Endangered Species Act. Potential 927 development impacts on species identified as “endangered” or “threatened” are 928 regulated. The USFWS identifies two species within Pullman that are considered to be 929 threatened: 930 ▪ The Yellow-billed Cuckoo is a brown and white bird with a yellow bill about 12 inches 931 in length and is native to Pullman and the surrounding region.11 932 ▪ The Spalding’s Catchfly is a leafy plant with lance-shaped flowers with short white 933 petals.12

934 The Endangered Species Program also protects habitats that are considered critical for 935 sensitive species against impacts of development activities. There are currently no critical 936 habitats for sensitive species identified within Pullman’s UGA, and there are no National 937 Wildlife Refuge lands.

938 The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act prohibit any 939 activity affecting birds unless authorized by the USFWS. Several species of birds native to 940 Pullman and the surrounding region are listed as birds of conservation concern and are 941 protected either year-round or seasonally under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act: the Bald 942 Eagle, Calliope Hummingbird, Cassin’s Finch, Eared Grebe, Flammulated Owl, Fox 943 Sparrow, Lewis’s Woodpecker, Olive-sided Flycatcher, Peregrine Falcon, Rufous 944 Hummingbird, Short-eared Owl, Swainson’s Hawk, and Willow Flycatcher.13

11 USFWS, Environmental Conservation Online System: Species Profile for Yellow-Billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), 2015. 12 USFWS, Environmental Conservation Online System: Species Profile for Spalding’s Catchfly (Silene spaldingii), 2015. 13 USFWS, IPaC Resource List, 2017.

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945 The State of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife identifies priority habitats and 946 species. 947 ▪ Priority Species include State Endangered, Threatened, Sensitive, and Candidate 948 species; vulnerable animal aggregations (e.g., heron colonies, bat colonies); and 949 vulnerable species of recreational, commercial, or tribal importance. 950 ▪ Priority Habitats are habitat types or elements with unique or significant value to a 951 large number of species. A Priority Habitat may consist of a unique vegetation type 952 (such as shrub-steppe), dominant plant species (such as juniper savannah), or a 953 specific habitat feature (such as cliffs).14

954 In Pullman, mapped priority habitats include: riparian areas, wetlands, and high quality 955 native plant communities.

956 Natural Heritage Conservation 957 The State Department of Natural Resources manages the Natural Heritage Program that 958 identifies rare species and rare/high quality ecological communities including but not 959 limited to areas that are federal and state listed or priorities described above. Several 960 rare species found in Pullman include: 961 ▪ Idaho Fescue - Common Snowberry 962 ▪ Smallhead goldenweed 963 ▪ Jessica's aster 964 ▪ Quaking Aspen / Black Hawthorn / Common Snowberry Wet Shrubland 965 ▪ Spalding's catchfly 966 ▪ Palouse milkvetch 967 ▪ Douglas' clover

14 Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2020. Priority Habitats and Species List. Available: https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/at-risk/phs/list.

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968 A remnant prairie and forest area has been conserved by WSU on the northeastern edge 969 of the city. According to WSU, “over 160 species of plants, birds, and other animals live in 970 or use Magpie Forest, including several uncommon native plants under active 971 conservation programs. The Mmagpie Fforest is an outdoor ecology laboratory and 972 natural area. Tours are offered.”15

973 Economic Development 974 Pullman enjoys a young, modern vibe generated by students, faculty, and families who 975 come for Washington’s land grant University, Schweitzer Engineering Labs, METER Group 976 and other growing firms. Below is a brief inventory of the local economy, examining the 977 size of the labor force, employment base, resident income, city revenues, and business 978 activity. See Appendix C for a more detailed discussion of economic conditions and 979 trends in the city. It should be noted the conditions look at the recent past before the 980 COVID-19 pandemic that caused a near cessation of economic activity.

981 Employment & Unemployment 982 Of the 29,357 people over the age of 16 living in Pullman, 41% are not in the labor force, 983 compared to 36% statewide (an estimate based on 60 months of collected data).16 As of 984 December 2019, the unemployment rate in Pullman was 3.96.2%, compared to 4.33.2% 985 statewide. 1617

15 WSU. 2020. Magpie Forest Ecological Reserve. Available: http://www.arboretum.wsu.edu/prairie/Magpie_Forest.html. 16 US Census Bureau, 20142015–2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, Selected Economic Characteristics (B23025DP- 03), 20202021. 17 US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015.

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986 WSU and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories are the two largest employers in the city, 987 employing approximately 5,200 and 2,000 employees respectively. Other large 988 employers include the Pullman School District, and Pullman Regional Hospital, and the 989 City of Pullman. Employment in the educational services, health care, and social 990 assistance industry accounts for almost half of the civilian employment in the city and is 991 more than double the percentage statewide. In addition, more of Pullman’s workforce is 992 in management, business, science, and art occupations and service occupations than 993 the state as a whole.18

994 Economic Indicators 995 Median household income in Pullman is $31,48730,205, compared to $73,775 70,116 996 statewide and $62,84360,293 nationwide (in 2018 2019 inflation adjusted dollars). Within 997 the city, 3635.9% of the population has an annual income below the poverty line, 998 compared to 1110.8% statewide.19 These statistics are skewedclearly offset by the large 999 number of full-time university students living in Pullman, particularly given the high 1000 proportion of professionals in Pullman’s workforce. Considering year-round fulltime 1001 workers, the median 2019 earnings were $45,027, versus $11,166 median earnings for 1002 persons 16 years and over.20

1003 City revenue comes mainly from property taxes, sales and utility taxes, and fees. As of the 1004 2010 Washington State local retail sales report, retail sales in Pullman were $10,756 per 1005 capita, 72% of per capita retail sales statewide. Pullman’s taxable retail sales grew by 1006 86% between 2010 and 2018, substantially outstripping statewide retail sales

18 US Census Bureau, 20142015–2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, Selected Economic Characteristics (DP-03), 2017. 19 US Census Bureau, 20142015-2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates. 20 US Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates (S2001).

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1007 performance, which experienced a 69% growth in retail sales during the same period. 1008 According to taxable retail sales within the construction industry (NAICS 23), the 1009 percentage of total sales tax revenue obtained by means of construction has increased 1010 since 2010, with some periods of decline.21

1011 WSU offers 27 on-campus residence halls and apartments, though most students live off 1012 campus. Passive income earned from privately rented property has a notable impact on 1013 Pullman’s economy. Landlords have invested heavily in properties to meet demand for 1014 rental housing (specifically demand generated from the high proportion of college 1015 students), and now most of the privately owned housing is for rent. Since 2000, the 1016 percentage of renter-occupied housing units in Pullman grew slightly while the trend 1017 statewide moved slightly towards home ownership. As WSU grows, the upward trend for 1018 demand of rental housing may continue in Pullman. See the Housing Element and 1019 Appendix A for additional detail on population and housing trends in the city.

1020 Economic Development Partners 1021 The City of Pullman, the Port of Whitman County, the Southeast Washington Economic 1022 Development Association (SEWEDA), and the Palouse Knowledge Corridor promote 1023 business development in the community. The Pullman Chamber of Commerce serves as 1024 an advocate for existing businesses within the community and provides a forum for joint 1025 promotion of Pullman’s commercial enterprises.

21 Washington State Department of Revenue, Taxable Retail Sales Tables, 2010-2018.

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1026 Land Use Plan 1027 Land use needs are likely to evolve over the next four decades; population growth will 1028 require additional housing and employment opportunities and new places to obtain 1029 goods and services. Pullman’s desires to retain its community character requires planning 1030 ahead for this growth and its impacts so the city can continue to be a great place for all 1031 residentspeople to live. The Preferred Alternative land use plan scenario provides areas 1032 for growth outside the city limits but within the existing UGA, with new development 1033 occurring within the UGA in order to preserve the prime agricultural land surrounding the 1034 City (see Alternative Scenarios Alternative Scenarios in the Plan Foundation).

1035 Exhibit 10 belowon the next page summarizes Pullman’s’ existing population and 1036 employment as well as 2060 future housing and job targets. Based on projected growth 1037 in Whitman County, Pullman projects a future target population of 46,000 (with 20% in 1038 group housing). The city has capacity for approximately 36,800 additional dwelling units, 1039 more than enough to accommodate the projected change in population, and 30,683 1040 additional jobs under current zoning.22

1041 Exhibit 10 Existing Population and Employment and Projected (2060) Population

Existing Future Change/Need Capacity (2019) (2060) (2019-2060) (City & UGA)

Population 34,560 46,000 11,440 36,818 Employment 15,208 N/A N/A 30,683

1042 Note: Existing employment is from 2018 (the most recent year for which complete data is available). The County 1043 and City do not project employment targets.

22 See the Population, Demographics, and Housing Appendix for a detailed discussion of current and future population projections.

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1044 Source: US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates; Washington State OFM, 2019; City of Pullman, 2019.

1045 To accommodate future growth, Pullman created the land use plan map shown in 1046 Exhibit 12. Land use plan designations are described in Exhibit 11, and the amount of 1047 land designated for each purpose within city boundaries and within the UGA is shown in 1048 Exhibit 13.

1049 Exhibit 11 Land Use Plan Designations Land Use Intent Implementing Zones Densities

Low Density Designate land for small lot, compact single family, multiplex, and townhouse R1 Single-Family Residential 1-7 du/ac23 Residential development with access to urban services, transit, and infrastructure, RT Residential Transitional 1-10 du/ac whether through new development or through infill. Allow a variety of single R2 Low Density Multi-Family 1-15 du/ac family homes on a variety of lot sizes, accessory dwelling unit, duplex, Residential townhouse, and small-scale multi-family (3-8 units pre building), with continuity created through the application of development standards, the organization of roadways, sidewalks, public spaces, and the placement of community gathering places and civic amenities. Provide for community facilities and nonresidential uses which complement and are compatible with low density residential uses and which benefit from a residential environment. Protect low density residential uses from the effects associated with high density residential or commercial uses through transitional heights and landscaping or other techniques. Preserve and protect access to light, privacy, views, open space, and natural features. Include lands constrained by critical areas, those intended to provide transition to the rural area, or those appropriate for larger lot or cluster housing.

23 Note: du/ac refers to dwelling unit per acre as a measure of density.

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Land Use Intent Implementing Zones Densities High Density Designate land for medium to high density residential including: multiplex, R3 Medium Density Multi- 7-29 du/ac Residential townhouse, tiny homes, multi-family, and group quarter development. The Family Residential variety of housing types and development standards in the designation and R4 High Density Multi-Family 10-44 du/ac implementing zoning districts support cost-efficient housing, facilitate infill Residential development, have close access to transit service, have access to destinations for daily living such as recreation, schools, and shopping, and efficiently use urban services and infrastructure.

Provide for community facilities and nonresidential uses which complement and are compatible with high density residential uses and which benefit from a residential environment. Preserve and protect access to light, privacy, views, open space, and natural features. Include lands where access, topography, and adjacent land uses create conditions appropriate for a variety of housing unit types, or where there is existing multi-family development. Commercial Provides areas for uses offering goods and services that are conveniently C1 Neighborhood Minimum lot concentrated for the public, including: Commercial District size of 5,000- 2 Small neighborhood focused retail and personal services. C2 Central Business District 10,000 ft Compact retail stores, offices, service, and amusement businesses that offer C3 General Commercial No minimum in goods and services in the downtown area. District the C2 Zone Commercial uses heavily dependent on convenient vehicular access, primarily serving those travelling by car (e.g., food, lodging, gasoline) and that typically require larger sites. Some commercial areas may also accommodate compatible residential and community facilities.

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Land Use Intent Implementing Zones Densities Mixed Use Provide a mix of urban scale retail, commercial, office, residential, and May be implemented by Up to R4 or institutional land uses with a focus on commercial and retail uses. Promote Commercial, High Density refer to base development or redevelopment of existing commercial corridors to make Residential, or new Mixed Use zone them accessible by car, bike, and foot, to make them more visually appealing zones. from the road, and to make corridors safer and less stressful to navigate. Design developments in a manner that provides a vertical (multi-story) or horizontal (multiple-uses on a site) mix of uses. Establish design and performance standards to ensure compatibility between different uses. Allow neighborhood commercial uses to provide local services to multifamily households. Industrial Establish and reserve areas near major arterial streets, railroads, airport, and I1 Light Industrial District Minimum lot transit routes for light industrial uses, industrial research parks, and heavy I2 Heavy Industrial District size of 10,000- industrial uses in appropriate locations to provide a diverse employment base. 20,000 ft2 IRP Industrial Research Park Minimize conflicts between industrial and other land uses and direct heavy truck traffic onto major arterial streets and away from residential streets. Public Facilities Provide existing and future areas where public uses operated by a public Implemented through a new N/A entity may be allowed to develop including public buildings, fire stations, Public Facility zone category. utilities, schools, parks and recreation facilities, open space, cemeteries, and other similar public facilities. Washington State Designate land for WSUWashington State University facilities to furnish areas for Primarily WSU property. N/A University (WSU) the location of university services and excellence in higher education. Residence Halls or dormitories Encourage cooperation between the City and WSUashington State University also permitted in High Density in planning the physical development of the community. Residential zones (see above).

1050 Source: Pullman City Code, 2020; BERK, 2020.

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1051 Exhibit 12 Land Use Plan Map, 2060

1052 1053 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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1054 Exhibit 13 Land Use Plan Acres in the City and UGA, 2060

Land Use Acres in City Acres in UGA Total Acres

Low Density Residential 2,431 4,032 6,463 High Density Residential 924 1,612 2,536 Commercial 861 1,298 2,160 Mixed Use 159 105 265 Industrial 523 1,805 2,328 Public Facilities 276 0 276 WSU 1,832 209 2,041

Total 7,006 9,062 16,068

1055 Source: City of Pullman, 2019; BERK, 2020.

1056 Zoning 1057 As of 2012, there were 6,729.7 acres of zoned land inside the project planning area. The 1058 majority of that land (53%) is zoned for residential uses. The second largest land use 1059 category is the WSU campus (27%). Approximately 13% is zoned for commercial use and 1060 6% for industrial use.

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1061 Opportunities & Constraints

1062 Growth & Quality of Life

1063 Agriculture & UGA 1064 The land surrounding Pullman is undeveloped and is designated important farmland. 1065 New development should occur within the UGA in order to preserve the prime 1066 agricultural land surrounding the city. The UGA does not appear to be too great of a 1067 constraint on new development given the City’s goal of utilizing infill development to limit 1068 urban sprawl.

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1069 The Palouse region has rich agricultural lands, and Pullman was originally founded as an 1070 agricultural hub, yet there is very little local food production today. Community farming 1071 programs and small-scale farming and food sharing programs can contribute to 1072 economic health and decrease food insecurity in the area. Agricultural tourism, such as 1073 winery open houses and “u-pick” farms, could provide the opportunity for enhanced 1074 returns for farmers and protection from changes in the markets for commodity crops, as 1075 well as increased spending on lodging and shopping in Pullman.

1076 Neighborhoods 1077 Community membersCitizens have recently expressed interest in distinguishing specific 1078 neighborhoods within each of the four major hills in Pullman to foster neighborhood 1079 identity and help assess the needs of these distinct parts of the city. The College Hill 1080 Association is considered a model by community members in addressing the specific 1081 needs of the College Hill neighborhood. Further distinguishing of neighborhoods This 1082 could help community members become better acquainted with their neighbors 1083 through periodic get-togethers and/or the creation of neighborhood associations. As a 1084 first step, the City should demarcate and label the individual neighborhoods with the 1085 help of interested residentscommunity members.

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1086 Downtown 1087 Downtown Pullman has great potential, with the advantages of a traditional, walkable 1088 main street commercial area, historic buildings, and cultural uses that are regional 1089 destinations. Though downtown is located between two state highways, there are 1090 opportunities for a more coherent and comfortable public realm and, despite various 1091 vacancies, there is potential for an active streetscape utilizing off-street parking lots. With 1092 protections, downtown’s character and its historic buildings may be preserved, though 1093 demand for more housing may create pressure to replace existing building stock with 1094 new larger buildings. With thoughtful direction, downtown Pullman can accommodate 1095 new growth while also maintaining its valuable character.

1096 The City adopted a Downtown Master Plan to leverage its assets as a historic walkable 1097 district, and to allow new growth while still maintaining the area’s character. The major 1098 moves identified in the Downtown Plan include: 1099 Connect, protect, and add to the “gems including places with cultural and historic 1100 significance. 1101 Build an accessible people-centric activity center. 1102 Activate public spaces. 1103 Expand and define the core. 1104 Encourage entrepreneurship. 1105 Catalyze leadership.

1106 Residential Communities 1107 Pullman’s residential neighborhoods are one of its most valuable assets. Community 1108 members are interested in options to increase housing variety and to create self-reliant 1109 neighborhoods that cultivate an adequate supply of affordable housing, promote infill 1110 and mitigate sprawl, and create more walkable communities. The City should continue

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1111 to provide for a range of housing types and lifestyle options through its zoning code to 1112 accommodate future growth. Low and high density residential neighborhoods should 1113 also provide for community facilities and nonresidential uses which complement the 1114 various types of housing and which benefit from a residential environment (such as 1115 daycare facilities or corner stores). See Chapter 5, Housing for further discussion of 1116 housing types and variety.

1117 Retail Opportunities 1118 Per capita retail sales and growth in retail sales provide insight into the health of a local 1119 economy. While Pullman’s taxable retail sales grew at a faster rate than statewide retail 1120 sales, there is additional opportunity to add more retail into the city to help boost retail 1121 sales, increase retail jobs, and increase the self-sufficiency of Pullman. There are few 1122 places for residentscommunity members to spend disposable income in the city, and 1123 sales potentially may be lost to other regional shopping centers, such as the Palouse 1124 Mall, which is just a few miles east of Pullman in Moscow, Idaho.

1125 To allow for some clusters of commercial retail close to high-density residential centers, 1126 there is opportunity for Pullman to re-zone some residential lots for retail to create retail 1127 corridors. This re-zoning could help create walkable hubs for community activity that are 1128 located close to where people live.

1129 Mixed Use 1130 A mixed use district allows for buildings and uses typically with retail on the ground floor 1131 and residential or office on upper floors. Uses may also be designed cohesively in a 1132 horizontal pattern. Pre-world war II development patterns across the state and city 1133 exhibited a mixed use design particularly in downtowns; with the advent of widespread 1134 auto ownership, uses became more separated. A return to traditional mixed use began 1135 again in the late 20th century and cities began to plan for mixed use districts to benefit

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1136 their economies through placemaking, lower infrastructure and service delivery costs to 1137 compact areas, and support healthy active living with less driving and more walking or 1138 biking.

1139 Pullman desires to promote new mixed use developments in neighborhoods to reap 1140 these benefits. Some locations that recognize existing mixed use districts or allow for new 1141 mixed development patterns include: 1142 ▪ Colorado Street 1143 ▪ Stadium Way 1144 ▪ Terre View Drive 1145 ▪ Old Wawawai Road 1146 ▪ SR 270

1147 Industrial Uses 1148 In the Palouse region including the cities of Pullman and Moscow and the two counties, 1149 the largest industry category in the region is Colleges, Universities, and Professional 1150 Schools with Washington State University and the University of Idaho, which cumulatively 1151 have 12,005 jobs as of 2018, and the share of WSU jobs is 5,194.Top employers in Pullman 1152 include WSU with nearly 5,800 jobs. The second largest detailed industry classification is 1153 Relay and Industrial Control Manufacturing, which has 2,248 jobs, and this is largely due 1154 toemployer is Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories with 2,000 420 jobs. This industry has 1155 grown significantly over the last five years, doubling in size, and is projected to continue 1156 to grow.

1157 In addition to retaining and growing existing agriculture, manufacturing, and 1158 government industries, additional diversity in the industrial base is recommended for the 1159 region. Industrial categories showing significant job growth include Utilities; Transportation

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1160 and Warehousing; Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services, and Educational 1161 Services. (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019)

1162 Pullman proposes to increase opportunities for industrial growth in these areas: 1163 ▪ Lands Surrounding the Pullman/Moscow Regional Airport 1164 ▪ Area Along Pullman Albion Road near SR 27 1165 ▪ SR 27 and SR 195 Junction

1166 Airport Overlay District 1167 The Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport (PUW) is currently undergoing renovations to 1168 accommodate increased demand and larger aircrafts, and to meet Federal Aviation 1169 Administration (FAA) design standards. The runway realignment project was completed 1170 in 2019 and planning for a new passenger terminal is ongoing. The City should 1171 periodically evaluate theregulates heights and uses in proximity to the Airport with the 1172 Airport Overlay District as; the City could periodically review the regulations, flight volume 1173 and type change with future growth, and plan in collaboration with the County. See 1174 Chapter 6, Transportation and Chapter 8, Capital Facilities for additional discussion of the 1175 PUW expansion project.

1176 Marijuana Land Uses 1177 The City has prepared zoning regulations for marijuana uses, such as dispensaries, in 1178 accordance with state requirements. In 2016, City Council approved marijuana 1179 manufacturing and retail uses within the city partially dependent on separation from 1180 certain sensitive uses (such as schools, public parks, public transit centers, etc.). City 1181 Council also adopted 2020 Legislative Priorities that support increasing the shared 1182 revenue from marijuana and liquor sales, funding research into the health impacts of

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1183 marijuana use, and funding for technology that would allow law enforcement to 1184 conduct accurate and timely field sobriety tests.24

1185 Remove Economic Barriers & Diversify Economy 1186 Pullman looks to increase economic opportunity, diversity, and increased social and 1187 cultural amenities as it grows, while safeguarding the quality of life attributes so 1188 appreciated by businesses and residentscommunity members alike. Key economic 1189 community priorities are to revitalize the central business district, improve the 1190 appearance of streetscapes and older neighborhoods, and protect local historic 1191 resources.

1192 Pullman has the opportunity to utilize in-depth research about the local economy by 1193 economic development organizations to identify and address limitations on the health of 1194 the local economy. The City could work with existing and potential industries in the area, 1195 and in collaboration with the Port of Whitman, SEWEDA, and the Chamber of 1196 Commerce, to identify and address barriers that employers face locally. Utilizing market 1197 research and information from employers may help create an opening for a new and 1198 enhanced business climate to increase economic performance and job diversity. The 1199 establishment of a research innovation partnership zone (IPZ) would leverage the 1200 opportunities at WSU, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, and other Pullman businesses 1201 and institutions. The Washington Department of Commerce designates IPZs, which

24 See the 2020 Legislative Priorities adopted by City Council on December 12, 2019 (https://www.pullman- wa.gov/cms/one.aspx?portalId=15252951&pageId=16298928).

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1202 require three partners: a workforce organization, a research university, and a private 1203 globally competitive company. Currently, the state does not provide funding for IPZs.25 1204 Development at the airport is currently constrained by the availability of utilities. City 1205 expansion of utilities would enable the airport to attract businesses that require aviation 1206 accessibility and would expand Pullman’s industrial base.

25 Washington State Department of Commerce, Washington State Innovation Partnership Zones, 2017.

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1207 Public Health 1208 The way we design and build our communities affects our physical and mental health. 1209 Considering health while planning for future growth is a critical step toward a framework 1210 that maximizes a community’s long-term sustainability. Fostering built environments that 1211 increase access to nutritious foods, active lifestyles, and community services that are 1212 convenient to where residents people live, work, learn and play will support public health 1213 in Pullman. The design of the community, such as providing multimodal transportation 1214 options, mixed and higher density uses, and green space can also influence the city’s 1215 response to climate change, and the resiliency of the community. Some potential 1216 examples of this include: 1217 ▪ Limit urban sprawl to protect the livelihoods of local farmers and ranchers, the 1218 economic viability of farmland, and local food production. 1219 ▪ Relocate the farmers market to Olsen Street, Pine Street, or some other highly visible 1220 location to increase visibility and better promote the event. 1221 ▪ Emphasize community spaces and networks of non-motorized trails, bike lanes, and 1222 paths that encourage physical activity, foster opportunities for community members 1223 to interact with one another, and empower residentscommunity members to make 1224 healthy choices. 1225 ▪ Offer services and programs to all ages and segments of the community to build 1226 healthy and productive lives. 1227 ▪ Designate mixed use zones to encourage walkable neighborhoods and active 1228 healthy lifestyles. 1229 ▪ Support healthy ecological systems to minimize exposure to environmental hazards in 1230 air, water, soil, and food. 1231 ▪ Encourage development of a multi-use trail on the rail line from Colfax through Albion 1232 to Pullman.

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1233 Natural Environment

1234 Enhancement

1235 South Fork of the Palouse River Cleanup 1236 The cleanup of the South Fork of the Palouse River is an important stormwater 1237 management project for Pullman. The river bisects the city and most storm drains empty 1238 directly into the SFPR, which is on the State of Washington’s list of impaired water bodies 1239 for not meeting water quality criteria for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and fecal 1240 coliform bacteria. See Chapter 8, Capital Facilities for further discussion of 1241 stormwater and the SFPR.

1242 Missouri Flat Creek Restoration 1243 Missouri Flat Creek had regularly flooded near Grand Avenue. To mitigate 1244 flooding, the capacity of the creek was increased through use of federal funds 1245 acquired by the City; by widening the left bank, there was more room for water 1246 and ability to restore native vegetation including prairie. The Missouri Flat Creek 1247 Restoration works with Pioneer Explorers, Pullman Civic Trusts, and the Phoenix 1248 Conservancy to help conduct restoration activities such as plantings, invasive 1249 species removal, monitoring water quality, and other activities.26

26 See: https://environment.wsu.edu/missouri-flat-creek-service-learning-project/.

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1250 Topography 1251 The developed area within Pullman encompasses the river valleys and the four hills 1252 separated by these valleys. The topography creates development challenges, from 1253 flooding in the valleys to the challenges of developing buildings and infrastructure 1254 because of the steep slopes of the city’s four hills. As the city continues to grow, the 1255 growth could enable new development that incorporates connectivity between natural 1256 spaces. This connectivity would benefit residentscommunity members by providing 1257 interconnected green areas to enjoy within the city and would provide wildlife with safe 1258 corridors instead of fragmented or “island” habitats.

1259 Air Quality 1260 Poor air quality can adversely affect human health and the environment. The US 1261 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Washington State Department of Ecology 1262 (Ecology) track air pollution in the State of Washington. Ecology identifies the main 1263 sources of air pollution in the state as vehicle emissions and smoke from outdoor burning 1264 and wood stoves. Temperature inversions in winter can also result in stagnant air 1265 conditions in the Pullman region, trapping pollutants and contributing to poor air quality. 1266 In 2019, overall air quality in Pullman was categorized by EPA as “good” 97% of the year 1267 and “moderate” the other 3%.27 Maintaining or improving Pullman’s generally good air 1268 quality will protect public health, support the local economy and environment, and help 1269 to maintain the high quality of life enjoyed by residentscommunity members, employees, 1270 and visitors.

27 US EPA, Air Quality Index Daily Values Report (Overall AQI), 2019.

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1271 View, Light, & Glare Conditions 1272 Ambient views of the rolling hills surrounding Pullman hold significant value for 1273 residentscommunity members and visitors alike, enriching quality of life and helping to 1274 maintain economic vitality. Other views, such as corridors adequately buffered by trees 1275 and other vegetation, as well as tree cover throughout the city enhance the overall 1276 character of the community. There are currently no regulations for the protection of 1277 views and viewsheds.

1278 Protection from excessive light and glare that may accompany development and 1279 interfere with views of the night sky is an important aspect of protecting Pullman’s 1280 character. Poorly planned or enforced outdoor lighting in new development could 1281 cause several problems, including energy waste, nuisance for adjacent properties, 1282 adverse effects to health from excessive light, disruption of ecological processes, and 1283 diminished enjoyment of the night sky. Enforcement of the city’s lighting and sign codes 1284 could help limit adverse impacts of exterior lighting on neighboring property and 1285 minimize the upward scattering of light into the night sky. Elements of a Night Sky 1286 ordinance could also help minimize light trespass from developed areas, reduce sky- 1287 glow to increase night sky access, improve nighttime visibility through glare reduction, 1288 protect outdoor recreation opportunities, and reduce development impact on nocturnal 1289 environments. The City could also work with WSU to address the glare of stadium lights on 1290 their property to address compatibility.

1291 ADA Accessibility 1292 Opportunities exist to create a more attractive environment for those with limited mobility 1293 (including young children, senior citizens, and people with disabilities). Topography is one 1294 factor that makes mobility more challenging in Pullman. A 2011 survey of the city's 1295 approximately 1,000 curb ramps showed that only about five of those ramps were

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1296 compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).28 A 2020 Curb Ramp Inventory 1297 found that out of 967 curb ramps, 233 were compliant with the Americans with Disabilities 1298 Act (ADA). The City is actively working to address accessibility this issues with each road 1299 construction project, and while many curb ramps can be updated over time, 1300 topographical challenges, such as steep slopes in Pullman, remain a barrier. .

1301 Enhancing ADA accessibility throughout the community is one way to make Pullman 1302 more inviting for people with disabilities. The City of Pullman prepared an ADA Transition 1303 Plan in 2016 to address these issues. In addition, Pullman is in the process of creating an 1304 inclusive park that people (those with disabilities and those without) can enjoy at the site 1305 of Mary’s Park, an undeveloped parcel of land donated to the City in 2010. The funds for 1306 Mary's Park came from a combination of bond money and a $25,000 donation from the 1307 local Kiwanis Club. The park will include ADA-accessible play equipment, restrooms, and 1308 a sheltered picnic area.29 ADA playground equipment was received in March of 2019, 1309 site preparations started in July 2019, and installation is expected to finish in the fall of 1310 2020.30 See Chapter 7, Parks & Open Space for further discussion of ADA-accessible 1311 recreation opportunities.

