Richard T. Arndt

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Richard T. Arndt THE FIRST RESORT OF KINGS ................. 11169$ $$FM 06-09-06 09:46:22 PS PAGE i RELATED TITLES FROM POTOMAC BOOKS Envoy to the Terror: Gouverneur Morris and the French Revolution by Melanie R. Miller Napoleon’s Troublesome Americans: Franco-American Relations, 1804–1815 by Peter P. Hill The Open Society Paradox: Why the Twenty-First Century Calls for More Openness—Not Less by Dennis Bailey ................. 11169$ $$FM 06-09-06 09:46:23 PS PAGE ii ● ● THE FIRST RESORT OF KINGS A MERICAN C ULTURAL D IPLOMACY IN THE T WENTIETH C ENTURY ● ● RICHARD T. ARNDT Potomac Books, Inc. Washington, D.C. ................. 11169$ $$FM 06-09-06 09:46:24 PS PAGE iii First paperback edition published 2006 Copyright ᭧ 2005 by Potomac Books, Inc. Published in the United States by Potomac Books, Inc. (formerly Brassey’s, Inc.). All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arndt, Richard T., 1928– The first resort of kings : American cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century / Richard T. Arndt. — 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57488-587-1 (alk. paper) 1. United States—Relations. 2. Cultural relations—History—20th century. 3. Diplomats—United States—History—20th century. 4. United States. Dept. of State—History—20th century. 5. United States Information Agency— History—20th century. 6. Educational exchanges—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. E744.5.A82 2005 327.73Ј009Ј04—dc22 2004060190 ISBN 1-57488-587-1 (hardcover) ISBN 1-57488-004-2 (paperback) Printed in Canada on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standards Institute Z39-48 Standard. Potomac Books, Inc. 22841 Quicksilver Drive Dulles, Virginia 20166 First Edition 10987654321 ................. 11169$ $$FM 06-09-06 09:46:24 PS PAGE iv Dedicated to the memory of Carl Bode, Cleanth Brooks, Phillips Brooks, Robert R. R. Brooks, Frank E. Brown, John L. Brown, Jacob Canter, Martin C. Carroll, John K. Fairbank, Wilma Fairbank, Albert Giesecke, Albert Harkness, Charles Rufus Morey, Howard Lee Nostrand, Leon Picon, Lois W. Roth, John Slocum, Frank M. Snowden, Theodore A. Wertime, Wayne A. Wilcox , Robin W. Winks, Laurence Wylie, T. Cuyler Young, and scores of other departed CAO colleagues who, in tend- ing the orchards of American education and culture abroad, managed once, in another country, to convey a little of the national style, grace, and genius. ................. 11169$ $$FM 06-09-06 09:46:24 PS PAGE v ................. 11169$ $$FM 06-09-06 09:46:24 PS PAGE vi CONTENTS Introduction: An Academic Mole . ix CHAPTER 1: Cultural Diplomacy from the Bronze Age to World War I .......................... 1 CHAPTER 2: Total War and Its Aftershocks, 1917–1932 ...... 24 CHAPTER 3: Designing Cultural Relations, 1932–1940 ...... 49 CHAPTER 4: Nelson Rockefeller and Other New Boys, 1940–1945 ........................... 75 CHAPTER 5: MacLeish’s Moment, Spring, 1945 ............ 98 CHAPTER 6: Early Field Staffing: The Point of Contact ....... 121 CHAPTER 7: Two Classic Cultural Products: Architecture and Libraries .......................... 142 CHAPTER 8: Benton, Fulbright, Smith, and Mundt ......... 161 CHAPTER 9: English Products and People: Books, and Two Visionaries ........................... 187 CHAPTER 10: Postwar Losses and Fulbright’s Gift ........... 213 CHAPTER 11: Reorienting Enemies, Campaigning for Truth .... 237 CHAPTER 12: The Birth of USIA ....................... 264 CHAPTER 13: George Allen in the Middle ................ 288 CHAPTER 14: New Frontiers for Old: Murrow and Coombs .... 314 CHAPTER 15: Battle’s Rescue and the Birth of the Peace Corps . 338 CHAPTER 16: The Arts of Vision ...................... 360 CHAPTER 17: The Ordeal of Charles Frankel .............. 380 CHAPTER 18: The Arts of Performance .................. 398 CHAPTER 19: Intellect, Government, and Fulbright Drift ...... 418 CHAPTER 20: Nixon and Ford, Shakespeare and Richardson . 437 CHAPTER 21: Six Intellectual CAOs .................... 458 CHAPTER 22: Stanton’s Challenge: Status Quo or Change? ..... 480 CHAPTER 23: Paved with Good Intentions: Carter’s Reorganization ........................ 499 vii ................. 11169$ CNTS 06-09-06 09:46:27 PS PAGE vii viii CONTENTS CHAPTER 24: Two Decades of Decline .................. 520 AFTERWORD: Sunset or New Dawn? .................... 544 Notes . 557 Bibliography . 583 Index . 593 ................. 