I S S N 1 8 0 0 -77 6 8 6 European pulse E l e c t r o n i c m o n t h l y m a g a z i n e f o r E u r o p e a n i n t e g r a t i o n - N o . 5 9 , A u g u s t 2 0 1 0

IINNTTEERRVVIIEEWW Executive Director of Belgrade Centre for Euro-Atlantic Studies (CEAS) Jelena Mili}

AANNAALLYYSSEESS Why is economic citizenship a problem

EEUU CCHHAALLLLEENNGGEESS New Member States' troubles FFOOCCUUSS OOFF TTHHIISS IISSSSUUEE with ambitious How the Government educational goals made a lot of trouble in the process of digitalisation of electronic media F o r e w o r d / C a l e n d a r A u g u s t , 2 0 1 0

Strategy against corruption with Maurer (5 August) - The Government submitted the Anti-Corruption Strategy and Action Plan for the period 2010-2014 to the EU Delegation in Podgorica. These documents are of key importance for the EU acces- sion process, and their contents have already been criticised by some non-govern- mental organisations and civil society.

Opposition campaigns for candidate status (6 August) - During the meetings with a number of representatives of EU member states Montenegrin opposition parties will argue in favour of Montenegro acquiring the candidate status, said the president of SNP Sr|an Mili} after a meeting with the UK ambassador to Montenegro Catherine Knight-SSands. Three opposition leaders - Mili}, Andrija Mandi} and Neboj{a Medojevi} are planning working visits for this autumn to London, Paris, and perhaps IIMMAAGGEE other European capitals. ould an MP in Bundestag raise in 10 000 euros across the border (9 August) - Montenegro's Central Bank (CBCG) protest, or would the European W decided that from now on the residents and non-residents can take in and out of the Commission demand an urgent meeting with the representatives of the country up to 10 000 euros in cash (also in other currencies) without reporting it to Government of Iceland, which is a step the police or the customs. Until now, the limit was 2 000. The decision came into ahead of Montenegro regarding EU inte- force on 25 August. "This means further liberalisation on regulations for carrying cash gration, if this tiny republic announced its and is in line with the EU directive on this matter", CBCG said. intention to grant citizenship to investors willing to bring at least half a million Montenegro called to report on economic citi- euros to the country, as they did in zenship (12 August) - Representatives of the Montenegro's case? Ministry of Foreign Affairs and EU Delegation in It's very likely that Iceland would Montenegro have exchanged information regar- never receive such a negative reaction ding economic citizenship, announced the from the international, as well as the speaker of the Delegation Dragan Mugo{a. He national public. The reason, or one of said the Delegation requested a working meet- them, is that Iceland doesn't have the ing, but that it wasn't going to release any pub- image of a corrupt state (cf. BBC and the lic announcements or statements, while the New York Times), although its now Government said they will harmonise each step defunct banks devoured fortunes of tens with EU requirements. Earlier, the Government of thousands British and Dutch citizens. had announced that it will initiate a programme Montenegrin Government is well of "economic citizenship", granting businessmen aware that, to cite its Communication strategy for informing the public about whose "credibility and origin of their capital are EU and preparing the country for mem- unquestionable" a Montenegrin citizenship, after bership, it ought to "invest further efforts they invest at least half a million euros into to improve the international image of the Montenegro. The Government's decision was Dragan Mugo{a country". severely criticised in some EU circles. In the absence of which a single EU member can easily find a reason to block Montenegrin in a peace mission (17 August) - Officer of the Montenegrin Army Montenegro' further progress towards (VCG), second lieutenant Miroslav Radoji~i} is the first officer of VCG to join an EU membership. peace mission. He was appointed for a four-month mandate in the EU peace mis- But the Government needs to sion "EU NAVFOR ATALANTA". He was assigned to the Greek frigate as a naviga- remember that it can't sell a Yugo engine tion officer. as Mercedes. The sketch of a new engine model Everything in writing (24 August) - At a request by the European Commission, Ministry in the shape of European legislation of European Integrations will submit a report on all activities implemented in order to transposed into the Montenegrin one answer the remaining questions from the EC Questionnaire the latest by 6 September, already exists, and it only takes a bit of announced the Ministry after a meeting between Minister for European Integrations will for a variety of institutions to start Gordana \urovi} and the head of the EU Delegation in Montenegro Leopold Maurer. moving. The overview will be formatted according to the chapters of the acquis and will be Removing defunct bits off the Montenegrin car and letting the European accompanied by translations of all laws that have been adopted in the meantime. media know about it would already go a long way towards improving Monte- Remove Balkans from the list of priorities (30 August) - There is no reason for the negro's international image. And would Balkans to remain among the top priorities of EU foreign policy, said Slovenian pres- certainly bring many more healthy invest- ident Danilo Turk. In an interview for the Austrian press agency APA, he said that any ments and investors who aren't into buy- slowdown in the accession negotiations "is mostly to be blamed on the candidate ing Montenegrin passports. V.@. countries". According to him, EU priorities should be aimed primarily towards the EU's strategic partners, especially Russia and Eastern neighbours.

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A V I E W F R O M E U Xiz!bsf!FV!jowftupst xbsz!pg!Cbmlbo!dpvousjft //////// an average of eight years. More than 1.5 the government did not stick to its obli- million court decisions have yet to be gations. Both cases contributed to a enforced. This is an unacceptable situa- worsening of the already bad investment estern Ba- tion for those wanting to invest and climate in Macedonia. The unpre- Wlkan cou- work with free competition rules. dictability of the political situation in the ntries are strug- In the last European Commission small country is also a problem. Efforts gling to attract progress report on Serbia and in some to becoming a NATO member and more direct for- expert studies, the state of the judiciary starting EU accession talks are stuck. eign investment in the country was identified as a factor The situation is not better in Kosovo despite big pub- that not only put into question the rule where investigators from the EU rule of of law but also put off potential law mission, EULEX, are looking into by Augustin Palokaj investors. several cases of corruption in big privati- One of the big foreign investors in sation processes. Several big companies lic campaigns in western media, lower Serbia, the German WAZ Media Group, have withdrawn from competing in a call taxes and other incentives. has indicated it intends to withdraw to build a big power plant in Kosovo. The EU is warning the countries from the country. The Committee of In Croatia, the situation is better as that the financial crisis is not the only Eastern European Economic Relations, an the country is getting closer to EU problem. The high level of corruption, illegal state protection of some domes- Western Balkan countries are struggling to attract more direct for- tic tycoons and dysfunctional judiciaries eign investment despite big public campaigns in western media, are also considerable obstacles to lower taxes and other incentives. The EU is warning the countries investment. that the financial crisis is not the only problem. The high level of Several EU governments and the corruption, illegal state protection of some domestic tycoons and European Commission in its annual dysfunctional judiciaries are also considerable obstacles to invest- progress reports have complained that ment. the backlog of cases in the courts, the inability to enforce court decisions and organisation representing German busi- membership. Zagreb recently closed discrimination against foreign companies ness, says it regrets the planned move: negotiations on bringing the country into in public procurement as well as cor- "We hope that the announced line with EU rules on public procure- ruption in the public sector are prevent- withdrawal is a warning signal and leads ment and opened talks in the area of competition. But EU companies can still It is essential for investors to trust that their investment will have face unnecessary informal obstacles in legal protection. This is what they expect also from the countries Croatia. Enforcing court decisions has in Western Balkans where they invest and those countries have to been taking too long and problems with do much more to meet this expectation ownership continue to be a concern. It is essential for investors to trust ing many companies from investing in to an improvement in conditions for that their investment will have legal pro- the region. investors." tection. This is what they expect also Serbia is a particular problem with Macedonia, meanwhile, attracted from the countries in Western Balkans many foreign investors complaining just €200 million in foreign investment where they invest and those countries about long and slow bureaucratic pro- in 2009, the lowest in the region. And have to do much more to meet this cedures and the poor judiciary system. this was despite tax incentives. There expectation. For some of them, it is practically were serious problems with two impossible to get payment even when investors, one from Switzerland and The author is a Brussels-bbased cor- they have a court decision in their another from Austria. respondent for Jutarnji list, Koha Ditore, favour. Court proceedings in Serbia take The companies complained that and many other media