28 Embree, Chelsea, The Washington Times, “4 Cities Struggle to Comply with ADA,” 2015. 29 City of Pullman, Mary’s Park (Future), 2015. 30 City of Pullman, Mary’s Park Improvements, 2019 (https://www.pullman- wa.gov/cms/one.aspx?pageId=16076583).

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1312 Goals & Policies

1313 The land use goals and policies guide development of the desired land use pattern in 1314 the city, including protection and enhancement of natural and historic resources. New 1315 development should occur within the UGA in order to preserve the prime agricultural 1316 land surrounding the city.

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1317 Growth & Annexation

1318 GOAL LU 1 Create a vibrant and compact city with living, shopping, working, and 1319 recreation opportunities, supported by a multimodal transportation system 1320 and framed by land conserved for agricultural production.

1321 Policy LU 1.1 Anticipate and plan for population growth to maintain Pullman’s quality 1322 of life.

1323 Policy LU 1.2 Maintain an urban growth area that is large enough to prevent artificial 1324 constriction in land supply while small enough to promote efficient use of 1325 resources. 1326 ▪ Amend the configuration of the urban growth area only during the 1327 City Council’s annual goal-setting process or during major 1328 Comprehensive Plan revisions when public attention is focused on 1329 long-term objectives. 1330 ▪ Encourage future development contiguous with the existing city limits 1331 to conserve prime agricultural land surrounding Pullman and to 1332 protect the agricultural economic base of Whitman County. 1333 ▪ Provide for carefully planned growth that respects the rural character 1334 of the landscape at the boundary of the Pullman planning in the 1335 Pullman-Moscow corridor area. 1336 ▪ Allow limited development on unincorporated land near Pullman if 1337 such development would not consume prime farmland, would not 1338 hinder short- or long-term city growth, and would not adversely affect 1339 city facilities or services. 1340 ▪ ; Eevaluate such development as part of a joint city/county review 1341 process.

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1342 Policy LU 1.3 Coordinate land use with the county in accordance with the city/county 1343 tax sharing agreement.

1344 Policy LU 1.4 Emphasize downtown as the focal point for community events, as well as 1345 encourage events throughout the city to promote the community’s “small 1346 town” feel.

1347 Policy LU 1.5 Ensure that city infrastructure – such as transit, utilities, and parks – supports 1348 an efficient urban form and meets the needs of the community for 1349 mobility, health, and recreation.

1350 Policy LU 1.6 Ensure residential subdivision developers should address parks, schools, 1351 and commercial services, and/oror the means to access these uses. 1352 Require developers to provide a master plan in the first phase of each 1353 new development proposal that displays development features at full 1354 build-out, including (as appropriate): for their full development, including: 1355 ▪ A street system that provides effective traffic control measures and 1356 multiple points of access; 1357 ▪ The full non-motorizedbicycle, pedestrian, and non-auto circulation 1358 system; and 1359 ▪ Parks, open space, and other community facilities.

1360 Policy LU 1.7 Create a Mixed Use zoning district to facilitate a combination of 1361 commercial, residential, institutional, and live/work spaces in appropriate 1362 locations throughout the city, or accomplish this objective through the 1363 amendment of existing zoning district designations.

1364 Policy LU 1.8 Consider development of overlay district regulations to enhance and/or 1365 preserve distinctive areas within the city.

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1366 Policy LU 1.9 Be mindful of new or upcoming technology (e.g., next generation cellular 1367 networks, electric bikes, ride sharing operations, autonomous vehicles) in 1368 the community’s review of proposed plans, programs, and development 1369 regulations.

1370 Policy LU 1.10 When re-development is desired on City-owned land, utilize an Request 1371 for Proposals (RFP) process to solicit and analyze appropriate 1372 development proposals.

1373 GOAL LU 2 Annex land within Pullman’s defined Urban Growth Area considering 1374 service boundaries and effectiveness, and the needs and desires of the 1375 community, property owners, and adjacent residents.

1376 Policy LU 2.1 Consider favorably proposals to annex land in the urban growth area that 1377 meet the general criteria for annexation except under unusual 1378 circumstances, such as: 1379 ▪ Land particularly unsuitable for development or other use within the 1380 city; 1381 ▪ Land with environmental or other considerations that would make it 1382 more logical for governance in the county; or 1383 ▪ Land whose annexation would provide a glut of undeveloped 1384 property in the city.

1385 Policy LU 2.2 Consider unfavorably proposals to annex land outside the urban growth 1386 area except under unusual circumstances, such as: 1387 ▪ Land that is especially well suited for development; 1388 ▪ Land with environmental or other considerations that make it more 1389 logical for governance in the city; or

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1390 ▪ Land that can be annexed at times when severe shortages exist for 1391 property to be developed in the city and land in the urban growth 1392 area cannot meet this need.

1393 Policy LU 2.3 Assign prezone and land use plan designations to all areas outside the city 1394 limits within the urban growth area; when land outside the urban growth 1395 area is proposed to be annexed, assign appropriate prezone and land 1396 use plan designations to the property under consideration.

1397 Policy LU 2.4 Avoid the creation of unincorporated areas surrounded on three or more 1398 sides by the city limits, and discourage the establishment of narrow 1399 projections of incorporated land surrounded on three sides by 1400 unincorporated property.

1401 Policy LU 2.5 Create a plan for the eventual redevelopment of the county cluster 1402 residential areas to convert them to an urban form when/if annexation 1403 occurs.

1404 Policy LU 2.6 Ensure that proposed annexation areas can be furnished with City water, 1405 sanitary sewer, and storm drain service without having lines run through 1406 unincorporated areas.

1407 Policy LU 2.7 Consider the fiscal impacts of extending services to annexation areas 1408 based on the proposed uses and/or prezone designations. Require that 1409 new development bear the cost of these services in most cases. The 1410 annexation may be conditioned on capital improvements being made 1411 and agreements for bearing other costs being completed.

1412 Policy LU 2.8 Require property owners within an area to be annexed to assume their 1413 proportionate share of the City’s indebtedness upon annexation.

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1414 Policy LU 2.9 Where necessary, rRequire petitioners for city annexation to apply for 1415 annexation to other service districts (e.g., the Hospital District) at the same 1416 time.

1417 Public Participation

1418 GOAL LU 3 Facilitate strong public participation in all community land use and 1419 development matters.

1420 Policy LU 3.1 Maintain strong government accountability in all public services, and 1421 publicize the City’s actions in this regard to the local citizenry.

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1422 Policy LU 3.2 Provide requiredample notice of annexation or significant development 1423 proposals filed with the City in a timely fashion to all affected property 1424 owners and residentscommunity members.

1425 Policy LU 3.3 Provide information to the public about City programs or projects through 1426 the use of the community newsletter, the planning department newsletter, 1427 social media, direct mailings, signage, and/or other means.

1428 Policy LU 3.4 Build on existing means of communication as new technologies emerge 1429 to more widely disseminate information about infrastructure projects, land 1430 use proposals, and development review processes. Solicit feedback 1431 through a variety of means including in-person and online meetings as 1432 well as hybrid meetings, surveys, correspondence, social media, and 1433 other means.

1434 Neighborhoods

1435 GOAL LU 4 Plan for cohesive and livable neighborhoods, considering their unique 1436 characteristics and needs for housing, transportation, services, and 1437 amenities.

1438 Policy LU 4.1 Define individual neighborhoods and districts within each of Pullman’s four 1439 major hills to help determine the specific needs of these areas. 1440 ▪ Assign names to these mini-neighborhoods and commercial areas to 1441 assist with identification and enhance pride among 1442 residentscommunity members and/or business owners. 1443 ▪ Focus on areas that have distinctively common attributes when 1444 classifying residential neighborhoods within the community.

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1445 Policy LU 4.2 Create self-sufficient walkable neighborhoods that contain readily 1446 accessible basic services (commercial services, schools, parks, etc.) to 1447 promote healthy living and provide mobility alternatives for all segments 1448 of the population.

1449 Policy LU 4.3 Enhance the College Hill Core neighborhood by making steady progress 1450 on the goals and implementation strategies in the adopted College Hill 1451 Core Neighborhood Plan.

1452 Policy LU 4.4 Protect the unique characteristics of established neighborhoods from 1453 intrusion by incompatible uses.

1454 Policy LU 4.5 Encourage the creation of neighborhood organizations to assist 1455 residentscommunity members in their efforts to enhance the area in which 1456 they live and to help citizens effectively participate in City decision- 1457 making processes. Conduct listening sessions with neighborhood groups 1458 on an ongoing basis to address local needs.

1459 Policy LU 4.6 Facilitate the creation of a community garden in each distinct residential 1460 area in the city to help develop self-sufficient, walkable neighborhoods 1461 and increase access to healthy food, including community gardens.

1462 Residential Uses

1463 GOAL LU 5 Create and preserve comfortable and diverse residential neighborhoods 1464 and encourage residential diversity.

1465 Policy LU 5.1 Establish a mixture of residential densities in the community.

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1466 Policy LU 5.2 Promote mixed residential/commercial use in appropriate parts of the city 1467 that are in scale with surrounding properties (e.g., downtown, Colorado 1468 Street).

1469 Policy LU 5.3 Amend the City’s regulations to allow more readily for live/work spaces in 1470 the community and allow home occupations that will not create a 1471 nuisance for neighbors.

1472 Policy LU 5.4 Buffer lower-density residential uses from the adverse and incompatible 1473 effects of commercial and higher residential density development 1474 through such means as topographic barriers, increased setback 1475 requirements, landscaping, and sight-obscuring screens.

1476 Policy LU 5.5 Allow for higher densities in multi-family zoning districts along with 1477 appropriate design standards that are in scale with surrounding 1478 properties.

1479 Policy LU 5.6 Promote maintenance of private property by owners, tenants, and 1480 landlords in a neat, attractive, and structurally sound condition.

1481 Policy LU 5.7 Develop a program to collaborate with property owners and managers 1482 on the upkeep of rental housing.

1483 Policy LU 5.8 Require approval of a master plan for phased developments rather than 1484 approving subdivisions or other proposals in an incremental fashion.

1485 Policy LU 5.9 Provide for innovative design in residential development, including alley 1486 access, reduced front setbacks, and smaller lots.

1487 Policy LU 5.10 Prepare and implement minimum vegetation installation and 1488 maintenance standards for private property.

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1489 Policy LU 5.11 Permit accessory dwellingliving units in all residential zones, so long as 1490 adequate access, parking, and private open space can be provided. 1491 Consider reduced setbacks in the rear yards of residential zones for 1492 accessory structures.

1493 Policy LU 5.12 Allow for the siting of manufactured homes on individual lots in all 1494 residential zoning districts.

1495 Policy LU 5.13 Address the appropriate use of short term rentals in residential and 1496 commercial districts within the city.

1497 Policy LU 5.14 Limit the number of occupants per household to minimize adverse 1498 neighborhood impacts that can arise when large groups of individuals 1499 reside in a single housing unit.

1500 GOAL LU 6 Develop compact and well-designed high-density residential districts.

1501 Policy LU 6.1 Maintain minimum as well as maximum densities for residential uses in 1502 high-density residential areas to promote efficiency and compatibility.

1503 Policy LU 6.2 Require ample landscaping and recreational areas for high-density 1504 housing.

1505 Policy LU 6.3 Ensure that high-density residential areas have convenient and ADA 1506 accessible access to major transportation access routes.

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1507 Commercial, Mixed Use, Industrial, & Public

1508 Uses

1509 GOAL LU 7 Strengthen and grow the economic base of the community.

1510 Policy LU 7.1 Develop a sustainable program for the long-term economic health of the 1511 city to ensure the retention and recruitment of key businesses in the 1512 community.

1513 Policy LU 7.2 Continuously work to increase the retail sales tax base in the community.

1514 Policy LU 7.3 Actively assist in the creation of additional living wage jobs in the 1515 community.

1516 Policy LU 7.4 Identify underutilized commercial and industrial properties in the city and 1517 coordinate with property owners, the Chamber of Commerce, economic 1518 development agencies, and other appropriate parties to effect full use of 1519 these sites.

1520 Policy LU 7.5 Consider the creation of a Business Improvement Districts (e.g., in the 1521 downtown) to provide for needed facilities and services in particular 1522 segments of the community.

31 1523 Policy LU 7.6 Allow for more flexible floor area ratio (FAR) limits in the new mixed use 1524 zoning district and existing commercial zones.

31 Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is the total building floor area divided by the gross lot area. Higher ratios are found in denser areas such as downtowns and lesser ratios are found in more auto-oriented areas.

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1525 Policy LU 7.7 Expand opportunities for additional local food production, and support 1526 agricultural economy, such as wineries, breweries, cider production, and 1527 commercial food preparation such as bakeries.

1528 Policy LU 7.8 Make investments in roads including Ring Roads and South Bypass, trails, 1529 parks, stormwater, high-speed internet, and other infrastructure and 1530 amenities to provide for attractive employment centers for employers and 1531 employees.

1532 Policy LU 7.9 Support efforts to provide incentives for upgrading the appearance of 1533 buildings and other facilities, especially in the downtown area and along 1534 major arterials.

1535 Commercial

1536 GOAL LU 8 Offer a variety of goods and services in commercial districts that are 1537 readily accessible and attractive.

1538 Policy LU 8.1 Coordinate with the Chamber of Commerce and other economic 1539 development organizations to encourage the reuse of vacated buildings 1540 and the development of more retail, entertainment, service, and 1541 restaurant businesses to engender a livelier, flourishing community.

1542 Policy LU 8.2 Allow residential uses above the first floor in commercial areas.

1543 Policy LU 8.3 Permit neighborhood commercial development in high-density residential 1544 areas so long as it caters primarily to immediate neighborhood 1545 residentscommunity members, and the development is designed and 1546 operated to be compatible with the neighborhood.

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1547 Policy LU 8.4 Encourage shared driveway access to parking for adjacent businesses to 1548 improve traffic flow in commercial areas.

1549 Policy LU 8.5 Encourage the performing arts in Pullman including arts facilities.

1550 Policy LU 8.5Policy LU 8.6 Promote commercial and office development that is 1551 attractive, pedestrian oriented, and accessible by several modes of 1552 transportation. 1553 ▪ Promote the development of clustered commercial facilities. 1554 ▪ Improve the appearance of existing commercial areas, including 1555 signs, landscaping, parking areas, and public facilities such as 1556 sidewalks. 1557 ▪ For all commercial and office development, require the establishment 1558 of a clearly distinguishable, attractive pedestrian access from 1559 adjacent public street(s) that is separated from vehicular access and 1560 parking.

1561 Policy LU 8.6Policy LU 8.7 Develop and promote business technology incubator 1562 facilities.

1563 Policy LU 8.8 Explore the potential development of a full-scale conference center for 1564 the community as a public/private partnership.

1565 Policy LU 8.7Policy LU 8.9 Encourage redevelopment of the former city hall 1566 consistent with the Downtown Plan.

1567 Policy LU 8.8 Create an urban village in the vicinity of the new City Hall to provide an 1568 activity center of people, goods, services, and residences.

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1569 Downtown

1570 GOAL LU 9 Maintain Downtown as a vital commercial, entertainment, and mixed use 1571 hub serving Pullman and other communities.

1572 Policy LU 9.1 Implement the provisions of the Downtown Master Plan to address specific 1573 improvements in the central business district.

1574 Policy LU 9.1Policy LU 9.2 Consider rails to trails concepts for rail lines in Downtown. 1575 Study the trestle bridge for banking, restoration, and connection.

1576 Policy LU 9.2Policy LU 9.3 Allow for controlled use of city rights-of-way for private 1577 purposes (e.g., sidewalk cafes, farmer’s market) to enhance the vitality of 1578 the downtown area.

1579 Policy LU 9.3Policy LU 9.4 Re-establish a Main Street Program for the downtown area.

1580 Policy LU 9.4Policy LU 9.5 Explore more flexible height limits for buildings in the 1581 downtown area.

1582 Policy LU 9.5Policy LU 9.6 Create additional parent/child-friendly amenities for the 1583 downtown area.

1584 Policy LU 9.7 Emphasize improvements to infrastructure and building maintenance in 1585 the downtown district. Promote historic character and improve 1586 walkability, wayfinding, and connectivity when investing in improvements.

1587 Policy LU 9.6Policy LU 9.8 Address vacant and blighted structures in the downtown 1588 area by providing incentives to property owners. The downtown should 1589 have priority implementation of enforcement and incentives.

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1590 Industrial

1591 GOAL LU 10 Encourage industrial businesses that provide high-wage jobs and produce 1592 high value products in an environmentally sustainable and non-polluting 1593 manner.

1594 Policy LU 10.1 Collaborate with the Port of Whitman County, Southeast Washington 1595 Economic Development Association, Chamber of Commerce and other 1596 organizations to diversify the economy by facilitating additional clean 1597 industry in the city.

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1598 Policy LU 10.2 Encourage the development of non-polluting, research-related product 1599 development or agriculture-related industries in the City of Pullman.

1600 Policy LU 10.3 Establish a variety of attractive locations for industrial development.

1601 Policy LU 10.4 Reserve industrial districts for industrial uses and ancillary or supportive 1602 commercial services.

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1603 Policy LU 10.5 Improve the appearance of established industrial areas, including 1604 attractive design and landscaping to help industrial development fit into 1605 the surrounding area.

1606 Policy LU 10.6 Assure that industrial sites are located on or near arterial streets; if the 1607 location is near an arterial, access should not pass through a residential 1608 district.

1609 Policy LU 10.7 Ensure industrial and commercial development implement water and 1610 energy conservation best practices in the design of buildings, addressing 1611 heat and drought tolerant plants, etc.

1612 Airport

1613 GOAL LU 11 Promote safe and efficient use of the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport 1614 operations by minimizing incompatible land uses.

1615 Policy LU 11.1 Preserve the safety of airport functions by restricting the penetration of 1616 any new object or structure into the facility’s air space, as defined by 1617 federal aviation regulations.

1618 Policy LU 11.2 Coordinate with the County to prescribe compatible land uses in the 1619 vicinity of the airport that conform to FAA rules and WSDOT Aviation 1620 Division guidelines and follow recommendations of the adopted Pullman- 1621 Moscow Regional Airport Master Plan.

1622 Policy LU 11.3 Allow new land uses in the vicinity of the airport that are compatible with 1623 applicable aircraft safety and noise guidelines; for this purpose, review, 1624 update, and maintain an airport environs overlay district as part of the 1625 City’s development regulations.

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1626 Policy LU 11.4 Provide public infrastructure (e.g., water, and sewer lines, and multi- 1627 modal trail) along the Airport Road corridor to allow for the expansion of 1628 compatible commercial and industrial development around the Pullman- 1629 Moscow Regional Airport.

1630 Policy LU 11.5 Encourage high-speed internet in the Airport vicinity and improve cellular 1631 coverage.

1632 Public Uses

1633 GOAL LU 12 Support residentscommunity members and businesses with necessary and 1634 quality public facilities and utilities.

1635 Policy LU 12.1 Ensure sufficient land is reserved and managed to provide for public 1636 facilities and utilities necessary for public health, safety, and quality of life 1637 in Pullman.

1638 Policy LU 12.2 Provide for zoning regulations and standards that recognize public, 1639 institutional, utility, and open space uses. The City may create one or 1640 more zones to distinguish uses that have more intensive buildings and 1641 activities (e.g. administrative) from facilities that are predominantly land 1642 oriented (e.g. parks and open space).

1643 Policy LU 12.3 Develop system plans for City facilities and utilities to manage and 1644 expand services and utilities to fulfil the Vision, address growth, and meet 1645 needs of current residentscommunity members and businesses.

1646 Policy LU 12.4 Require subdivisions to address the demand for park facilities with added 1647 population.

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1648 Policy LU 12.5 Encourage developers to implement stormwater facilities that can be 1649 used for recreation or other compatible public use

1650 Washington State University

1651 GOAL LU 13 Work in partnership with WSU to support its objectives as a thriving 1652 university that is actively positioning itself for a successful future.

1653 Policy LU 13.1 Allow WSU to exercise ultimate control over its own land use activities with 1654 some limited exceptions specified in official agreements between the City 1655 and WSU.

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1656 Policy LU 13.2 Cooperate with WSU to ensure that development, whether it be under the 1657 jurisdiction of the City or the university, is compatible with the other entity’s 1658 interests and is well coordinated with respect to public facilities and 1659 services.

1660 Policy LU 13.3 Promote continuous interaction between WSU and the rest of the 1661 community to ensure the university is fully engaged with local 1662 residentscommunity members. Better integrate WSU students with the rest 1663 of the population through such means as community events, 1664 neighborhood meetings, and joint sessions between the Associated 1665 Students of WSU (ASWSU) and City staff or appointed/elected officials.

1666 Policy LU 13.3Policy LU 13.4 Coordinate with WSU to implement a bicycle and 1667 pedestrian plan and promote complete streets at all of the connections 1668 to the broader community.

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1669 Public Health

1670 GOAL LU 14 Promote active and healthy lifestyles through land use planning and 1671 community facilities siting.

1672 Policy LU 14.1 Promote public health in the community by increasing opportunities for 1673 physical activity and providing easy access to healthy food.

1674 Policy LU 14.2 Work with the Pullman Community Action Center and other entities in 1675 urban food system planning by providing for sustainable local food 1676 production (through backyard and community gardens), reducing waste 1677 with reusable/compostable containers, and connecting food supplies 1678 with local food pantries.

1679 Policy LU 14.3 Relocate the farmers market to Olsen Street, Pine Street, or some other 1680 highly visible location to better promote this event.

1681 Policy LU 14.3Policy LU 14.4 Recognize Pullman serves as a hub of the regional health 1682 system. Encourage superior high-quality health care.

1683 Policy LU 14.4Policy LU 14.5 Work with the Community Action Center and other entities 1684 to develop assistance programs for people categorized as Asset Limited, 1685 Income Constrained, Employed (ALICE).

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1686 Natural Environment

1687 Natural Resources

1688 GOAL LU 15 Protect, enhance, and conserve Pullman’s natural resources.

1689 Policy LU 15.1 Encourage surface grading of development sites that, to the extent 1690 possible, follows the contours of the existing terrain to protect the 1691 character of the landscape.

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1692 Policy LU 15.2 Prevent soil erosion to the greatest extent possible. Construction sites 1693 should be managed to minimize erosion, and landscaping should be 1694 installed to prevent longer-term problems.

1695 Policy LU 15.3 Protect and maintain the environmental quality of Pullman’s public areas.

1696 Policy LU 15.4 Encourage energy-efficient site planning, design, and construction.

1697 Policy LU 15.5 Encourage projects that incorporate environmentally sustainable 1698 elements (e.g., “green” energy and buildings).

1699 Policy LU 15.6 Explore available means to reduce carbon emissions through 1700 maintenance of an efficient urban form, promotion of non-motorized 1701 travel, utilization of clean energy products, and other related actions.

1702 Policy LU 15.7 Establish and implement a Climate Action Plan based on best available 1703 science with stakeholder commission. Set carbon reduction targets over a 1704 20-30 year period andIdentify, develop, and implement strategies to meet 1705 these targetsClimate Action Plan provisions. Additional Sustainability 1706 Policy LU 15.8Policy LU 15.7 Maintain or improve air quality in Pullman; avoid or mitigate Policies 1707 land use activities that create or compound air quality problems, including the release of volatile organic compounds and odors. See the Transportation and Capital 1708 Facilities Elements for more policies Policy LU 15.9Policy LU 15.8 Establish programs to plant and maintain trees throughout addressing climate action and 1709 sutainability. 1710 the city to promote a well-managed and healthy urban forest.

1711 Policy LU 15.10Policy LU 15.9 Consider elements of a Night Sky ordinance and lighting 1712 provisions such as location and cutoff shields in the Pullman City Code.

1713 Policy LU 15.11Policy LU 15.10 Continue to periodically review and update Critical Area 1714 Ordinance (CAO)CAO regulations using best available science.

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1715 Water Resources

1716 GOAL LU 16 Ensure a sustainable and safe water supply, and ensure stormwater 1717 quality.

1718 Policy LU 16.1 Coordinate with other jurisdictions in the area to maintain an adequate 1719 supply of ground water for the community’s potable water needs.

1720 Policy LU 16.2 Protect the Grande Ronde Aquifer from contamination in order to assure 1721 a safe public water supply and coordinate aquifer protection regionally.

1722 Policy LU 16.3 Protect and enhance the water quality, habitat value, and beauty of all 1723 perennial streams and rivers in the city. Cooperate with neighboring 1724 jurisdictions on regional water quality issues.

1725 Policy LU 16.4 Promote low water use landscaping for public and private developments.

1726 Policy LU 16.5 Prevent the creation of storm water drainage patterns that will overload 1727 the city’s storm drainage system.

1728 Policy LU 16.6 Control stormwater runoff and provide treatment to prevent 1729 contamination of local streams from erosion, urban development, or 1730 livestock.

1731 Policy LU 16.7 Employ Low Impact Development practices in public and private land 1732 use to use stormwater resources more efficiently.

1733 Policy LU 16.8 Implement stormwater management projects – such as cleanup efforts on 1734 the South Fork of the Palouse River – to improve the function and 1735 appearance of the city’s waterways.

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1736 Policy LU 16.9 Encourage water reclamation and greywater use where feasible with 1737 major institutions or systems such as with schools and parks.

1738 Policy LU 16.8Policy LU 16.10 Protect the critical aquifer recharge area, and avoid 1739 depletion through reduction in impervious areas and other low impact 1740 development techniques.

1741 Wetlands & Habitat

1742 GOAL LU 17 Preserve wetlands, riparian areas, and significant plant and wildlife 1743 habitat.

1744 Policy LU 17.1 Discourage development in or near wetlands, riparian areas, and 1745 significant plant and wildlife habitat sites that would adversely affect the 1746 size or functioning of the resource area. Development of property 1747 containing these designated critical areas should: 1748 ▪ Avoid impacts to the critical area if at all possible. 1749 ▪ Mitigate for unavoidable impacts on-site and near the affected 1750 resource. Pullman 2040 ▪ Mitigate for unavoidable impacts off-site only as a last resort. 1751 Pullman 2040 is an ongoing planning process led by the Pullman Chamber 1752 Policy LU 17.2 In order to maximize the functional value of wetlands and other significant along with many partners that is intended 1753 habitat sites, encourage protection of larger, continuous areas rather to develop a collective vision for the than isolated pockets of habitat. Pullman community and the strategies to 1754 accomplish that vision. Some elements of Policy LU 17.3 Consider the development of a wetlands mitigation bank in order to the project include addressing recreation 1755 and the environment. 1756 maximize the functional values of individual wetlands mitigation.

1757 Policy LU 17.4 Restore channel capacities and natural stream and riparian area 1758 functions where possible.

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1759 Policy LU 17.5 Encourage restoration of native vegetation to riparian areas.

1760 Policy LU 17.6 Encourage private owners of stream channels to maintain the riparian 1761 area in vegetative cover and remove trash.

1762 Policy LU 17.6Policy LU 17.7 Encourage compatible public use in wetlands buffers such 1763 as trails.

1764 Frequently Flooded Areas

1765 GOAL LU 18 Minimize flood damage to private and public property.

1766 Policy LU 18.1 Carefully manage development in flood hazard areas. Development 1767 proposed in or adjacent to designated flood hazard areas shall 1768 demonstrate that lives and property at the subject site and at upstream 1769 and downstream properties will not be significantly affected by the 1770 development.

1771 Policy LU 18.2 Require floodproofing measures when remodeling is proposed to 1772 structures located in the floodplain.

1773 Policy LU 18.3 Encourage the use of bioengineering techniques to protect stream banks 1774 from erosion.

1775 Policy LU 18.4 Coordinate floodplain land use efforts with the county so that floodplain 1776 uses are compatible with City policies and codes if and when they are 1777 annexed.

1778 Policy LU 18.5 Develop creative and attractive floodplain management designs to 1779 reduce flooding potential.

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1780 GOAL LU 19 Promote open space and recreational uses of floodplain areas.

1781 Policy LU 19.1 Encourage private landowners to maintain the floodplain as open space 1782 in natural vegetative cover.

1783 Policy LU 19.2 Encourage bicycle/pedestrian easements along streams.

1784 Policy LU 19.2Policy LU 19.3 Promote flood adaptive land uses in floodplains, such as 1785 recreation and trails.

1786 Geologically Hazardous Areas

1787 GOAL LU 20 Protect lives and property by limiting development in geologically 1788 hazardous areas.

1789 Policy LU 20.1 Discourage development on steep slopes and geologically hazardous 1790 areas. Development proposed for steep slopes shall use the best available 1791 means to demonstrate that the lives and property of residentscommunity 1792 members or users of the development and adjacent properties will be 1793 adequately protected.

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1794 Shorelines

1795 GOAL LU 21 Preserve shoreline areas while assuring public access to the water, in 1796 accordance with the City’s Shoreline Master Program.

1797 Policy LU 21.1 Protect the quality of local streams and enhance public access to 1798 shorelines. Review of all private and public developments should consider 1799 and provide for public access as close to the water as possible, consistent 1800 with protection of environmental resources and water quality.

1801 Policy LU 21.2 Protect and enhance public views of the shoreline area from adjacent 1802 upland areas, consistent with the need to protect environmental 1803 resources (including vegetation).

