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Moving Experience Complexities of Acculturation Bewogen ervaring De complexiteiten van acculturatie (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit voor Humanistiek te Utrecht op gezag van de Rector, prof. dr. H.A. Alma, ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op 23 mei 2012 des voormiddags te 10.30 uur door Jutta Renate König Geboren op 25 juli 1955, te Washington DC (USA) Promotores prof. dr. Harry Kunneman, Universiteit voor Humanistiek prof. dr. Halleh Ghorashi, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Beoordelingscommissie prof. dr. Hans Alma, Universiteit voor Humanistiek prof. dr. Rosi Braidotti, Universiteit Utrecht prof. dr. Christien Brinkgreve, Universiteit Utrecht prof. dr. Ruben Gowricharn, Universiteit Tilburg prof. dr. Hubert Hermans, emeritus hoogleraar Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Moving Experience Complexities of Acculturation Jutta König VU University Press, Amsterdam VU University Press De Boelelaan 1105 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected] www.vuuitgeverij.nl © 2012 by Jutta König, Loosdrecht Design cover: Margriet Kaathoven, Amsterdam Type setting: JAPES, Amsterdam (Jaap Prummel) ISBN 978 90 8659 606 5 NUR 740, 770 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher. Table of contents Acknowledgements 1 1 Part One: Moving Experience Chapter 1: Introduction 1 5 1.1 Globalisation 1 5 1.2 A plurality of paradigms 1 7 1.3 Structure of the thesis 1 9 1.4 Moments of awe 22 Chapter 2: Personal Story 25 A) Personal Story 26 A) Personal Story: Translated Dutch voice 26 B) Personal Story: the English voice An ABC of body, self and culture 42 a) Antics of the dialogical self during translation 42 b) Childhood 43 c) Adolescence 45 d) University 46 e) Encapsulated in betweenness 48 f) Migration Genogram 48 g) An urge to travel 49 h) Embodied self and culture 49 i) Postgraduate studies: Integrative Movement Psychotherapy 52 j) Pillars of identity and migration 54 k) Cultural hybridity 60 l) Moving experience 62 m) Different cultural values and types 64 n) Body, Dialogical Self and Culture 65 o) Voicing the self and metaphors in self psychology 66 p) Perspectives of a dialogical view: dominance or social power. 70 q) Propositional and Narrative thinking and what it leads to… 73 r) Culture as imago or organising position within the self 76 s) An experiment 77 t) Dialogical Self and innovation 79 u) Habitus 81 v) Symbolic reconnecting of the embodied dialogical self 83 w) Career Consultancy 84 x) A step along the way 87 6 Part Two: Theory and Empirical Research Chapter 3: Dialogues between Personal Cultural Positions 91 3.1 Positioning 92 3.1.1 Bird’s-eye-view or metaposition 93 3.1.2 In-between position 93 3.2 Critique and Review of Popular Models of Acculturation 94 3.3 Dialogical Self, Cultural Position and Voice 1 00 3.3.1 Personal chronotopes and voice 1 01 3.3.2 Continuity, Distinctness and Volition 1 02 3.4 Acculturation and the Dialogical Self 1 03 3.5 Dialogical Movement in three steps 1 04 3.6 Co researchers: Global Nomads 1 05 3.7 Research Procedure 1 06 3.8 Results 1 07 3.8.1 Novelty Ratings during the Repositioning Exercise 1 08 3.8.2 Django: Stable novelty ratings in the repositioning exercise 1 08 3.8.3 Bibi: Increased novelty ratings in the repositioning exercise 1 1 0 3.8.4 Lisa: Increased novelty ratings in the repositioning exercise 1 1 2 3.9 Discussion 1 1 4 3.9.1 Fusion of Positions 1 1 5 3.9.2 Novelty and Authenticity: A Dilemma 1 1 5 3.10 Conclusion 1 1 6 Chapter 4: Exploring the dialogical dynamics of personal cultural positions as valuations 1 1 9 4.1 Introduction 1 1 9 4.2 Research questions 1 21 4.3 Valuation Theory 1 23 4.4 Methodology: The Self Confrontation Method 1 26 4.5 Research procedure 1 31 4.6 Results 1 31 4.6.1 Ambivalent cultural positions 1 34 4.6.2 Falling silent in numb resistance 1 36 4.6.3 Power and dominance 1 39 4.6.4 Hiding and disenfranchising 1 41 4.6.5 Powerlessness and isolation 1 45 4.6.6 Dynamic in betweenness 1 46 4.7. What are the environmental voices in The Netherlands saying? 1 48 4.7.1 The historical habitus of migration discourses in The Netherlands: Categorical thinking 1 49 4.7.2 The dominant discourse and the media 1 52 4.8 Discussion 1 54 4.8.1 The Power of Environmental Discourses and Emotions 1 54 7 4.8.2 Enhancing personal diversity: a precondition for cultural diversity in the environment? 