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T H E G O V E R N M E N T W O N ' T M E E T T H E S A A D E A D L I N E F O R D I G I T A L I S A T I O N O F E L E C T R O N I C M E D I A Ubyqbzfs(t!npofz!gps!cfuufs mppljoh!UWDH!tqfblfst //////// this deadline have one last addition- and its two channels plus another al deadline set by the International commercial television, or the newer ontenegro Telecommunications Union (ITU) - DVB T2 technology, which could Mis only 2015. accommodate more channels. now beginning Deputy minister of transport in Representatives of the European to digitalise charge of telecommunications, Sr|an Commission thought it was too late broadcasting, Mihaljevi} admits that the work can- to change, because the tenders were although the not be completed by the end of already scheduled for mid- 2011 and that the government is September, and insisted that we by Miodrag Babovi} already counting on ITU's deadline. should stick to the Strategy for "The state was trying to decide Digitalisation which was adopted Government committed itself in the which platform to use for the three years ago. That means that we Stabilisation and Association process of digitalisation - DVB T, will almost certainly proceed with Agreement (SAA) with EU to com- which has enough for the public TV one DVB T platform", says Mihaljevi} plete this complex and expensive On top of the uncertainty regarding the public funds for digitali- task by the end of next year. sation another, equally serious dilemma is what will happen to pri- The same process is almost vate televisions. "The state should assist or at least have under- complete in most EU countries, as standing for the other media because without its help they won't well as in the neighbouring Croatia, survive digitalisation", says director of the Agency for Electronic while on the other side, among the Media Abaz D`afi} laggards, stand Montenegro and I T

most countries of the Western S E J I V

Balkans and South Eastern Europe. o t o h

In the European Union digitali- p sation of the broadcasting sector is seen as part and parcel of citizens' rights, mandating that every citizen has access to basic telecommunica- tion services at affordable prices. Preparations for digitalisation in Montenegro started three years ago when the then Public Broadcasting Agency adopted a strategy for digi- talisation. Since then, hardly any- thing was done about it and it is almost certain that the entire job cannot be completed by the end of the next year, which is the deadline set by the European Commission. The countries that fail to meet Sr|an Mihaljevi}

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T media sector used up a lot of fre- S E J I V

quencies. o t o

h "Digitalisation frees up a lot of p space in the broadcasting sector and allows it to be used by other servic- es. In this way, the citizens get bet- ter sound and picture and new serv- ices, and the state gets new sources of income", Mihaljevi} adds. On top of the uncertainty regarding the public funds for digi- talisation another, equally serious dilemma is what will happen to pri- vate televisions. "Commercial broadcasters have two options. The first is to organise themselves, by the equipment to Abaz D`afi} broadcast their signal and install it on the sites of the Public Broadcasting for European Pulse. transmitters covering larger cities, out Service. The other option is to ask The other, bigger dilemma - of 130 in total, which mean that the Agency for Electronic where to find the money for digital- around 60% of Montenegrin citizens Communications to open a tender isation - is yet to be solved. In addi- would be covered. However, if we for an operator who could provide tion to 1.6 million coming from the don't find the money, it won't hap- technical support and whom they EU, the Government should have pen", Mihaljevi{ explains. would then pay for the broadcasting provided another million from the He reminds that digitalisation service. It is up to them to decide", public coffers in order to complete became an issue in EU some ten Mihaljevi} said. digitalisation of the network of trans- years ago, as the growing electronic The countries which do not mitters owned by the Public Broadcasting Centre. That money was not in the DDIIGGIITTAALLIISSAATTIIOONN AASS budget for this year, it remains to be seen whether it will appear in the next year's budget. AA SSOOCCIIAALL QQUUEESSTTIIOONN "In the Stabilisation and lthough the government has been saying that it feels obliged to assist certain Association Agreement we commit- Acategories of the population with meeting the costs of digitalisation, it is hard ted ourselves to digitalising the to find anybody in the government who would be willing to talk about it. broadcasting sectors by the next "It was estimated that around 45 000 households in Montenegro receive year. Based on this, the European social assistance. They probably won't be able to afford receivers what will allow Commission allocated 1.6 million them to watch the new digital programmes on their old TVs. The costs of cov- euros through IPA funds for digitali- ering this for them will be around two million euros. There's no money for that sation of the network of transmitters. in the Budget, and everything suggests that next year there won't be any either. To cover the costs in full, the That means that even if we cover all the cities with a digital signal there will still be many families unable to watch the new television", Mihaljevi} said. Government should have added The Government says that there's simply no money, and that this is the another million euros. This year, main reason for not adopting the law on digitalisation. there was no space for it in the "The Croatian government supported every household in need by paying budget, and we need to see whether 50% of the price of the receiver. I don't know how it will go here, because we can find it next year. If the state there is no money for it, and there's also no money to cover the million miss- puts the money together we could ing from the necessary funds for the digital network, which is why the law on finish the bulk of work on digitalisa- digitalisation has been postponed", Mihaljevi} explained. tion by the end of next year. I other Earlier, he suggested that the money for assisting the citizens in need can words, we could digitalise some 40 come from selling concessions for the freed-up frequencies.

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complete digitalisation of broadcast- ing by 2012 will have both systems, the digital and the analogue, func- tioning parallel to each other in the next three years. That will be a problem for the country as well as for the regulator and for the elec- tronic media, because the parallel functioning of the two system caus- es technical problems and doubles the consumption of electricity. Mihaljevi} explains that the fate of private televisions cannot be, in financial terms, responsibility of the state, and points at the example of neighbouring Croatia. "They started digitalisation with DVB T technology. This platform first provided the space for the two the private media", Mihaljevi} said. envisages digitalisation process on channels of Croatian Radio- Regarding the choice of plat- DBV T platform. Television (HRT). Two private televi- forms for digitalisation director of the "Of course that doesn't mean sions, Nova and RTL, paid for a Agency for Electronic Media Abaz that the country only needs those place on the same platform. The D`afi} said that the Strategy for media that will find a place on the primary responsibility of the state is Digitalisation, which was drafted platform. The state should assist or at the public service, and there is no with assistance from experts of the least have understanding for the European standard which says that Organisation for Security and other media because without its the state ought to do the work for Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), help they won't survive digitalisation. It doesn't have to mean financial assistance, they can be helped in NNOOBBOODDYY AASSKKEEDD TTHHEE EEXXPPEERRTTSS other ways, for instance, by setting uro Vu~ini}, president of the Board of Managers of the Association of clear rules and procedures. Without \Commercial Broadcasters says "the only way out is DVB T2 technology". such clear rules, nobody has the "Strategy for Digitalisation allows for introduction of DBV T2 system, which right to decide which private televi- provides for twice as many programmes within the single frequency as DBV T. sion can be added to the platform However, the economic situation and the EU donation of 1.6 million euros are together with the two public chan- forcing us to agree to the DBV T system. All countries have helped the citi- nels, and which ones will have to zens transfer to digital televisions, but our own says it has no money for it, nor pay for their own. It's clear that not another million to contribute towards digitalisation of the network of transmit- every one of them will survive digi- ters. This is a huge problem, and it means that 30% of the citizens won't be talisation, but it's important that as covered by the digital signal. If this is such a huge financial obstacle, how will many as possible do", D`afi} said. we get the money for DVB T2, which is the only rational solution in the case of Montenegro, and which has been offered as an option by some decision His words partly beg the ques- makers. We will be stuck with the system we choose now for many years to tion who will be the ones to survive. come", warns Vu~ini}. It's no secret that some televisions He cites the latest issue of a well known expert magazine "DVB Scene", are backed up by large businesses in which a leading expert for digitalisation process in EU, Prof Dr Ulrich and the authorities, that others are Reimers, analysing the situation in every country of the Western Balkans says only there for entertainment purpos- that Montenegro and Serbia will opt for the T2 system, which is the only es, etc. rational solution for them. What will happen to those "However, he was wrong in case of Montenegro, because we went for the whose main work is to keep the less rational solution. I'm afraid the "lobbyists" and not the experts for telecom- public informed about the everyday munications had the final word in Montenegro's choice of a less rational solu- tion", Vu~ini} warned. problems seems to be a question the authorities would rather avoid.

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Q U E S T I O N S R A I S E D B Y T H E G O V E R N M E N T ' S D E C I S I O N T O A W A R D M O N T E N E G R I N C I T I Z E N S H I P I N E X C H A G E F O R H A L F A M I L L I O N E U R O S Tvtqjdjpvt!sfe!qbttqpsut