1804 Policy LU 21.3 Preserve the natural character of the shoreline. Ensure that public and 1805 private development, including public access and recreational 1806 development, minimizes disturbance of environmental resources and 1807 shoreline ecosystems.

1808 Policy LU 21.4 Encourage the use of native plant materials in restoration of shoreline 1809 areas or landscaping development within the shoreline area. Protect 1810 areas of native vegetation.

1811 Policy LU 21.5 Encourage the design and use of naturally regenerating systems of 1812 erosion control and water quality treatment in shoreline areas.

1813 Policy LU 21.6 Ensure that all shoreline uses are located, designed, constructed, and 1814 maintained to minimize adverse impacts to water quality and fish and 1815 wildlife resources.

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1816 Policy LU 21.7 Encourage development of trails along the city’s streams. All trails should 1817 be designed to protect environmental resources and minimize adverse 1818 effects to water quality. 1819

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1820

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1821

1822 Community 1823 Design

1824 Introduction 107 1825 Conditions & Trends 108 1826 Opportunities & Constraints 121 1827 Goals & Policies 124

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1828

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1829 Introduction The Community Development Element supports the Vision Statement by establishing policies that promote 1830 Architectural and urban design play a key role in creating and maintaining a vibrant, protection and enhancement of historic and cultural resources that contribute to 1831 livable community, and the design of public spaces and neighborhoods contributes to Pullman’s unique sense of place. Other 1832 the city’s character and unique sense of place. The Community Design Element policies acknowledge local rivers and 1833 describes current design patterns in Pullman’s urban environment and the streams as aesthetic resources that enhance the community. 1834 neighborhoods that define it. The Element identifies opportunities and constraints related 1835 to Community Design in Pullman and identifies policies to guide future development of This element directly supports the following Framework Principles: 1836 the city’s built environment. ▪ Defined and welcoming sense of place ▪ Diverse and thriving economy ▪ Healthy and valued natural environment

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1837 Conditions & Trends

1838 Regional Setting & Landscape 1839 As described in Chapter 1, Plan Foundation Pullman is located in southeastern 1840 Washington’s Palouse region, a tapestry of rolling hills, wheat fields, and winding river 1841 valleys. The city is centered on the confluence of the Missouri Flat Creek, Dry Fork Creek, 1842 and the South Fork of the Palouse River, and the surrounding hills create the structure for 1843 Pullman’s four major neighborhoods.

1844 This picturesque landscape provides a unique backdrop for Pullman as it continues to 1845 forge its identity as a community that respects its rural setting and agricultural roots while 1846 looking forward to a future fueled by higher education and high-tech innovation.

1847 Neighborhood Design Context

1848 Downtown 1849 As described in the Land Use Element, Downtown Pullman sits in the valley formed by the 1850 surrounding hills, located at the junction of several waterways. Downtown is the heart of 1851 Pullman’s historic business district, and it hosts a collection of well-preserved historic 1852 buildings, public parks, and connections to the Downtown River Walk trail. While 1853 Downtown contains some of Pullman’s best examples of historic architecture and high- 1854 quality architectural design, the area also experiences storefront vacancy levels that are 1855 higher than ideal, leading to declining physical appearance of some buildings.

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1856 As the social and cultural hub of Pullman, mMost of Pullman’s public gathering spaces 1857 are concentrated in Downtown, while the WSU campus is another social hub that could 1858 be more strongly connected for the benefit of all Pullman community members.

1859 Downtown These locations provide citizens and visitors with social spaces and showcase 1860 the neighborhood’s design character. 1861 ▪ High Street Plaza: Located adjacent to the historic Flatiron building between Paradise 1862 and Main Streets, this small plaza hosts outdoor music concerts during the summer. 1863 Improvements to lighting and landscaping, along with construction of a 1864 stage/performance area, could improve public use of this space as a concert 1865 venue. 1866 ▪ Pine Street Plaza: This public space is located near the trestle across the river and is 1867 one of the most active public spaces in the city. It provides outdoor seating for 1868 adjacent restaurants and connects Downtown to the riverfront trail system. Lighting 1869 and access improvements could further improve the appearance of this space and 1870 attract more visitors to Downtown. The Downtown Plan identifies treating Pine Street 1871 like an extension of the Pine Street Plaza, increasing the quality for pedestrians. 1872 ▪ Downtown Riverwalk: This trail provides pedestrian and bicycle connections between 1873 Downtown and the broader regional trail network. Additional access, landscaping, 1874 and safety improvements would increase usage of this trail and offer 1875 residentscommunity members improved non-motorized connections between urban 1876 and rural environments.

1877 While the district has a well-defined walkable street grid, the area is also a crossroads of 1878 major vehicle transportation routes, leading to high levels of vehicle traffic, including 1879 trucks. Such a large number of automobiles moving through the area detracts from the 1880 pedestrian streetscape, and a lack of adequate signage and crossing signals pose 1881 challenges for pedestrians moving through the area. For example, lights at Pine Street 1882 should not go red until a pedestrian is crossing. Prominent traffic signage and utility

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1883 infrastructure (power lines, utility poles, etc.) also detract from the architectural character 1884 and pedestrian focus of Downtown.

1885 Pioneer Hill 1886 Pioneer Hill, located south of Downtown, is an established residential neighborhood, 1887 primarily characterized by single-family homes with tightly-gridded, walkable streets and 1888 extensive tree cover. Much of the neighborhood is within walking distance of Downtown, 1889 the new City Hall, Pioneer Center, and several gathering and cultural spaces. I, and it is 1890 bounded by commercial districts on the west and south and the SR 270 corridor on the 1891 east. Pioneer Hill is also located within walking distance of several parks, including 1892 Lawson Gardens, Kruegel Park, and City Playfield.

1893 Sunnyside Hill 1894 Sunnyside Hill forms the southwest quadrant of the city. Like Pioneer Hill, much of this 1895 neighborhood is within walking distance of Downtown. In contrast to Pioneer Hill, the 1896 street pattern is larger, characterized by curving roads and cul-de-sacs. The eastern 1897 portion of the study area near SR 27 is characterized by commercial development and 1898 established residential areas, while the western portion of the neighborhood consists of 1899 newer residential development, including newly constructed single- and multi-family 1900 residences. Sunnyside Hill is also walking distance to Sunnyside Park and other community 1901 spaces.

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1902 Military Hill 1903 Located in the northwest quadrant of the city, Military Hill contains a mix of residential, 1904 commercial, and industrial development; the area is experiencing greater growth 1905 compared to other quadrant neighborhoods. Similar to Sunnyside Hill, this neighborhood 1906 includes commercial development along the major transportation corridor with 1907 established residential areas behind. Farther to the northwest, newer residential 1908 development is characterized by larger, more suburban block patterns and cul-de-sacs. 1909 This area is also home to Pullman High School, Military Hill Park, and the Pullman Aquatic 1910 Center.

1911

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1912 College Hill 1913 In 1890, Washington Agricultural College Experiment Station and School of Science was 1914 founded. It was later called Washington State College and is now Washington State 1915 University (WSU). Growth of the school led to the development of the neighborhoods of 1916 College Hill and Military Hill in the eastern and northern areas of the city, respectively. 1917 Continued growth of the school has required students, faculty, and staff to find housing in 1918 the other residential neighborhoods of Pullman.32

1919 In 2009, the City adopted the College Hill Core Neighborhood Plan, a subarea plan 1920 incorporated by reference into this Comprehensive Plan. It contains a vision, goals, and 1921 implementation strategies, providing for a safe and vibrant neighborhood, a mix of 1922 housing types and commercial and institutional uses, well-maintained properties and 1923 housing, superior infrastructure, sufficient parking balancing residential character, historic 1924 protection, public and private open space, community collaboration, and more.

1925 A portion of College Hill has been designated as the College Hill Historic District, a single- 1926 family residential housing district primarily housing staff, facultyfaculty, and students of 1927 WSU. The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006. The 1928 area of the district is 23.7 acres, and it is bounded roughly by NE Stadium Way on the 1929 north, NE B Street on the east, NE Howard Street on the south and properties on the west 1930 side of NE Indiana Street on the west. Of the 146 buildings and structures within the 1931 district, 113 are considered to contribute to its historic character. The period of 1932 significance for the district is 1888 to 1946.33 All of the properties in the district are located 1933 on the north slope of College Hill. The properties within this district are characterized by 1934 long, narrow and rectilinear property lines. Many properties are set back from the street

32 National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, College Hill Historic District, 2006. 33 Washington State Historic Preservation Office, NPS Form 10-900: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for College Hill Historic District, 2006.

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1935 and have open front yards. Many of the properties back onto alleys that provide access 1936 to garages and parking. The predominant house styles are Colonial Revival (29%), Tudor 1937 Revival (14%), and Bungalow/Craftsman (30%).34

1938 Most of the streets on College Hill are narrow, and parking is a perennial problem for 1939 community members. This problem has been made worse as more of the single-family 1940 homes are converted into apartments or multi-tenant structures. The City of Pullman 1941 recognizes the need to rehabilitate the College Hill Historic District and its environs by 1942 enhancing neighborhood and housing conditions and expanding vehicle parking 1943 options. City plans state that new development within this district should be designed 1944 using standards that are consistent with the character of this historic neighborhood.

1945

1946 Most of the streets on College Hill are narrow, and parking is a perennial problem for 1947 residents. This problem has been made worse as more of the single-family homes are 1948 converted into apartments or multi-tenant structures. All of the properties in the district 1949 are located on the north slope of College Hill. The properties within this district are 1950 characterized by long, narrow and rectilinear property lines. Many properties are set 1951 back from the street and have open front yards. Many of the properties back onto alleys 1952 that provide access to garages and parking. The predominant house styles are Colonial 1953 Revival (29%), Tudor Revival (14%), and Bungalow/Craftsman (30%).35

34 Washington State Historic Preservation Office, NPS Form 10-900: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for College Hill Historic District, 2006. 35 Washington State Historic Preservation Office, NPS Form 10-900: National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for College Hill Historic District, 2006.

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1954 Trail System 1955 Paths and trails within city limits extend more than 16 miles, including a portion of the 1956 seven-mile-long Bill Chipman Palouse Trail connecting Pullman and Moscow. 1957 Implementation of the Pullman Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan, Pulman Parks & 1958 Recreation and the Washington State University Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, can help 1959 connect Pullman’s community members with destinations and offer recreation and 1960 commute opportunities. The City’s Complete Streets policies and street design standards 1961 can help extend and expand the trail, sidewalks, and bicycle routes in the City. Other 1962 opportunities include transfer of the northern ring road to the County and City where 1963 multimodal transportation can be proposed. Also, repurposing unneeded rail lines for 1964 active transportation could also be pursued. For more information and relevant policies 1965 see the Transportation and Capital Facilities Elements.

1966 Gateways 1967 Two primary highways, SR 27 and SR 270, connect Pullman to the surrounding region and 1968 divide the city into quadrants. These highways carry most of the vehicle traffic coming 1969 into and leaving Pullman. As these routes descend into Pullman from the surrounding hills, 1970 they offer opportunities to establish formal gateways and improving signage to the city 1971 that provide a sense of arrival to visitors and emphasize Pullman’s community identity, 1972 such as Welcome Wayside on Davis Way. Other gateway opportunities include trail 1973 heads, such as at the Bill Chipman Palouse Trail.

1974 Within the City, additional gateway locations would help define neighborhood 1975 boundaries, such as those for Downtown. Outreach to Downtown stakeholders indicates 1976 a desire for more formal boundaries and clearer branding for Downtown, which could 1977 be accomplished through entry signage or public art at strategic locations. Potential

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1978 Downtown gateway locations include the intersection of Grand Avenue and SE Paradise 1979 Street and the intersection of SE Paradise Street and Main Street.

1980 Signage, Wayfinding, & Public Art 1981 As described under Neighborhood Design Context, Pullman’s neighborhoods have 1982 distinct characteristics, and Downtown serves as the social, commercial, and cultural 1983 hub of the city. However, recent public outreach and stakeholder engagement as part 1984 of development of the Downtown Master Plan indicates ambiguity in the community 1985 about the boundaries of Downtown and connections between major community activity 1986 centers. A comprehensive branding and wayfinding strategy, including common 1987 signage designs, promotes a unified community identity and offers residentscommunity 1988 members and visitors improved awareness of, and access to, public spaces and 1989 community amenities.

1990 Public art in Pullman is generally limited, and more widespread use would provide 1991 opportunities to reinforce community identity, along with providing aesthetic interest for 1992 visitors to these spaces. Pine Street Plaza, located adjacent to the trestle across the river, 1993 features a mural by local artist Patrick Siler, and Cougar Plaza at the corner of Grand 1994 Avenue and NE Olsen Street, features a public sculpture installation and signage for both 1995 the City of Pullman and WSU.

1996 Historic & Cultural Resources

1997 Certified Local Government Program 1998 Pullman is a member of the Certified Local Government Program, which helps local 1999 governments preserve historic and cultural resources by providing access to financial and

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2000 technical assistance through the National Historic Preservation Act. Certified Local 2001 Governments may also apply for grants, offer Special Tax Valuation to locally listed 2002 properties, and receive assistance and training from the State Historic Preservation Office.

2003 Downtown Historic Survey 2004 The Downtown Historic Survey of Pullman was conducted in 2014 to catalog historic 2005 resources. The survey determined that five of the survey sites appear individually eligible 2006 for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places; these include: 2007 ▪ Washington National Guard Armory 2008 ▪ Cordova Theater 2009 ▪ Anawalt/Mason Building 2010 ▪ Jackson Block/Grand Theater 2011 ▪ US Post Office

2012 Portions of the survey area are potentially eligible for listing as a historic district in the 2013 National Register; 36 of the survey sites would be included as contributing sites within that 2014 district. The majority of the area appears eligible for a downtown historic district. The 2015 period of significance, which includes all of the city’s major building style trends, spans 2016 from around 1890 to around 1960.36 2017 ▪ —the Washington National Guard Armory, Cordova Theater, Anawalt/Mason 2018 Building, Jackson Block/Grand Theater, and the US Post Office—appear individually 2019 eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Portions of the survey 2020 area are potentially eligible for listing as a historic district in the National Register; 36 2021 of the survey sites would be included as contributing sites within that district. The

36 A.D. Preservation, Reconnaissance Survey for Downtown Pullman, Whitman County, Washington, 2014.

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2022 majority of the area appears eligible for a downtown historic district. The period of 2023 significance, which includes all of the city’s major building style trends, spans from 2024 around 1890 to around 1960.37

2025 Maple Street Historic Survey 2026 The Maple Street Historic Survey was conducted in 2013 and surveyed 36 buildings in the 2027 area bounded roughly by Maple Street to the west, Palouse Street to the south, Maiden 2028 Lane and Opal Street to the east and Colorado Street to the north. Small alterations to a 2029 historic building, such as replacing windows or doors with use of non-period materials or 2030 technology, can significantly decrease the historical integrity of a building. Due to these 2031 kinds of renovations, 32 of the 36 buildings inventoried have lost considerable historical 2032 value. Three of the buildings in the area remain largely intact and were determined to be 2033 eligible for listing on the National Register under Criterion C (historical significance 2034 derived from design or construction). These are three houses located at: 2035 ▪ 625 Maple Street 2036 ▪ , 635 Maple Street 2037 ▪ and 410 Spaulding Street

2038 . The survey also determined that several prominent local people owned and lived in the 2039 house at 455 Campus Street, which makes it eligible for listing on the National Register 2040 under Criterion B (historical significance derived from association with the lives of persons 2041 significant in our past).38

37 A.D. Preservation, Reconnaissance Survey for Downtown Pullman, Whitman County, Washington, 2014. 38 Rain Shadow Research, Maple Street-Maiden Ln. Inventory, 2013.

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2042 National Register of Historic Places 2043 There are 10 sites in Pullman currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places. 2044 These are: 2045 ▪ Thompson Hall and Stevens Hall on the WSU campus 2046 ▪ ; the United Presbyterian Church (Greystone Church) at 430 NE Maple Street 2047 ▪ ; the William Swain house at West 315 W Main Street 2048 ▪ ; the Gladish Building (Pullman High School) at 115 NW State Street 2049 ▪ ; the Old Post Office Building at 245 SE Paradise Street 2050 ▪ ; the Cordova Theater at 135 N Grand Avenue 2051 ▪ ; the College Hill Historic District 2052 ▪ ; Star Route and Palouse Street Brick Road, which consists of one-block portions of NE 2053 Maple and NE Palouse Streets; and 2054 ▪ the Northern Pacific Railway Depot at 330 N Grand Avenue.39

2055 Pullman Register of Historic Places 2056 With assistance and technical advice from City staff, the City of Pullman’s Historic 2057 Preservation Commission manages the conservation of local historic resources. The 2058 Commission, consisting of seven appointed members, acts as the primary resource for

39 National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places, Spreadsheet of NRHP Listed Properties, 2020.

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2059 information and matters relating to the city’s history and historic resources. The 2060 Commission maintains the Pullman Register of Historic Places, which currently consists of 2061 the following properties:40 2062 ▪ St. James Episcopal Church (Ruby Oak Apartments) at 600 NE Oak Street; 2063 ▪ Star Route and Palouse Street Brick Road; 2064 ▪ Pullman Veterans’ Memorial located at the northeast corner of E Main and NE Spring 2065 Streets; 2066 ▪ Kappa Delta Sorority at 520 NE Howard Street; 2067 ▪ Drucker House at 965 NE B Street; 2068 ▪ Phelps House at 970 NE Monroe Street; 2069 ▪ A. A. and Pearl Rounds House at 630 NE Garfield Street; 2070 ▪ Anawalt House at 1125 NE Monroe Street; 2071 ▪ Hollingbery House at 1120 NE Indiana Street; 2072 ▪ McCulloch House at 1110 NE Indiana Street; 2073 ▪ McKee-Kennedy House at 1045 NE Monroe Street; and 2074 ▪ United Presbyterian Church (Greystone Church) at 430 NE Maple Street;. 2075 ▪ Weller House at 630 NE Illinois Street; 2076 ▪ Horner House at 1040 NE Creston Lane; and 2077 ▪ Osburn House at 635 NE Illinois Street.

40 City of Pullman Historic Preservation Commission, Pullman Register of Historic Places, 2020.

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2078 Certified Local Government Program 2079 Pullman is a member of the Certified Local Government Program, which helps local 2080 governments preserve historic and cultural resources by providing access to financial and 2081 technical assistance through the National Historic Preservation Act. Certified Local 2082 Governments may also apply for grants, offer Special Tax Valuation to locally listed 2083 properties, and receive assistance and training from the State Historic Preservation Office.

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2084 Opportunities & Constraints

2085 Residents Community members and property owners recognize and value the unique 2086 aesthetic setting and historic character of the city. Promoting high-quality urban design 2087 helps foster a strong community identity, and preservation of and integration with historic 2088 resources is a high priority for the City. However, design guidelines and historic 2089 designations can constrain new development. The community sees an opportunity to 2090 implement balanced design standards where appropriate to ensure that new 2091 development can occur but will also be consistent with community design principles and 2092 the historic character of the neighborhood. The College Hill Core Neighborhood Plan 2093 identifies a need for design standards to ensure new development is consistent with the 2094 historic character of the College Hill Historic District.

2095 Pullman’s greatest opportunity and challenge is forging a newunique community identity 2096 that reflects its agricultural roots and highlights the natural setting of the Palouse region, 2097 while also looking to the future. Pullman’s community design should also celebrate its 2098 historic relationship with Washington State University and the role played by the school 2099 and its students, while not being overshadowed by them. The College Hill neighborhood 2100 specifically has constraints related to its historic character. It was established before the 2101 use of personal motor vehicles was widespread. The streets are narrow and do not allow 2102 for much on-street parking. The limited street parking is exacerbated by the trend of 2103 more single-family housing being converted into multifamily housing. Although the 2104 community would like to see enhanced housing conditions and expanded vehicle 2105 parking options in the College Hill neighborhood, maintaining the integrity of the historic 2106 character of the neighborhood is important. 2107

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2108

2109 Downtown and historic College Hill provide s great opportunities for reinforcing 2110 community identity in the region and framing Pullman’s relationship with WSU. The 2111 Pullman Downtown Master Plan identifies key actions for continuing growth and helping 2112 Downtown reach its full potential. These include the following: 2113 ▪ Identify, preserve, and enhance significant cultural and historic locations that 2114 contribute to the district’s history and identity. Achieve this through strengthened 2115 historic preservation programs and design review. 2116 ▪ Continue improvement of public spaces and the pedestrian environment to make 2117 Downtown comfortable, attractive, and people-focused. Improvements to 2118 pedestrian circulation, connections to the river, and streetscape amenities (seating, 2119 bicycle racks, and street trees), can all promote the image of Downtown as a vibrant 2120 place that is open to visitors. 2121 ▪ Activate public spaces through improvements to streetscapes and plazas. 2122 ▪ Formalize Downtown’s boundaries and improve wayfinding and signage to help 2123 orient visitors and reinforce connections between Downtown and the WSU campus, 2124 which is nearby.

2125 However, Downtown’s location at the crossroads of several major transportation corridors 2126 has led to high volumes of vehicle traffic through the area, which interferes with 2127 pedestrian circulation and makes the streetscape less inviting. Balancing the parking 2128 needs of Downtown housing and businesses against these pedestrian streetscape 2129 concerns is an ongoing challenge for planning efforts in the neighborhood. Further, 2130 railroad infrastructure is no longer in use in Downtown, and could better be utilized as 2131 potential trails, adding to the walkability of the neighborhood.

2132 The College Hill Core Neighborhood Plan identifies key actions for continuing 2133 improvement and helping College Hill reach its full potential, including:

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2134 ▪ Adopt and implement architectural design standards for new construction in the 2135 College Hill Core to improve compatibility between existing and new structures 2136 and to enhance the appearance of the built environment. 2137 ▪ Pursue a “complete streets” program for major roadways in the College Hill Core 2138 to ensure these streets are designed to be safe, attractive, and welcoming for all 2139 who use them. 2140 ▪ Coordinate as appropriate with WSU and other agencies on infrastructure 2141 improvements in the neighborhood. 2142 ▪ Explore forming a mandatory neighborhood-wide on-street parking permit system 2143 for the College Hill Core. 2144 ▪ Look for opportunities to acquire land in the College Hill Core for use as open 2145 space.

2146 The College Hill neighborhood specifically has constraints related to its historic character. 2147 It was established before the use of personal motor vehicles was widespread. The streets 2148 are narrow and do not allow for much on-street parking. The limited street parking is 2149 exacerbated by the trend of more single-family housing being converted into multifamily 2150 housing. Although the community would like to see enhanced housing conditions and 2151 expanded vehicle parking options in the College Hill neighborhood, maintaining the 2152 integrity of the historic character of the neighborhood is important.

2153

2154

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2155 Goals & Policies

2156 The community design element addresses the livability and aesthetics of the city. The 2157 community sees opportunities to implement design standards in order to ensure that new 2158 development is consistent with the historic character of certain neighborhoods and to 2159 incorporate interconnected green areas. Key community priorities are to revitalize the 2160 central business district, improve the appearance of streetscapes and older 2161 neighborhoods, and protect local historic resources.

2162 Promote high-quality design to enhance the appearance of the city and 2163 create a strong community identity.

2164 Policy CD 1.1 Improve and maintain community appearance through streetscape and 2165 landscape standards, including entrances to the city, streets, 2166 streetscapes, commercial and industrial setbacks and perimetersareas, 2167 and residential setbacksneighborhoods.

2168 Policy CD 1.2 Coordinate with the Grand Avenue Greenway Committee, Downtown 2169 Pullman Association, Pullman Chamber of Commerce, and other local 2170 organizations to improve the appearance of arterial streets, commercial 2171 districts, and residential neighborhoods. Improvements could include 2172 implementation of wayfinding systems for pathways, installation of 2173 enhanced pedestrian crossing signals, provision of additional public refuse 2174 receptacles, and replacement of aging trees.

2175 Policy CD 1.3 Partner with the Downtown Pullman Association and downtown 2176 businesses on assistance and incentive programs to reduce Downtown 2177 storefront vacancies and improve the physical condition of buildings.

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2178 Policy CD 1.4 Review for potential amendment the City’s existing development 2179 regulations that address transitions between areas of differing densities 2180 and/or land uses, including standards for screening, landscaping, and/or 2181 building height transitions.

2182 Policy CD 1.5 Develop a code compliance program to identify and rehabilitate or 2183 remove blighted structures and areas in the city, and to keep properties 2184 free of refuse and debris.

2185 Policy CD 1.6 Facilitate and provide funding or incentives for façade improvements on 2186 highly visible portions of commercial buildings.

2187 Policy CD 1.7 Continue to improve public spaces Downtown, including High Street Plaza 2188 and Pine Street Plaza, with a focus on pedestrian amenities, landscaping, 2189 public art, and active use.

2190 Policy CD 1.8 Minimize the visual impact of utilities (e.g., cabinets, pedestals, poles, and 2191 bins), particularly in residential neighborhoods and downtown.

2192 Policy CD 1.9 Consider the establishment of a community design center to offer 2193 interested citizens a public space to create, display, and discuss design 2194 concepts for the community.

2195 Policy CD 1.10 Develop a unified design review system for Downtown, followed by 2196 expansion to other multi-family and commercial districts throughout the 2197 community.

2198 Policy CD 1.11 Develop uniform standards for sidewalks, trees, and public areas within 2199 certain districts of the city, such as Downtown.

2200 Policy CD 1.12 Treat Pullman’s river and streams as community assets to be restored, 2201 protected, and showcased.

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2202 Promote the design of safe and attractive public spaces and streetscapes.

2203 Policy CD 2.1 Partner with the Pullman Arts Commission, WSU, the Downtown Pullman 2204 Association, and other appropriate groups to include public art in public 2205 spaces.

2206 Policy CD 2.2 Establish Gateway locations at entryways to the city and Downtown with 2207 appropriate signage and landscaping.

2208 Policy CD 2.3 Promote the incorporation of art into community projects through 2209 partnerships with local organizations.

2210 Policy CD 2.4 Engage a local task force to revise the City’s sign code in accordance 2211 with legal standards and community desires.

2212 Policy CD 2.4Policy CD 2.5 Improve multi-use paths to connect neighborhoods.

2213 Promote the historic identity of Pullman and the surrounding area through 2214 preservation of historic and cultural resources.

2215 Policy CD 3.1 Protect historic neighborhoods and districts from incompatible 2216 development through design review standards.

2217 Policy CD 3.1 In partnership with property owners, neighborhood associations, and the 2218 Whitman County Historical Society, work to identify, evaluate, designate, 2219 and protect significant historic and prehistoric resources maintain an up- 2220 to-date register of historic sites and/or areas in Pullman.

2221 Policy CD 3.2 Protect historic neighborhoods and districts from incompatible 2222 development through design review standards.

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2223 Policy CD 3.3 Unless shown to be in the best interest of the community, minimize 2224 disturbance or destruction of sites and/or areas of significant historic 2225 value.

2226 Policy CD 3.4 Encourage Downtown property owners to retain the district’s historic 2227 appearance by providing incentives to be listed on the historic register or 2228 participate in a façade improvement program.

2229 Policy CD 3.5 Promote innovative redevelopment and reuse of historic properties 2230 through flexibility in application of development standards, such as off- 2231 street parking requirements.

2232 Policy CD 3.5Policy CD 3.6 Promote awareness of Pullman’s history such as through 2233 wayfinding and trail and building markers.

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2234 Integrate Pullman’s natural setting and environmental resources into the 2235 city’s community design.

2236 Policy CD 4.1 Implement a street tree inventory, management, and replacement 2237 system.

2238 Policy CD 4.2 Encourage low water landscaping by promoting the City’s Water 2239 Conservation Incentive Program, providing example plant lists to 2240 community members, and making recommendations to new planned 2241 residential developments and homeowners associations to promote 2242 drought-resistant landscaping.

2243 Policy CD 4.3 Treat Pullman’s river and streams as community assets to be restored, 2244 protected, and showcased.

2245 Policy CD 4.4 Design public spaces to enhance connections to natural features, 2246 including rivers, greenbelts, and territorial views, where feasible.

2247 Policy CD 4.4Policy CD 4.5 Develop community design and development standards 2248 that help to minimize anthropogenic climate change and reduce its 2249 impact. 2250

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2251

2252 Housing

2253 Introduction 131 2254 Conditions & Trends 132 2255 Opportunities & Constraints 136 2256 Goals & Policies 142

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2257

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2258 Introduction The Housing Element supports the Vision Statement by establishing policies that address preserving and rehabilitating 2259 The Housing Element describes Pullman’s housing conditions and trends and constraints residential areas that can assist with small town character and high quality of life 2260 and opportunities to: and facilitating a range of housing types 2261 ▪ Ensure City plans and regulations offer opportunities for a range of housing styles and to support various incomes. 2262 prices to fit a range of household needs and incomes. This element directly supports the following Framework Principles: 2263 ▪ Enhance residentscommunity members’ quality of life by investing in existing ▪ Defined and welcoming sense of place 2264 neighborhoods through improving walkability, bike-ability, ADA accessibility, and ▪ Abundant variety of quality and 2265 access to destinations such as parks and stores. affordable housing ▪ Long-term sustainability

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2266 Conditions & Trends

2267 Pullman’s housing market is a strong reflection of its location in a resident-based college 2268 community. The city has a greater share of multi-family units and a larger proportion of 2269 renters than the statewide average. Below is a brief inventory of local housing, examining 2270 existing stock (tenure, vacancy rates, housing age and construction trends, and housing 2271 cost), commute trends, and future housing supply.