1 58 4.8.3 An improvement to the procedure 1 59 4.9 Conclusion 1 59 4.9.1 Polyphonic repertoire of cultural voices and emotions 1 61 4.9.2 Importance of Professional Dialogue 1 62 Chapter 5: A macroperspective of globalisation, hybridity and diversity 1 65 5.1 Introduction 1 65 5.2 Migration phases 1 66 5.3 Influence of Dutch history 1 69 5.4 Multivalence, fluidity and the eroding of two unifying systems of thought 1 71 5.5 Changing connotations of hybrid identities 1 73 5.6 Hybridity a challenge to the status quo? 1 78 5.7 Development of Diversity Thinking 1 80 5.8 Safe Spaces 1 85 5.9 Conclusion 1 87 A reflexive intermezzo, a meditation 1 89 Part Three: Implementing theory into practice Chapter 6: A description of the “Birds of Passage” diversity project within a leading career consultancy company in The Netherlands 203 6.1 Introduction 203 6.2 The organisation 205 6.3 Method of coaching 206 6.4 Birds of Passage project group 208 6.5 Learning goals of intercultural communication 21 0 6.6 Method: Joint venture with UAF: Coaching first generation immigrants: refugees with an academic degree 21 3 6.7 Case studies with graduate refugees 21 6 6.8 Reflection 231 6.8.1 Difficulties with Self Analysis 231 6.8.2 Emotional reactions 232 6.8.3 Denial of Difference 234 6.8.4 Adaptation 236 6.8.5 Acceptance of difference as enjoyable 236 6.8.6 Networking 237 6.8.7 Retention: a problem 237 6.8.8 Becoming conscious of cultural positioning 238 6.9 Globalisation and Birds of Passage 241 6.9.1 Expatriates, inpatriates and their trailing spouses 242 8 6.9.2 Global Nomads 245 6.10 Discussion 248 6.11 Conclusion 252 Chapter 7: Implementing the dialogical approach into career consultancy trajectories 255 7.1 Introduction 255 7.2 PEACE: Personal Emotional Account of Cultural Experience 255 7.2.1. Culture and Vocation: Case 1: A First Generation Migrant 256 7.2.2 Culture and Vocation: Case 2: A Second generation migrant 259 7.2.3 Culture and vocation: Case 3: A variation of PEACE with Voice Dialogue 261 7.3 Convivium: Subtle Communion 262 7.4 Extension of “safe space” approach into other companies 265 7.5 Conclusion 266 Chapter 8: Harvesting 269 8.1 Introduction 269 8.2 Diversity and a paradigm shift 270 8.3 An interstitial theoretical space 271 8.4 Creative Tension and Novelty in Acculturation Dialogues 273 8.4.1 Dominant discourses, hiding and disenfrachising 274 8.4.2 Voicing uncomfortable emotions as a first step to intercultural learning 274 8.4.3 Culture as a normalising practice 277 8.5 Towards the development of an embodied and dialogical theory of acculturation 278 8.6 A Homestead 279 8.7 Recommendations for future research 280 8.8 Benchmark 280 8.9 Major points of criticism and suggestions for improvement (Chirkov, 2009b: 177-179) 281 8.9.1 “A: Problems with the definition of acculturation” (Chirkov, 2009b: 177) 281 8.9.2 “B: Problems with understanding the nature of the acculturation process: the deficiency of its modern conceptual framing” (Chirkov, 2009b: 178) 283 8.9.3. “C: Epistemological problems of acculturation research” (Chirkov, 2009b: 178) 286 8.9.4 “D:Methodological problems of acculturation studies” (Chirkov, 2009b: 178) 288 8.9.5 “E: Problems with the application of the mainstream acculturation research” (Chirkov, 2009b: 178) 291 8.10 Towards a new theory for living diversity 292 8.11 Achieving personal destiny and spiritual practices 292 9 Overview of Figures and Tables 295 Appendixes 297 Appendix 1: Informed Consent Form 297 Appendix 2: Cultural Identity Questionnaire 299 Appendix 3: Culture Statement Questionnaire 303 Affects and instruction 306 Appendix 4: Portraits of Research Candidates 309 References 331 Abstract 341 Nederlandse samenvatting 343 Biography 345 “Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circles of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.” Albert Einstein Acknowledgements This thesis is a safe space (Janssens en Steyaert, 2001) in which I am able to voice the many thoughts related to my experiences as a global nomad in contemporary society. It is a description of a life long learning process and a reflection on my journey in an effort to contribute to the theoretical and conceptual discourse on migration and integration in contemporary Western cultures. Much like a con- ductor of a polyphonic choir, I weave together a plethora of voices that have ex- panded my dialogical self during the writing of this thesis: the voices of the thir- teen global nomads who were willing to become my co researchers, the tertiary educated refugees who shared their experiences about finding work in The Neth- erlands and my colleagues who shared their own experiences in intervision ses- sions and case studies as they started coaching these highly skilled refugees.
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