//////// member. Felix Salmon, a blogger of the UK news In addition to this, Europeans have agency Reuters, had contacts with the been struck by the low amount required Canadian businessman Peter Munk, a t's been a while by the Government decision and it's close friend of the Prime Minister Isince a decision probable that Brussels will later ask for \ukanovi}. To make the deal even of the Govern- periodical reports on all who acquired shadier, Kroll is the company that helped ment in Podgo- Montenegrin citizenship in this way. Of Allen Stanford to perpetrate an 8 billion rica stirred up so course, Brussels cannot ask the Govern- dollar Ponzi scheme, adding wind to the much controversy ment to reverse the decision, since there world economic crisis. The gist of the and so much are no uniform EU standards in this area Ponzi schemes is that "earnings" are given and every member state regulates it inde- to the shareholders out of their own by Ne|eljko Rudovi} pendently, but it wants to have a clear money or out of those of another share- interest from Brussels as the recent acro- overview of the procedures granting holder, not out of any kind of profit. batics of awarding Montenegrin passports Montenegrin passports which allow the Nobody in the Government re- to the foreigners who invest 500 000 holder to travel to almost all EU countries. sponded to this information, insisting euros in Montenegro. And after almost three weeks of that their economic citizenship pro- Apart from being the most recent uproar in the domestic and international gramme has been designed by re- example of the habit of \ukanovi}'s cab- media about the strange moves of nowned consultancies from UK and Canada. The negotiations are ongoing Did the Government ever consider the possibility that what the and once they are completed the investors are actually after is the rule of law, an open market, lower Government will make the names of taxes and grace periods? these consultancies public. inet to keep the economy floating \ukanovi}'s team, he announced that The key question here is whether in through constant improvisations, it is also the Guidelines will not come into force order to attract investments one needs a striking in its audacity. Nobody in the until the terms of application have been sound business environment or a prom- Government remembered that it was agreed with EC. ise of a Montenegrin passport. Who necessary to consult the European Amateurism at work again. And needs the passport of a country where it's Commission and EU member states who, everything was already prepared - necessary to pay "protection money" in eight months ago, decided to abolish according to the Government's decision order to get the permission to start the visas for the citizens of Montenegro. Not even the municipality of [avnik Which EU citizen needs a Montenegrin passport? Or are we only can afford such a lack of elementary counting with the dirty money from Russia and with the "invest- political seriousness, let alone the "pro- ments" of runaways from the assorted Asian states who are rapidly European Government" of PM \uka- turning Montenegro's image into that of an oasis for shady charac- novi}. ters running away from the law? As soon as it was announced that the Government prepared the Guidelines the investor, in addition to 500 000, must business or to stay in the business? Or did for Acquisition of Montenegrin Citizen- have an impeccable reputation and a the Government ever consider the possi- ship, the MFA official Neboj{a Kalu- proof of origin of the money. Investor's bility that what the investors are actually |erovi} had to plunge in to safe the sit- credibility will be ascertained, according after is the rule of law, an open market, uation and explain to the EC representa- to the Government's announcements, by lower taxes and grace periods? tives that it's all perfectly clean and sole- the independent consultancies or legal And finally, which EU citizen needs ly aimed at attracting foreign investments. offices, as well as by the Montenegrin a Montenegrin passport? Or are we only He also tried to convince them that ministries of economy and interior affairs. counting with the dirty money from everything will be done to prevent the Then the "New York Times" anno- Russia and with the "investments" of run- members of organised crime networks unced that "Kroll" will be one of the com- aways from the assorted Asian states who and those who took part in money laun- panies to vet the credibility and soundness are rapidly turning Montenegro's image dering from acquiring a citizenship of a of the potential new Montenegrins. This is into that of an oasis for shady characters country that aims to become an EU the same company which, according to running away from the law?

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E X E C U T I V E D I R E C T O R O F B E L G R A D E C E N T R E F O R E U R O -AA T L A N T I C S T U D I E S ( C E A S ) J E L E N A M I L I ] Xf!nvtuo(u!mptf!VT!tvqqpsu gps!FV!fombshfnfou!qpmjdz

xecutive director of Belgrade Centre process, which is a requirement for a Efor Euro-Atlantic Studies (CEAS) Jelena functional response to the challenges of Mili} said that all countries of the Western globalisation. Balkans should realise that the United How would you evaluate coop- States of America are supporting their eration between West Balkan countries? integration into EU, and should not lose Bearing in mind the complexity and this support. Mili} isn't worried about the similarity of challenges which are ahead ever more frequent signs of cooling-off each one of the West Balkan countries, from some EU members, including the one would expect much higher levels of most recent one by the Slovenian presi- cooperation than is currently the case. dent Danilo Turk who said the West Unfortunately, the Regional Balkan enlargement policy shouldn't be Cooperation Council, which was estab- among EU priorities. lished after the Stability Pact was disman- "This is after all something that will Jelena Mili} tled, did not grow into an effective coor- be decided by the bigger and more pow- dinator of cooperation. erful EU members, whose public opinion not the boastful attitude, that shows To make the things even more also has greater influence on decisions. which elites in the region are genuinely in absurd, all these countries are in favour of And we should definitely not forget about favour of EU integrations. European integrations, and they often the US. I believe that all countries of the Serbia and its citizens are certainly accuse EU of being slow and indecisive Western Balkans should be aware of the not keeping up with the fruits of globali- with regard to their membership perspec- US support for EU integrations, and make sation, global interrelations and interde- tive, but they forget that regional cooper- sure not to lose it" said Mili} in the inter- pendencies, not to mention mobility, and ation is one of the preconditions and view for European Pulse. the pressure this creates for at least eco- expectations which they are doing very What would be the consequences nomic integration. little to fulfil. of a slowdown or delay of EU enlarge- If we don't join EU we will remain There are many reasons for this: ment for the West Balkan countries? small peripheral countries, irrelevant in from sluggish transitional justice which Enormous. I don't think that we are terms of demographics or size of our also had to be imposed from the outside, properly aware of the fact that not all markets, and obviously unable to inte- instead of being an expression of our transition countries in the world have a grate better with each other, in order to readiness to face the past, to the two chance to carry out its process until the find at least some stronghold to respond giant elephants in the room which even the international community prefers to Most of these countries are stuck at a stage which requires deeper ignore - the status of Kosovo and the examination of all non-ttransparent relations between politics and defunct constitution of Bosnia and illegal businesses, i.e. better regulation, more liberal markets and Herzegovina. more transparent procedures. It's this, not the boastful attitude, In addition to this, Serbia often that shows which elites in the region are genuinely in favour of EU "punished" the countries of the region that integrations have recognised Kosovo or became inde- pendent, like Montenegro, further under- very end, with support mechanisms to the challenges of globalisation. mining the potential for cooperation. I offered by EU integration process. Russia, as the key partner and alter- could also list the examples of the Serbian Most of these countries are stuck at native to EU is a reckless fiction propa- relations with the Macedonian and a stage which requires deeper examina- gated by anti-EU forces and by an oli- Montenegrin orthodox churches. tion of all non-transparent relations garchy which is against order and control. What could be done to improve between politics and illegal businesses, This option is completely unviable, from regional cooperation? i.e. better regulation, more liberal markets the geographical reasons to the fact that I just came back from a conference and more transparent procedures. It's this, Russia itself lags in the democratisation in Prishtina that was organised by the

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their own ranks. I don't think this is any A CLEAR EU POSITION ON different in Montenegro. A CLEAR EU POSITION ON And because in Serbia everybody is in fact in power, there is a selective con- KKOOSSOOVVOO WWOOUULLDD HHEELLPP SSEERRBBIIAA sensus. If there was will, we wouldn't have turned the reform of the judiciary into a What do you think are the key problems of Serbia in terms of European farce. Democratic Party would like to be integrations? the leader in EU integrations, but doesn't The false hopes fuelled by an elite which is simply not ready to give up want to let go off its control over judici- on its current positions in monopolies and partitocracy, and instead rants about ary. These things can't go together. It's not the "defence of Kosovo". The defence of Kosovo has become an excuse for enough to apply a misshapen law on con- too many non-transparent deals and double standards, but most of all for sti- fiscation of criminally acquired property to fling the democratisation of the society, replacing it by a total partitocracy be the "success story" of the region. which in turn is nothing else but striping away public resources for personal Advocates of NATO in Monte- and party benefits. negro insist that membership in the Recent developments in the UN are good news, but we still have to see Alliance is a precondition for membership whether they were a result of the current situation in our budget and putting in EU. Would you agree? up pretences for EU or an honest, courageous step forward on the part of No, and I think this is a bad argu- President Tadi}. ment. The fact that all East European The problems is also that the remaining five EU countries which refused countries turned towards EU and to recognise Kosovo are legitimising the current behaviour of the Serbian polit- embraced NATO as soon as they escaped ical elite. After the decision of the International Court of Justice, which was from the Soviet dominance is a result of explicitly based on Resolution 1244, they have no excuse in the international a particular historical moment. They law to remain with their current position. Obviously, this is their way to pur- believed NATO was a guarantee that the sue their own interests within EU. Soviets or Russia can never again assert A clear EU-wide position on Kosovo would be of great help to Serbia. their power over them. Unfortunately, the Serbian public also is also refusing to connect the out- The history of the Western Balkans is comes of the recent political decisions with its situation and living conditions. somewhat different - we never experi- They are more likely to respond to populism and false hopes than to face their enced such a totalitarian regime in former own backwardness, lack of competitiveness and the like. Yugoslavia, nor did we view NATO as a path to escape towards democracy and Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and which the integration process, if it wasn't for the EU. I can't say, "unfortunately", because I brought together think tanks from almost lack of cooperation with the Hague. think living in one of the former members all countries of the Western Balkans, What is you opinion? of the Warsaw Pact was too high a price except Croatia. We discussed the key What do you mean by cooperation to pay for that, if we compare it to all the barriers to cooperation and possibilities to with the Hague? Serbia has recently good things Yugoslavia did for this region. overcome those through joint action. received ministers of foreign affairs of The reason for advocating something Among the more important steps is, Germany and UK, the State Department like that is partly that the Western politi- naturally, lobbying the EU to send the contacted us through Pahor, Tadi} even cal agents, primarily those EU countries questionnaires to the countries that still met with Catherine Ashton and not one that refused to recognise Kosovo, are haven't gotten them, in order to spur them towards more intensive reforms and The readiness to fight corruption in Serbia only goes so far, until regional cooperation on the one hand, and the investigation reaches the criminals in our own ranks. I don't on the other to make them face, through think this is any different in Montenegro their replies and the screening process, the internal problems that are holding them of them had mentioned Ratko Mladi} as uneasy when it comes to talking about back in the process of EU integrations - an obstacle to Serbian European integra- the NATO intervention in 1999. such as weak institutions, overpowering tions. They didn't even suggest that they We should join the NATO because monopolies, lack of transparency in public might consider it in deciding on the can- this is also a political, not only a military expenditures as well as constitutional limi- didate status, or postpone this condition alliance, which responds to the challenges tations, such as those present in Serbia and for some future stage. There was no of the 21st century on the grounds of the Bosnia and Herzegovina. warning, although we know that Gotovina common values of its members, much Part of the Montenegrin public was a precondition for Croatia's progress. like the EU. We should join because believes that Serbia has more developed Everything Serbia did to strengthen these challenges are of such proportions administrative capacities and is doing well its capacities in this area is a consequence that only the very big countries, such as in fighting corruption and organised of pressures from the West. The readiness China, can hope to weather them alone. crime, unlike Montenegro, and that it to fight corruption only goes so far, until would be well ahead of Montenegro in the investigation reaches the criminals in V. @UGI]