2272 See Appendix A for a more detailed discussion of population, demographic, and 2273 housing trends in the city.

Exhibit 14 Household Dwelling Types, 2274 Housing Availability 2019

2275 Type 2276 Pullman has almost twice as many multi-family units as single- family units (Exhibit 14); 2277 however, both types of residences have grown over time.

2278 Permits 2279 Over the past 20 years, the City permitted an average of 207 dwellings per year, 2280 including an average of 58 single- family and 149 multi-family units. From 2015-2018, the 2281 range of annual housing units permitted was roughly 150 to 225. In comparison, the 2282 number of permitted dwellings exceeded 400 in 2019, with a high amount of duplex units 2283 designed for WSU student rentals.41

Source: OFM, 2019. 41 City of Pullman, 2019.

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2284 Tenure 2285 More than two-thirds of the City’s dwellings are renter-occupied as opposed to the 2286 statewide average of about one-third. One in five residents live in group quarters (e.g., 2287 dormitories or fraternity/sorority houses), and the percentage of the population that 2288 relocates from one housing unit to another in a given year is three times the state 2289 average.42

2290 Vacancy Rates 2291 ACS results for 2014-2018 show a very low vacancy rate below 1% for single- family units 2292 and about 6.1% for multifamily units in Pullman.43 Industry standards suggest an optimal 2293 vacancy rate of 5% percent for rental units for the operation of the free market. The 2294 Palouse Regional Housing Assessment considered a healthy vacancy rate of between 2295 7.0-8.0% for rentals, and between 1.3-2.0% for owner-oriented housing based on a 2018 2296 study by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.44

2297 Housing ConditionStock Age 2298 The average age of Pullman’s housing stock is young compared with the rest of Whitman 2299 County – only 17% of Pullman’s dwelling units were built prior to 1960 compared to 60% in 2300 Whitman County as a whole and 50% statewide. Accordingly, about 41% of the total 2301 single-family units and about 41% of the total multi-family units in the community were 2302 built between 1995-2019 (1,810 single family houses and 3,470 apartments).45

42 US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates. 43 US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates. 44 (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019). 45 US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

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2303 Housing Costs

2304 Cost & Cost Burden 2305 The median value of owner-occupied housing within the city in 2018 was $258,200 and 2306 the median monthly rent was $788 per rental unit.46 As a percentage of household 2307 income, the cost of owner-occupied housing in Pullman is comparatively low compared 2308 to renter-occupied housing. About 20% of homeowners earning less than 80% of the area 2309 median income are cost-burdened (pay more than 30% of their income on housing), 2310 whereas about 79% of renters are cost-burdened.47

2311 Overall cost-burden for the Palouse region in Washington and Idaho (Whitman and 2312 Latah Counties) was 37.7%. If households headed by persons under age 25 are removed 2313 – addressing likely student households – the number of cost-burdened households drops 2314 to 28.1%. Nevertheless, housing units are needed at different price levels to allow persons 2315 to meet needs. (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019)

2316 Commute Trends 2317 Attainable housing in proximity to jobs is important to help contain living costs and create 2318 a higher quality of life for the Pullman community. Currently about 5537% of persons 2319 working in Pullman live outside Pullman (such as in Moscow, Idaho as well as ID and other 2320 areas in the Whitman County and the Spokane regionPalouse). See Exhibit 15.

46 US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates. 47 US HUD Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy; US Census Bureau, 2012-2016 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

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2321 Exhibit 15 Where Workers in Pullman Live, 20152018 Place Number Percent

Pullman city, WAPullman, WA 6,5126,253 63.0%44.0% Moscow city, IDMoscow, ID 5711,821 5.5%12.8% Spokane city, WAColfax, WA 289360 2.8%2.5% Richland city, WASpokane, 189344 1.8%2.4% WA Spokane Valley city, 143309 1.4%2.2% WALewiston, ID Lewiston city, IDAlbion, WA 123221 1.2%1.6% Seattle city, WASpokane 121149 1.2%1.0% Valley, WA Kennewick city, WAPalouse, 118127 1.1%0.9% WA Albion town, WAClarkston, WA 87102 0.8%0.7% Pasco city, WAWest Clarkston‐ 7386 0.7%0.6% Highland, WA All Other LocationsAll Other 2,1144,431 20.4%31.2% Locations

Total Jobs 10,34014,203 ‐‐

2322 Source: US Census Bureau, OnTheMap Application and LEHD Origin‐Destination Employment Statistics, 2015 as 2323 reported in (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019).

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2324 Opportunities & Constraints

2325 To address housing needs, and trends, community members are interested in options to 2326 increase housing variety, and self-reliant neighborhoods to cultivate an adequate supply 2327 of affordable housing, promote infill and mitigate sprawl, and create more walkable 2328 communities.

2329 Future Housing Supply

2330 Demand for Housing 2331 Exhibit 16 provides a summary of future housing needs. It is projected that Pullman will 2332 need approximately 17,814 housing units to support its population by 2060. This is an 2333 increase in dwellings of about 4,341 over the 40 year period, or on average nearly 110 2334 dwelling units per year on average. That is about half of the units produced annually 2335 from 1995-2019 (220 units annually), but closer to dwellings produced from 2010-2019 (172 2336 units annually).

2337 Exhibit 16 Future Housing Needs, 2020-2060

Pullman Population in Total Projected Additional New Housing Units To Meet Year Population Group Housing Housing Units Needed Need, Based on 2019 Existing Units*

2019 (Current) 34,492 6,659 13,473 N/A 2025 35,725 7,145 13,110 362 2030 37,333 7,467 13,700 984

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Pullman Population in Total Projected Additional New Housing Units To Meet Year Population Group Housing Housing Units Needed Need, Based on 2019 Existing Units* 2035 38,621 7,724 14,173 1,483 2040 39,850 7,970 14,624 1,959 2045 41,106 8,221 15,085 2,445 2050 42,636 8,527 15,646 3,038 2055 44,166 8,833 16,208 3,630 2060 46,000 9,200 16,881 4,341

2338 *Based on Washington State OFM’s 2019 estimate of population, group quarter population, households, and housing units for the Pullman urban area 2339 (nearly identical to the city limits). The 2019 information includes an average size of 2.2 persons per household, occupancy of units of about 94%, and 2340 about 20% of the population living in group quarters. Values were calculated by carrying forward 2019 household, occupancy, and group quarter 2341 statistics, and the City’s 2019 estimate of 13,473 existing housing units. 2342 Source: City of Pullman, 2017; BERK, 2019.

2343 Housing Affordability and Variety

2344 Ownership Housing Affordability 2345 Comparing the average cost of single-family ownership housing to household incomes in 2346 2018, only 23% can afford an average priced home and 44% can afford a bottom-tier 2347 priced home. See the Conditions and Trends section of this Element for more information. 2348 Providing housing types that are affordable to more income levels could assist with a 2349 greater attainment of ownership housing. This could include single-family homes on 2350 smaller lots, modular built homes, and tiny homes. Accessory dwelling units could also 2351 allow owners to stay in their homes while earning incomes from renters.

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2352 Rental Housing Affordability 2353 A rental housing gap analysis shows an undersupply of dwellings 2354 affordable at the extremely low income (<30% HUD Area Median 2355 Family Income, or HAMFI) and the middle and upper income levels 2356 (>80% HAMFI). There is an oversupply of rental units affordable to 2357 very low income (30-50% HAMFI) and low income (50-80% HAMFI) Single Family Homes Accessory Dwelling Units 2358 levels. It is likely that those households earning extremely low 2359 incomes, such as students or seniors, are sharing homes otherwise 2360 affordable to higher income households where there are more 2361 available units.

2362 Providing for a greater variety of housing types in zoning districts – 2363 including senior housing, student housing, and dwelling units that are 2364 compatible with single-family zones, such as accessory dwelling Modular Built Homes Tiny Homes 2365 units – could assist with rental housing supply.

2366 See the Conditions & Trends Conditions and Trends section above 2367 for more information.

2368 Affordable Development & Density Bonuses 2369 State law recently identified requirements that cities allow density Senior Housing Student Housing 2370 bonuses for affordable housing for single-family or multifamily 2371 residences on property owned or controlled by religious 2372 organizations. (RCW Chapter 35A.63 .300) These institutional properties may be 2373 opportunities to develop long-term affordable housing at lower costs.

2374 The Downtown Master Plan has identified parking lots where mixed use development 2375 may be appropriate. These may be locations where the City can encourage housing

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2376 development through density bonuses for public benefits including affordable housing 2377 and/or other amenities.

2378 Multifamily Tax Exemptions 2379 Cities with a population of 15,000 or more may establish a multifamily tax exemption 2380 (MFTE) program. The value of eligible housing improvements is exempted from property 2381 taxes, typically for 8 or 12 years with the higher years for property owners who commit to 2382 renting or selling at least 20% of these units to low- and moderate-income households.

2383 This incentive can promote new, rehabilitated, or converted multifamily housing within 2384 residential targeted areas, including affordable housing. “Residential targeted areas” are 2385 urban centers or urban growth areas designated by the City based on the following 2386 criteria (summarized): 2387 ▪ The area must be within an urban center48. 2388 ▪ The area must lack sufficient available, desirable, and convenient residential housing, 2389 including affordable housing, to meet the needs of the public. 2390 ▪ Additional housing opportunities, including affordable housing, in the area will assist in 2391 achieving one or more purposes of the law (RCW 84.14.007). 2392 ▪ A residential targeted area may not include a campus facilities master plan.

48 Urban center includes a compact identifiable district where urban residents may obtain a variety of products and services. An urban center must contain: (a) Several existing or previous, or both, business establishments that may include but are not limited to shops, offices, banks, restaurants, governmental agencies; (b) Adequate public facilities including streets, sidewalks, lighting, transit, domestic water, and sanitary sewer systems; and (c) A mixture of uses and activities that may include housing, recreation, and cultural activities in association with either commercial or office, or both, use.

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2393 The Downtown Master Plan identifies a Multi-Family Housing Tax Exemption as a tool to 2394 help the City meet its goal for investment and housing opportunities in Downtown.

2395 Infill Development 2396 Approximately one-third of WSU students live on campus and the remaining live in off- 2397 campus housing. WSU expects that ratio to remain the same. Given that WSU student 2398 enrollment is projected to grow in the future, and with it, the demand for student housing, 2399 the City could focus new development in a pattern of infill as a solution for mitigatingTo 2400 avoid sprawl, protect environmentally sensitive areas, and increasing increase the quality 2401 of neighborhoods, the City could promote infill development. To ensure quality design, 2402 the City could apply transitional standards (e.g.e.g., height, landscaping) to promote 2403 compatibility. The ability to reasonably transition from lower to higher densities could be 2404 part of rezone criteria.

2405 Walkability 2406 Making neighborhoods more self-reliant would encourage walking among the 2407 community and help increase interaction among community members. The City could 2408 look at ways to help bring more retail (small grocery stores, for example) into the 2409 neighborhoods and establish more walkable community meeting spaces.

2410 Housing Condition Trends 2411 The age of the City’s housing stock is relatively new compared to the County as a whole. 2412 Over the life of the plan to 2060, the housing stock will age. A key to providing for housing 2413 affordable to all is to preserve the housing stock in place whenever possible and

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2414 appropriate. The City could continue its voluntary housing inspection program and 2415 coordinate with non-profit housing repair programs that operate in Whitman County 2416 such as Community Action Center (CAC).49 However, the City could review other 2417 example jurisdictions (e.g. Pasco) and explore a mandatory inspection program.

2418

49 See: https://www.cacwhitman.org/.

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2419 Goals & Policies

2420 The Housing Element Goals and Policies address protection and enhancement of existing 2421 residential districts, increasing diverse and affordable housing opportunities, and ensuring 2422 adequate capacity and infrastructure support for new housing.

2423 GOAL H 1 Preserve and rehabilitate existing residential districts to protect 2424 neighborhood livability and retain affordability.

2425 Housing Preservation & Investment

2426 Policy H 1.1 Provide infrastructure including streets, paths, parks, and community 2427 facilities that are appropriate to the character of the neighborhood.

2428 Policy H 1.2 Ensure that health and safety standards, as well as off-street parking 2429 requirements, are met when single-family homes are converted to multi- 2430 family rental use.

2431 Policy H 1.3 Support and participate in programs run by non-profit agencies that assist 2432 households in maintaining and upgrading their property.

2433 Policy H 1.4 Improve housing conditions by promoting the City’s voluntary housing 2434 inspection program and coordinating with residential property owners on 2435 continuous upkeep of their properties. Explore a rental housing inspection 2436 program by reviewing the experience of other jurisdictions and the 2437 resulting outcomes for renters and landlords and overall quality and 2438 affordability.

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2439 Policy H 1.5 Reduce the supply of substandard housing units through code 2440 enforcement and, rehabilitation, and new construction.

2441 Policy H 1.6 Encourage rehabilitation and preservation of historic housing.

2442 Policy H 1.7 Meet low- and moderate-income housing needs through the 2443 rehabilitation of existing housing and new construction of affordable units.

2444 Policy H 1.8 Assist in the development of a low cost home repair loan program for 2445 homeowners with lower incomes.

2446 GOAL H 2 Encourage housing in a range of types and prices suitable for all Pullman 2447 households.

2448 Attainable Housing Strategies

2449 Policy H 2.1 Minimize Review and reform regulations and permit processing 2450 procedures to reduce the cost of new housing while retaining standards 2451 that protect ing the public health, safety, and welfare.

2452 Policy H 2.2 Develop flexible regulations and departmental processing procedures to 2453 encourage experimental construction and financing techniques that 2454 reduce the cost of housing while maintaining or improving the residential 2455 character of the city.

2456 Funding, Partnerships, & Implementation

2457 Policy H 2.3 Work with non-profit housing providers to secure state and federal 2458 resources that would help provide affordable housing for households with 2459 moderate and lower incomes.

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2460 Policy H 2.4 Recruit builders of affordable housing to construct entry level homes that 2461 are compatible with existing neighborhoods.

2462 Policy H 2.5 Consider implementation of the multi-family property tax exemption 2463 program (MFTE) to provide for additional affordable housing units within 2464 the city.

2465 Policy H 2.6Policy H 2.5 Support the formation of affordable housing land trusts 2466 designed to meet Pullman’s attainable housing needs.

2467 Policy H 2.7Policy H 2.6 Monitor housing availability and vacancy to ensure that 2468 there is an adequate supply of housing in a range of prices.

2469 Policy H 2.8Policy H 2.7 Encourage communication and cooperation among the 2470 City, WSU, and the private housing sector so that the housing needs of the 2471 WSU population can be met effectively.

2472 Policy H 2.8 Cooperate with WSU to meet the demand for additional affordable 2473 housing for students while minimizing the negative effects on Pullman’s tax 2474 base.

2475 Policy H 2.9 Coordinate with the Palouse Housing Team and other stakeholders on the 2476 strategies to address housing needs in Pullman.

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2477 Special Needs

2478 Policy H 2.10 Explore housing assistance programs for those individuals with special 2479 needs.

2480 Policy H 2.11 Facilitate and encourage the development of alternative housing for 2481 people with limited abilities of moderate and lower income that provides 2482 for independent living with access to needed assistance at an affordable 2483 cost.

2484 Policy H 2.12 Consider the full spectrum of housing choices and affordability for seniors 2485 including aging in place, assisted living, retirement apartments, nursing 2486 care facilities, and other forms.

2487 Policy H 2.13 Address local homelessness and food insecurity in a proactive manner 2488 through collaboration with the Community Action Center, faith-based 2489 groups, and other appropriate organizations.

2490 Policy H 2.14 Facilitate the provision of a warming shelter in the winter months by 2491 coordinating with faith-based institutions and other local organizations.

2492 Policy H 2.15 Disperse low- and moderate-income housing and special needs housing 2493 throughout the community so that these units are not concentrated in 2494 one particular area.

2495 Housing Variety

2496 Policy H 2.16 Encourage new housing construction in a range of prices and rents to 2497 meet the projected housing demand.

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2498 Policy H 2.17 In the City’s development regulations, account for changing residential 2499 needs, such as: live/work spaces; micro units, cottages, and tiny homes. 2500 Investigate the local market for these housing types and amend the 2501 zoning code to accommodate them accordingly.

2502 Policy H 2.18 Reassess use of accessory dwellings as an affordable housing option in 2503 certain zoning districts while maintaining quality of life in residential 2504 neighborhoods.

2505 Policy H 2.19 Encourage housing types and programs that provide for home ownership.

2506 Policy H 2.20 Ensure that the housing needs of upper income households are satisfied 2507 by maintaining an ample supply of prime residentially zoned land and by 2508 allowing flexibility in lot sizes.

2509 Policy H 2.21 Encourage housing in upper stories downtown or as a part of new 2510 commercial development.

2511 Policy H 2.22 Promote availability of the current affordable housing stock for long-term 2512 residents by identifying optimal locations for high-density student housing 2513 in centers and corridors. Apply development regulations to ensure quality 2514 and accessibiity of student housing.

2515 Policy H 2.23 Allow for density bonusessues for affordable housing on religious 2516 organization sites consistent with state law. (RCW Chapter 35A.63 .300)

2517 Policy H 2.24 Provide safe and compatible locations for individual manufactured 2518 homes and the location and development of manufactured home parks 2519 and recreational vehicle parks, including tiny homes.

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2520 Fair Housing

2521 Policy H 2.25 Prevent discrimination in housing to assure that unrestricted access to 2522 housing is available to the community.

2523 GOAL H 3 Provide opportunity for new housing opportunities served by adequate 2524 infrastructure and amenities.

2525 Policy H 3.1 Utilize the Comprehensive Plan Land Use Element to guide the location of 2526 new housing.

2527 Policy H 3.2 Establish criteria for the evaluation of the suitability of sites for non-market 2528 rate and special needs housing, including access to public transportation, 2529 shopping, health services, employment centers, schools, and surrounding 2530 land uses.

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2531 Policy H 3.3 Promote efficient use of land by maintaining minimum as well as 2532 maximum density requirements for high-density residential areas.

2533 Policy H 3.4 Maintain a large enough urban growth area to avoid artificially 2534 constraining the supply of land and increasing housing cost. 2535

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2536

2537 Transportation

2538 Introduction 151 2539 Conditions & Trends 152 2540 Opportunities & Constraints 165 2541 Goals & Policies 173

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 149 Comprehensive Plan Transportation

2542

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2543 Introduction The Transportation Element supports the Vision Statement by describing the City’s efforts to increase the accessibility of 2544 The Transportation Element describes Pullman’s transportation system, including transportation services to residents and visitors, including policies that support City- 2545 motorized and non-motorized routes within the community, regional vehicular routes, owned transit, improvements at the 2546 and air and freight connections to the rest of Washington and beyond. The Element also Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport, and 2547 explores opportunities and constraints related to transportation, including: transportation options for all segments of the local population. 2548 ▪ Development of a robust bicycle and pedestrian transportation network; This element directly supports the following 2549 ▪ Funding for desired transportation improvement projects; and Framework Principles: 2550 ▪ Traffic calming and the relationship of Pullman’s neighborhoods to major ▪ Accessible transportation choices Sufficient infrastructure and public 2551 transportation corridors. ▪ services ▪ Long-term sustainability

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2552 Conditions & Trends

2553 Streets & Highways 2554 Several national or state highways are located in the vicinity of Pullman. US Highway 195 2555 extends from Spokane to the Idaho state border just north of Lewiston, Idaho, and the 2556 city limits abut a portion of this roadway on the west side of town. Washington State 2557 Route (SR) 270 runs 9.9 miles from Highway 195 through Pullman’s city center to the Idaho 2558 border at Moscow, Idaho. SR 27 extends north-south through the city as Grand Avenue; 2559 overall, this route links Spokane Valley to Highway 195 just south of the Pullman city limits.

2560 A network of roads within the city connects to the national and state highways that traverse 2561 the area. In accordance with state law, the City administers a “functional classification 2562 system” for its streets, which involves the designation of local roadways in a hierarchical 2563 arrangement to guide future use and development of the streets and adjacent properties. 2564 Streets are classified as major arterials, secondary arterials, and collector arterials. All routes 2565 not designated as arterials are classified as local access streets. This functional classification 2566 system directly relates to design standards adopted by the City.

2567 Pullman’s largest traffic volumes are concentrated in the center of the city. Grand 2568 Avenue (SR 27) bisects downtown and is a major thoroughfare that sustains, on average, 2569 up to 20,000 vehicles per day through this area. SR 270 passes through downtown as E 2570 Main Street and NW Davis Way and sustains up to 22,000 vehicles per day. Traffic 2571 volumes on both of these roads decline outside the city center. Pullman experiences its 2572 heaviest traffic central to its busiest places—major commercial districts, the WSU campus, 2573 and the high-density neighborhoods of College Hill.

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2574 Exhibit 17 Pullman Traffic Volumes, 2020

2575 2576 Source: City of Pullman, 2018, BERK, 20210.

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2577 Exhibit 18 Pullman Roadway Functional Classification, 2020

2578 2579 Source: WSDOT, 2018; BERK, 20210.

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2580 In March 2020, Pullman adopted a Complete Streets policy to promote equitable safety, 2581 mobility, and connectivity for all users. The policy aims to create a transportation network 2582 usable by all, regardless of age or ability, and that is open to a variety of transportation 2583 modes, including cars, pedestrians/bicycles, and transit. The policy also considers the role 2584 of commercial vehicles and freight operations in the region. The policy establishes an 2585 internal committee to review all future capital projects undertaken by the City for 2586 opportunities to implement Complete Streets best practices and enhance multimodal 2587 transportation.

Transit and Greenhous Gas Transit 2588 See the Land Use Element for emission 2589 Pullman Transit is a City-owned transportation system that began operation in 1979. In reduction policies. Use of transit rather than single-occupancy vehicles can help 2590 addition to pass- and fare-based fixed route service throughout the city, Pullman Transit reduce emissions. Use of renewable fuels 2591 offers ADA accessible Dial-A-Ride service for senior citizens and persons with disabilities. (e.g. electric) by fleets can also help reduce emissions. 2592 Fixed route ridership has increased 1-2% annually since 2015, and 2019 saw 1,370,112 2593 passengers transported within the City of Pullman. The Dial-A-Ride service has provided 2594 in excess of 15,000 rides annually since 2003, more than 20,000 since 2015, and an all-time 2595 high of 24,692 in 2019.

2596 Pullman Transit has three prepaid fare/service contracts with local institutions. A prepaid 2597 fare and enhanced service contract with Washington State University allows their 2598 students, staff, and faculty access to all aforementioned services by simply showing a 2599 valid “Cougar Card,” , as well as increased service frequency on 11 Express Routes and 2600 shuttles. A contract with the Pullman School District allows qualifying middle and high 2601 school students to ride FTA50-approved Pullman Transit school bus routes by showing a 2602 school-issued pass. Finally, a contract with Spokane Falls Community College’s Pullman 2603 branch gives their students prepaid access to Pullman Transit’s fixed route service.

50 FTA refers to the Federal Transit Administration.

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2604 Intercity bus service is also available in Pullman, with a nationwide network of 2605 connections including links to the nearby communities of Spokane, WA and Moscow and 2606 Lewiston, ID. Starline Luxury Coaches (formerly Wheatland Express) operates a local 2607 charter service, and several local taxi cabtaxicab companies and an emerging Uber 2608 and other rideshare services offer individual options.

2609 As of January 2020, the Pullman Transit fleet consists of four 35-foot Gillig Phantom buses, 2610 three 40-foot Gillig Phantom buses, five 35-foot Gillig low floor buses, four 40-foot Gillig low 2611 floor buses, three 35-foot hybrid buses, four 40-foot hybrid buses, one 4-passenger 2612 paratransit (MV-1) style van, and five paratransit vans. In 2019, Pullman Transit added one 2613 fixed-route coach and one paratransit van, and attempts to remain on a two-year 2614 purchasing cycle. Pullman Transit will annually seek to improve stops with additional 2615 seats, shelters, and solar lights as needed.51

2616 Bicycle & Pedestrian Facilities 2617 Adopted in 1996, the City of Pullman Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan outlines the 2618 City’s goals and methods to improve the pedestrian and bicycle transportation system. 2619 The plan aims to encourage the use of non-motorized vehicles by promoting bike and 2620 pedestrian route safety, accessibility and interconnectivity. The City evaluated the 2621 existing bike lanes and found that some were too narrow, had excessive grades, were 2622 poorly maintained, or lacked adequate measures to avoid vehicular conflicts.52 The plan 2623 identified and ranked priority areas for improvement. Most pedestrian and bicycle traffic 2624 waswere found to occur around the central business district and the WSU campus. Exhibit 2625 19 and Exhibit 20 show the bicycle network and trails and pathways.

51 Wayne Thompson, personal communication, January 8, 2020. 52 City of Pullman, City of Pullman Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan, 1996.

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2626 Due to the age of the existing plan, the City is currently engaged in a process to update 2627 the document. The public works department anticipates the adoption of a revised plan 2628 by 2021.

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2629 Exhibit 19 Pullman Bicycle Network

2630 2631 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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2632 Exhibit 20 Pullman Trails and Pathways

2633 2634 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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2635 WSU plans to improve conditions for pedestrians and cyclists on campus by creating a 2636 grid system that expands access to different points on campus separate from motorized 2637 vehicle routes. WSU plans to develop routes that pedestrians and motor vehicles must 2638 share to more of a pedestrian scale.53 Although bicycle use on campus is now relatively 2639 low, WSU anticipates an increase in the use of bicycles in the future as a result of future 2640 changes in enrollment and parking availability.54 The university is exploring ways to 2641 implement bike-friendly policies, including increasing the supply of secure and covered 2642 bike parking, requiring shower facilities in new buildings, striping bike lanes, and adding 2643 more bikes and stations to their Green Bike share system.55

53 Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas and Company, Pullman Campus Master Plan Update, 2012. 54 Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas and Company, Pullman Campus Master Plan Update, 2012. 55 Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas and Company, Pullman Campus Master Plan Update, 2012.

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2644 Pullman-Moscow Airport 2645 The Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport (PUW) is located approximately 4 miles from 2646 downtown Pullman and operates year-round. PUW offers daily direct flights to Seattle- 2647 Tacoma International Airport (SEA) operated by Alaska Airlines.56 In 2019, the PUW served 2648 138,239 passengers (68,684 arriving and 69,555 departing.)57 Airline freight received in 2649 2019 totaled 32,686 pounds, and freight shipped out totaled 185,009 pounds.58 The 2650 airport has three daily round-trip Seattle flights and is likely to expand service to Boise, ID 2651 and Denver, CO.59

56 Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport, Airport Information, 2020. 57 Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport, Airport Statistics and Passenger Data 2019, 2020. 58 Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport, Airport Statistics and Passenger Data 2019, 2020. 59 See: https://dnews.com/local/momentum-builds-on-the-palouse/article_b3fc382e-a6db-5621-bfe8- 31e32296acaf.html.

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2652 The Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport Runway Realignment was a large-scale project 2653 funded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to help alleviate air traffic 2654 constraints symptomatic of the runway’s original geometry. Completed in 2019, the 2655 reconfiguration project rotated the runway about 10 degrees and expanded the runway 2656 by 400 feet in length and about 50 feet in width. As a result of the expansion, the airport 2657 has been upgraded from FAA Airport Reference Code (ARC) B-II (aircraft’s maximum 2658 approach speed is 120 knots, maximum wingspan is 78 feet) to ARC C-III (maximum 2659 approach speed is 140 knots, maximum wingspan is 117 feet). These improvements 2660 allowed the airport to achieve minimum safety and capacity requirements for the 2661 commercial, charter and corporate planes that were already using the facilities and 2662 provide capacity for future regional business growth.60

2663 With completion of the runway expansion, the airport is planning for the construction of a 2664 new terminal to keep pace with growing demand for passenger and air freight services. 2665 Design of the new terminal is anticipated to occur throughout 2020 with construction 2666 beginning in 2021. The new terminal would significantly increase passenger and freight 2667 capacity at the airport, add a rental car facility, and provide space for additional airlines.61

2668 Railroad

2669 Amtrak 2670 Although there is no passenger rail service directly to or from the City of Pullman, Amtrak 2671 offers a limited bus service route from Pullman to Spokane, Washington, twice per day; in 2672 Spokane, passengers may connect with Amtrak passenger trains and buses. The Pullman

60 Washington and Idaho Transportation Commissions, PMRA Runway Realignment, 2014. 61 KLEW, Design of new terminal at Pullman Moscow Airport in the works, 2019.

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2673 Amtrak bus station waiting room is located at 1205 N Grand Avenue in the Dissmore’s 2674 IGA Supermarket building.62

2675 Freight Rail 2676 Freight rail moves a large amount and variety of goods into and out of the Palouse 2677 region; however, the existing rail running through Pullman is currently not in service. The 2678 Palouse River and Coulee City Rail (PCC Rail) System is a 297-mile short-line freight rail 2679 system, owned by Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), that spans 2680 much of Whitman County. The P&L and PV Hooper Branches of the PCC Rail System pass 2681 through the City of Pullman; however, these sections of railroad are currently inactive.63 2682 Historically, the PV Hooper Branch of the PCC Rail System connected Pullman with the City 2683 of Colfax to the northwest. In August of 2006, a fire destroyed a trestle just east of Colfax, 2684 severing the railway that once connected the two cities.64 Freight trains currently operate 2685 on the P&L Branch, which is just north of Pullman at Fallon siding, mostly picking up 2686 shipments of grain heading out of the region.65 From studies conducted in 2008 and 2009, 2687 WSDOT determined that the cost of reconnecting Pullman and the P&L Branch with the PV 2688 Hooper Branch outweighed the foreseeable economic development benefits of this 2689 reconnection.66

2690 In 2016, a series of public workshops were held discuss possible future uses of the currently 2691 unused Colfax-Albion-Pullman (CAP) rail corridor. Conducted in partnership between 2692 WSDOT, the Pullman Civic Trust, and the National Park Service, the workshops provided a 2693 forum for local stakeholders to provide input on potential future uses of the rail corridor. 2694 The workshops were not intended to reach a final decision regarding use of the corridor,

62 Amtrak, Pullman, WA (PUL), 2020. 63 WSDOT, Palouse River and Coulee City Rail System 2015 to 2025 Strategic Plan, 2020. 64 WSDOT, Palouse River and Coulee City Rail System 2015 to 2025 Strategic Plan 2020. 65 WSDOT, Palouse River and Coulee City Rail System 2015 to 2025 Strategic Plan 2020. 66 WSDOT, Palouse River and Coulee City Rail System 2015 to 2025 Strategic Plan 2020.