11169$ CNTS 06-09-06 09:46:27 PS PAGE viii Introduction: An Academic Mole I know of no profession which must more sorely try the souls of its practitioners than yours. —George Kennan, to a Cultural Attache´, 19821 IN 1961, HUNDREDS OF YOUNG PEOPLE left comfortable careers to see what they could do for their country. I was one of them. An academic late- bloomer on track to a life as a tweedy academic focused on French litera- ture of the eighteenth century, I took leave from Columbia University to join the US Information Agency (USIA), almost as a lark. Of USIA I knew only that John F. Kennedy had appointed national media hero Ed Mur- row as director. My colleagues teased me about joining the Foreign Le- gion. They were as ignorant as I about the scores of university figures who, beginning in 1942, had leapt from their campuses to jump-start a formal American diplomacy of cultures, improvising yet succeeding be- yond all reasonable expectations and thereby helping shape the image of the U.S. abroad for generations to come. My case turned out differently. I fell in love—the only phrase that fits—with cultural diplomacy and stayed with the practice for a quarter of a century, clinging to my identity and style as a university don and returning to other campuses after retirement. This book reports, among other things, on those years. Beyond the romance of foreign service and the murky word ‘‘informa- tion’’ buried in USIA’s name, I had no idea what I was joining. Following an accidental path, I had stumbled onto one of the better-kept secrets of American life, already in 1961 obscured by much smoke and not a few mirrors. I was assigned apprentice-style to the cultural office of the US embassy in Beirut, in ancient Phoenicia, adjoining the great missionary- founded American University, the AUB. There I encountered the diplo- matic world and discovered within it a lesser-known underworld, dedi- cated solely to the educational and cultural dimensions of relations between nations. Without realizing it, I was a product of that underworld. In the first contingents of Fulbright students going to France, Italy, and Britain in 1949, I received a letter signed by Eleanor Roosevelt appointing us all ‘‘ambassadors for America.’’ In Dijon, I began explaining inexplicable America to others. After Dijon, where I courted a Burgundian wife, I taught American students at Columbia the joys of discovering a foreign ix ................. 11169$ INTR 06-09-06 09:46:30 PS PAGE ix x INTRODUCTION: AN ACADEMIC MOLE language and culture, forged links between my university and France, shepherded French visitors around New York, and fathered two bilingual children. The Fulbright program, my French-born and French-trained teachers at Princeton and Columbia, my international students, my con- tributions to overseas university relations, and my thirst for things French—it never crossed my mind that all this was part of the Franco- American cultural relations that had begun with Ben Franklin in Paris and were abetted by more formal means beginning in 1923. Dozens of US bilateral cultural links had been forged, in a cooperative public- private US effort, supporting broadly defined and very long-range foreign policy objectives. Beguiled by the challenge, delighted by the daily dis- coveries of learning a new language and culture, intrigued by exotic life- styles, curious about the functioning of embassies, I suddenly found myself apprenticed to the guild of cultural diplomats. Forty-odd years later, I am still learning, as this book will show. Certainly I kept one foot in the university world, assuming imminent return. As it seems in retrospect, I had become a self-appointed but un- witting mole, burrowing into government service, a spy for the university world, embedded with the cultural services of US diplomacy. Tunneling deep, I kept and added to my university friends. Unlike most moles, I did without the perks: there were no secret bank accounts, no handler to tell me what to do, nor anyone who seemed much interested in anything I learned. But there it was: for twenty-four years, I managed to maintain an academic persona, approximately true to the abiding values of univer- sities, while working within the bureaucracy of USIA and the State De- partment. Only in early 1986 did I return, earlier than planned, to a campus. It was a profession few Americans encounter. Quietly, invisibly, indi- rectly, my cultural colleagues and I spent our lives representing American education and intellect, art and thought, setting foreign ideas about America into deeper contexts, helping others understand the workings of the peculiar US version of democracy, combatting anti-Americanism at its taproots, linking Americans and foreign counterparts, helping the best Americans and foreign students study somewhere else—in short, project- ing America, warts and all. Our work as cultural diplomats was carried out in a natural and free- flowing style that, without its being altogether clear to us, sought to ex- tend the natural outreach of a highly communicative and friendly nation and a remarkably successful democracy in the culture of which education played a central role. Americans had assumed since the early decades of their republic that sharing with others was a fundamental duty; the idea flowed from the distinctive American idea of stewardship, fed mainly by churches of all persuasions. With perhaps too little thought to the ulti- mate results, we cultural officers were opening thousands of tiny win- dows into other societies, in some cases piercing thick walls.
Recommended publications
  • Tobacco Deal Sealed Prior to Global Finance Market Going up in Smoke
    marketwatch KEY DEALS Tobacco deal sealed prior to global finance market going up in smoke The global credit crunch which so rocked £5.4bn bridging loan with ABN Amro, Morgan deal. “It had become an auction involving one or Iinternational capital markets this summer Stanley, Citigroup and Lehman Brothers. more possible white knights,” he said. is likely to lead to a long tail of negotiated and In addition it is rescheduling £9.2bn of debt – Elliott said the deal would be part-funded by renegotiated deals and debt issues long into both its existing commitments and that sitting on a large-scale disposal of Rio Tinto assets worth the autumn. the balance sheet of Altadis – through a new as much as $10bn. Rio’s diamonds, gold and But the manifestation of a bad bout of the facility to be arranged by Citigroup, Royal Bank of industrial minerals businesses are now wobbles was preceded by some of the Scotland, Lehmans, Barclays and Banco Santander. reckoned to be favourites to be sold. megadeals that the equity market had been Finance Director Bob Dyrbus said: Financing the deal will be new underwritten expecting for much of the last two years. “Refinancing of the facilities is the start of a facilities provided by Royal Bank of Scotland, One such long awaited deal was the e16.2bn process that is not expected to complete until the Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse and Société takeover of Altadis by Imperial Tobacco. first quarter of the next financial year. Générale, while Deutsche and CIBC are acting as Strategically the Imps acquisition of Altadis “Imperial Tobacco only does deals that can principal advisors on the deal with the help of has been seen as the must-do in a global generate great returns for our shareholders and Credit Suisse and Rothschild.
    [Show full text]
  • I^Igtorical ^Siisociation
    American i^igtorical ^siisociation SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING NEW YORK HEADQUARTERS: HOTEL STATLER DECEMBER 28, 29, 30 Bring this program with you Extra copies 25 cents Please be certain to visit the hook exhibits The Culture of Contemporary Canada Edited by JULIAN PARK, Professor of European History and International Relations at the University of Buffalo THESE 12 objective essays comprise a lively evaluation of the young culture of Canada. Closely and realistically examined are literature, art, music, the press, theater, education, science, philosophy, the social sci ences, literary scholarship, and French-Canadian culture. The authors, specialists in their fields, point out the efforts being made to improve and consolidate Canada's culture. 419 Pages. Illus. $5.75 The American Way By DEXTER PERKINS, John L. Senior Professor in American Civilization, Cornell University PAST and contemporary aspects of American political thinking are illuminated by these informal but informative essays. Professor Perkins examines the nature and contributions of four political groups—con servatives, liberals, radicals, and socialists, pointing out that the continu ance of healthy, active moderation in American politics depends on the presence of their ideas. 148 Pages. $2.75 A Short History of New Yorh State By DAVID M.ELLIS, James A. Frost, Harold C. Syrett, Harry J. Carman HERE in one readable volume is concise but complete coverage of New York's complicated history from 1609 to the present. In tracing the state's transformation from a predominantly agricultural land into a rich industrial empire, four distinguished historians have drawn a full pic ture of political, economic, social, and cultural developments, giving generous attention to the important period after 1865.
    [Show full text]
  • Doris Kearns Goodwin
    Connecting You with the World's Greatest Minds Doris Kearns Goodwin Doris Kearns Goodwin is a world-renowned presidential historian and Pulitzer Prize-winning author. Goodwin is the author of six critically acclaimed and New York Times best-selling books, including her most recent, The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism (November, 2013). Winner of the Carnegie Medal, The Bully Pulpit is a dynamic history of the first decade of the Progressive era, that tumultuous time when the nation was coming unseamed and reform was in the air. Steven Spielberg’s DreamWorks Studios has acquired the film and television rights to the book. Spielberg and Goodwin previously worked together on Lincoln, based in part on Goodwin’s award-winning Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, an epic tome that illuminates Lincoln's political genius, as the one-term congressman and prairie lawyer rises from obscurity to prevail over three gifted rivals of national reputation to become president. Team of Rivals was awarded the prestigious Lincoln Prize, the inaugural Book Prize for American History, and Goodwin in 2016 was the first historian to receive the Lincoln Leadership Prize from the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation. The film Lincoln grossed $275 million at the box office and earned 12 Academy Award® nominations, including an Academy Award for actor Daniel Day-Lewis for his portrayal of President Abraham Lincoln. Goodwin was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in history for No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, and is the author of the best sellers Wait Till Next Year, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream and The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys, which was adapted into an award-winning five-part TV miniseries.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Reelism: a Rhetorical Criticism of Reflection and Interpretation in Political Films
    POLITICAL REELISM: A RHETORICAL CRITICISM OF REFLECTION AND INTERPRETATION IN POLITICAL FILMS Jennifer Lee Walton A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2006 Committee: John J. Makay, Advisor Richard Gebhardt Graduate Faculty Representative John T. Warren Alberto Gonzalez ii ABSTRACT John J. Makay, Advisor The purpose of this study is to discuss how political campaigns and politicians have been depicted in films, and how the films function rhetorically through the use of core values. By interpreting real life, political films entertain us, perhaps satirically poking fun at familiar people and events. However, the filmmakers complete this form of entertainment through the careful integration of American values or through the absence of, or attack on those values. This study provides a rhetorical criticism of movies about national politics, with a primary focus on the value judgments, political consciousness and political implications surrounding the films Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Candidate (1972), The Contender (2000), Wag the Dog (1997), Power (1986), and Primary Colors (1998). iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank everyone who made this endeavor possible. First and foremost, I thank Doctor John J. Makay; my committee chair, for believing in me from the start, always encouraging me to do my best, and assuring me that I could do it. I could not have done it without you. I wish to thank my committee members, Doctors John Warren and Alberto Gonzalez, for all of your support and advice over the past months.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture, Coercion, and Patriotism: the German-American Experience in San Francisco During World War I
    CULTURE, COERCION, AND PATRIOTISM: THE GERMAN-AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN SAN FRANCISCO DURING WORLD WAR I Marcus L. Bacher N July 15, 1914, a German naval cruiser, the Nürnberg, sailed from Q Mexican waters into the port of San Francisco. That evening, fifteen of the ship’s officers attended a banquet joined by San Francisco Mayor James Roiph and sixty prominent San Francisco Germans at the Saint Francis Hotel, to toast the Kaiser, President Woodrow Wilson, and the Nürnberg. The following day the front page of the California Staats Zeitung read, “City representatives and Germans warmly welcome the cruiser Nurnberg” and featured a picture of the warship and its captain, Commander von Schonberg. Over the following days, local German organizations like the German singing society and the German-American League of San Francisco entertained and celebrated the ship’s officers and crew, sang the German national anthem and the “Star Spangled Banner,” and exchanged toasts offriendship between the two nations in what the San Francisco Chronicle summarized as a “brilliant reception.” Three weeks later, American-German relations splintered as Germany became embroiled in war with England, France, and Russia.’ This paper is an examination of a period when international affairs had radical domestic impact. The First World War and the perceived belligerence ofthe German Empire produced a domestic hysteria against German Americans. A broad cross-section of Americans attacked their patriotism and loyalty and sought to restrict and marginalize their culture. Such widespread hatred directed against them was something entirely new to most of the German population. Since colonial times, German immigrants and German Americans had been one of the most diverse and influential non-English speaking ethnic groups in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
    NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture Report Eunic Yearbook 2011 Culture Report Eunic Yearbook 2011
    CULTURE REPORT EUNIC YEARBOOK 2011 CULTURE REPORT EUNIC YEARBOOK 2011 Cultural relations are the glue that holds alliances together. The geopolitics of the 21st century mean we need to see a revival of cultural diplomacy. China and India are already expanding their external cultural policies. Despite Europe‘s huge cultural diversity, the EU has still not developed an adequate cultural strategy for its foreign policy. The establishment of the European External Action Service (EEAS) provides an opportunity to tighten up and co-ordinate the EU‘s existing cultural foreign policy. In this edition of the Culture Report, 30 authors from 20 different countries examine what this all means. Foreword: Crisis and new awakenings by Sebastian Körber 4 CHAPTER 1: EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVES A Brave New World - Globalisation as Europe’s touchstone by Yang Lian 8 All talk and no action by Mai’a K. Davis Cross 20 Art at the heart of mainstream entertainment – an interview by Regis Debray with Frédéric Martel 28 Seizing the day by André Azoulay 38 The cultural revolution by Reem Kassem 45 A gateway to two worlds by Julie Chénot 48 Welcome to the real world by André Lemos 54 A union of double standards by Mahir Namur 60 2 Contents Moving the chairs in the global boardroom by Rajeef Balasubramanyam 64 Europe‘s forgotten fringes by Jurko Prochasko 70 Peeking through the open window by Hela Kamarou 78 CHAPTER 2: EUROPE IN THE WORLD THE WORLD IN EUROPE Now is the time by Robert Palmer 86 Common spaces by Gerhard Sabathil 96 A necessity, not a luxury by Marietje Schaake
    [Show full text]
  • Great Cloud of Witnesses.Indd
    A Great Cloud of Witnesses i ii A Great Cloud of Witnesses A Calendar of Commemorations iii Copyright © 2016 by The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America Portions of this book may be reproduced by a congregation for its own use. Commercial or large-scale reproduction for sale of any portion of this book or of the book as a whole, without the written permission of Church Publishing Incorporated, is prohibited. Cover design and typesetting by Linda Brooks ISBN-13: 978-0-89869-962-3 (binder) ISBN-13: 978-0-89869-966-1 (pbk.) ISBN-13: 978-0-89869-963-0 (ebook) Church Publishing, Incorporated. 19 East 34th Street New York, New York 10016 www.churchpublishing.org iv Contents Introduction vii On Commemorations and the Book of Common Prayer viii On the Making of Saints x How to Use These Materials xiii Commemorations Calendar of Commemorations Commemorations Appendix a1 Commons of Saints and Propers for Various Occasions a5 Commons of Saints a7 Various Occasions from the Book of Common Prayer a37 New Propers for Various Occasions a63 Guidelines for Continuing Alteration of the Calendar a71 Criteria for Additions to A Great Cloud of Witnesses a73 Procedures for Local Calendars and Memorials a75 Procedures for Churchwide Recognition a76 Procedures to Remove Commemorations a77 v vi Introduction This volume, A Great Cloud of Witnesses, is a further step in the development of liturgical commemorations within the life of The Episcopal Church. These developments fall under three categories. First, this volume presents a wide array of possible commemorations for individuals and congregations to observe.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
    Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe.
    [Show full text]
  • THE OLD RIGHT and ITS INFLUENCE on the DEVELOPMENT of MODERN AMERICAN CONSERVATISM by JONATHAN H. SKAGGS Bachelor of Arts Histor
    THE OLD RIGHT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AMERICAN CONSERVATISM By JONATHAN H. SKAGGS Bachelor of Arts History University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma 2001 Master of Arts History Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma 2004 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2014 THE OLD RIGHT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AMERICAN CONSERVATISM Dissertation Approved: Dr. Ronald Petrin Dissertation Adviser Dr. Laura Belmonte Dr. David D’Andrea Dr. Joseph Byrnes Dr. Danny Adkison !! Name: Jonathan H. Skaggs Date of Degree: JULY, 2014 Title of Study: THE OLD RIGHT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN AMERICAN CONSERVATISM Major Field: History Abstract: In November of 1955, William F. Buckley published the first issue of National Review. His journal defined modern American conservatism as a mix of anti-Marxism, tradition, and a belief in limited government. These three interconnected ideas formed the foundation of modern American conservatism. In the first issue of National Review, Buckley wrote that the intent of his journal was to “stand athwart history, yelling stop!” Buckley hoped that National Review would halt the growth of atheism and collectivism in the United States. The journal would work to protect American traditions, argue for limited government, and attack all forms of Marxism. In addition the name National Review reflected the journal’s goal of bringing all conservatives together in one national movement. However, the basic ideas of modern American conservatism already existed in scholarly journals of the 1930s and 1940s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Education in the Fall of Mohammed Reza Shah By
    Incapacitated by Education: The Role of Education in the Fall of Mohammed Reza Shah By Adam Marcy The University of Kansas, 2010 Submitted to the Department of Global and International Studies and the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. _____________________________ Dr. Rose L. Greaves Chairperson _____________________________ Dr. Hal Wert _____________________________ Dr. Robert Baumann _____________________________ Dr. Eric Hanley Date Defended: 12/13/2010 The Thesis Committee for Adam Marcy certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Incapacitated by Education: The Role of Education in the Fall of Mohammed Reza Shah ______________________________ Chairperson: Dr. Rose L. Greaves Date approved: 12/13/2010 ii Abstract: The Iranian revolution of 1979 was a cataclysmic event that forever changed the course of history. While the events that preceded the overthrow of Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi have been studied at great length, there is one aspect in particular that has been ignored, education. This paper seeks to examine the adverse effects that the problems within the educational sector had on the fall of Mohammed Reza. Although he invested an enormous amount of time and money into creating a strong educational system for his people, he encountered problems that ultimately contributed to his demise. It was these both these problems and their effects that helped make Iran ripe for revolution from 1977 to 1979. This paper will seek to examine the advances made, shortcomings, and the problems that resulted as a result of Mohammed Reza’s desire to educate his people.
    [Show full text]
  • Gns2016 Scope Rh 2016 1 שנה טובה!
    Great Neck Synagogue Magazine S|C|O|P|E Rosh Hashanah2016 Tishrei5777 on to Treasures from the Cairo Geniza By Dr. Arnold Breitbart | Generation to Generation to | Generation Was It the Right Choice By Rabbi Moshe Kwalbrun AIPAC Policy Conference 2016 By Michele Wolf Mazel Tov to our Simchat Torah honorees! Chatan Torah: Aryeh Family Chatan Breishit: Howard Silberstein Chatan Maftir: Mark Gelberg | Generation to Generation | Generation to | Generation GNS2016 SCOPE RH 2016 1 שנה טובה! May this year be filled with sweetness, happiness, and simcha! From Your Favorite Glatt Kosher Caterer! Taste The Exceptional Great Neck Synagogue ∎brit Milahs ∎engagements ∎luncheons ∎bridal showers ∎bar/bat mitzvah ∎Weddings Book Now: 516-466-2222 SCOPE RH 2016 2 Great Neck Synagogue Magazine Great Neck Synagogue GNS2016 S|C|O|P|E 26 Old Mill Road Great Neck, NY 11023 Rosh Hashanah Issue | 2016 Table of Contents T: 516 487 6100 www.gns.org Excerpt From the Upcoming Book The Brooklyn Nobody Knows By William B. Helmreich p.12 Dale E. Polakoff, Rabbi Ian Lichter, Assistant Rabbi Was It The Right Choice By Rabbi Moshe Kwalbrun p.14 Ze’ev Kron, Cantor Mark Twersky, Executive Director A Black and White World By Annie Karpenstein p.15 James Frisch, Assistant Executive Director Sholom Jensen, Rabbi, Youth Director Jerusalem My Inspiration By Susan Goldstein p.18 Dr. Michael & Zehava Atlas, Youth Directors Lisa Septimus, Yoetzet Halacha “Say Little and Do Much” – “A Few Word but Many Deeds” Dr. Ephraim Wolf, z”l, Rabbi Emeritus By Zachary Dicker p.19 Eleazer Schulman, z”l, Cantor Emeritus Treasures from the Cairo Geniza By Dr.
    [Show full text]