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F R E N C H R E V O L U T I O N A N D N A P O L E O N Uifsf(t!pomz!pof!Sfwpmvujpo

//////// west of the Rhine-achievements that end of the early modern period. had defied previous French govern- Within France itself, the Revolution ments for centuries. Internally, popular permanently crippled the power of the The French sentiments radicalized the Revolution aristocracy and drained the wealth of TRevolution significantly, culminating in the brutal the Church, although the two institu- (1789-1799) was Reign of Terror from 1793 until 1794. tions survived despite the damage they a period of radi- After the fall of Robespierre and the sustained. cal social and Jacobins, the Directory assumed control After the collapse of the First political of the French state in 1795 and held Empire under Napoleon in 1815, the upheaval in power until 1799, when it was repla- French public lost the rights and privi- ced by the Consulate under Napoleon leges earned since the Revolution, but Prepared by Milo{ Vukanovi} Bonaparte. they remembered the participatory Historians widely regard the politics that characterized the period. French and European history. The Revolution as one of the most impor- Some historians argue that the French absolute monarchy that had ruled tant events in human history, and the people underwent a fundamental France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an In most European countries, the importation of the ideals of the epic transformation as aristocratic and French Revolution, brought about mostly through the Napoleonic religious privileges evaporated under a wars, left a mark. The increasing prosperity and clout of the mid- sustained assault from liberal political dle classes became incorporated into custom and law, and the vast groups and the masses on the streets. new wealth built on bourgeois activities, such as commerce and Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition industry, meant that European monarchs found it difficult to succumbed to new Enlightenment restore pre-rrevolutionary absolutism, and had to keep some of the principles of citizenship and inalienable reforms enacted during Napoleon's rule. Institutional legacies rights. The French Revolution began in remain to this day 1789 with the convocation of the Estates-General in May. The first year of the Revolution witnessed members of the Third Estate proclaiming the Tennis Court Oath in June, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and an epic march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. The next few years were dominat- ed by tensions between various liberal assemblies and a conservative monar- chy intent on thwarting major reforms. A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed the next year. External threats also played a dominant role in the development of the Revolution. The French Revolutionary Wars started in 1792 and ultimately featured spec- tacular French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian peninsula, the Low Countries, and most territories

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transformation in self-identity, evi- In most European countries, the denced by the elimination of privileges importation of the ideals of the French and their replacement by rights as well Revolution, brought about mostly as the growing decline in social defer- through the Napoleonic wars, left a ence that highlighted the principle of mark. The increasing prosperity and equality throughout the Revolution. clout of the middle classes became Outside France, the Revolution incorporated into custom and law, and captured the imagination of the world. the vast new wealth built on bourgeois It had a profound impact on the activities, such as commerce and Revolution of 1848, the Russian industry, meant that European mon- Revolution and its ideas were imbibed archs found it difficult to restore pre- by Mao Zedong in his efforts at con- revolutionary absolutism, and had to structing a communist state in China. keep some of the reforms enacted dur- The Napoleonic Wars were a ing Napoleon's rule. Institutional lega- series of conflicts declared against cies remain to this day: not only is it Napoleon's French Empire by opposing one of the fundamental principles of all coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. European states, but the European As a continuation of the wars sparked Union was also based upon the respect by the French Revolution of 1789, they for civic rights and the legal system brought about unprecedented transfor- occupation of Spain weakened Spain's founded upon this principle. mation of European armies. French hold over its colonies, providing an A relatively new and increasingly power rose quickly, conquering most of opening for nationalist revolutions in powerful movement became significant. Europe, but collapsed rapidly after Spanish America. As a direct result of Nationalism would shape the course of France's disastrous invasion of Russia in the Napoleonic wars, the British much of future European history; its 1812. At the peak of its power, Empire became the foremost world growth spelled the beginning of some Napoleon's empire encompassed all of power for the next century. states and the end of others. The map today's France, the Benelux countries, The Napoleonic Wars brought of Europe changed dramatically in the Iberian and Italian Peninsula, Germany, great changes both to Europe and the hundred years following the Napoleonic Poland and Dalmatia. He also fought Americas. Napoleon had succeeded in Era, based not on fiefs and aristocracy, wars in Egypt and the Middle East, in bringing most of Western Europe under but on the basis of human culture, the Caribbean and India. If all the one rule-a feat that had not been national origins, and national ideology. resources and men the warring accomplished since the days of the After the war, in order to prevent European powers brought from their Roman Empire, although Charlemagne another such war, Europe was divided colonies are taken into consideration, came close to it. However, France's into states according to the balance of this was the first global war. The constant warfare with the combined power theory. This meant that, in the- empire suffered a complete defeat after forces of the other major powers of ory, no European state would become the battles of Leipzig in 1813 in Europe for over two decades finally strong enough to dominate Europe in the future. This was a theory that would After his defeat, Napoleon deplored his unfinished dream to cre- come into play several times through- ate a free and peaceful "European association" sharing the same out European history, and reach its principles, the same system of measurement, the same currency peak during the Cold War. with different exchange rates and the same Civil Code. Although Finally, in the same period anoth- his defeat set back the idea by one-aand-aa-hhalf centuries, it re- er concept emerged-that of a unified emerged after the end of the Second World War Europe. After his defeat, Napoleon deplored his unfinished dream to cre- Waterloo in 1815, resulting in restora- took its toll. By the end of the ate a free and peaceful "European tion of the Bourbon monarchy in Napoleonic Wars, France no longer association" sharing the same princi- France and partial abolition of the held the role of the dominant power in ples, the same system of measurement, reforms brought about by the Europe, as it had since the times of the same currency with different Revolution. Louis XIV. In its place, the United exchange rates and the same Civil The wars resulted in the dissolu- Kingdom emerged as by far the most Code. Although his defeat set back the tion of the Holy Roman Empire and powerful country in the world and the idea by one-and-a-half centuries, it sowed the seeds of nascent nationalism Royal Navy gained unquestioned naval re-emerged after the end of the in Germany and Italy that would lead superiority across the globe. This, cou- Second World War. to the two nations' consolidation later pled with Britain's large and powerful in the century. Meanwhile the Spanish industrial economy, made it the most The author is a programme asso- Empire began to unravel as French powerful economic force in the world. ciate in Centre for Civic Education

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by Brano Mandi} 1. What's up with the parties that haven't made it into the parliament? Once the editor ordered me to do a research on that, like it were some polit- ical delicatessen. The article was sup- posed to go in an easy Sunday issue. It was summer, Blueberry Days and bungee jumping reigned supreme over the cover pages, and I felt at a loss like a man who has to milk out whatever article, give a birth to soft news, or, to put it bluntly, fill up a column in a dry season. That was then, and now, parties that couldn't pass the puny Montenegrin census are all over the media, wailing, calling to arms and resistance. Their leaders are the centre of all camera flashes, as if they were some kind of a from the political scene. Just when the tions are there to decide on something. shadow government, with the sun of citizens have decided to simplify the Who would know better than myself freedom just about to dispel the shades political circus a little and kick a few how difficult it is to fill up the pages in and hand them the absolute power. clowns out of the parliament, here they the summer, but I think the Montenegrin How is it possible that a person are again, riding and saddling in news- papers could be a tat more attractive (if who after fifteen years cannot even papers, littering with commonplaces, all that is at all possible), if instead of con- reach a parliamentary seat can appear of them scowling. I'm not a fan of the fessions of the above mentioned figures they just published blank pages. A suc- Montenegrin public space has no filters that could protect us from cinct political message: they're no more, their bucketfuls of amateurish vulgarity. Media analysts and ston- dear citizens, the place is empty, do ers might be still interested in these individuals' public building, politically organise yourselves. gradual polishing and construction of a public appearance, broad- ening of their vocabularies, events and happenings. But let us 2. beware, for they are far from naive! More interesting than politicians without votes are the non-governmen- on the cover page of a popular daily proverbial "this doesn't happen any- tal organisations whose names surface screaming that genocide is pending over where else" - because you can eventu- for the first time in some historical the heads of Serbs in Montenegro. ally google any one of our troubles and moment. One civic initiative is fighting Which criteria, if any, accords more find an equivalent on some meridian, if against NATO membership, but we space to a vice president of a tiny party not in the near neighbourhood, but I have no idea who the members are or than is becoming of Prime Minister, for really think it's rare that political losers why they're doing it, except that they exultations over the initiative for inde- get so muc space and credit in the have a semi-literate leader (yes, leader!) pendent Sand`ak? Or, take famous Mr media. The damage is, need we men- who immediately got space to glorify P. Popovi}, of the people's party, with tion it, enormous. Even the little eager- the Russian arms and expound on his new glasses, who resurges every day ness the voter can glean, that they want knowledge of Internet, i.e. reading with some wise words regarding the to change the opposition, if already though anti-globalist websites. Another unity of the opposition, as if he were at there's no taking the government out of NGO, my favourite, is active in preser- the peak of his power and not wiped their hearts, everything falls apart and vation of state symbols. Their work is a out, depraved, humiliated and removed kills the last shred of hope that the elec- real example of how to help the citizens

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- through press releases on the flag and the coat of arms. Then comes along one Suljevi} and says Sand`ak is ours! - but who cares about Suljevi}, nobody in Montenegro knows. Hordes of ambitious blokes are marching in front of our noses and get- ting a chance to snap, snub, turn furi- ous or bashful, depending on their sen- sibility and mission they have chosen for themselves. Montenegrin public space has no filters that could protect us from their bucketfuls of amateurish vulgarity. Media analysts and stoners might be still interested in these individuals' public building, gradual polishing and con- struction of a public appearance, broad- ening of their vocabularies, events and happenings. But let us beware, for they are far from naive. A few days ago Stanojevi} had cautiously appeared on the stage, defender of the Roma, also come from the state, if there's one. laugh at, but their words remain in the famous for having split one woman's That, or a few youngsters got together subconscious and are spread through head. Running away from the law, a and decided to smuggle people, the repetition. Eventually, we will start tak- brute and a bully, he raised a big issue: police missed out on it and eventually ing some of them seriously, like the the death of the Roma who once tried everything got a little out of control, as commercials we don't trust and yet to leave this paradise for Italy and all of it happens on the coast because there every day we see that washing powders them died unjustly at the hands of the are crowds and it's hard to tell which in the hands of a young maiden taking ocean gods. The select few are upset boat is loaded with tobacco, which one out the most stubborn stains. Media sandmen have limited shelf life, but are Media sandmen have limited shelf life, but are resilient and work resilient and work like pre-paid: they're like pre-ppaid: they're occasionally resurrected and drawn in when occasionally resurrected and drawn in necessary. That's why it is the duty of the media to uncover these when necessary. That's why it is the guys first, to ridicule their petty but very dangerous games without duty of the media to uncover these guys which the situation would be much clearer for anybody to grasp first, to ridicule their petty but very dan- gerous games without which the situa- that such a brute is slandering our with Roma, and which with a tion would be much clearer for anybody country, questioning our honour, blam- Holywood diva cheering for to grasp. Typically attached to some ing the authorities, all along with the Montenegro. centre of power, various extra-parlia- police at his heels. Crucially, however, a mentarians, phantom NGO rainmakers, country could not wish for a better man 3. experts at war with grammar are a to attack it, and let's not forget about Not everything can be a coinci- plague that spreads quickly and easily. that. That's why I'm paranoid to the dence, the cuckoo eggs always laying They're showing a lot of solidarity and bone: I suspect that once again the state themselves on their own, there must be they are not to be underestimated. is hand-picking its enemies. Is there a someone to at least pat our losers on Ignoramuses are banding together, help- better way to shrug off a crime than to the shoulder and prop them up in front ing out each other by mentioning each entrust the prosecution to a man who of the camera. The production of pre- other, whether in a direct curse in the communicates with his wife through a tences that there's something like a civic opinion article or through a memoran- bat? debate going on here has its laws, like dum on cooperation quoted by the Nobody is wondering how it was any other process. Mostly everything news agencies. If you give them any fin- possible to smuggle out people without begins with small game. Then comes ger but the middle one - you have the police's blessing and logistics, and one public debate, ten journalists and them free hands. Like when you dressed they're instead focusing on whose ten cameras show up, and that's how it the criminals into police and army uni- mouth the accusations are coming from. all begins. Montenegrin media are the forms and gave them guns. We'll defend the state against discredit- willing or unwilling accomplices in the ed critics, even if they're talking about creation of a new brand of sandmen. The author is a journalist of the a crime that requires the organisers to They are something for our reason to daily newspaper "Vijesti"

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C O M M U N I C A T I O N S T R A T E G Y F O R I N F O R M I N G T H E P U B L I C A B O U T E U A N D M O N T E N E G R O ' S P R E P A R A T I O N S F O R M E M B E R S H I P 2 0 1 0 -22 0 1 4 Jnqspwf!Npoufofhsp(t! jnbhf!xjui!FV!nfncfst

he Government is seriously planning to cation with the public will be taking place Twork on improving the image of both on the national and international Montenegro in EU member states, as the levels. eventual membership will also depend on On the national level, the the support of public opinion in these Government decided to focus on three countries. target groups - youth, groups sensitive to Also, the Government is planning to changes and multipliers. focus on Internet as the main channel of Multipliers, i.e. the "movers" of the communication to market its achieve- public opinion are those elements of the ments, exchange information and promote public that have substantial influence on EU at home. mobilization of other groups and formula- ers, rural populations, unemployed, These are the main pints of the new tion of their attitudes, which is why they employees of small and medium enterpris- Communication strategy for informing the should be involved as partners in the com- es, managers of large economic complex- public about European Union and munication strategy, states the document. es and persons with disabilities. Montenegro's membership preparations for The multipliers identified by the As for the international target groups, the period 2010-2014, adopted by the Government are the media, MPs, political the Government believes that further Government in early summer 2010. parties, trade unions, economic and pro- progress towards EU integrations, especial- Although the government doesn't mention it, the new strategy was adopted Among the main tasks of the Communication Strategy is to mod- because the existing one dates from 2004 erate unrealistic expectations on the part of the Montenegrin pub- and was never really implemented, and in lic and to raise the level of general and expert knowledge among the meantime Montenegro has moved a the individuals and within the academia, business and the civil lot closer to EU. sector Among the main goals listed in the document are: offering reliable, easily fessional associations, educational institu- ly the acquisition of the candidate status accessible and sensible information; over- tions (all levels), non-governmental organ- and the opening of the negotiations coming unfounded and mistaken stereo- isations, religious associations, public insti- process will require greater support for types related to the integration process; tutions, local governments and local asso- Montenegro among the citizens of EU and raising the level and quality of the ciations. member states. This will require, according public debate. The youth, which according to the to the strategy, greater efforts to improve Another goal of the strategy is to Government includes primary and second- the image of the country in the interna- emphasise the advantages of EU member- ary school and university students are the tional public and publicise its successes in ship, as well as the responsibilities and target group which in the long run will the adoption of EU standards and values. duties ensuing from it. profit the most from EU membership. "The On the international level the Government identified two target groups - Internet ought to be one of the main channels of communication the general public in EU member states in the process of EU integration and the creators of international public opinion and decision makers. Its task is to moderate unrealistic youth will influence participation of their "The latter target group consists of expectations on the part of the families, friends, colleagues and all others foreign diplomatic representations in Montenegrin public and to raise the level in their environment. Communication Montenegro, EU Delegation, EU institu- of general and expert knowledge among activities will be aimed at the concrete tions and officials, representatives of inter- the individuals and within the academia, needs and expectations of the young peo- national organisations in Montenegro, for- business and the civil sector. ple", states the strategy. eign academic institutions, international The document also warns that the Groups sensitive to changes are those non-governmental organisations and for- "general tone" of the communication categories of the population which are eign media. Trend-setters in the interna- should reflect realistic optimism regarding "more difficult to reach and who need tional public opinion and the decision further development of the accession more information about the reasons for makers are an important target group, process. joining the EU". According to the because their judgements have a direct The Government said the communi- Government, these are pensioners, farm- impact on the formulation of the public

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and its functioning. It adds that the Internet ought to be AA BBLLIITTZZKKRRIIEEGG OONN FFOORREEIIGGNN MMEEDDIIAA one of the main communication channels in the process of accession to EU. he first task the Government set to itself was to get the foreign media inter- "This channel offers the possibilities Tested in the events in Montenegro. for interactive and two-way communica- "International media have a decisive impact on the development of inter- tion which ought to be present in every national public opinion. The first communication-related task is to attract their phase of the implementation of this interest to the events in Montenegro, bearing in mind the newsworthiness of Strategy. The Internet is also a medium potential information for the international public and specific interests of con- which allows to present all the relevant crete target groups", states the Strategy. information on the process of It adds that the annual Action plans should contain separate media plans Montenegro's accession to EU in one for informing the foreign media. place. In addition to the already "tradition- al" internet communication channels such opinion in EU member states, as well as the EU member states and greater support as web portals, presentations and e-mail, on the decision making process itself. Our by the international public to its accession more attention should be given to the goal in communicating with this target to EU. increasingly popular web 2.0 (internet group is to raise awareness about the The document also notes a public communities, social networking websites, progress Montenegro made in fulfilling EU opinion poll published in February 2009 sharing platforms for video and photo accession requirements, to build a net- and conducted among the citizens of EU materials, wikis, blogs etc), especially in work of EU contacts and conduct all other members states on the question of the communication with the youth and with activities which are necessary to promote most important factors for future EU the foreign public. The rapid pace of and strengthen the positions and capaci- enlargement. The results varied tremen- development of this area requires contin- ties of institutions and organisations in dously from one country to another, with uous harmonisation of the communication Montenegro", states the communication the citizens of Italy, Malta and UK being approach to the current developments and strategy. most focused on the matters of immigra- innovations in information and communi- The document also emphasises that, tion, while Slovenians, Estonians, Greeks cation technologies", warns the Strategy. in relation to this target group, an impor- and Fins worried more about stability on The Government recommends that tant role should be played by their borders. public events, as well as personal contacts, Montenegrin diplomatic missions to vari- The Montenegrin Government should also be used to promote EU. ous EU members. believes that Montenegro-related informa- According to the Strategy, On the other hand, the general EU tion for the EU public should be targeted Government's partners in communication public is perceived as a conglomerate of towards freedom and democratic values, with the citizens should be public insti- different target groups. economic issues, emigration and cultural tutions media, NGOs, business sector, "Having a separate communication and religious issues. academic community, local self-govern- approach to each of these individual tar- Further progress towards EU integrations, especially the acquisition get groups within this larger category would require deployment of significant of the candidate status and the opening of the negotiations human and material resources. It is there- process will require greater support for Montenegro among the fore necessary to identify communication citizens of EU member states. This will require, according to the priorities and general messages. In that strategy, greater efforts to improve the image of the country in the sense, communication activities should be international public and publicise its successes in the adoption of developed in two directions: improving EU standards and values the image of the country, i.e. rising aware- ness on the part of the EU general public Regarding communication channels, ments and organisations and religious about the general civilisational, historical, the Government favours television and communities. cultural, economic and natural character- radio which are "the most accessible media "In order to bring the Strategy in line istics of Montenegro on the one hand, for the largest number of presently identi- with the real needs, it is necessary for the and on the other communicating about fied target groups". Ministry of European Integrations to pre- concrete areas which could be of interest "Besides, television and radio are the pare every year, in cooperation with non- to the public in certain member states" most suitable media for initiating public governmental organisations and other part- states the Strategy. discussions and debates in relation to var- ners, annual action plans. These will con- The strategy is not meant to provide ious aspects of Montenegro's accession to tain, in addition to the findings of opinion detailed guidelines for Montenegrin public EU, thereby offering the opportunity to polls, a detailed overview of activities, tools diplomacy or nation-branding, but it does offer meaningful arguments to the citizens and templates for communication, target aim to coordinate additional activities in about the positive sides and advantages of groups, project leaders, potential partners order to create a competitive identity of EU membership", states the document. and the mode of financing", states the the country in the international public, According to the Strategy, the press Communication strategy. which it judges to be necessary for the should be used in order to offer the most sake of better perception of Montenegro in complete information on the EU system V.@.

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W H Y D O I W A N T T O B E A C I T I Z E N O F E U R O P E A N U N I O N Voqspnjtjoh!tjmfodf //////// expect him to be able to choose the most suitable people for every school, people who will be able to respond to the daily needs of ontenegro is students and teachers in different environ- Man unalien- ments. Is he more familiar with all the able part of potential candidates in Plav or Kotor, or any Europe. But we are other municipality of Montenegro than the so far from the teachers' collective, the students and the ideals and values parents? They ought to have the right to represented by decide on the issues important for their European Union community. And this right, which they acquired though the previous law, shouldn't by Danilo Ajkovi} be taken away from them! We ought to learn from the past mis- that it is about time that we seriously start takes and understand that the entire system has right to an opinion, without having to worrying about it and get down to sorting cannot be entrusted to one man, because fear the consequences. Just like the second- out our problems and cleaning up our back- that makes the system vulnerable. We ought ary school students in Cetinje, who took the yard, because nobody else will do it for us. to learn from the contemporary positive responsibility and fought for their rights. The Although it seems we will not do it examples and good practices where the cit- right that has existed since ancient Greece: either. Too many things let to pass. We izen's don't only exercise their power once the right to decide. And they won. That's tucked ourselves into private survival tactics every four years in front of the ballot box, one more reason for us to join the fight. instead of plunging into life that demands but on a daily basis, influencing a myriad of As a member of a CCE youth group I and produces the necessary changes. tiny issues which are of importance to their recently visited the Gymnasium in Cetinje where we showed a few films on human I believe that development of a country doesn't only depend on rights. The director, the school psychologists its economy or road infrastructure, or on the survival of some fac- and other staff were professional, friendly, and tories, but primarily on education. Economy can recover, and the ready to help us out with anything we need- ed. I talked to somebody about it, and he factories can be rebuilt, but how do we give education back to replied: "Well, so what, it's their job". Maybe, generations of student, if we destroy it now? but they are among the few who do it well. The facts are already in the books, we Recently, during the first spring session, communities. We have to learn from EU, don't need people to reproduce them Montenegrin Parliament adopted more than which is based on the power of institutions mechanically, the society needs to hear the 90 laws, among others Changes and and active citizenship. voice of youth, my peers, because we are the Amendments to the Law on General The law has been adopted without a ones who stand to gain or lose the most from Education, re-centralising educational sys- breath of protest from teachers, although they EU membership, we are the ones who show tem. For more than 120 primary and 47 sec- are the ones who are responsible for the whether we are worthy of it. Now is the time ondary schools the choice of directors is education of young people. And the parents? for us to show that we can use our head for again up to the ministry, instead of being the responsibility of the school boards and local Between flawed laws and obedient citizens we find ourselves at a communities. These are precisely the kinds crossroads where any road we choose will be wrong and contrary of decisions that take us further away from to what the EU stands for EU, decision taken by the same people who keep telling us about European integrations Taking their cue from the teachers' silence, thinking, that we are the ones who make and their importance. they followed the same line of thinking - that decisions in our own environments, in our I believe that development of a country it is better for them not to meddle. The EU streets, and that the times when the respon- doesn't only depend on its economy or road has no use for such citizens. Perhaps it is bet- sibility was shifted to others have now passed. infrastructure, or on the survival of some fac- ter for us to stay where we are, if we're fine The balance between fulfilling our tories, but primarily on education. Economy with it and if we chose silence voluntarily. duties and demanding our rights is the way can recover, and the factories can be rebuilt, Between flawed laws and obedient cit- to EU. That is why I want to get there. but how do we give back education to gen- izens we find ourselves at a crossroads where Because of myself, but also because of those erations of student, if we destroy it now? any road we choose will be wrong and con- who don't think that way. Apart from taking us a step backwards, trary to what the EU stands for. I want to and this centralisation is also dubious from the I'm able to become a citizen of EU, because The author is a student of the Law standpoint of the public good. Even if the I want the kind of education from the pri- Faculty in Podgorica and a volunteer in minister was the best, could we realistically mary school to university where everybody Centre for Civic Education

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Mftt!npofz!gps!FV EE--ccoommmmeerrccee ddiissaappppooiinnttiinngg uropean governments cut down the EU up its requests, must be completed by Ebudget for 2011 by almost four billion October. uropean Commission has recently euros, which is bound to slow down the Seven EU members, including UK and Einitiated comprehensive consulta- EU's ambitious plan to become a global Denmark, refused to sign the budget pro- tions to find out what are the barriers player and downsize the subsidies for agri- posed by EC which envisaged a 2.91% to development of electronic com- culture and expenditure on administration. increase compared to last year. merce in Europe. The governments agreed the budget More than a half of overall cuts, or a Ten years after the start of the will be 126.5 billion euros, or 3.6 billion bit less than two billion euros, is in cohe- implementation of the Directive on e- less than requested by the European sion funds - mostly assistance for the poor- commerce, it still accounts for less than Commission. est EU regions. The Common Agricultural 2% of total income from retail trade in Next, the Budget will be discussed in Policy (CAP), which is the largest item on the EU, and the EC will try to find out the European Parliament, and the negotia- EU budget, will be reduced by more than what are the obstacles to its development. tions with EC, which doesn't want to give 800 billion euros, to 57.3 billion. Fydfmmfou!hsbjo!ibswftu

rain production in EU will remain sta- The EC experts estimate that Spain, Gble this year compared to a five-year Lithuania, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria will average, and the yield is expected to rise in have exceptionally good harvests of wheat spite of draughts and floods affecting many and barley, and only Greece and Portugal parts of Europe, EC announced. will do worse than average. EC said these estimates were based on SSaammee cchhaarrggeerrss data collected before 10 July, and that draughts rom the next year most mobile phones and floods affecting certain parts of Europe being sold in Europe will be using the after this date could change the forectast. F The report doesn't contain an assess- same charger, announced the EC recent- ment of the success of the harvest on the ly. It believes the universal charger will prices of grain which are bound to rise as "make the consumers' lives much easier" Russia, one of the world's leading exporters but also constitute a substantial environ- of grain, has been hard hit by the warmest mental improvement, reducing the num- summer in the last 130 years. ber of unnecessary chargers. The novelty concerns the newer ge- nerations of mobile phones which have a USB connection to computers. The Ofqpujtn!gps!b!qbttqpsu agreement was supported by the leading producers such as Apple, LGE, Motorola, NEC, Nokia, RIM, Samsung, SonyEricsson, round five million citizens of Moldova, tial citizens is a sum of all Moldovans who Alcatel and Texas Instruments. AMacedonia, Serbia, Ukraine and Turkey speak Romanian, Slavs in Macedonia, have a chance to get an EU passport Hungarians living in Serbia and Ukraine and through shortened citizenship procedures Turks who left Bulgaria during communism. AAggaaiinnsstt ddiissaasstteerrss offered by three EU states to the ethnic All of them are entitled to EU citizenships fter the end of the summer holi- groups or minorities outside their borders, through preferential programmes. days European Commission will reports the Associated Press. In Moldova, where 2/3 of the citizens A reveal its proposal for the strengthening The analysis shows that, as a conse- speak Romanian, around 120 000 holds of EU's capacities to deal with natural quence of special citizenship laws imple- Romanian passports. The government in mented by Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary, Bucharest said that another 800 000 people disasters, announced the EC represen- around five million "outsiders" could out of the total population of 4 million tative Ferran Tarradellas in mid-August. become EU citizens, mostly people from Moldovans applied for Romanian citizenship. French President Nicolas Sarkozy the poorest European countries that will Around 1.4 million Macedonians of recently called on EU to assemble a take many years to become EU members. Slavic origin is also entitled to the citizenship rapid response force for natural disas- Romania and Bulgaria are already giv- of Bulgaria, which maintains that Macedonians ters, after the recent floods in Pakistan ing citizenships to the related ethnic groups are Bulgarians who speak a different language. and forest fires in Russia. of minorities living outside their borders, Budapest is planning to offer dual citizenship Taradellas said that EC had start- and Hungary is planning to do the same and passports to millions of ethnic Hungarians ed working on the initiative long from January. living outside of its borders - among them 300 before Sarkozy's proposal. The number of 4.7 million of poten- 000 in Serbia and around 160 000 in Ukraine.

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C A N T H E E A S T E R N M E M B E R S F U L F I L E D U C A T I O N A L G O A L S S E T B Y T H E E U R O P E A N C O M M I S S I O N Csvttfmt!epfto(u!mjlf!fnquz!dmbttsppnt

hile some of the EU's Eastern those two countries, the Roma factor Wmember states are confident and the difficult rural environment - about achieving the bloc's 2020 especially in Romania - appear to be education targets, others - Hungary, holding back progress in access to Bulgaria and Romania - may struggle education. to satisfy the European Commission's At its last summit in mid June expectations, reports EurActiv. the European Council committed The agreed goals in the 'Europe itself to the EU education targets but 2020' strategy - reducing the share explicitly stressed that national edu- of early school leavers to 10% and cation goals and education systems making sure that at least 40% of 30- are the responsibility of member 34 year olds have a degree or diplo- states. Germany and Austria, both of ma by 2020 - are EU-wide averages. which are federally-structured coun- National targets are to be agreed tries, had initially resisted the EU- with the European Commission, wide goals owing to concerns about meaning that lower results in certain their federal competencies. member states can be balanced out Poland is one of the leading by above-average ones in others. for lower - and for them seemingly member states when it comes to Poland, the Czech Republic and more challenging - targets of 32% education statistics. Its authorities Slovakia are leading the way when it and 30% respectively. have welcomed both the 'Europe comes to school dropout rates - all For Bulgaria and Romania, the 2020' education targets and have set three are well within the EU-wide EU's newest arrivals, reducing the themselves even more ambitious goal of 10% - although neighbouring proportion of early school leavers national goals. Currently, just 5% of Hungary could struggle to meet its will be a difficult task. Particularly in pupils in Poland do not finish sec- national target of 8.4%, as proposed Romania, many children leave ondary school - the lowest rate by the European Commission. school before finishing their educa- among the EU's 27 member states - As for the higher education goal, tion, a trend which has not been and its education authorities are the Poles have set themselves an aided by the onset of the global aiming to reduce it by a further half ambitious target of 45%, while the economic crisis. percentage point. Czechs and the Slovaks are aiming The higher degree of poverty in As for tertiary education, Poland wants to reach a higher level than the EU-wide goal, and is aiming to TROUBLESOME ROMANIA see 45% rather than 40% of 30-34 TROUBLESOME ROMANIA year olds with a degree or diploma omania appears to be the most difficult case among the EU's Eastern coun- by 2020. In 2008, 29.7% of 30-34 Rtries, with the rate of early school leavers on the rise. Between 2000 and year old Poles held such qualifica- 2007, the number of early school leavers increased threefold, according to the tions Ministry of Education, Research, Youth and Sport. However, Poland is performing According to the country's Institute for Statistics, in 2008 more than less impressively in other areas of 436,000 children aged between three and 17 were not enrolled in any kind education. The share of Polish 3-5 of education institution, be that kindergarten, school, secondary or profession- year olds attending kindergarten al school. The economic crisis, which hit Romania hard, appears to have wors- stands at 60%, compared with an EU ened the situation. average of over 90%. Another prob- The NGOs warn that the number of early school leavers sharply increas- es after the age of 13 and reaches a peak at 16-17 years. Only a quarter of lem is lifelong learning among adults: children from rural areas make it to secondary school, as many of them are the EU average is 9.5%, while in already working instead of studying. Poland it is only 4.7%. The Czech Republic is not wor-

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ried about the EU's 2020 education targets and is confident of attaining TTHHEE KKIIDDSS FFRROOMM ""OOLLDD"" EEUURROOPPEE its goals regarding both school NNOOTT TTOOOO KKEEEENN OONN SSCCHHOOOOLL EEIITTHHEERR dropouts and tertiary education. The number of early school ast European countries are not the only ones who are lagging behind leavers in the country stands at just EEuropean educational goals. In spite of major reforms taking place in France 5.6%, second only to Poland. The in the last five years this developed country is currently lagging behind in the Czechs are thus well within the EU- aim of reducing the number of early school leavers although it is ahead of the wide target, although education target to increase the proportion of young people who complete tertiary edu- expert Eva Richterova believes that cation. the rate can be improved further In 2008, 18% of French pupils left secondary school without obtaining all with more parental support and bet- their qualifications. That year, ministers set the aim of reducing dropouts in ter student performance. schools in banlieues (city suburbs) by 10%, while the government passed a law in June 2010 stating that family allowances could be suspended in cases of Meeting the second goal - repeated absenteeism. ensuring that at least 40% of 30-34 However, the focus on absenteeism was seen by some as an easy option. year-olds have a degree or diploma Teachers' union views the move as ''inefficient and unjust because if it was - could prove more challenging, yet implemented, it would hit families that are already suffering hard''. the Czech Ministry of Education, Meanwhile, France is already ahead of the target to increase the share of Youth and Sports is confident that young people with a diploma to 40% by 2020. In 2008, 42% of French 25- the national target of 32% will be 34 year olds held such a qualification. In the EU, only Belgium and Spain have achieved. a higher rate. According to the current national strategy, 50% of the current The new centre-right coalition generation of school pupils should hold a degree by 2015. government is planning major reform of the education system - it plans to Hungary's national education members to join the Union in 2007, raise teacher salaries and introduce targets based on Europe 2020 will be both face a real challenge to reduce university fees - yet the country's difficult for the country to meet: their numbers of early school leavers targets are unlikely to change. while the higher education goal may - though the latter is confident of Slovakia is a front-runner when be achievable, the proposed early reaching the EU's higher education it comes to early school leavers, but school leavers one is "not realistic," target. will have to double the proportion of according to the Ministry of In Bulgaria, 93.4% of all 7-10 25-34 year olds with tertiary educa- Education. year-olds attended school in the tion qualifications to meet its agreed The higher education target pro- academic year 2009-10. Yet the fig- national target. posed by the European Commission ure falls to 82.4% for children aged The rate of school dropouts in for Hungary is 33.8%, which would 11-14 and only 78.6% of all young- Slovakia is 6%, only slightly higher require a significant increase from sters actually completed secondary than in Poland and the Czech the current rate of 22.4%. Yet the school, according to research by the Republic. According to the Slovak Ministry of Education believes this National Statistical Institute. Ministry of Education, the country goal can be attained - as demo- This means that currently 21.4% ''has very good results in this indica- graphic trends predict a positive of young Bulgarians do remain in tor, since graduation from secondary effect in the coming years. secondary school for the duration - school has significant social value ''The Ministry takes on the chal- more than double the EU-wide goal and the acquisition of at least the lenges of the EU target,'' an official of 10% by 2020. vocational certificate is a prerequisite in the office of Rozsa Hoffmann, However, Bulgaria is well-placed of being able to get a job''. state secretary for education, told to attain the target of increasing the On the other hand, OECD sta- EurActiv when asked about the early proportion of young people with a tistics show that only 13% of 25-34 school leavers' target. degree or diploma to at least 40% by year olds in Slovakia hold a univer- As for school drop-outs, the rate 2020. In the 2009-10 academic year, sity degree, though higher education has stagnated in the last few years 33.1% of 19-23 year-olds attended enrolment rates have significantly following a steady improvement university or specialised higher edu- improved in the last few years - to since 2000. In 2009, it stood at cation schools, while another 4.7% just under one in three secondary 11.4% and the Commission has pro- attended colleges or higher level school leavers. The Slovak target is posed 8.4% by 2020, but Hoffmann vocational training programmes. 30% and the education ministry is wants it to be a more modest 10%. optimistic it can be achieved. Bulgaria and Romania, the last Prepared by: V. []EPANOVI]

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L A W O N T H E U S E O F S I G N L A N G U A G E D E L A Y E D B E C A U S E O F S T A N D A R D I S A T I O N P R O C E D U R E S Ifbs!pvu!uif!efbg

by Irena Ra{ovi} possibility to communicate and I don't see the reason for such delays", stablishing a quality communica- Popovi} said. Etion with persons with damaged Sne`ana Miju{kovi}, assistant hearing in Montenegro won't be easy. minister in the Ministry of Labour and Although Montenegro planned the Social Assistance admits that the issue Law on the sign language for 2009, in of the sign language is more complex line with its commitments to EU, the than they originally thought, before goal is still far aay. the discussion on the Law began. "A Standardisation of the Montene- quality solution is more important grin sign language is the reason for than keeping up with the deadlines", language is the primary goal of the these delays. she said. "This solution must be based European Union of Deaf (EUD), an "This law is important for the on our own experiences, and not organisation founded in 1985 and deaf. They can't do anything without those of others. This is exactly what representing the interests of the deaf it", says Danilo Popovi}, secretary of the European community recom- on the EU level. The working group the Union of Organisations of the mends when it encourages the coun- in charge of drafting the Law on the deaf and people with damaged hear- tries to introduce their own national sign language in Montenegro was ing (SOGIN) of Montenegro. sign languages." established in May 2009. "The law is supposed to recognise In most European countries today "Originally", says Vesna Simovi}, the right of the deaf people to use the sign language is equal to the spo- member of the Working Group, "the their mother tongue, via interpreters, ken one, thanks to the efforts of the intention was define the notion of the and thus ease their everyday lives. European Parliament which in 1988 sign language and that of interpreter The deaf are currently deprived of the and later in 1998 adopted the and notary, the conditions for their Resolution on the sign language, appointment, procedures for registra- insisting that all member states should tion, disciplinary responsibility, the DDEEAAFF MMPPSS recognise the language of the deaf society of notaries and interpreters for and its use. The freedom of speech the sign language and the use of the n Europe, deafness is no more an and information is one of the basic language. Later, however, it was Iobstacle to active participation in human rights in every democratic decided that the new law should be the social life. The deaf are attend- society. This right has been enshrined called the Law on the use of the sign ing regular educational programmes, in the international documents, espe- language, which means that it will working, receiving news, doing pol- cially by the Universal Declaration of only regulate the matter of its usage, itics... Human Rights and by the European while the conditions for appointment, There are four deaf persons Convention on Human Rights. dismissal and registration of inter- who are members of European par- Among the most important for liaments: Dr Adam Kosa, from preters will be regulated by another the persons with damaged hearing are Hungary, was elected to the decree of the Ministry of Education". the UN Standard Rules on equal European Parliament in 2009. Apart In addition to the right to free from him, there are also Helga opportunities for persons with disabil- services of interpreters for sign lan- Stevens from Belgium in the Flemish ities. Although these rules aren't legal- guage, the Law defines responsibilities parliament, Helene Jarmer in the ly binding, there is a substantial moral of the civil servants and employees of Austrian and Gergely Tapolczai in commitment and political dedication local administrations. the Hungarian parliament. of the member states to apply them. One of the proposals is to accord Recognition of the right to sign the deaf the services of interpreters

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free of charge for up to 30 hours a year, i.e. 100 hours for educational purposes. Although the plan sounds way too ambitious for Montenegro which only has a handful of notaries, SOGIN believes that the situation won't improve unless the Law comes into force. "We can't train translators unless there is a clear procedure". However, the lack of notaries, their training and licensing aren't the only problem of the future law. The preparations have been post- poned, according to the Ministry of Labour and Social Assistance, "until the resolution of issues which are responsibility of the Ministry of Education in Science, so that the use the Ministry we prepared the Tamara Mili} from the Ministry of of the sign language follows previous- Handbook for the sign language for Education and Science told us that ly set standards". the deaf in Montenegro with around the standardisation will however be Negotiations over standardisation 700 words. This is an updated version completed by the Ministry of Edu- of the Montenegrin sign language of the dictionary "The Language of cation. have been on for more than half a Hands" which has been in use with "We are about to appoint a year. our members for decades. We intro- working group that will find the solu- "There was a lot of talk about the duced some characteristics of our sign tion for the standardisation of the sign two new letters of the Montenegrin language such as toponyms, some language. I'm not saying that we are alphabet, the "s" and "z", says Danilo archaisms or words which mean unhappy with our cooperation with Popovi}. "The deaf are a specific cat- something specific in our society. We the Union of the Deaf, but we believe egory. They can't hear or tell apart were shocked when the deputy min- it would be even better to involve the sounds, and there's not need to ister, Vesna Vu~urovi},, recently told more competent people in order to complicate already established signs. us to address our request to approve arrive at the best solution", said Mili} The new sounds should be simply the handbook to Council for General in the interview for European Re- avoided". Education i.e. the Educational porter. "Following recommendations by Bureau". "We will definitely involve repre- sentatives of the Educational Bureau and those from the institution for rehabilitation of children with difficul- LLOOSSIINNGG PPAATTIIEENNCCEE ties in hearing and speaking, which is ill standardisation of the sign language remove all obstacles to the Law the only such institution in Monte- Wremains to be seen. negro, as well as the representatives Union of the deaf and persons with damaged hearing has been running of Union of deaf and persons with out of patience with repeated delays. damaged hearing". "The deaf are in many ways the most vulnerable population among the Mili} didn't want to comment on persons with disabilities in Montenegro. They are the only ones who don't the current proposal of SOGIN, say- receive a single euro on account of their disability. We can't believe that ing that "this is for the working group money is the problem in this case, especially since the law concerns around to decide". 600 persons in Montenegro who were born deaf and for whom sings are the "This time there will be no dead- only means of communication. That doesn't require too much money", says lines. Standardisation will be complet- Danilo Popovi}. ed when the working group settles on Popovi} added that he expects cooperation and understanding from the the best possible model. Everything authorities but that, unless the law is quickly adopted, the Union will be forced must be to the benefit of better com- to request assistance from the European Parliament. munication of deaf people", she said.

E u r o p e a n p u l s e N o 5 9 21 N G O a c t i v i t i e s / G e t t i n g a c q u a i n t e d w i t h E u r o p e a n U n i o n A u g u s t , 2 0 1 0

NON-GGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION

In the framework of the new educational programme European foundatiion "Contemporary tendencies of critical thought" for democracy uropean foundation for democracy is CCE organises Enon partisan and non profit organisation based in Brussels. The organisation is striv- ing for promotion and protection of univer- sal human rights, freedom, individual rights and political and social pluralism. Foundation is founded with the aim to A cycle of lectures on gather the individuals and organisation fighting for the values of democracy and human rights and to be some kind of coor- dinator of their activities. Jacques Lacan Foundation is based in Brussels, the core of European political life but in the same tame linked to many like minded one of intellectual icons of the 20th century, individuals and CSOs from Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and America. psychoanalyst, psychiatrist and philosopher. The main activities of the organisation are: - Promotion of universal human rihts, free- Moderator of the seminar will be Filip Kova~evi}, PhD. dom of concience, individual freedoms Lectures and discussions will take place in the CCE premises, every and social and political pluralism; Wednesday from 7 p.m. - Giving support in raising awarness on the significance of gender equality, human Interested candidates may file an application with a short CV via rights, accountability and objectivity of e-mail address [email protected] not later than October 14, 2010 at media, government accountability and transparency, importance of free and 5 p.m. indipendent judiciary and development of Due to the limited number of participants, please respect the rule of law in general; application deadlines. - Giving support in enhancing the activities of progressive forces and ideas in so called "closed societies" aimed at supporting them to reach the level of development similar to the modern european societies; - Conducting of numerous researches on political and social phenomena and pro- cesses closely connected to the issues which are in the focus of organisation's activities. Foundation has developed coppera- tion with European institutions and numer- ous civil society organisations from all around the world. