Search for an Ethno-Secular Delimitation of Turkish National Identity in the Kemalist Era (1924-1938) With

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Search for an Ethno-Secular Delimitation of Turkish National Identity in the Kemalist Era (1924-1938) With SEARCH FOR AN ETHNO-SECULAR DELIMITATION OF TURKISH NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE KEMALIST ERA (1924-1938) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE ETHNICIST CONCEPTION OF KEMALIST NATIONALISM The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by AHMET YILDIZ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For The Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May, 1998 T l^e s'ıS DfL S9o ' V5^ 1 99* JU 2648 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Assoc. Prof. Ayşe Kadıoğlu Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Assoc. Prof. Ahmet igduygu Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. 11 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Assoc. Prof. Süleyman Seyfi Öğün Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and social Sciences iA Prof. Dr. Metin Heper Director 111 ABSTRACT SEARCH FOR AN ETHNO-SECULAR DELIMITATION OF TURKISH NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE KEMALIST ERA (1924-1938) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE ETHNICIST CONCEPTION OF KEMALIST NATIONALISM Ahmet Yıldız Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Dr. Ayşe Kadıoğlu May 1998 This study deals with the search for the creation of an ethno- secular Turkish national identity with particular reference to the ethnicist conception of Kemalist nationalism espoused by a group of bureaucratic- intellectual elites over three distinct periods in the years between 1919- 1938 with an historical perspective. In the period of 1919-1924, nationality was defined by religion, and hence, Turkish national identity had a predominantly religious character. As a reflection of this state of "forced" pluralism, official political discourse considered ethnic diversity as a given social condition. In the second period (1924-1929), a radical rupture from the religious definition occurred with the adoption of Republicanism IV consisting of legal and political components. The legal component of the republican definition was overwhelmed by its political component, however. The motto of this definition was the "unity in language, culture and ideal" The third period (1929-1938) of the delimitation of Turkish national identity in the Kemalist era was characterised by the efforts of a group of bureaucratic-intellectual elites who adopted the ethnicist conception of Kemalist nationalism to articulate racial motives, which defined national community at the basis of Turkish ethnie and structured around the sense of common origin, into the republican definition. The symbolic reflection of this articulation was the motto of the "unity in language, culture and blood" The emergent definition of "ethno-secular Turkish man" within the evolution of the parameters of Turkish national identity during the Kemalist era(1924-1938) was that the complete, genuine, or pure Turk was the one who embraced the cause of the Republican ideal, devoted to Westernised Turkish culture, spoke Turkish and descended from Turkish origin. Those who lacked any of the said parameters had to be compensated for. Aloofness to religiosity, the adoption of Turkish not only as official language but also as the mother-tongue, devotion to the monolithically defined Westernised Turkish culture intermixed with the political ideal preached by the new Republic, and the attainment of purity and strength of race were the suggested "compensators." Ethnicism and Turkification policies were the two natural corollaries of the ethnicist conception of Kemalist nationalism. Being constituted as such, the "other" of this nationalism involved religious Turks, non-Turkish Muslim ethnies, and non-Muslim minorities. v Keywords: Ethnic Nationalism, Nationalism, National Identity, Kemalism, Secularism. vi ÖZET KEMALİST DÖNEMDE (1924-1938) TÜRK ULUSAL KİMLİĞİ İÇİN ETNO-SEKÜLER BİR TANIM ARAYIŞI VE KEMALİST ULUSÇULUĞUN ETNİSİST KAVRANIŞI Ahmet Yıldız Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ayşe Kadıoğlu Mayıs 1998 Bu çalışmada, Türk ulusal kimliğinin etno-seküler bir temelde inşasını hedefleyen bir arayış, Kemalist ulusçuluğun etnisist kavrayışını benimseyen bir grup bürokrat-entellektüele atıfla, tarihsel bir yaklaşımla ele alınmış ve 1919-1938 yıllarını kaplayan üç ayrı dönem içinde incelenmiştir. 1919-1924 döneminde Türk ulusal kimliği, baskın bir dinî karak­ tere sahip olmuş, milliyet Müslümanlıkla tanımlanmış, reelpolitiğin bir yansıması olarak, resmî politik söylem etnik çoğulculuğu veri olarak al­ mıştır. 1924-1929 döneminde dinî tanımdan radikal bir kopuş gerçekleşti­ rilmiş, çoğulcu söylem terkedilmiş, Türk ulusal kimliğinin Cumhuriyetçi karakteri temel tanımlayıcı olmuştur. Dinin hem siyasi hem de sosyal görünürlüğünün yok edilerek bir "mabed dini” halini almasını öngören vıı militan bir sekülarizm, Cumhuriyetçi tanıma asıl rengini vermiştir. Bu tanımın şiarı, "dilde, kültürde ve ülküde birlik"ti. Hukukî-siyasî bir mahiyet arzeden Cumhuriyetçi tanımın politik muhtevası hukukî muhtevasına kıyasla çok daha belirleyici bir öneme sahip olmuştur. Bu tanıma göre, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olan ve Türkçe konuşan, Türk kültürüyle yetişmiş ve Cumhuriyet ülküsüne sa­ dık herkes, Türk olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Türk ulusal kimliğinin Kemalist dönemdeki inşa sürecinde üçüncü safhayı (1929-1938), ulusal topluluğu etniklik ekseninde tanımlayan ve ortak köken duygusunu temel alan etnik-ırkî motiflerin Cumhuriyetçi tanıma eklemlenmesi çabaları oluşturmuştur. Bunun sembolik düzeydeki yansıması, "dilde, ekim (kültür)de, kanda birlik"in yeni ulusal şiarı oluşturmasıdır. Cumhuriyet ülküsünün cezbedici bir ideal olarak zayıflığı, ortak köken duygusunu ortak payda olarak alan, mitik ve sözde-bilimsel bir söyleme dayalı ırkî süreklilik tezinin Türk ulusal kimliği içinde yapısal bir değer kazanmasına yol açmıştır. Kemalist dönemde(1924-1938), Türklüğün söz konusu edilen sınır­ larının gelişim sürecinde ortaya çıkan bütüncül tanım şu olmuştur: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olup Cumhuriyet ülküsünü benimsemiş, Batıklaştırılmış Türk kültürüne bağlı, Türkçe konuşan ve köken itibariyle Türk olan herkes, kamil, hakiki ya da öz Türk'tür. Bu parametreleri tam karşılamayanlar, ırkî bakımdan güçlenmek ve arılık kazanmak, Türkçeyi ana dili olarak sahiplenmek, yekpare bir karaktere sahip Batıklaştırılmış Türk kültürünü Cumhuriyet ülküsü ile birlikte benimsemek ve dinî değerlerden arınmış olmak gibi telafi edici araçlara başvurmak zorundadırlar. Türk ulusal kimliğinin etno-seküler karakteri, etnisizmin ve Türkleştirme politikalarının ulusal bütünleşmenin temel araçları olarak kullanılmasına yol açmıştır.. Son tahlilde, dindar Türkler, ana dili Türkçe olmayan Müslüman unsurlar ve gayr-ı Müslim azınlıklar bu etnoseküler ulusçuluğun "diğer" tanımı içinde yer almışlardır. viii Anahtar Kelimeler: Etnik Ulusçuluk, Ulusçuluk, Ulusal Kimlik, Sekülarizm, Kemalizm. ıx ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been written without the "total" assistance provided by Ayşe Kadıoğlu, "the" supervisor. She kindly lent me her generous support at every stage of writing and thinking about the thesis. I very much enjoyed the times she shared with me in the process thanks to her warm welcome, merry face, constructive guidance and criticisms, and continous encouragement. Acknowledging my thanks to her invaluable contribution is a real debt and pleasure for me. I would also like to sincerely thank all the members of my thesis committee for their analytical criticisms and contributions as well as appreciation. My particular thanks go to Hacer and Muhammed Özdemir. Their continouos interest and intimacy cannot go without mentioning. The necessary motivation for the completion of the thesis was provided by my wife, Saide Nur, and little daughter, Berfin Sena. The light of love in the apples of their eyes made the process bearable for me. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. iv ÖZET............................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................x TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................. xi INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES IN ETHNON ATION ALISM...........................................................................................15 1.1. Introduction.....................................................................................................15
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