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2695 but potential options discussed included maintaining current WSDOT ownership, transfer 2696 of the rail right-of-way to private ownership, and creation of a regional trail.67 Since the 2697 rail corridor has been idle since 2006, there is an opportunity for railbanking, which 2698 requires legislative approval, and potentially trail building for multimodal transportation.68

67 WSDOT, Colfax-Albion-Pullman Railroad Corridor Community Discussions Summary Report for 2016, 2017. 68 See: https://wstc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/2020-0915-BP10-RegionalTrailChallenges-BR-1.pdf.

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2699 Opportunities & Constraints

2700 The main transportation opportunities for Pullman include increasing the transportation 2701 options for residentscommunity members, limiting traffic congestion, and enhancing 2702 parking and road conditions.

2703 Addressing opportunities to improve the community’s transportation efficiency would 2704 require public and private investment. The City is continuously working to develop a 2705 sustainable tax base in order to fund new transportation projects. Pullman also regularly 2706 pursues opportunities to access state and federal grant money and private investment to 2707 fund transportation projects.

2708 Traffic Trips 2709 The preferred land use alternative described in Chapter 1 Plan Foundation and road 2710 network was tested. Trips were concentrated along N Grand Avenue/SR 27, SR 270, 2711 Stadium Way, North Fairway Road, Grimes Way, and Airport Road. Exhibit 21 lists the land 2712 use acreages and estimated trips that would be generated. Planned roadway 2713 improvements follow.

2714 Exhibit 21 Preferred Alternative: Scenario A Modified 2013 Comprehensive Plan Trips

Land Use Acres Trips

Low Density Residential 6,888 5,166 High Density Residential 2,535 1,521 Mixed Use 346 277 Commercial 2,424 2,424 Industrial 2,093 2,093

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Land Use Acres Trips Public Facility 335 168 Washington State University 2,114 2,114

Total 16,735 13,762

2715 Source: DEA, 2017.

2716 Roadway Network 2717 It is important to identify potential roadway projects to keep the roadway network 2718 functioning in the future. The functional classification of roadways looks to maintain 2719 consistency with the projected traffic with the exception of W Main Street between Old 2720 Wawawai Road and SR 27, which may need to be upgraded to a minor arterial 2721 classification.

2722 Roadways that may need to be monitored for future capacity projects include: 2723 ▪ NE North Fairway Road: currently a two-lane roadway that may need to be 2724 expanded into a four-lane roadway. 2725 ▪ Stadium Way: this four-lane roadway with a center turn lane may reach capacity, 2726 but based on existing development and right-of-way, there are probably no options 2727 for expanding this roadway. The best options to relieve congestion here would be 2728 through transit service and encourage bicycle and pedestrian travel. 2729 ▪ Old Wawawai Road: currently a two-lane road with few turn lanes, traffic flow may be 2730 improved by providing turn lanes/turn pockets and acceleration lanes at most, if not 2731 all, intersections. 2732 ▪ W Main Street: this two-lane road may need a center turn lane or need to be 2733 converted into a four-lane roadway to accommodate future growth. 2734 ▪ Grimes Way: currently a two-lane roadway that may need to have a center turn lane 2735 added or be expanded by into a four-lane roadway to accommodate future traffic.

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2736 The Palouse Regional Transportation Planning Organization has identified the following 2737 improvements in the Pullman area in their 2040 plan published in 2018: 2738 ▪ Pullman Airport Road Widening 2739 ▪ Freight Flow and Safety Improvement Projects: Terre View Dr and Grand 2740 Ave/Paradise St emphasis 2741 ▪ Pullman south by-pass construction and development and northwest ring road 2742 ▪ Golden Hills Drive extension

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2743 Multimodal Transportation 2744 As described under Conditions & Trends 2745 Conditions & Trends, vehicular routes form the 2746 backbone of transportation in Pullman. While the 2747 city’s location at the crossroads of two major 2748 regional highways has advantages, it can also 2749 pose challenges to other modes of 2750 transportation, including pedestrian and bicycle 2751 movement. (See additional discussion in Chapter 2752 4, Community Design.)

2753 In March 2020, Pullman adopted a Complete 2754 Streets policy to promote equitable safety, 2755 mobility, and connectivity for all users. By 2756 emphasizing the creation of a transportation 2757 network that is open to a variety of 2758 transportation modes, including cars, 2759 pedestrians/bicycles, and transit, the City can 2760 reap significant benefits. Creating greater 2761 access to transit can help alleviate congestion 2762 on major roadways, and facilitating non- 2763 motorized modes of transport can reduce the 2764 number of short-distance vehicle trips and 2765 promote public health. 2766

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2767 Pullman-Moscow Airport 2768 The planned expansions to Pullman-Moscow Airport would greatly increase travel options 2769 for area residents and visitors to the Palouse. The new terminal is planned to be 2770 significantly larger than the existing one, allowing for greater numbers of passengers and 2771 more flights. The airport is also pursuing the addition of another commercial carrier 2772 beyond Alaska Airlines to expand passenger service and potentially add more flight 2773 destinations such as Boise and Denver, in addition to Seattle.59 Along with expanded 2774 capacity to handle air freight, these expansions provide an opportunity to strengthen 2775 Pullman’s social and economic ties to the rest of the Pacific Northwest.

2776 Transit 2777 Enhancing residentscommunity members’ transportation options could be done in 2778 several ways in Pullman; increasing bus service areas and times of operation is one way 2779 to address this opportunity. Currently, no regular bus service connects Pullman to 2780 Moscow, Idaho, although the two cities have close economic ties. In addition, 2781 expanding transit service times on existing routes within Pullman would provide broader 2782 access to commuters. Greyhound offers bus routes between Pullman to Portland, 2783 Missoula, Seattle, and Pasco.

2784 Parking 2785 Residents Community members have called for increased access to parking on the WSU 2786 campus and in nearby College Hill. Adding parking infrastructure on and around campus 2787 to accommodate more vehicles is one option. However, without mitigation, parking 2788 conditions will continue to worsen over time as the university grows and more students, 2789 faculty and staff live nearby and commute to the campus. The development of College

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2790 Hill was conducted before the use of personal automobiles was widespread, and the 2791 resulting narrow streets in the neighborhood present a constraint to vehicle parking.

2792 Traffic Calming 2793 For roadways in certain residential neighborhoods, citizens would like to see traffic 2794 redirection and traffic-calming measures put in place. Traffic-calming measures would 2795 help reduce vehicle speed and improve safety in more heavily trafficked areas, such as 2796 residential streets that recently have been connected to a broader network of roadways.

2797 Bypass 2798 There is an opportunity to create a South Bbypass system that would route vehicles 2799 around the citydowntown. Plans for a North Bypass around downtown Pullman have 2800 been under study since the 1970’s, and WSDOT holds substantial right-of-way at the 2801 northern edge of the city. However, the potential to build a bypass here is uncertain; the 2802 Washington State Legislature de-designated this route in 2016. WSDOT has expressed 2803 interest in providing Pullman and Whitman County the opportunity to acquire the right- 2804 of-way for the North Bypass or Ring Road, and the two local entities are currently 2805 engaged in a study to determine the extent of right-of-way that would be needed if the 2806 highway were to be constructed by the City and County. In the 1990s, the City 2807 established a proposed South Bypass route because of delays involved in implementing 2808 construction of the North BypassRing Road. Without a substantial funding source 2809 available, the City’s plan has been to rely on construction of this South Bypass highway 2810 by private parties as the land in that part of town is converted from rural uses to urban 2811 development. The City has also created proposed ring routes for the northwest and 2812 southwest portions of the community to complement the existing ring routes of Bishop 2813 Boulevard on Pioneer Hill and NE Terre View Drive on College Hill.

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2814 Bicycle & Pedestrian 2815 Bicycle and pedestrian planning is an important element of the transportation 2816 infrastructure for the City of Pullman. The community’s desire to build bike and pedestrian 2817 infrastructure to enhance connectivity throughout the city has been a topic of discussion 2818 at neighborhood meetings. Increasing the efficiency and convenience of using 2819 alternative modes of transportation can help reduce traffic congestion on motor vehicle 2820 roadways and limit the need for added parking infrastructure. As described under 2821 Conditions & TrendsConditions & Trends, the City’s Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan 2822 was adopted in 1996 and is being updated with adoption anticipated in 2021. The 1996 2823 plan laid an important foundation for planning of non-motorized transportation in 2824 Pullman, and the current 2021 Pedestrian/Bicycle Plan update process will build on this 2825 foundation, including consideration of use patterns, deficiencies, and future needs.

2826 Movement of the student population is a major factor in Pullman’s transportation system. 2827 As WSU continues planning improvements for pedestrians and cyclists on campus, the 2828 City should coordinate with the university to ensure proper connections between on- 2829 campus and off-campus pedestrian and bicycle facilities.

2830 In order to promote pedestrian travel, particularly with its large WSU student population, 2831 the City has been proactive by requiring sidewalks on all new and retrofit roadways since 2832 the early 1990s. In recent years, the City has expanded the pedestrian and bicycle 2833 system through the installation of shared use pathways. Pedestrian and bicycle facilities 2834 still need to be installed and enhanced to complete a citywide network, including safe 2835 routes to schools and parks. The 2021 plan will include specific improvements the City 2836 should pursue to meet the goals of a connected and complete system.

2837 Areas of the city to prioritize pedestrian and improvementsbicycle improvements 2838 include:

2839 Harrison Street (extended) from Clifford Street to Guy Street: develop multi-use pathways

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2840 Park Street from State Street to Guy Street: develop multi-use trailwalkway or sidewalk on 2841 one side of street

2842 Guy Street (extended) from Park Street to Greyhound Way: develop multi-use 2843 trailwalkway

2844 NE Spring Street at South Fork of Palouse River: construct multi-use trailsidewalk on south 2845 side of street when bridge is replaced

2846 Fountain Street between SW Crestview Street and 930 SW Fountain Street: construct 2847 sidewalk where missing on south side of street

2848 S Grand Avenue between Golden Hills Drive and Fairmount Drive: develop multi-use 2849 trailwalkway on one side of street

2850 The City encourages, but has no specific requirement, that all new roadways include 2851 enough space for a bike lane or a separated bike path. In order to realize the goal of 2852 ”encouraging and facilitating the use of non-motorized transportation and enhancing 2853 and expanding the non-motorized transportation system,”has a Complete Streets policy; 2854 it is appropriate to consider policies requiring that all new roadways be designed and 2855 built to accommodate a bicycle lanes or multi-use trails.

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2856 Goals & Policies

2857 This Element provides goals and policies for all modes of travel, connectivity across the 2858 community, and environmental and pedestrian oriented design.

2859 Goal T 1 Ensure free and safe movement of goods and people by providing 2860 adequate facilities, access, and circulation for all land uses.

2861 Traffic Calming & Safety

2862 Policy T 1.1 Promote safe, energy-efficient methods of transportation.

2863 Policy T 1.2 Concentrate traffic in residential areas on arterial streets.

2864 Policy T 1.3 Implement traffic calming measures on residential streets as 2865 circumstances warrant, and institute access control policies to improve 2866 safety and circulation on busy streets.

2867 Policy T 1.4 Continue to enhance traffic signals and other facilities to reduce vehicle 2868 congestion in the central part of the city.

2869 Policy T 1.5 Encourage the proper setting of speed limits throughout the city to 2870 facilitate safety; enforce speed limits in a highly visible fashion.

2871 System Maintenance & Project Funding

2872 Policy T 1.6 Emphasize roadway, bicycle lane, and sidewalk maintenance on a 2873 continuous basis.

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2874 Policy T 1.7 Improve the appearance of city streets by repairing them regularly and 2875 maintaining landscaping and signs.

2876 Policy T 1.8 As far as possible, require that new development bear the cost of 2877 mitigating the traffic problems it generates.

2878 Policy T 1.9 Consider development of a Transportation Benefit District to provide 2879 funding for needed transportation improvements.

2880 Policy T 1.10 Work with other agencies to develop a funding plan for the facilitate the 2881 construction of a southern bypass route(s) and for the construction of 2882 missing ring routes within the city transfer and multimodal development of 2883 the north ring road. Explore working with the County to improve Albion 2884 Road.

2885 Policy T 1.11 Develop an incentive program for community members who want to 2886 add/repair sidewalks by allowing the City to share in the cost of these 2887 improvements.

2888 Neighborhood Connectivity

2889 Policy T 1.12 Include a pedestrian/bicycle trail within the North Bypass Ring Road right- 2890 of-way as part of any transportation improvements designed for this route, 2891 and ensure that the trail is interconnected with other existing and planned 2892 pathways on the north side of the city.

2893 Policy T 1.13 Minimize the conversion of neighborhood collector streets to arterials if 2894 doing so would divide an existing neighborhood.

2895 Policy T 1.14 Ensure that new subdivisions are designed to have more than one point of 2896 access at full build-out of the subdivision and adjacent area.

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2897 Policy T 1.15 Where possible, limit use of cul-de-sacsDiscourage dead-end streets in 2898 new subdivisions; requirepromote the establishment of pathways before 2899 and at the end of cul-de-sac streets whenever possible.

2900 Policy T 1.16 Improve motorized and non-motorized access routes into the downtown 2901 area, particularly from the WSU campus, consistent with WSU and Pullman 2902 pedestrian and bicycle plans.

2903 Policy T 1.17 Partner with WSU to maintain a transportation corridor through the central 2904 part of campus, either by retaining vehicular travel on Stadium Way or by 2905 developing an easily accessible alternate route consistent with Pullman’s 2906 Complete Streets Program.

2907 System Design

2908 Policy T 1.18 Direct that high traffic generating uses (e.g., schools, retail commercial 2909 establishments, large apartment complexes) be located on streets with 2910 adequate right-of-way width to accommodate increased ingress and 2911 egress traffic activities.

2912 Policy T 1.19 Monitor the city’s minimum asphalt street section for residential streets to 2913 ensure the section accommodates vehicle traffic over the long term. 2914 Consider narrowing the standard width of residential streets to 2915 accommodate traffic in a more controlled fashion where the needs of 2916 public safety and public works vehicles allow.

2917 Policy T 1.19Policy T 1.20 Implement traffic calming measures for streets not 2918 designed for the volumes of vehicles or pedestrians and bicycles 2919 crossings, such as adding bulb outs.

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2920 Policy T 1.20Policy T 1.21 Explore collaborationWork with the County on improving 2921 Kitzmiller Road as a future access route between North Grand Avenue 2922 and Terre ViewAirport DriveRoad.

2923 Policy T 1.21Policy T 1.22 Provide for orderly and efficient vehicular traffic flow 2924 throughout the community, with special attention given to the flow of 2925 traffic in the city center.

2926 Policy T 1.22Policy T 1.23 Explore the use of aFurther implement the Complete 2927 Streets pilot Pprogram demonstration project on an appropriate roadway.

2928 Policy T 1.23Policy T 1.24 Account for the potential impact ofAnticipate advancing 2929 technology (e.g., driverless cars) in the design of all infrastructure 2930 improvement projects.

2931 Multi-Modal Transportation Design

2932 Goal T 2 Maintain and enhance Pullman’s nonmotorized transportation system.

2933 Policy T 2.1 Direct the City’s Complete Streets Committee to encourage the use of 2934 nonmotorized transportation by educating the public and by planning 2935 appropriate infrastructure.

2936 Policy T 2.2 Update the City’s Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan to address current 2937 needs and future demands as the city grows.

2938 Policy T 2.3 To the greatest extent possible, construct street improvements in 2939 accordance with the City’s Complete Streets policy when designing or 2940 reviewing new or altered roadways and incorporate bike lanes in 2941 roadways or separated multi-use trails to better accommodate bicycle 2942 transportation.

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2943 Policy T 2.4 Complete a comprehensive network of pedestrian/bicycle facilities that 2944 connect Pullman’s four hills with schools, parks, the downtown district, and 2945 outlying areas, including filling in gaps in sidewalks and multi-use trails, and 2946 adding lighting, crosswalks, signage, ADA ramps, and bicycle parking 2947 where appropriate.

2948 Policy T 2.5 Create more visible and functional bike routes in the downtown and in 2949 the College Hill Core area, especially to facilitate travel to the WSU 2950 campus.

2951 Policy T 2.6 Enhance and expand the existing nonmotorized transportation system to 2952 link major activity centers, provide sufficient access within neighborhoods, 2953 and separate pedestrian from vehicular traffic.

2954 Policy T 2.7 Ensure that all sidewalks and multi-use trails in a subdivision are 2955 constructed within one year of final plat approval.

2956 Policy T 2.8 Require bicycle parking spaces for multi-family residential, commercial, 2957 and public land uses as appropriate

2958 Policy T 2.9 Require that non-motorizedbicycle transportation improvements be 2959 addressed in all new developments (e.g., consideration of access to 2960 existing bicycle routes).

2961 Policy T 2.10 Disallow proposed street vacations unless adequate provision is made to 2962 ensure continuity of the pedestrian and/or bicycle network.

2963 Policy T 2.11 Explore the opportunities for a trail along the railroad right-of-way 2964 between Pullman and Colfax.

2965 Policy T 2.12 Consider the establishment of a pedestrian/bicycle advisory committee to 2966 assist with City actions pertaining to non-motorized transportation 2967 throughout the community.

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2968 Bicycle & Pedestrian Safety

2969 Policy T 2.13Policy T 2.12 Maintain nonmotorized routes in the city in good repair 2970 and remove potential hazards promptly.

2971 Policy T 2.14Policy T 2.13 Ensure that sufficient lighting is provided at all crosswalks.

2972 Policy T 2.15Policy T 2.14 Promote safety and security with regard to nonmotorized 2973 transportation through design and reconstruction of facilities. Explore the 2974 “shared space” concept for vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists at 2975 appropriate streets and intersections.

2976 Policy T 2.16Policy T 2.15 Separate truck routes from nonmotorized routes wherever 2977 possible.

2978 Policy T 2.17Policy T 2.16 Require that all uses provide separate, clearly identified 2979 pedestrian access from the public street, through parking areas, to the 2980 building.

2981 Goal T 3 Establish better pedestrian/bicycle connections to the downtown from 2982 surrounding areas.

2983 Goal T 4Goal T 3 Strengthen and enhance the transportation systems that connect 2984 Pullman to the surrounding region and beyond.

2985 Policy T 4.1Policy T 3.1 Promote the expansion of facilities and services at the Pullman- 2986 Moscow Regional Airport, including a new terminal building, enhanced air 2987 passenger service, and augmented cargo service.

2988 Policy T 4.2Policy T 3.2 Partner with the Pullman-Moscow Airport Board to promote the 2989 continued growth of the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport.

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2990 Policy T 4.3Policy T 3.3 Comply with the findings and recommendations of the adopted 2991 Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport Master Plan in relation to activities at or 2992 near the airport.

2993 Policy T 4.4Policy T 3.4 Reinstitute the Pullman/Moscow transit route after developing a 2994 stable funding source.

2995 Policy T 4.5Policy T 3.5 Develop standards to provide for the installation and use of 2996 helipads in the community.

2997 Goal T 5Goal T 4 Provide adequate, safe, and visually attractive parking for all uses 2998 within the city.

2999 Policy T 4.1 Require all new development to provide adequate off-street parking and 3000 loading to reduce congestion and improve safety.

3001 Policy T 5.1Policy T 4.2 Encourage WSU to provide parking and shuttles on and near 3002 campus for students and visitors.

3003 Policy T 5.2Policy T 4.3 Where there is non-motorized infrastructure and high walkabilility, 3004 or based on a demand analysis for a proposal, rReduce parking space 3005 requirements for multi-family dwellings, mixed use developments, and 3006 commercial businesses to better suit the circumstances associated with 3007 these uses in particular areas (e.g., College Hill Core, College Hill North).

3008 Policy T 5.3Policy T 4.4 Require that off-street parking areas are graded, surfaced, and 3009 maintained to avoid creating pools of standing water, causing excessive 3010 dust, or disturbing lawns and other landscaped areas.

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3011 Policy T 5.4Policy T 4.5 Ensure that all off-street parking areas are attractively landscaped 3012 around a defined the perimeter and that larger parking areas also have 3013 interior landscaping.

3014 Policy T 5.5Policy T 4.6 Establish on-street parking permit programs where appropriate, 3015 based on the characteristics of the particular neighborhood or district.

3016 Policy T 5.6Policy T 4.7 Improve wayfinding methods for public parking lots in Downtown.

3017 Policy T 5.7Policy T 4.8 Develop a parking management plan for Downtown.

3018 Policy T 5.8Policy T 4.9 Implement a mandatory on-street parking permit system for all of 3019 the streets in the College Hill Core and McGee areas. Consider residential 3020 permit parking zones where appropriate.

3021 Policy T 5.9Policy T 4.10 Coordinate with WSU to address the impact of parking 3022 demands from WSU facilities on the College Hill Core neighborhood, 3023 including consideration of shuttle service.

3024 Policy T 5.10Policy T 4.11 Optimize usage of municipally-owned parking lots by 3025 reevaluating parking limits at these locations.

3026 Goal T 6Goal T 5 Continue expansion of the City’s successful transit system to meet 3027 the needs of ongoing growth.

3028 Policy T 6.1Policy T 5.1 Continuously engage in community outreach in the review of 3029 transit routes to provide service to areas where the needs are greatest.

3030 Policy T 6.2Policy T 5.2 Convert the City’s transit fleet to all electric buses in the near term 3031 using the best available science and sustainable technology.

3032 Policy T 6.3Policy T 5.3 Provide regular transit service to Pullman-Moscow airport.

3033 Policy T 6.4Policy T 5.4 Provide frequent transit service between WSU and Downtown.

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3034 Policy T 6.5Policy T 5.5 Consider the establishment of transit service between Pullman and 3035 Moscow through a public/private partnership.

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3036

3037 Parks & Open 3038 Space

3039 Introduction 185 3040 Conditions & Trends 187 3041 Opportunities & Constraints 196 3042 Goals & Policies 202

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 183 Comprehensive Plan Parks & Open Space

3043

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 184 Comprehensive Plan Parks & Open Space

3044 Introduction The Parks & Open Space Element supports the Vision Statement by establishing policies that promote a high quality of life 3045 The City of Pullman Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan includes an inventory of through access to recreation opportunities and transportation choices (e.g., trails for 3046 existing facilities and programs; identification of needs, goals and objectives; and biking or walking), and that protect the 3047 recommendations for future projects. Existing park and recreation facilities are shown in natural environment. 3048 Exhibit 22, and existing trails are shown in Exhibit 20 in the Transportation Element. A full This element directly supports the following 3049 inventory and description of facilities is available in Section 6 of the Parks & Recreation Framework Principles: 3050 2019-2024 Five-Year Plan and briefly described under Conditions & Trends below. ▪ Accessible transportation choices ▪ Sufficient infrastructure and public services ▪ Healthy and valued natural environment

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3051 Exhibit 22 Map of Existing Park & Recreation Facilities, 2020

3052 3053 Source: City of Pullman, Department of Parks & Recreation, 2019-2024 Five-Year Plan, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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3054 Conditions & Trends

3055 Existing Facilities & Levels of Service 3056 Pullman meets the National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA) best practice 3057 standards used in the Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan for several different 3058 categories of parks facilities and open space. However, instead of a one-size-fits-all set of 3059 standards, the current NRPA guidebook suggests and provides approaches for 3060 inventorying existing park areas and facilities, and assessing the adequacy of the current 3061 standards through visitor surveys, resident questionnaires, field observations, and 3062 participation rates. Pullman Parks & Recreation uses some of the recommended 3063 standards in combination with citizen surveys, resident questionnaires, and field 3064 observations of participation rates in usage and programs when planning for future 3065 facilities and land area requirements.

3066 Developed Parks & Trails 3067 The City has 29 developed parks (including school facilities) totaling approximately 225 3068 acres that include a network of playgrounds, picnic shelters, jogging tracks, athletic 3069 fields, formal gardens, and other recreation amenities across the city. Paths and trails 3070 within city limits extend more than 16 miles, including a portion of the seven-mile-long Bill 3071 Chipman Palouse Trail connecting Pullman and Moscow. The City provides many 3072 summer and holiday programs for preschoolers, youth, teens, adults, and seniors.

3073 Athletic Facilities 3074 Athletic facilities include those for structured sports, organized teams, or leagues.

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3075 Baseball/Softball Fields. Pullman High School/Military Hill Park has three baseball fields 3076 available for recreational use when not used by the high school’s programs, which is 3077 sufficient for local demand. WSU has one baseball field that is not generally available for 3078 community recreational use. Youth baseball facilities are provided at Sunnyside Park, 3079 Kruegel Park, McGee Park and Pullman City Playfields. The Pullman School District 3080 currently has two softball fields suitable for junior and senior high school aged youth, and 3081 the City of Pullman has two softball fields available for community use.

3082 Football Fields. Pullman High School and Lincoln Middle School each have one 3083 regulation football facility and track. Recreational flag football leagues are also growing 3084 in popularity among youth and college participants, though recreational leagues do not 3085 require a regulation field and can be played on any large, flat turf area.

3086 Soccer Fields. Soccer players (age 5-10) do not require full-size fields for play or practice. 3087 Micro-soccer programs use smaller fields with fewer players on each team; as many as 3088 three games can be played simultaneously on one full-size soccer field (sideline to 3089 sideline). Field-size requirements increase with the players’ age. By the time children are 3090 11 years old, they are usually playing on full-size soccer fields.

3091 The amount of soccer fields available for community use is currently insufficient to meet 3092 demand. The City has two small practice/game soccer fields at Kruegel Park, Thatuna, 3093 and the City Playfields. The Parks & Recreation Department also uses fields at Sunnyside, 3094 Jefferson, and Kamiak elementary schools. The Rolland complex at Pullman High School 3095 has four total fields69; two regulation soccer fields, and two for recreational use. Lincoln 3096 Middle School and Pullman High School are the primary locations for the Pullman Soccer 3097 Club.

69 Drainage issues have been identified in this area that could potentially be addressed along with recreation improvements.

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3098 Gymnasiums (Basketball, Volleyball, etc.). A demand for gym time exists for a variety of 3099 community recreation programs including basketball, volleyball, aerobics, karate, etc. In 3100 2020, the new Recreation Center at SE Crestview Street opened with a full size 3101 gymnasium (see the discussion under General Obligation Bonds No. 1 & No. 2 below).

3102 In the past, the City did not have full control of any full-sized gymnasium, instead relying 3103 on public school district gyms on an as available basis. The Department expects the 3104 majority of activities currently taking place at the Sunnyside Elementary School 3105 gymnasium to continue to be offered there, including basketball and volleyball for both 3106 youth and adults, multiple sports camps, and opportunities for gym rental for public and 3107 private users. The City can evaluate its understanding of needs, demand, and capital 3108 facilities through its 5-Year Plan.

3109 Tennis Courts. There is an abundant supply of outdoor tennis courts available in Pullman 3110 for community use. The City of Pullman and the Public School District have six courts on 3111 Military Hill Park, with an additional four courts available at Kruegel Park (two) and 3112 Sunnyside Park (two). WSU has twelve courts available to the public. Pullman is 3113 experiencing a need for dual use of the tennis courts with increased demand for 3114 pickleball courts. The balance in the provision of tennis and pickleball courts can be 3115 monitored.

3116 Swimming Pools. The Reaney Park outdoor swimming facility currently has two pools, 3117 which meets the recommended standard that there is 1 outdoor pool for every 15,000 3118 residentspeople. The City constructed a 3,000 square foot outdoor splash pad with ten 3119 spray features at Reaney Park in 2015.70

3120 Pullman also manages the Pullman Aquatic & Fitness Center (PAFC), which is owned by 3121 the Pullman School District and managed by Pullman Parks & Recreation. This center has

70 City of Pullman, Department of Parks & Recreation, 2019-2024 Five Year Plan, 2020.

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3122 one competition pool and one smaller warm water therapy pool, which meets the 3123 standard for 1 indoor pool per 20,000 residentspeople. The Center provides year-round 3124 swimming lessons and water exercise programs. It also contains a fitness room with cable 3125 and hand weights, medicine balls, exercise balls, exercise bands, stretching mats, 3126 treadmills, recumbent bicycles, and elliptical training machines.71 The Pullman School 3127 District uses the facility for swimming physical education classes throughout the school 3128 year and for girls’ and boys’ swim teams, which meet after school from September 3129 through February. Each year, the fifth grade classes from all four elementary schools 3130 participate in a swimming safety day prior to attending a weeklong outdoor camp.

3131 Play Equipment 3132 The City provides seven play structures within the neighborhood parks and Pullman 3133 School District provides playgrounds with equipment at its four elementary schools. All 3134 play structures installed within the last ten years meet ADA accessibility standards. Play 3135 equipment should be evenly distributed throughout the Pullman park system and 3136 neighborhoods. As new developments occur, it is also desirable to consider easy access 3137 to playgrounds as part of the planned development.

3138 Off-Leash Dog Park 3139 Pullman city ordinance allows leashed dogs in parks with the exception of Lawson 3140 Gardens, Harrison Tot Lot, and all city cemeteries. Based on public input, City staff from 3141 the Parks Division worked with Whitman County Humane Society to plan an off-leash 3142 facility to serve residents of Pullman community members. “Pooch Park” was opened in 3143 May 2013 and is run by the Humane Society. It is the first and only off-leash dog park in

71 City of Pullman Department of Parks & Recreation, Aquatics, 2017.

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3144 Pullman and Whitman County. The park is fully enclosed, with large grassy lawns, mature 3145 trees, shade structures, and separate sections for large and small dogs. Access to the 3146 park is on a paid membership basis and members can use the park from dawn to dusk 3147 year-round.

3148 Open Space & Greenways 3149 Pullman is surrounded by vast rolling hills of wheat and agriculture. The majority of 3150 wooded areas are found within city limits. These natural areas are very valuable to 3151 wildlife and should be protected from development where possible. The City has 3152 identified numerous areas within Pullman as being critical areas for wildlife. Where critical

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3153 areas are identified on public property, these areas are intended to remain in their 3154 natural state to support wildlife and remain accessible to the public for passive 3155 recreational use.

3156 Greenways are linear forms of open space that are maintained to conserve natural and 3157 cultural resources, and to provide recreational opportunities, aesthetic and design 3158 benefits, and transportation linkages between natural resource open spaces and 3159 recreation facilities. The primary difference between greenways and natural area open 3160 spaces is that greenways emphasize use to a greater extent through such means as trails. 3161 They allow for pedestrian movement between parks throughout the community. Some 3162 natural resource open space areas are too fragile to even allow trails within their 3163 boundaries.

3164 Greenways may be classified as either "natural" or "human-made". "Natural" greenways 3165 are linear natural resource open space areas that protect streams, rivers, ravines, 3166 drainage ways, wetlands, lowlands, shorelines along lakes and ponds, vegetated steep 3167 slopes, and the like. The South Fork of the Palouse River is an example of a natural 3168 greenway where development is restricted in the natural floodway. Park systems and the 3169 community generally favor creation of "natural" greenways because they are protecting 3170 the natural resource areas and have an unspoiled character. "Human-made" 3171 greenways, however, can be designed to be very appealing by using plantings, cultural 3172 and historic references, and human-made elements. Examples include the Koppel Farm 3173 Community Garden, Itani Linear Park which connects SW Center Street to Sunnyside 3174 Park, and the improvements made to Grand Avenue in Pullman through the efforts of the 3175 Grand Avenue Greenway Committee.

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3176 City Cemeteries 3177 Pullman operates three city cemeteries: City Cemetery, Farr Cemetery, and IOOF 3178 Cemetery. The cemeteries are open from sunup to sunset and are operated and 3179 maintained by the Parks Division.

3180 RV Park 3181 Pullman RV Park offers 19 RV spaces with utility hook-ups available for reservation. Some 3182 tent sites are also available on a first-come-first serve basis at the RV Park. Mary’s Park, 3183 currently under development, will allow dry camping during special event weekends at 3184 WSU (including WSU home football games, mom’s weekend, and graduation).

3185 WSU Public Facilities 3186 Pullman also benefits from the recreational facilities at WSU. The WSU Student Recreation 3187 Center provides affordable day passes for public use. WSU facilities include swimming 3188 pools; cardio and weight equipment; courts for basketball, volleyball, 3189 badmintonbadminton, and racquetball; a running track; indoor soccer and roller 3190 hockey; theater; and a spa.72

3191 Recreation Programs and Events 3192 The Pullman Parks, Facilities & Recreation department offers recreational activities, 3193 enrichment programs, youthprograms, youth sports, trips, summer camps, tween 3194 programs, and events.

72 Washington State University, University Recreation, 2015.

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3195 Pullman hosts a number of community events that celebrate holidays, provide music and 3196 concerts, supportconcerts, support the local economy, and share local culture, such as: 3197 ▪ ArtFest 3198 ▪ Fourth of July 3199 ▪ Holiday Fest 3200 ▪ National Lentil Festival

3201 General Obligation Bonds No. 1 & No. 2 3202 In 2018, the citizens of Pullman passed General Obligation Bonds No. 1 and No. 2 for 3203 public facility improvements. General Obligation Bond No. 1 included $10,500,000 to: a) 3204 purchase the Encounter Ministries Church at 190 SE Crestview Street for a new city hall 3205 and recreation center; b) construct a Garden House (event center) at Lawson Gardens, 3206 the City’s only formal garden; and c) acquire land for a third fire station. Construction 3207 began on the new city hall building and recreation center in 2019 and was completed 3208 by mid-2020. Construction of the Garden House is expected to start within the next two 3209 years.

3210 Within the gym building at the new recreation center, there is a full size gymnasium, and 3211 seven to nine rooms that include general classrooms, a fitness room, a multipurpose 3212 room, a dance room, a commercial kitchen, and a walking track. The Senior Center, that 3213 was housed in City Hall at its former downtown site, has relocated to the new recreation 3214 facility. Parks & Recreation expects the majority of activities currently taking place at the 3215 Sunnyside Elementary School gymnasium to continue to be offered there.

3216 General Obligation Bond No. 2 is a $2,400,000 replacement Parks and Path Bond to 3217 continue with additional improvements to Reaney Park Pool, ADA Improvements to 3218 Sunnyside Park, upgrades to City Playfield (softball fields), replacement of the Kruegel

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3219 Park Shelter, completion of Mary’s Park and Emerald Point Park, and further development 3220 of the pedestrian/bike paths in Pullman.

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3221 Opportunities & Constraints

3222 Ensuring that parks and recreational facilities are available in all neighborhoods is a 3223 challenge, particularly in new neighborhoods that may be lacking parks. Pullman Parks & 3224 Recreation and Pullman Civic Trust are planning projects that expand access to parks 3225 and green space for residentscommunity members. In particular, creating centers for 3226 youth would be beneficial to the community. These kinds of improvements have the 3227 potential to be costly up front but can provide a long-term amenity.

3228 Community Cohesion 3229 At community meetings, residents expressed their sense of fragmentation within the 3230 community due to the disengagement of WSU students with the rest of the community. 3231 One way to help bring peopleeveryone together is to increase opportunities for face-to- 3232 face contact between student and non-student community members. Expansion of the 3233 farmers’ market and other community events would provide options for improving the 3234 sense of cohesiveness within the community between WSU students and community 3235 members.

3236 Partnerships with Local Organizations 3237 Pullman Parks & Recreation benefits from cooperating with local organizations such as 3238 the Pullman Civic Trust, WSU, Pullman School District, the Grand Avenue Greenway 3239 Committee, and local businesses to accomplish common goals. Utilizing volunteers to 3240 landscape and beautify areas of the city that experience high traffic volumes and to 3241 expand recreation program offerings achieves more with fewer financial resources and

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3242 simultaneously increases social capital by bringing a diversity of community members 3243 together. Expanding programs that offer service-learning opportunities to WSU students 3244 can also connect students with the non-student community, and could provide 3245 abundant volunteer resources considering 9,970 WSU students volunteered a total of 3246 81,323 hours in the 2018-19 academic year.73

3247 The City’s partnership with the Pullman School District has contributed significantly to the 3248 development of community access to recreational facilities. The City and the District 3249 have developed an inter-agency agreement for joint use of facilities. Examples of joint 3250 ventures between the two agencies include: the expansion of Sunnyside Elementary 3251 gymnasium (1995) to accommodate recreation use after school hours; development of 3252 Military Hill Park (1976) to serve the growing recreational needs of residents near Pullman 3253 High School; and remodeling of the old Franklin Elementary School (2000) for use as a 3254 community center by the City of Pullman and the administrative offices of the Pullman 3255 School District (1998). Mary Schweitzer and Ed Schweitzer provided funds for the 3256 construction of the Pullman Aquatic & Fitness Center which is owned by the Pullman 3257 School District and managed by the City of Pullman, Parks & Recreation.74

3258 The Pullman Civic Trust is a volunteer organization that since 1983 has advocated for 3259 several projects that benefit the community, including creating and maintaining trails, 3260 installing trail markers, and planting trees.75 The Trust is currently working with the City and 3261 other public entities to explore rail banking (a voluntary agreement between a railroad 3262 company and a trail agency to use an out-of-service rail corridor as a trail until a railroad 3263 might need the corridor again for rail service) along the stretch of the Palouse River and 3264 Coulee City Rail that runs between Pullman and Colfax.76 This stretch of rail is currently

73 Washington State University, Quick Facts: WSU Pullman at a glance, 2019 (https://wsu.edu/about/facts/). 74 City of Pullman Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan, 2020. 75 Pullman Civic Trust, 2015. 76 Pullman Civic Trust, 2015.

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3265 inactive, and there are no plans to restore service in the near future. Rail banking this 3266 stretch of unused rail would add a multi-use path to Pullman’s trail system. It is owned by 3267 the State of Washington and preserving the right of way for transportation purposes such 3268 as trails could benefit the Pullman community and multimodal transportation 3269 connections.

3270 The Arbor Day Foundation has recognized the City of Pullman as a “Tree City USA” for the 3271 last 22 years, and awarded the city the ”Tree City Growth Award” for four of those 3272 years.77 This program provides the City an opportunity to educate the community about 3273 the value of tree resources, the importance of sustainable tree management, and to 3274 engage individuals and organizations in advancing tree planting and care across the

77 To qualify as a Tree City USA community, you must meet four standards established by the Arbor Day Foundation and the National Association of State Foresters: (1) have a tree board or department; (2) have a tree care ordinance; (3) have a community forestry program with an annual budget of at least $2 per capita; and (4) observe and proclaim Arbor Day. See https://www.arborday.org/programs/treecityusa/standards.cfm for more information.

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3275 urban forest. Participation in the Tree City USA program helps residentscommunity 3276 members feel good that they live and work in a city with so many natural resources and 3277 is a pleasing way to welcome visitors and prospective residentscommunity members.78

78 City of Pullman Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan, 2020.

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3278 Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan

3279 Recommendations 3280 The Parks & Recreation 2019–2024 Five Year Plan includes specific recommendations for 3281 future projects. Many of these are funded by the passage of General Obligation Bonds 3282 No. 1 and No. 2, including: 3283 ▪ Construction of the new Recreation Center and Garden House 3284 ▪ Improvements to Reaney Park Pool (pool liner replacement and park 3285 restroom/shower building upgrades) 3286 ▪ ADA improvements to Sunnyside Park (ADA compliant parking lot and path access to 3287 facilities) 3288 ▪ Upgrades to the City Playfield (dugouts, scoreboxes, fencing and backstops for 3289 Wiley, Bowman, and Thatuna fields) 3290 ▪ Replacement of the Kruegel Park Shelter 3291 ▪ Completion of Mary’s Park and Emerald Pointe Park (ADA/inclusive playground 3292 elements and amenities such as children’s gardens, wetland interpretive area, and 3293 restroom/shelters) 3294 ▪ Further development of the pedestrian/bike paths in Pullman (Itani Linear Path, 3295 Conservation Park Path, etc.) 3296 ▪ A portable stage/band shell (for civic events such as the July 4th Celebration, Lentil 3297 Festival, Concerts in the Park, etc.)

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3298 The Recreation Division foresees offering recreation programs at an increased level in the 3299 next five years. As the new Recreation Center opens to the Pullman community in 2020, 3300 there will be opportunities to increase programming to middle school aged children and 3301 the senior population. With the proximity of the new Recreation Center to Lincoln Middle 3302 School, after school programs, open gym, and other programs could become widely 3303 available for teens to utilize. The Senior Center will have increased space for additional 3304 programs and will have access to designated fitness rooms to offer specialized programs 3305 for that population. Intergenerational programs between seniors and preschool aged 3306 children could also be more common as the Senior Center will be located in the same 3307 buildings as the City’s Preschool.

3308 The Parks Division plans to work with Pullman Civic Trust and other local groups for a fully 3309 connected trail system within Pullman and provide support regionally for the 3310 development of the “CAP Trail” (Colfax, Albion, and Pullman) on the old Union Pacific 3311 Rail Line. The trail system provides opportunities for Pullman citizens to safely walk or ride 3312 their bikes to school or work or for their health away from city traffic.

3313 Parks & Recreation should continue balancing the multi-generational needs of Pullman 3314 residentscommunity members, taking into account the various interests and needs of the 3315 different age populations within the diverse community. Additional community priorities 3316 identified in the Parks & Recreation 2019-2024 Five Year Plan include development or 3317 acquisition of park property, land purchases to preserve open/green spaces in the city, 3318 remodel/repair of existing structures, youth/adult athletic fields and sport programs, 3319 additional fitness and art programs, and continued support of special programs (such as 3320 the Egg Hunt, Movies, and Concerts in the Park).

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3321 Goals & Policies

3322 This element provides goals and policies for providing a variety of parks, trails, and open 3323 space, as well as for natural resource conservation, and sustainable maintenance.

3324 GOAL P 1 Create opportunities for community gathering, healthy and active 3325 lifestyles, and connections to destinations through a robust park and 3326 recreation system.

3327 Policy P 1.1 Ensure that residents Pullman community members are within a 10 minute 3328 walk of parks, recreation, open space, or trail facilities.

3329 Policy P 1.2 Establish level of service criteria for parkland, recreation, open space, and 3330 trail needs in the city to ensure the system responds to growth and 3331 provides for quality facilities. Identify the level of service standards in the 3332 City’s 5-Year Plan.

3333 Policy P 1.3 Create a set of minimum park standards to guide master planning and 3334 ensure consistent quality. Maintain flexibility about park size and facilities in 3335 order to take advantage of opportunities as they arise.

3336 Policy P 1.4 Address priorities for parks, recreation, open space, and trails to maximize 3337 limited resources based on the 5-Year Plan. Priorities should seek to 3338 leverage the existing system and be nimble to address opportunities for 3339 acquisition in areas that lack complete facilities. Priorities should be based 3340 on public engagement as well as system and master plans. Priorities 3341 include but are not limited to:

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3342 Policy P 1.5 Improve existing park facilities using funds from general obligation bonds 3343 by adding new facilities, replacing facilities that have reached the end of 3344 their useful life, and improving ADA access.

3345 Policy P 1.6 Remodel and improve Recreation Center using funds from general 3346 obligation bonds.

3347 Policy P 1.7 Develop a Multi-Sport complex with public and non-profit stakeholders.

3348 Policy P 1.8 Improve and expand cemetery facilities.

3349 Policy P 1.9 Prioritize acquisition of parks, recreation, open space, and trail facilities 3350 that are accessible by public transit or pedestrian and bicycle trails.

3351 Policy P 1.10Policy P 1.5 Develop a network of recreational trails and bikeways 3352 throughout the community that will be accessible to all 3353 residentscommunity members of Pullman, offer a range of recreational 3354 challenge and scenic experience, and provide public health benefits.

3355 Policy P 1.11Policy P 1.6 Increase recreational opportunities for the city’s growing 3356 population by providing both additional facilities and programs through 3357 public and private partners. Increase multipurpose fields such as for 3358 soccer, and provide other active recreation infrastructure to meet local 3359 needs.

3360 Policy P 1.12Policy P 1.7 Ensure new development provides parks and recreation 3361 facilities, including trails, at the time that development occurs in low- and 3362 high-density residential areas.

3363 Policy P 1.13Policy P 1.8 Consider Develop a policyrogram to require suitable 3364 parkland or a fee in lieu of for new residential development, in proportion 3365 to area and projected populationsubdivisions.

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3366 Policy P 1.14Policy P 1.9 Cooperate with public schools and other agencies to 3367 develop and maximize the effectiveness of joint facilities where 3368 appropriate.

3369 Policy P 1.15Policy P 1.10 Extend city trails to connect both to neighborhoods and 3370 regional trails.

3371 Policy P 1.16Policy P 1.11 Retain neighborhood facilities at various locations in the 3372 city to help serve the cultural, recreational, and social needs of 3373 community residentsmembers.

3374 Policy P 1.17Policy P 1.12 Develop a plan for a regional recreation facility center that 3375 provides both indoor and outdoor facilities (e.g., ice rink, playfields, 3376 concert venue) and serves as a community gathering place.

3377 GOAL P 2 Promote open space preservation and conservation of unique, fragile, 3378 scenic, and non-renewable natural resources.

3379 Policy P 2.1 Pursue funding sources for the acquisition and improvement of shoreline 3380 parcels within the city.

3381 Policy P 2.2 Maintain the river park area from City Playfield to Grand Avenue to 3382 preserve the shoreline and provide recreational opportunities.

3383 Policy P 2.3 Explore the acquisition of significant habitat areas within the city on a 3384 case-by-case basis.

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3385 Policy P 2.4 Work cooperatively with property owners and land developers to protect 3386 privately owned land with significant environmental features through the 3387 use of easements, zoning conditions, land trust agreements, or other 3388 appropriate means. Consider the use of clustering to gain park and 3389 recreation land while achieving density goals. Consider open space 3390 transitions to rural lands when considering annexation boundaries, and 3391 the opportunities for connected parks and recreation facilities.

3392 Policy P 2.5 Require buildings to be set back from stream channels to provide open 3393 space for riparian areas.

3394 Policy P 2.6 Partner with community organizations and the private sector to engage 3395 the community to protect and enhance Pullman’s unique ecosystems 3396 and habitat.

3397 Policy P 2.7 Strive to protect and retain certain trees and groups of trees that enhance 3398 Pullman’s historical, cultural, environmental, and aesthetic character, 3399 such as through a tree protection ordinance and urban forestry 3400 management program.

3401 Policy P 2.8 Consider opportunities to improve stormwater quality by incorporating 3402 green infrastructure in parks and public green spaces.

3403 Policy P 2.9 Restore native plant and animal communities to Conservation Park.

3404 GOAL P 3 Maintain high quality and accessible city parks and recreational facilities.

3405 Policy P 3.1 Consider operation and maintenance costs in the design of all park 3406 improvements and recreation facilities. These costs should be considered 3407 prior to acquiring new facilities.

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3408 Policy P 3.2 Consider creative solutions to the ongoing costs of maintaining parks and 3409 recreation facilities, including sponsorship by business and civic groups 3410 and WSU internships and practicums.

3411 Policy P 3.3 Maintain and expand city cemetery facilities as necessary considering site 3412 conditions, trends, and needs.

3413 Policy P 3.4 Periodically review the design of existing parks and renovate park facilities 3414 to reflect changing needs and desires of residentscommunity members.

3415 Policy P 3.5 Upgrade park facilities on an ongoing basis to ensure that people of all 3416 abilities have access and inclusion in the enjoyment of the facilities. 3417 Implement the City’s ADA Transition Plan to accommodate citizens with 3418 disabilities and special needs and offer equitable access to recreation 3419 activities.

3420 GOAL P 4 Complete and protect a system of green belts to protect natural resources 3421 and provide passive recreation.

3422 Policy P 4.1 Promote greenways along streams and wildlife corridors,

3423 Policy P 4.2 Endeavor to enhance and restore the South Fork of the Palouse River to a 3424 more natural appearance and function.

3425 Policy P 4.3 Protect riparian corridors along perennial streams from the adverse effects 3426 of development. Maintain a buffer of vegetation (preferably native 3427 vegetation) along all streams.

3428 Policy P 4.4 Whenever possible, establish greenways to link open space areas located 3429 in close proximity to one another.

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3430 Policy P 4.5 Partner with community organizations and the private sector to restore 3431 native plant and animal communities in the city’s parks.

3432 GOAL P 5 Continue to provide a comprehensive set of recreation programs as 3433 needs change over time.

3434 Policy P 5.1 Develop new programs for the youth, adult, and senior population in 3435 Pullman that meets their needs and interests.

3436 Policy P 5.2 Continue to offer Washington State UniversityWSU students hands-on 3437 experience in recreation services.

3438 Policy P 5.3 Provide aquatic classes for Pullman School District students.

3439 Policy P 5.4 Develop a cost-recovery policy recognizing parks as a public good, and 3440 promoting recreation programs that serve a broad range of the 3441 community. Maintain recreation program user fees that promote 3442 equitable access for all ages and incomes.

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3443

3444 Capital Facilities

3445 Introduction 211 3446 Conditions & Trends 214 3447 Opportunities & Constraints 226 3448 Goals & Policies 228

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3449

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3450 Introduction The Capital Faciltiies Element supports the Vision Statement by establishing policies that provide ample infrastructure and 3451 Capital facilities and utilities include systems owned by the City as well as those owned public services and policies that protect the natural environment. 3452 by other public agencies (e.g., the School District) and by private companies. Capital 3453 City-owned facilities provided by Pullman include roadways, parks, public buildings, fire This element directly supports the following Framework Principles: 3454 and EMS, police, municipal librarieslibrary, water/sewer, and stormwater.79 Non-City ▪ Sufficient infrastructure and public 3455 owned facilities and utilities include public schools, hospitals, natural gas, electricity, services 3456 telecommunications (phone, internet, and TV cable), and refuse, recycling, and yard ▪ Healthy and valued natural 3457 waste disposal. Exhibit 23 below shows the location of community services in the city, environment ▪ Long-term sustainability

79 Roads and parks are covered in Chapter 6, Transportation and Chapter 7, Parks & Open Space.

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3458 including City Hall, the fire stations, the police department, Neill Public Library, public 3459 schools, and Pullman Regional Hospital.

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3460 Exhibit 23 Existing Community Services, 2020

3461 3462 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 20210.

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3463 Conditions & Trends

3464 Community Services

3465 Schools 3466 The US Census Bureau’s 20142015–2018 2019 American Community Survey estimates that 3467 in 2018 the population older than 3 years enrolled in school was approximately 20,669 ▪ It should be noted that statistics 80 3468 692 in Pullman. Of this population, college or graduate school students account for an regarding enrollment are reflective 3469 estimated 17,607581—a vast majority. Of Pullman’s remaining student population, 718 of pre-COVID conditions. 3470 725 are high school students, 1,714 793 are elementary school students, 233 198 are in 3471 kindergarten, and 397 395 are nursery or preschool students.

3472 As developments occur, the City evaluates the potential needs for safe routes to schools.

3473 WSU’s Pullman campus is 1,675 acres and in 2019 had a total of 513 buildings/structures 3474 with a gross building square footage of 11,583,410 and an assignable building square 3475 footage of 7,476,455. WSU anticipates growth to continue as it has over the last ten years 3476 and does not expect a net increase in space in the next 3-5 years. Instead, the university 3477 is focused on space optimization and deferred maintenance.81 The university enrolled 3478 20,976 students for the 2019/2020 academic year at its Pullman campus, just under the

80 US Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Data Profile, Table DP02, 2018 (https://www.census.gov/acs/www/data/data- tables-and-tools/data-profiles/). 81 Louise Ann Sweeney, WSU, personal communication, May 12, 2020.

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3479 projected 2020 enrollment of 21,150. Of those students, 18,346 are undergraduates and 3480 4,198 are freshmen.82 Approximately 84% of new freshman live on campus.83

3481 WSU is looking to increase graduate student enrollment at a faster rate than 3482 undergraduate enrollment. However, 2019/2020 undergraduate enrollment has already 3483 surpassed WSU’s projected 2030 enrollment of 18,000 undergraduates, while graduate 3484 enrollment (2,173) is a little under half of the 4,450 projected 2020 graduate enrollment. In 3485 2030, the university projects total enrollment to grow to 26,000, with 18,000 3486 undergraduates and 8,000 graduate students, though the proportion of projected 3487 undergraduate to graduate students likely needs to be updated.84

3488 Pullman Public School District No. 267 is composed of six schools: Franklin Elementary, 3489 Jefferson Elementary, Sunnyside Elementary, Kamiak Elementary, Lincoln Middle School, 3490 and Pullman High School. In February 2020, voters approved a bond (Proposition #1) and 3491 two replacement levies for voter consideration (Proposition #2 and Proposition #3) from 3492 Pullman Public Schools. Proposition #1 is a $15 million bond for renovation and expansion 3493 of Lincoln Middle School and HVAC upgrades to three elementary schools, Proposition 3494 #2 is a replacement Enrichment Levy for $5.3 million per year, and Proposition #3 is a 3495 replacement Technology Levy for $200,000 per year.85

82 Washington State University, Department of Institutional Research, Fall 2019 Census Day Headcount Enrollment, 2019 (https://ir.wsu.edu/enrollment/). 83 Washington State University, Quick Facts: WSU at a glance, 2019. 84 Hanbury Evans Wright Vlattas and Company, 2012 Pullman Campus Master Plan Update, Volume 2, 2012. 85 The existing LMS Bond expires in December 2020. The Proposition #1 bond will start in January 2021 at the same tax rate as the LMS bond ($2.78 per $1000 of assessed property value), meaning residents would see no tax rate

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3496 Spokane Falls Community College (SFCC) Pullman Campus occupies a portion of the 3497 Math Learning Annex building on the WSU Campus.86 SFCC offers day, evening, and 3498 online classes. Running Start at SFCC and WSU enable Pullman High School 11th and 12th 3499 graders to earn college credit.

3500 Hospitals 3501 The Pullman Regional Hospital is a public facility located on the south side of Pullman on 3502 Pioneer Hill. The 95,000-square-foot facility houses a level IV trauma center, level III stroke 3503 center, and level II cardiac center.87 The facility features maternity center beds, 3504 medical/surgical private overnight beds (each with a guest bed), ICU beds (each with a 3505 guest bed), and private day-use surgery rooms. Among its services, the hospital offers 24- 3506 hour emergency care, a digital imaging center, full-service obstetrics care, four 3507 operating rooms, da Vinci robotic-assisted surgical technology, and occupational, 3508 massage, speech, and physical therapy.88 The hospital employed 550 full-time and part- 3509 time employees at the end of 2018, and community and student volunteers served 3510 15,638 hours that year.89

3511 In 2014, Pullman Regional Hospital Foundation launched a $10 million Endowment for 3512 Quality and Access campaign with a goal of expanding affordability and quality of

increase. The Enrichment Levy replacement reduces the tax rate from $2.42 to $2.25 per $1000 of assessed property value, and the Technology Levy replacement maintains the same tax rate (Pullman Public Schools, 2020 Bond + Levy, 2020). The Board of Adjustments approved the school district’s expansion application plans for Lincoln Middle School in January 2020 (City of Pullman, Planning Department Newsletter, January 2020). 86 Spokane Falls Community College, Pullman Campus, 2018 (https://sfcc.spokane.edu/About-Us/Contact- Us/Pullman/About-Our-Pullman-Campus). 87 Pullman Regional Hospital, Inpatient Services and Patient Care, 2020 (https://www.pullmanregional.org/inpatient-services and https://www.pullmanregional.org/patient-care). 88 Pullman Regional Hospital, About Us, 2020 (https://www.pullmanregional.org/about-us). 89 Pullman Regional Hospital, 2018 Annual Performance Assessment & Improvement Report, 2018.

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3513 healthcare services while helping to increase the organization’s resiliency in the face of 3514 uncertain changes in healthcare costs and pay structures.90

3515 In November 2019, Pullman Regional Hospital put forward a $29 million bond (Proposition 3516 1) to fund a 45,000-square-foot facility expansion and new electronic medical records 3517 system as part of the hospital’s “Next Era of Excellence” program. Pullman residents 3518 narrowly defeated the bond, but the hospital’s needs remain the same. Community 3519 growth and lack of space continue to drive need for an addition to the hospital to house 3520 specialty medical services and establish a Family Medicine Residency program, and a 3521 community-wide electronic medical record is needed to achieve coordinated patient 3522 care. The Hospital is continuing to look for ways to fund the expansion and 3523 improvements.91

3524 Fire 3525 This section describes the Fire Department facilities, and its staffing, and equipment 3526 needs that can influence the use of the facilities and needs for improvements where 3527 appropriate.

3528 The Pullman Fire Department serves the entire city, including the WSU campus. As the 3529 only professional fire department with paramedic staff in Whitman County, Pullman Fire 3530 Department also provides Advanced Life Support service to 450 square miles of 3531 unincorporated county area and the City of Palouse.92 The Department operates out of

90 Pullman Regional Hospital, Endowment for Quality and Access, 2020 (https://www.pullmanregional.org/how- to-help/foundation/endowment-for-quality-and-access). 91 Pullman Regional Hospital, The Next Era of Excellence, 2019 (https://info.pullmanregional.org/next-era-of- excellence#faq). 92 Pullman Fire Department, Service Area Map, 2019 (https://www.pullman- wa.gov/government/departments/pullman_fire/operations/service_area_map).

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3532 two stations: Station 1 is located at 620 S Grand Avenue and serves the south half of 3533 town, and Station 2 is located at 55 NW Terre View Drive and serves the north half of 3534 town. Station 1 houses one fire truck with a pumper ladder, one fire engine, three 3535 Advanced Life Support transport ambulances, and one brush unit. Station 2 has two fire 3536 engines and two Advanced Life Support transport ambulances. Station 1 and Station 2 3537 each have four on-duty staff, including one captain and three paramedics/firefighters at 3538 each. General Obligation Bond No. 1, passed by Pullman voters in 2018, provided 3539 funding to acquire land for a third fire station. The City is in the process of locating real 3540 estate for this purpose. The City is also looking to relocate fire Station 2 due to the age, 3541 size, and location of the facility as well as the training facility.93

93 Mike Heston, Pullman Fire Department Fire Chief, personal communication, May 2020.

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3542 In 2019, the stations received 2,654 calls—711 were fire-related and 1,943 were medical.94 3543 Approximately 26% of calls in 2019 were from College Hill (excluding the WSU campus), 3544 20% from Pioneer Hill, 19% from the WSU campus, 17% from Military Hill, 11% from 3545 Sunnyside Hill, and the remainder from other parts of the service area.95

94 Pullman Fire Department, Fire Incident & Ambulance Transport Counts, 2019 (https://www.pullman- wa.gov/government/departments/fire_department/operations/fire_incident___ambulance_transport_counts). 95 Mike Heston, Pullman Fire Department Fire Chief, 2020.

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3546 Police 3547 This section describes the Pullman Police facilitiesfacilities, and its staffing, and 3548 equipment needs that can influence the use of the facilities and needs for improvements 3549 where appropriate. It also addresses WSU police services for the campus.

3550 The Pullman Police Department serves all areas of the city except for the WSU campus; 3551 WSU has its own police force (with the same enforcement and arrest powers as any 3552 commissioned officer in the State of Washington) that serves the university.96 The 3553 Department is located in a 16,037-square-foot station in the heart of Pullman at 260 SE 3554 Kamiaken Street and houses 33 commissioned officers and 15 support staff. The minimum 3555 number of personnel on duty is four, including three patrol officers and one records 3556 specialist; the maximum is 20, with 16 patrol officers, 2 code enforcement officers, and 2 3557 records specialists. Eight vehicles make up the patrol fleet, including seven SUVs and one 3558 sedan: detectives have one sedan, a truck, and a Crown Victoria car; the School 3559 Resource Officer is assigned a sedan; code enforcement is assigned one truck; and one 3560 SUV and one Crown Victoria car serve as administrative vehicles. In 2019, the 3561 department received 11,200 calls for service and issued 5,163 parking infractions.97

3562 The WSU Police Department patrols WSU campus and has 21 commissioned officers, 55 3563 student cadets, and 6 administrative staff members.98 WSU has an additional security 3564 division, Cougar Security, which was created in 1985 to assist the University Police

96 Washington State University Police Department and Campus Safety Services, 2019. 97 Pullman Police Department, 2020. 98 The WSU Police Corps program is operated through WSU PD and is designed as a training program for students interested in a career in law enforcement. The cadets complete an annual training academy of over 100 hours. After completing training, they are allowed to ride along with officers of WSU PD, Pullman Police Department (PD), and Whitman County Sheriff’s Office to gain hands-on experience in the field of law enforcement. Washington State University Office of Civil Rights Compliance and Investigation, 2018 Annual Security and Fire Report, Section 6, 2019 (https://crci.wsu.edu/2019-2020-clery-report/).

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3565 Department primarily during night hours. Cougar Security patrols the campus at night, 3566 performs safety escorts, and assists with security at sporting and other special events.99 In 3567 2018, the WSU Police Department reported 744 crimes that occurred on campus and in 3568 certain off-campus buildings or property owned or controlled by WSU and filed a total of 3569 5,748 incident reports.100

3570 Public Library 3571 The Neill Public Library has a collection of over 119,000 titles, includes online resources, 3572 hosts special programs and events, and serves over 5,600 patrons each week. It is 3573 located at 210 N Grand Avenue and is open daily except Sundays and holidays.101

3574 Utilities

3575 Water/Sewer 3576 The Grande Ronde Aquifer, a part of the Columbia Basin Basalt Aquifer system, is the sole 3577 source of Pullman’s municipal water, including drinking water. WSU has its own water 3578 system, separate from the City of Pullman’s, which is also from the Grande Ronde 3579 Aquifer.102 In 2018, the City pumped 927.740 million gallons103 and WSU pumped 452.482

99 Washington State University, Cougar Security, 2019. 100 Washington State University Office of Civil Rights Compliance and Investigation, 2018 Annual Security and Fire Report, Section 26, 2019 (https://crci.wsu.edu/2019-2020-clery-report/); Washington State University Police, Annual Statistics, 2018 (https://police.wsu.edu/annual-and-monthly-statistics/). 101 City of Pullman, Neill Public Library, 2019. 102 Washington State University Sustainability Site, Drinking Water, 2019 (https://sustainability.wsu.edu/operations/water-quality/drinking-water/). 103 Seeking updated data.

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3580 million gallons.104 Most of the municipal water for the neighboring City of Moscow and 3581 University of Idaho (UI) also comes from the Grand Ronde Aquifer; the rest is pumped 3582 from another aquifer in the same basalt deposit system.105 Although water storage in the 3583 Grande Ronde is vast, pumping exceeds recharge, which has resulted in the water level 3584 dropping between 1-2 feet per year for more than 70 years.106 In 1992, the Palouse 3585 Ground Water Management Plan was enacted to address the declining ground water 3586 table issues and coordinate studies of the ground water and alternative water sources.107 3587 Since 1992, total pumping by the major entities (Pullman, Moscow, WSU, UI, Colfax, 3588 Palouse) has declined 15.5%, though water levels have not stabilized (the rate of water 3589 level decline between 1992-2011 was less than 1 foot per year and between 2007-2013 3590 was 0.6 feet per year). The overall rate of Grande Ronde aquifer decline since 1992 is 0.9 3591 feet per year.108

3592 The City of Pullman currently engages in several water conservation measures, including 3593 managing the water system through effective metering and maintenance against leaks. 3594 The City implements additional conservation measures, including: 3595 ▪ Conducting water use surveys on public buildings to identify ways to conserve water 3596 and implementing landscape management practices on City-owned property.

104 City of Pullman Department of Public Works, 2018 Annual Report, 2018; Washington State Department of Health, WSU Water Use Efficiency 2018 Annual Performance Report, 2018. 105 City of Moscow, Water Conservation, 2020. 106 Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee, 2015 Information Update to 1992 Palouse Basin Ground Water Management Plan, 2015 (Chapter 2, Page 1). 107 Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee membership consists of representatives from the cities of Pullman, Moscow, and Palouse, Whitman and Latah counties, Washington State University, and the University of Idaho. Each entity has two voting members on the committee. Ex Officio committee members include representatives from the Washington Department of Ecology and the Idaho Department of Water Resources. 108 Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee, Palouse Ground Water Basin 2017 Annual Water Use Report, 2018.

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3597 ▪ Providing conservation pricing and bills that show consumers their consumption 3598 history. 3599 ▪ Providing free toilet leak detection dye tablets, low-flow showerheads, and lawn 3600 watering timers. 3601 ▪ Providing incentives for citizens to replace toilets, washing machines, and 3602 landscaping with higher efficiency designs. 3603 ▪ Funding the Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee and a local environmental education 3604 organization to teach various regionally specific, age-appropriate water 3605 conservation lessons to second, third, fourth, and eighth grade students.109

3606 Wastewater systems that discharge into state waters are required to comply with the 3607 Clean Water Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting 3608 program and obtain an NPDES permit from the State of Washington Department of 3609 Ecology. The NPDES permit program establishes standards for water quality of surface 3610 and ground waters, effluent toxicity and sediment management, and requires plans, 3611 testing, and reporting. In compliance with Phase II of the NPDES Permit Program, the City 3612 has spent the last several years developing its stormwater system infrastructure by 3613 updating policies and procedures, purchasing equipment, implementing projects, and 3614 training staff. As of August 2019, the City is covered under Phase II of the NPDES program, 3615 which requires public education and outreach, public involvement and participation, 3616 illicit discharge detection and elimination, construction site stormwater runoff control, 3617 post-construction stormwater management in new development and redevelopment, 3618 and pollution prevention and good housekeeping for municipal operations. The Public 3619 Works Department has established plans to meet various stormwater treatment system 3620 requirements pursuant to compliance with the Phase II NPDES permit. WSU is covered

109 City of Pullman, Water Conservation in Pullman, 2019.

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3621 under the same Phase II Permit, but is considered a “secondary permittee” within the 3622 jurisdiction of the City of Pullman.110

3623 Pullman’s wastewater treatment plant uses a combination 3624 of activated sludge and chlorination to treat residential 3625 and commercial wastewater before it discharges into the 3626 South Fork of the Palouse River (SFPR). In 2018, the plant 3627 treated 1,042.8 million gallons, and removed 98.1% of total 3628 suspended solids and 97.2% of organic contaminants 3629 before discharging (the NPDES Phase II permit requires 85% 3630 removal of these pollutants). Pullman added 0.99 miles of 3631 sewer main lines to its existing 95.86 miles, expanding the 3632 system to 96.85 miles in 2018. Additionally in 2018, work 3633 crews performed maintenance on 124,992 feet of existing 3634 sewer mainlines.111

110 City of Pullman, Stormwater Management Program Plan, 2019; Washington State Department of Ecology, Eastern Washington Phase II Municipal Stormwater Permit, 2019. 111 City of Pullman Public Works Department, 2018 Annual Report, 2019.

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3635 Stormwater 3636 The City of Pullman’s Stormwater Services Division is charged with development and 3637 implementation of Pullman’s Stormwater Management Program (SWMP). To plan for the 3638 great expense of maintaining and replacing aging stormwater infrastructure and 3639 equipment, the City has had a stormwater fund in place since 2009 that is supplied by 3640 fees from developed properties with impervious surfaces. In addition to the fee-sourced 3641 funding, the SWMP applies for grants, utilizes student service hours, and implements the 3642 Adopt-a-Stream program, in which groups and businesses assume responsibility for 3643 keeping the section of stream that they “adopt” clean.112

3644 Stormwater management in Pullman is particularly important considering that the 3645 network of storm drains, classified as a municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4), 3646 does not connect to wastewater treatment facilities. Most storm drains empty directly 3647 into the SFPR, which is on the State of Washington’s list of impaired water bodies for not 3648 meeting water quality criteria for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and fecal coliform 3649 bacteria. Pollutants commonly found in stormwater include detergents, fertilizers, 3650 pesticides, vehicle fluids, litter, sediment, and pet waste.113

3651 Private Utilities 3652 Private utility providers in Pullman supply natural gas; electricity; telephone; internet, 3653 including high speed tinternet; TV cable; and refuse, recycling, and yard waste disposal.

112 City of Pullman, Stormwater Management Program Plan, 2019. 113 City of Pullman, Stormwater Management Program Plan, 2019.

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3654 Opportunities & Constraints

3655 The main opportunities for safety and emergency services are: (1) to establish a 3656 sustainable tax base so the City can continue to provide quality public services, and (2) 3657 to work to improve speed control and traffic law enforcement in neighborhoods. In 3658 addition, the City is also supportive of funding for technology that would allow law 3659 enforcement to conduct accurate and timely marijuana field sobriety tests. Pullman 3660 Police previously collaborated with WSU researchers on a major project working towards 3661 a solution for field sobriety tests.114

3662 In 2018, the citizens of Pullman approved General Obligation Bond No. 1 for $10,500,000 See the Parks & Open Space Element 3663 to fund public facility improvements, including funds to secure a location for a third fire (Chapter 7) for additional discussion of 3664 station (the City is in the process of locating real estate for this purpose). The bond also General Obligation Bond No. 1. 3665 funded purchase of the Encounter Ministries Church at 190 SE Crestview Street for a new 3666 city hall and recreation center and will fund construction of a Garden House at Lawson 3667 Gardens. Construction began on the new city hall building and recreation center in 2019 3668 and was completed by mid-2020.

3669 A sustainable water supply is important to ensure that Pullman is resilient and is able to 3670 support future population growth. The City currently has one water source, and although 3671 existing supply is substantial, the rate of depletion of water in the Grande Ronde Aquifer 3672 is faster than its rate of recharge. This presents an opportunity for the City to continue 3673 developing sustainable water initiatives and to implement additional conservation 3674 measures to address water sustainability for projected growth. Community members 3675 have expressed interest in implementing wastewater reuse and reclamation measures to 3676 help conserve the existing water resources. Additionally, per the 2015 update to the

114 Marijuana research was adopted as a 2020 Legislative Priority by City Council on December 10, 2019 (https://www.pullman-wa.gov/cms/one.aspx?portalId=15252951&pageId=16298928).

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3677 Palouse Ground Water Management Plan, the City should continue to pursue future 3678 supply options as detailed in the Water System Plan.115

3679 The Pullman community expressed interest in establishing tools to address impacts from 3680 development on the area’s waterways. There is opportunity to adjust regulations within 3681 the City’s guidelines to limit stormwater impacts during development, and to implement 3682 wastewater reuse and reclamation programs to increase water conservation.

3683 There is opportunity to build new water and/or sewer infrastructure along the Pullman- 3684 Moscow Airport and adjacent roadway corridors as part of the airport expansion project. 3685 This additional infrastructure could help support industry in Pullman and have positive 3686 economic implications. The City recently received a $1.6 million dollar grant from the 3687 State of Washington and Senator Mark Schoesler’s office that will facilitate extending 3688 gravity sewer to the site of a new terminal in 2020.116 It should be noted that some 3689 Pullman citizens have expressed opposition to extending utilities in the Pullman-Moscow 3690 Corridor because they would like to see the area preserved in its existing condition.

3691 Pullman community members are also interested in upgrading the city’s communication 3692 services, particularly by building the infrastructure necessary to provide widespread 3693 access to high-speed internet (broadband internet is largely available but not currently 3694 available consistently entirely throughout the city). Community members expressed 3695 interest in having a choice in service providers for broadband service.

3696 In addition, some community members would like to increase accountability of local 3697 government to citizens.117

115 Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee, 2015 Information Update to 1992 Palouse Basin Ground Water Management Plan, 2015 (Chapter 6, Page 17). 116 See the 2020 Legislative Priorities adopted by City Council on December 12, 2019 (https://www.pullman- wa.gov/cms/one.aspx?portalId=15252951&pageId=16298928). 117 David Evans and Associates, Inc., Pullman Comprehensive Plan Joint Commission Workshop on Visioning and Goals Meeting notes and presentation, 2015.

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3698 Goals & Policies

3699 The purpose of these goals and policies is to ensure that Pullman will have adequate The Capital Faciltiies Element supports and 3700 facilities and utilities to serve future growth. Policies also address issues of sustainability, is supported by goals and policies in the 3701 fiscal responsibility, and facility siting. In particular, since the rate of depletion of the city’s Transportation Element (Chapter 6) and the Parks & Open Space Element 3702 one water source (the Grande Ronde Aquifer) is faster than its rate of recharge, water (Chapter 7). 3703 reuse and reclamation measures are emphasized to ensure resiliency against the risk of 3704 drought and to support future population growth. Other priorities are to carry forward 3705 ongoing wastewater treatment plant enhancements and to upgrade the city’s 3706 communication services.

3707 The goals guide development of the capital improvement program, the annual six-year 3708 schedule and budget formulation for City land acquisition, streets, off-street parking, 3709 vehicles, recreational equipment, pedestrian/bicycle facilities, buildings, water, sewer, 3710 stormwater, and energy conservation projects.

3711 GOAL CF 1 Supply facilities, utilities, and services for all land uses to support growth 3712 and provide for public health, safety, and economic well-being.

3713 Policy CF 1.1 Encourage efficient and well-planned use of public buildings and 3714 property.

3715 Policy CF 1.2 Provide and maintain high-quality, timely, and cost-effective services.

3716 Policy CF 1.3 Ensure adequate capacity of utilities to support planned growth.

3717 Policy CF 1.4 Proactively explore available tools to address development impacts and 3718 to maintain appropriate levels of service.

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3719 Policy CF 1.5 Implement energy reduction measures as they become available for all 3720 public facilities.

3721 Policy CF 1.6 Develop uniform signage standards for public facilities in the city.

3722 Policy CF 1.7 Manage the City’s wastewater collection and treatment system in 3723 accordance with the approved sewer system plans.

3724 Policy CF 1.8 Continue implementation of the City’s storm water management 3725 program to address existing and anticipated storm water quantity and 3726 quality issues throughout the community.

3727 Policy CF 1.9 Ensure continued viability of the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport by 3728 supporting the facility’s capital needs.

3729 Policy CF 1.10 Consistent with the Land Use Element and night sky policies, Illuminate city 3730 streets sufficiently while avoiding adverse impacts on residentscommunity 3731 memberspreserving opportunities for night sky observations in or near the 3732 city.

3733 Policy CF 1.11 Expand availability of the library’s resources.

3734 Policy CF 1.12 Create a Public Facilities zoning district to facilitate the establishment and 3735 expansion of public facilities at appropriate sites throughout the city.

3736 Goal CF 2 Locate capital facilities and utilities in such a way as to provide safe, 3737 efficient, and adequate service to all residents.

3738 Policy CF 2.1 Consider utility access in the design of all new development.

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3739 Policy CF 2.2 Design and distribute public facilities, utilities, and services to ensure 3740 equitable supply and access to all segments of the population. Enhance 3741 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility throughout the 3742 community.

3743 Policy CF 2.3 Place utilities and telecommunications facilities underground whenever 3744 possible.

3745 Goal CF 3GOAL CF 2 Provide for future beneficial use of the Pullman-Moscow 3746 ground water basin without significant impact to the aquifers or 3747 degradation in the quality of the water.

3748 Policy CF 3.1Policy CF 2.1 Continue to work with surrounding communities and 3749 neighboring governments through the Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee 3750 to ensure a sustainable water supply for the region.

3751 Policy CF 3.2Policy CF 2.2 Promote a program of public education and awareness 3752 regarding ground water management issues.

3753 Policy CF 3.3Policy CF 2.3 Carefully monitor and analyze ground water levels and 3754 usage data.

3755 Policy CF 3.4Policy CF 2.4 Require new development to submit projected water use. 3756 Consider imposing mitigation measures on all water use or land use 3757 proposals that could potentially have a significant adverse impact on the 3758 ground water system.

3759 Policy CF 3.5Policy CF 2.5 Manage the city’s water supply and distribution in 3760 accordance with the City’s approved water system plan.

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3761 Policy CF 3.6Policy CF 2.6 Increase water conservation efforts, implement water reuse 3762 and reclamation projects, and engage in other related activities to ensure 3763 a sustainable water supply for the community.

3764 Policy CF 3.7Policy CF 2.7 Implement best management practices (BMPs) and 3765 encourage vegetation preservation and low impact development to 3766 control stormwater and reduce the release of pollutants.

3767 Goal CF 4GOAL CF 3 Protect the lives and property of Pullman 3768 residentscommunity members from loss or damage by fire.

3769 Policy CF 4.1Policy CF 3.1 Provide for expansion of fire facilities and services to meet 3770 the demands of the city’s population continuously and to maintain fire 3771 protection at appropriate levels of service.

3772 Policy CF 4.2Policy CF 3.2 Consider fire protection in the design of all new 3773 development and the design of established neighborhoods and streets 3774 when purchasing equipment; in particular, ensure that adequate access 3775 for emergency vehicles is provided to all structures.

3776 Policy CF 4.3Policy CF 3.3 Continue to develop educational programs about the 3777 measures that individuals can take to reduce fire risk in their homes and 3778 businesses.

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3779 Goal CF 5GOAL CF 4 Protect the lives and property of Pullman residents 3780 community members and reduce crimefrom loss or damage by criminals, 3781 and enable citizens to pursue their lives in peace and safety.

3782 Policy CF 5.1Policy CF 4.1 Provide for expansion of police facilities and services to 3783 meet the demands of the city’s population continuously and to maintain 3784 police protection and code enforcement at appropriate levels of service.

3785 Policy CF 5.2Policy CF 4.2 Consider public safety and crime prevention in the design 3786 of all new development.

3787 Encourage the use of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design 3788 (CPTED) standards in development and redevelopment, enhancing the 3789 safety of the city and limiting design factors which abet crime.

3790 Policy CF 5.3Policy CF 4.3 Encourage the development and operation of crime 3791 prevention measures such as neighborhood watches, crime prevention 3792 surveys, and block parent programs.

3793 Policy CF 5.4Policy CF 4.4 Enhance public access to information relating to police 3794 activity, public safety, and security.

3795 Goal CF 6GOAL CF 5 Promote sound fiscal management of government services 3796 and facilities.

3797 Policy CF 6.1Policy CF 5.1 Pursue enhanced revenue (e.g., grants, low-interest loans, 3798 tax benefit districts) to maintain a sustainable tax base for the provision of 3799 public services.

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3800 Policy CF 6.2Policy CF 5.2 Plan for capital facilities using credible fiscal projections 3801 and analysis. Ensure that realistic costs and revenues are accounted for 3802 clearly and act responsibly as stewards of the public’s money.

3803 Policy CF 6.3Policy CF 5.3 When planning for capital facilities, incorporate 3804 subsequent operating and maintenance costs to ensure conformance 3805 with pertinent financial obligations.

3806 Policy CF 6.4Policy CF 5.4 When public buildings or properties are no longer needed, 3807 consider offering them for use by other public agencies before offering 3808 them for sale or lease to private entities.

3809 Policy CF 6.5Policy CF 5.5 Encourage and pursue, whenever feasible, opportunities to 3810 share facilities and costs with other service providers and private utilities to 3811 achieve cost savings and provide continued improvements in level of 3812 service. 3813 ▪ Coordinate cost-effective delivery of police protection and fire 3814 prevention and suppression services to the community with other 3815 jurisdictions, including WSU and Whitman County. 3816 ▪ Develop joint use agreements with WSU, the school district, and others 3817 for community facilities such as parks, libraries, schools, and recreation 3818 facilities.

3819 GOAL CF 6 Locate capital facilities and utilities in such a way as to provide safe, 3820 efficient, and adequate service to all community members.

3821 Policy CF 6.1 Consider utility access in the design of all new development.

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3822 Policy CF 6.2 Design and distribute public facilities, utilities, and services to ensure 3823 equitable supply and access to all segments of the population. Enhance 3824 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility throughout the 3825 community.

3826 Policy CF 6.3 Place utilities and telecommunications facilities underground whenever 3827 possible.

3828 Goal CF 7 Cooperate and coordinate with other service providers and private 3829 utilities to ensure all parts of the city have access to efficient and 3830 adequate services.

3831 Policy CF 7.1Policy CF 6.4 Coordinate placement of private utilities with other private 3832 and public utilities in the best interests of public health and safety.

3833 Policy CF 7.2Policy CF 6.5 Consolidate utility line easements and the location of 3834 wireless telecommunication facilities as much as possible to make the 3835 most efficient use of urban land, enhance the appearance of the 3836 community, and minimize accidental damage to utility facilities.

3837 Policy CF 7.3Policy CF 6.6 Cooperate with providers to encourage development of 3838 telecommunications infrastructure capable of supporting the full range of 3839 information transfer and research demanded by residentscommunity 3840 members, businesses, and the university, and to ensure access to 3841 competitive alternatives.

3842 Policy CF 7.4Policy CF 6.7 Facilitate continuous improvement in the city’s 3843 telecommunication capabilities, consistent with the public health and 3844 safety.

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3845 Policy CF 7.5Policy CF 6.8 Support equitable access to comprehensive education, 3846 childcare, and healthcare facilities and services in the community. 3847 ▪ Support activities of the Pullman School District and local colleges to 3848 provide comprehensive facilities and services that advance the 3849 education and development of their students. 3850 ▪ Support expanded childcare services. 3851 ▪ Make Pullman a community welcoming to seniors and those with 3852 medical needs and create a community where it is possible to age in 3853 place. 3854 ▪ Support the efforts of the Pullman Regional Hospital and other local 3855 health care facilities to expand services throughout the community.

3856 Policy CF 7.6Policy CF 6.9 Support and increaseSupport solid waste reduction, 3857 curbside recycling, and organic yard waste composting.

3858 Policy CF 7.7Policy CF 6.10 Cooperate with private and semi-public utility providers to 3859 ensure that their facilities are protected from damage by adjacent land 3860 uses.

3861 Policy CF 7.8Policy CF 6.11 Consult with other service providers to ensure impacts to 3862 their facilities and services are addressed before approving annexations 3863 or development.

3864 Policy CF 7.9Policy CF 6.12 Practice proactive code enforcement throughout the 3865 community, establishing a lead in the City departments, providing 3866 adequate resources, and considering cost effective options for support 3867 such as utilizing resources such as City interns and the WSU Center for 3868 Civic Engagement in these efforts. 3869

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 235

3870

3871 Implementation

3872 Introduction 239 3873 Actions 241 3874

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 237 Comprehensive Plan Implementation

3875

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 238 Comprehensive Plan Implementation

3876 Introduction

3877 The previous chapters outline the type of community that Pullman would like to be in the 3878 next 40 years. To help achieve the city’s visions, goals and policies for land use, 3879 community design, housing, transportation, parks and open space, and capital facilities 3880 and infrastructure were developed. These goals and policies will guide public and 3881 private investments in development, but without implementation will not ensure that 3882 Pullman becomes the community it wants to be.

3883 The tables below list the actions needed to implement the plan and identify city 3884 departments or committees primarily responsible for each. The Planning Department will 3885 work most closely with the Public Works Department and the Public Services Department,

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 239 Comprehensive Plan Implementation

3886 but also with the police and fire departments. In addition, the City has multiple 3887 commissions that are key to implementation: 3888 ▪ The Planning Commission makes recommendations to the City Council on all long- 3889 range planning matters and certain development applications. 3890 ▪ The Historic Preservation Commission protects historic resources by means of 3891 promotion, regulation, and economic incentives 3892 ▪ 3893 ▪ The Parks & Recreation Commission advises the City Council in the management and 3894 development of parks facilities, the cemetery, and and recreation programs. 3895 ▪ The Board of Adjustment or Hearing Examiner should the City pursue that system 3896 decides upon exceptional land use cases and advises planning staff on community 3897 development matters. 3898 ▪ The Arts Commission seeks private donations and grants to acquire works of art, and 3899 advises the City Council.

3900 The Library Board of Trustees oversees the library property and operations. 3901 ▪ The Human Rights Commission [add more]

3902 Other non-profit and agency partners can help advance this plan, such as the Pullman 3903 2040 vision effort with the Pullman Chamber.

3904 Some of these implementation measures will require collaboration with other participants, 3905 including WSU, other public agencies, and private property owners and developers.

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3906 Actions

3907 Exhibit 24 Implementation Actions—Land Use

Land Use Action Responsible Agency/Agencies

Continue to prepare and implement subarea plans for neighborhoods in Pullman’s four Planning Department major hills. Amend Zoning Map to address changes prescribed in the Comprehensive Plan land use Planning Department map including but not limited to: Zoning districts implementing mixed use designation. Public Facility zoning district(s). Short-term and long-term zoning recommendations in Downtown Master Plan. Revise zoning ordinance to reflect new policy directives, including but not limited to: Planning Department Overlay district regulations to enhance and/or preserve distinctive areas within the city. Public Facility zoning district(s). Allow more readily live/work spaces and home occupations. Minimum vegetation installation and maintenance standards. Implement housing variety policies. Short-term rental regulations. Implement Downtown Master Plan. Revise subdivision ordinance to reflect new policy directives. Planning & Public Works Departments Plan for future annexed county cluster residential areas. Planning Department (with Whitman County) Prescribe compatible land uses in the vicinity of the airport. Planning Department (with Whitman County) Provide public infrastructure (e.g., water and sewer lines) along the Airport Road Planning & Public Works Departments corridor. Facilitate the creation of a community garden in each distinct residential area in the city. Public Services Department and Planning Department

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Land Use Action Responsible Agency/Agencies Initiate implementation of an urban forestry program Planning & Public Works Departments

Actively assist in the creation of additional living wage jobs, particularly in clean industry City Economic Development Manager and Planning and business technology incubator facilities. Department (with Port of Whitman County, Southeast Washington Economic Development Association, Chamber of Commerce, & other organizations) Diversify the economy and expand economic development opportunities. Land Use Plan and Zoning: Planning Department Infrastructure: Public Works Department Business Retention and Attraction: City Economic Development Manager, Southeast Washington Economic Development Association, and the Chamber of Commerce Enhance and revitalize the City Center. Sub-area Plan and Zoning: Planning Department Infrastructure: Public Works Department Partners: City Economic Development Manager and Chamber of Commerce Regularly monitor/review demographic data to see changes/trends necessary to Planning Department support the Land Use Element and across all elements.

3908 Source: City of Pullman, 2020.

3909 Exhibit 25 Implementation Actions—Community Design

Community Design Action Responsible Agency/Agencies

Establish Gateway locations. Planning and Public Works Establish incentives for organizations to improve the appearance of buildings, facilities, Planning Department (with Arts Commission and local and the city entryways and establish a community design center. organizations)

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Community Design Action Responsible Agency/Agencies Work with organizations to protect historic resources and neighborhoods and districts, Planning Department (with Historic Preservation while allowing for flexibility in City standards and balancing the best interests of the Commission and local organizations) community. Expand the downtown farmer’s market. City Economic Development Manager and Planning Department (with local organizations) Develop street tree program. Public Services and Public Works Departments Implement Downtown Master Plan. Public Works, Planning, and Public Services Departments, and City Economic Development Manager (with local organizations) Develop a unified design review system. Planning Department

3910 Source: City of Pullman, 2020.

3911 Exhibit 26 Implementation Actions—Housing

Housing Action Responsible Agency/Agencies

Support housing maintenance and rehabilitation programs. Planning Department (with local, state, and federal housing agencies) Help obtain rent/ownership assistance and low cost home repair loans for households in Planning Department (with local, state, and federal need. housing agencies) Promote the voluntary housing inspection program. Explore example mandatory Public Works Department (with residential property programs and consider if it is a fit for Pullman. owners) Review regulations and permit processing procedures to allow for changing residential Planning and Public Works Departments needs. Establish multi-family property tax exemption program (MFTE) for Downtown. Planning and Finance Departments Update Zoning Code to implement housing variety policies (e.g. ADU, tiny home, etc.). Planning Department Amend zoning regulations to allow for density bonsues for affordable housing on Planning Department religious organization sites consistent with state law.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 243 Comprehensive Plan Implementation

Housing Action Responsible Agency/Agencies Review for potential amendment the existing provisions related to minimum and Planning Department maximum density requirements for high-density residential areas.

3912 Source: City of Pullman, 2020.

3913 Exhibit 27 Implementation Actions—Transportation

Transportation Action Responsible Agency/Agencies

CompleteUpdate the City’s Pedestrian/Bicycle Circulation Plan and implement it to Public Works and Planning Departments complete a comprehensive pedestrian and bicycle network for the community. Consider all forms of rights of way including the trestle bridge and other railbanking opportunities. Revise engineering design standards to reflect new policy directives. Public Works Department Improve motorized and non-motorized access routes into the downtown area, Public Works and Planning Departments (with WSU) particularly from the WSU campus, and within the campus. Expand the transit system as the community grows and explore restarting transit service Public Works and Planning Departments between Pullman and Moscow. Develop Facilitate the transfer and multimodal improvements of the North Bypass Ring Public Works Department and Whitman County Public Roadhighway. Works Facilitate the development of the South Bypass highway. Public Works Department Develop complete streets and helipad standards. Public Works and Planning Departments Support the Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport improvements. Public Works and Planning Departments Explore implementation of a Transportation Benefit District. Public Works and Planning Departments Provide off-street parking options and signage downtown and on and near WSU. Police and Public Works Department (with WSU) Develop cost-sharing incentive program for sidewalk construction/repair. Public Works Department Partner with Whitman County to improve Kitzmiller Road to provide access between Public Works Department and Whitman County Public North Grand Avenue and Airport Road. Works

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Transportation Action Responsible Agency/Agencies Establish a pilot program to test the City’s new Complete Streets policy. Public Works and Planning Departments Develop a parking management plan for Downtown. Public Works and Planning Departments Establish a mandatory on-street parking permit system for applicable areas, e.g., the Public Works and Planning Departments College Hill and McGeeCore area. Enforce/monitor/publiciczepublicize Complete Streets standards Public Works and Planning Departments

3914 Source: City of Pullman, 2020.

3915

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3916 Exhibit 28 Implementation Actions—Parks & Open Space

Parks & Open Space Action Responsible Agency/Agencies

Supply more recreational facilities and programs within close proximity in all Public Services Department (with public schools, other neighborhoods. agencies, and developers to develop joint facilities) Develop an indoor and outdoor regional recreation center plan. Public Services Department Upgrade park, recreation, and open space facilities when feasible, so that all abilities Public Services Department have access and inclusion, consistent with the City’s ADA Transition plan. For example: sensory learning and play equipment. Improve existing park facilities, and add new facilities consistent with the 5-Year plan. Public Services Department (with public schools, other agencies)

3917 Source: City of Pullman, 2019.

3918 Exhibit 29 Implementation Actions—Capital Facilities

Capital Facilities Action Responsible Agency/Agencies

Ensure adequate capacity of utilities for maintaining levels of service, public health, Public Works and Finance Departments safety, and economic well-being and to support planned growth, including pursuing enhanced revenue. Ensure a sustainable water supply and educate the public and business community on Palouse Basin Aquifer Committee and Public Works water conservation. Department Expand fire facilities and services, as needed. Fire Department Expand police facilities and services, as needed. Police Department Expand library resources. Neill Public Library Continue implementation of the Stormwater Management Plan, including the use of Public Works Department best management practices (BMPs), vegetation preservation, and low impact development to control stormwater and reduce the release of pollutants. Safely illuminate city streets while preserving the night sky. Public Works Department

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Capital Facilities Action Responsible Agency/Agencies Enhance Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility. Public Works Department Support equitable access to school, health care, child care, and communications Public Works Department (with Pullman School District, facilities and services. Pullman Regional Hospital, and private providers) Maintain a sustainable tax base for the provision of public services and plan for capital Public Works and Finance Departments facilities using credible fiscal projections and analysis.

3919 Source: City of Pullman, 2020.

3920

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3921 Appendix A

3922 Population, 3923 Demographics, & Housing

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 248 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

3924 Population & Demographics

Data Trends and 3925 Population Monitoring

Current Population & Trends This information in this chapter 3926 informed the prepration of the plan, and is based on data prior 3927 Exhibit 30 summarizes historical population trends within Whitman County and the City of to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is 3928 Pullman, as well as WSU student enrollment. The City was incorporated under territorial law representative of 2018-2020 data. 3929 in 1888 with a population up to 300 people; as of 1890 the population was 868. Today, The City will periodically monitor 3930 Pullman encompasses more than 10 square miles, and is the largest city in Whitman County trends as it implements the 3931 with a population of 34,560 – the city’s population also includes most of the 20,976 students Comprehensive Plan using the latest information over time. 3932 on WSU’s Pullman campus during the non-summer months (see Exhibit 30).118

3933 The city’s population grew at an average rate of 1.7% annually between 2015 and 2018, 3934 higher than the 2010-2014 annual rate of 1.3% (see Exhibit 31). Pullman’s growth rate is 3935 higher than Whitman County as a whole, and greater than the other major Eastern 3936 Washington communities of Spokane, Walla Walla, Yakima, and Ellensburg.

118 Washington State OFM, April 1, 2019 Population of Cities, Towns, and Counties, 2019 (https://www.ofm.wa.gov/washington-data-research/population-demographics/population-estimates/april-1- official-population-estimates). Washington State University, Department of Institutional Research, Fall 2019 Enrollment Headcount by Campus, 2019 https://ir.wsu.edu/enrollment/).

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3937 Exhibit 30 Population Trends, 1890–2019

3938 3939 Sources: US Census, 2019; Washington State OFM, 2019; WSU, 2019; City of Pullman, 2017.

3940 Exhibit 31 Rate of Population Growth, 2010-2018

3941 3942 Sources: Washington State OFM, 2019; BERK, 2019.

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3943 Future Projections 3944 Future population projections were developed for the City of Pullman and Whitman 3945 County based on population trends from 1950-2015 and population projections from 3946 OFM’s 2012 County Population Projections (2015-2040). Exhibit 32 summarizes population 3947 projections for the City of Pullman based on projected growth in Whitman County.

3948 Exhibit 32 Historic and Projected Population/Enrollment for Whitman County, City of 3949 Pullman, and WSU, 2000–2060

3950 3951 Sources: US Census, 2019; Washington State OFM, 2019; WSU, 2019; City of Pullman, 2017.

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3952 Demographics

3953 Age 3954 Graduate and undergraduate students account for 60.7% of Pullman’s current population. 3955 Given the high university student population, Pullman’s median age (21.922.2 years) is 3956 substantially younger than the state’s median age of 37.6 7 years (see Exhibit 33). Pullman 3957 has a greater share of population over 18 years and less population over 65 years 3958 compared to the state (see Exhibit 34).

3959 Exhibit 33 Median Age, 20132015-20172019

Washington State Whitman County Pullman

37.67 24.57 21.922.2

3960 Source: US Census Bureau, 2013-2017 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

3961 Exhibit 34 City, County, and State Age Profile, 2019

3962

3963 3964 Source: US Census Quick Facts, 2019.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 252 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

Household Type Exhibit 35 Household Types, 20132015- 3965 20172019 3966 There were 10,975 893 households within the City of Pullman in 20172019. Unsurprisingly, 3967 given the proportion of students, aAbout 6248% of households are non-family households, 3968 compared to 38% in family households (see Exhibit 35). The percentage of non-family 3969 households in Washington State (6518.7%) is reversed lower in comparison to Pullman.

3970 Education 3971 Pullman’s population is well-educated, with 6465% of the population having a bachelor’s 3972 degree or higher as of 20172019, compared to only 34.536% of Washington State having 3973 attained a bachelor’s degree or higher (see Exhibit 36). Source: US Census Bureau, 20132015-2017 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates (Table DP-02Census Reporter); BERK, 20192021. 3974 Exhibit 36 Educational Attainment, 2010 and 20172019

3975 3976 Note: Population 25 years and over

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 253 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

3977 3978 Sources: US Census Bureau, ACS S1501Census Reporter 5-Year Estimates, 2010 & 20172019; BERK, 20192021.

3979 Income 3980 As of 20172019, the median household income in Washington State is $62,84366,174. 3981 Pullman’s household income is far lower due to the student population. Twice as many 3982 households earns less than $50,000 per year in Pullman compare to the statePullman’s 3983 median household income is also lower compared to other Eastern Washington 3984 communities, including Ellensburg which is also home to a state university (see Exhibit 37).

3985 Exhibit 37 Median Household Income, 2010 and 20172019

Income Range Pullman Washington

Under $50K 64.2% ±4.6% 7,472 ±645.1 33.5% ±0.2% 954,698 ±7,180.2

$50K - $100K 20.4%† ±2.7% 2,373 ±333.5 30.9% ±0.2% 880,627 ±6,915.3

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 254 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

Income Range Pullman Washington

$100K - $200K 11.1%† ±1.9% 1,296 ±224.4 26.1% ±0.2% 742,213 ±5,880.4

Over $200K 4.3%† ±1.1% 501 ±134 9.5% ±0.1% 270,858 ±3,807

3986

3987 3988 Sources: US Census Bureau, ACS Table B19001S1901 5-Year Estimates, 2010 & 20172019; BERK, 20192021.

3989 The share of Pullman households earning higher incomes is comparable to other Eastern 3990 Washington cities, though the share of community members at low incomes is higher due 3991 to the student population (see Exhibit 37).

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 255 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

3992 Exhibit 38 Household Income, 2010 and 2017

3993 3994 Sources: US Census Bureau, ACS S1901 5-Year Estimates, 2010 & 2017; BERK, 2019.

3995 Race & Ethnicity 3996 As of 2019, cCompared to Whitman County, Pullman’s population is more racially diverse, 3997 with 23.9% of the population identifying as a person of color (including those of non-white 3998 Hispanic/Latino descent) compared to 17.6% of the population in Whitman County. The 3999 share of non-white persons is similar to the state which is 24.6%.Aside from Yakima, Pullman 4000 is more diverse than other Eastern Washington cities (see Exhibit 38). The population 4001 identifying as Hispanic or Latino of any race is 7.6% in Pullman, compared to 6.3% of 4002 Whitman County and 12.7% in the state as a whole. (US Census Bureau, ACS 2019 5-Year 4003 estimate, DP05).

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 256 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4004 Exhibit 39 People of Color, 2010 and 2017

4005 4006 Sources: US Census Bureau, ACS B020015-Year Estimates, 2010 & 2017; BERK, 2019.

4007 Disabled 4008 The portion of the population with a disability in Pullman is relatively less than that of 4009 Washington State, representing 8.45% of the population compared to 12.87% statewide.119

4010 Veterans 4011 Veterans account for only 2.78% of Pullman’s population, compared to 9.83% statewide.120

119 US Census Bureau, 20132015-2017 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates. 120 US Census Bureau, 20132015-2017 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 257 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4012 Housing Stock

4013 Tenure 4014 Pullman’s housing market is a strong reflection of its location in a resident-based college 4015 community. More than two-thirds of the city’s dwellings are renter-occupied as opposed 4016 to the statewide renter-occupied housing average of about one-third. See Exhibit 38.

4017 Exhibit 38 Housing Tenure Share, 20182019

Washington State Whitman County Pullman

Total Occupied Units 2018 2,800,423 17,910 11,437 Owner occupied 62.73% 43.16% 27.19% Renter occupied 37.3% 56.94% 72.91%

4018 Source: US Census Bureau, 20142015-2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates; BERK, 20202021.

4019 One in five residents live in group quarters (e.g., dormitories or fraternity/sorority houses). 4020 See Exhibit 39. Moreover, the percentage of the population that relocates from one 4021 housing unit to another is three times the state average. See Exhibit 40. 4022

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 258 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4023 Exhibit 39 Pullman Urban Area Household and Group Quarter Population, 2019

2019 Share

Total Population 34,492 Household Population 27,833 81% Group Quarter Population 6,659 19%

4024 Source: Washington State OFM, 2019; BERK, 2020.

4025 Exhibit 40 Share of Population Living in Same House 1 Year Ago, 20182019

Washington State Whitman County Pullman

Living in same house 1 year ago percent 82.283.5% 61.8072.0% 51.3063.2% of persons age 1 year+

4026 Source: US Census Bureau, 20142015-2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates; BERK, 20202021.

4027 Vacancy Rates 4028 Industry standards suggest that a vacancy rate of 5% percent for rental units is considered 4029 optimal for the operation of the free market. The Palouse Regional Housing Assessment 4030 (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019) considered a healthy vacancy rate as between 7.0 4031 and 8.0% for renter‐oriented properties, and between 1.3 and 2.0% for owner-oriented 4032 housing units based on a 2018 study by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

4033 From the 1970s to the mid-1990s, pressures from university growth created an extremely 4034 tight housing market, where estimates of rental vacancies ranged from 1.2% to 3.0%. At 4035 times, homeowner vacancy rates during this period were also low decreasing to 4036 approximately 1%, which inflated the price of single-family houses in the City. The

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 259 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4037 American Community Survey results for 2014-2018 show a very low vacancy rate below 4038 1% for single family units. The 2014-2018 vacancy estimates for multifamily were about 4039 6.1%, See Exhibit 41.

4040 Exhibit 41 Vacancy Rate by Tenure, 2018

Washington State Whitman County Pullman

Vacant Housing Units 8.6% 13.2% 12.5% Homeowner vacancy rate 1.3% 1.2% 0.8% Rental vacancy rate 3.7 % 5.8% 6.1%

4041 Source: US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates; BERK, 2020.

4042 Attached & Detached Units 4043 Pullman has a greater share of multifamily units compared to single family units; however, 4044 both types of units have grown over time. See Exhibit 42. Over the nearly 25-year span 4045 from 1995 to 2019 in Pullman, 1,810 single family houses were constructed, and 3,470 4046 apartments were added. This construction activity accounted for about 41% of the total 4047 single-family units in the community, and about 41% of the multi-family units in town.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 260 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4048 Exhibit 42 Housing Stock, 1995-2019

4049 4050 Source: Washington State OFM, 2019; BERK, 2020.

4051 Building Permits 4052 Over the past 20 years, the City permitted an average of 207 dwellings per year, 4053 including an average of 58 single family and 149 multi-family units. From 2015 to 2018, the 4054 annual range of housing units permitted was roughly 150 to 225. In 2019, the number of 4055 permitted housing units exceeded 400, with a large amount of duplexes. See Exhibit 43.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 261 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4056 Exhibit 43 Pullman Building Permits, 2015-2019

4057 4058 Source: City of Pullman, 2019; BERK, 2020.

4059 Housing Stock Age 4060 The average age of Pullman’s housing stock is young in comparison with the rest of 4061 Whitman County. According to 2018 data from the US Census Bureau, only 16% of 4062 Pullman’s dwelling units were built prior to 1960. For Whitman County as a whole, 32% of 4063 the housing stock was constructed before 1960, and for the state as a whole, 23% was 4064 built before 1960. See Exhibit 44.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 262 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4065 Exhibit 44 Occupied Residential Dwellings, Year Built, 2018

4066 4067 Source: US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates (Table S2504); BERK, 2020.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 263 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4068 Housing Costs

4069 Cost Burden 4070 The median value of owner-occupied housing within the city is $258,200 based on 2014- 4071 2018 US Census Bureau American Community Survey information; the median monthly 4072 rent is $788 per rental unit from the same source. The cost of owner-occupied housing in 4073 Pullman as a percentage of household income is comparatively low compared to 4074 renters. About 2017% of homeowners earning less than 80% of the area median income 4075 (AMI) pay more than 30% of their income on housing, whereas about 7978% of renters 4076 pay more than 30% of their income on housing. See Exhibit 45.

4077 Exhibit 45 Cost Burden by Tenure, 20162017

Tenure Spend > 30%, Earn <80% AMI

All 6260% Renters 7978% Owners 2017%

4078 Source: US HUD Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy (CHAS), based on 20122013-2016 2017 ACS 5- 4079 Year Estimates.

4080 For the Palouse region in Washington and Idaho (Whitman and Latah counties), the 4081 overall cost burden was 37.7%, and if removing households headed by persons under 4082 age 25 (addressing likely student households), the number of cost-burdened households

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 264 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4083 dropped to 28.1%. Nevertheless, housing units are needed at different price levels to 4084 allow persons to meet needs.121

4085 Rental Housing Gap Analysis 4086 A rental housing gap analysis comparing the number of households at an income level 4087 with units affordable to their income level is presented in Exhibit 46. The evaluation shows 4088 an undersupply of dwellings affordable at the extremely low income (<30% HUD Area 4089 Median Family Income, or HAMFI) and the middle and upper income levels (>80% 4090 HAMFI). There is an oversupply of rental units affordable to very low income (30-50% 4091 HAMFI) and low income (50-80% HAMFI) levels.

4092 Exhibit 46 Rental Units Available by Income Bracket, 20162017

Over (-)/ (+)/ Under (+) (-) Units Affordable to Total Rental Renter Households at Supply of Units compared to Households Units at Affordability Level Income Level Income

<= 30% HAMFI 710650 3,0353,155 -2,3252,505 >30% to <=50% HAMFI 3,1053,265 1,7701,790 1,335-1,475 >50% to <-80% HAMFI 3,4902,925 1,2601,075 2,230-1,850 >80% HAMFI 880725 1,7441,600 -864875

4093 Source: US HUD CHAS, based on 20122013-2016 2017 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

121 (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019).

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 265 Comprehensive Plan Appendix A ▪ Population, Demographics, & Housing

4094 Ownership Housing Affordability 4095 Comparing the average cost of single-family ownership housing to household incomes in 4096 2018, only 23% can afford an average priced home and 44% can afford a bottom-tier 4097 priced home. See Exhibit 47.

4098 Exhibit 47 Ownership Housing Affordability Analysis

Average Home Bottom Tier Home

Monthly Mortgage Sales Price $317,394.42 $251,072.42 Assumed down payment: 20% $63,479 $50,214 Mortgage amount $253,916 $200,858 Interest rate: 4% 4% 4% Monthly payments over course of loan: 30 360 360 Monthly Mortgage Payment $1,212 $959

Annual Housing Expenses Mortgage payments $14,547 $11,507 Property tax rate (1.0%) $3,152 $2,493 Insurance rate ($ 5.00 per $1,000 dollars) $1,587 $1,255 Annual costs $20,260 $16,026 Monthly costs $1,688 $1,336 Monthly Income Needed $5,352 $4,233 Annual Income Needed $64,221 $50,801

4099 Source: Incomes US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-year Estimates (Table S1901); Zillow 2018; BERK, 2020.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 266

4100 Appendix B

4101 Developed vs. Vacant Land

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 267 Comprehensive Plan Appendix B ▪ Developed vs. Vacant Land

4102 The following is a summary of developed and vacant land by land use classification, 4103 both citywide and for each of the city’s four neighborhoods. See Exhibit 1 in the Plan 4104 Foundation for a map of the neighborhoods. See the Land Use Element for a description 4105 of the land use plan designations (Exhibit 11) and the land use plan map (Exhibit 12). 4106

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 268 Comprehensive Plan Appendix B ▪ Developed vs. Vacant Land

4107 Exhibit 48 Acres of Developed and Vacant Land, 2020

PIONEER HILL (SE) SUNNYSIDE HILL (SW) MILITARY HILL (NW) COLLEGE HILL (NE) TOTAL

ed

t

Total

Vacan Develop Vacant Developed Vacant Developed Vacant Developed Vacant Land Use Classification Developed Land

Low Density Residential 295.0 128.8 521.5 473.0 467.0 575.2 146.6 3.6 1,430.1 1,180.6 2,610.7 46% 27% 73% 78% 61% 77% 5% 1% 30% 53% 37% High-Density Residential 42.8 54.8 81.1 68.9 102.6 68.1 293.4 176.9 519.9 368.7 888.6 7% 12% 11% 11% 13% 9% 11% 45% 11% 17% 13% Commercial 167.5 123.8 48.7 62.1 32.7 52.4 66.5 108.9 315.4 347.2 662.6 26% 26% 7% 10% 4% 7% 2% 28% 7% 16% 9% Industrial 10.3 161 6.7 0 22.6 47.8 233.1 106.2 272.7 315.0 587.7 2% 34% 1% 0% 3% 6% 9% 27% 6% 14% 8% Parks 39.6 0 37.7 0 22.9 0 8.1 0 108.3 0.0 108.3 6% 0% 5% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 2% Public Facilities 82.3 0 17.5 0 113.5 0 18.7 0 232.0 0.0 232.0 13% 0% 2% 0% 15% 0% 1% 0% 5% 0% 3% WSU 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,915.8 0 1,915.8 0.0 1,915.8 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 71% 0% 40% 0% 27% Total 637.5 468.4 713.2 604.0 761.3 743.5 2,682.2 395.6 4,794.2 2,211.5 7,005.7

4108 Source: City of Pullman, 2020; BERK, 2020.

4109

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 269 Comprehensive Plan Appendix B ▪ Developed vs. Vacant Land

4110

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 270

4111 Appendix C

4112 Economic Development

4113

Comprehensive Plan City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 271 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

4114 Employment &

4115 Unemployment

4116 Of the 29,35729,661 people over the age of 16 living in Pullman, 41% are not in the labor 4117 force, compared to 36% statewide (an estimate based on 60 months of collected 4118 data).122 As of December 2019, the unemployment rate in Pullman was 3.96.2%, 4119 compared to 4.33.2% statewide.122123

4120 WSU and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories are the two largest employers in the city. 4121 Other large employers include the Pullman School District, Pullman Regional Hospital, 4122 and the City of Pullman. See Exhibit 49.

4123 Exhibit 49 Top Employers in Palouse Region, 2019Pullman, 2021

Business Name Industry Approximate Employment

Washington State University Colleges and Universities 5,194749 Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Relay and Industrial Control Manufacturing 2,000420 University of Idaho Colleges and Universities 1,997 Pullman Regional Hospital and Hospitals 420480 medical care facilities Gritman Medical Center Hospitals 380

122 US Census Bureau, 20142015–2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, Selected Economic Characteristics (DP- 03B23025), 20202021. 123 US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 272 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

Business Name Industry Approximate Employment Pullman School District Schools 301349 Walmart Department Store 250283 Bennett Lumber Sawmills 220 City of Moscow Government 200 City of Pullman Local Government 200310 Meter Group Farm and Garden Machinery and 234 Equipment Merchant Wholesalers Bishop Place Senior Living Senior Citizen/Rehabilitation Facility 251 Avalon Care Center Offices of Physicians 104 USDA Agricultural Research Center Federal Government 104

4124 Source: (Thomas P. Miller & Associates, 2019).

4125 Not surprisingly, because of WSU’s presence and other large employers including Pullman 4126 Regional Hospital and Pullman School District, employment in the educational services, 4127 health care, and social assistance industry accounts for almost half of civilian 4128 employment in the city. Exhibit 50 provides a comparison of civilian employment by 4129 industry for Pullman and Washington State.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 273 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

4130 Exhibit 50 Civilian Employment by Industry, 20182019

4131 4132 Source: US Census Bureau, 20142015-2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates, Selected Economic Characteristics (DP- 4133 03).

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 274 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

4134 Exhibit 51 summarizes employment by occupation within the city based on 60 months of 4135 collected data in the 2010 and 2018 2019 ACS.

4136 Exhibit 52 shows that more of Pullman’s workforce is in management, business, science, 4137 and arts occupations, as well as service occupations, than the state as a whole.

4138 Exhibit 51 Pullman Employment by Occupation, 2010 and 2018

Occupation 2010 20182019

Management, business, science, & arts 6,224 7,7088,255 Service occupations 3,140 3,2373,351 Sales & office occupations 2,906 2,2852,119 Natural resources, construction, & maintenance 352 733669 Production, transportation, & material moving 609 1,245 282

Total Employed Civilian Population, 16 Years and Older 13,231 15,20815,676

4139 Source: US Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates 2010 & 20182019, Selected Economic Characteristics (DP-03).

4140 Exhibit 52 Comparison of Employment by Occupation, 20182019

4141 4142 Source: US Census Bureau, 2014-2018 ACS 5-Year Estimates, Selected Economic Characteristics (DP-03).

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 275 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

4143 Economic Indicators

4144 Median household income in Pullman is $31,48730,205, compared to $70,11673,775 4145 statewide and $62,843 60,293 nationwide (in 2018 2019 inflation adjusted dollars). This 4146 disparity is likely due in very large part to the high proportion of full-time university 4147 students, and the relatively low percentage of the civilian population over age 16 that is 4148 not part of the workforce. Considering year-round fulltime workers the median 2019 4149 earnings were $45,027, versus $11,166 median earnings for persons 16 years and over.124

4150 Within the city, 3635.9% of the population has an annual income that is below the 4151 poverty line, compared to 1110.8% statewide.125 Clearly, this statistic is influenced by the 4152 large number of full-time university students living in Pullman, particularly given the high 4153 proportion of professionals in Pullman’s workforce.

4154 As shown in Exhibit 53, City revenue mainly is from property taxes, sales and utility taxes, 4155 and fees. Exhibit 53 does not include revenue from bonds or the airport or sources that 4156 generated less than $1,000,000. Major sources of revenue are property taxes and utility 4157 taxes and bills.

4158 Exhibit 53 City of Pullman Revenue by Fund

Fund Source of Revenue 2019 2021 Revenue

General Property taxes, sales taxes, utility taxes, and fees $22,638,66022,349,267 Utilities $12,221,69621,345,406

124 US Census Bureau, 2015-2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates (S2001) 125 US Census Bureau, 20142015-2018 2019 ACS 5-Year Estimates.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 276 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

Fund Source of Revenue 2019 2021 Revenue Agency Fund: Airport $32,620,59018,239,569 Utilities – capital projects Monthly utility bills, connection fees for new development, a contribution from $3,383,5009,449,500 WSU to support the waste water treatment plant, occasional grant revenue Transit 2 percent of the utility tax, contributions from WSU and Pullman School District, $7,595,8856,249,942 and significant federal and state grants Equipment rental User departments based on actual costs, time spent, and anticipated $3,976,5083,545,704 replacement costs Arterial and street Motor vehicle fuel tax, 2 percent of the utility tax, 0.25 percent real estate $4,440,9503,470,359 excise tax, and occasional grant revenue Stormwater Monthly utility bills and occasional grants. $1,458,3502,131,082 Information systems Various user departments based on actual costs and time spent $1,288,6161,591,136 Government buildings Various user departments based on actual costs and time spent $1,081,7861,181,074

4159 Sources: City of Pullman, Adopted Budget (Ordinance No. 18-31), 2019; City of Pullman, Budget at a glance, 4160 2019.

4161 Per capita retail sales and growth in retail sales can provide insight into the health of a 4162 local economy. As of the 2010 Washington State local retail sales report, retail sales in 4163 Pullman were $10,756 per capita, 72% of per capita retail sales statewide. Exhibit 54 4164 summarizes estimates for total retail sales per capita. Notably, Pullman appears to be 4165 closing the gap in per capita retail sales, with 2018 estimated at $17,704, representing 4166 77% of statewide per capita retail sales. Pullman’s taxable retail sales have grown by 86% 4167 between 2010 and 2018, substantially outstripping statewide retail sales performance, 4168 which experienced a 69% growth in retail sales during the same period.126

126 Washington State Department of Revenue, Taxable Retail Sales Tables, 2010-2018.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 277 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

4169 Exhibit 54 Estimated Per Capita Retail Sales Trends, 2010-2018 $22,912

$17,704 $14,986

$10,756 Pullman Washington State

4170 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 4171 Sources: Washington State Department of Revenue, Taxable Retail Sales, 2010-2018; BERK, 2020.

4172 Sales tax revenue for the City can be differentiated by construction versus non- 4173 construction dollars. According to taxable retail sales within the construction industry 4174 (NAICS 23), the percentage of total sales tax revenue obtained by means of construction 4175 has increased since 2010, with some periods of decline (see Exhibit 55).

4176 Exhibit 55 Construction Industry Percentage of all Taxable Retail Sales, 2010-2018

22% 21% 16% 16%

Pullman Washington State

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 4177 4178 Sources: Washington State Department of Revenue, Taxable Retail Sales, 2010-2018; BERK, 2020.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 278 Comprehensive Plan Appendix C ▪ Economic Development

4179 Passive income earned from privately rented property has a notable impact on 4180 Pullman’s economy, considering the above-average proportion of residentscommunity 4181 members who are renters. The majority of Pullman’s residents population are college 4182 students, many of whom live in rental housing. The demand for rental housing has been 4183 met by great investment in rental property by landlords, and now most of the privately 4184 owned housing is for rent. Since 2000, Pullman’s renter-occupied housing units was 69.3% 4185 in 2000 and grew to 71.2% in 2010, and to 73% in 2018. Conversely, in all of Washington, 4186 the trend has been slightly towards home ownership, with renter-occupied housing at 4187 35.4% in 2000, and then rising slightly to 37.3% in 2010 and 37.3% in 2017. As WSU grows, 4188 the upward trend for demand of rental housing may continue in Pullman.

City of Pullman ▪ July 2021 ▪ DRAFT 279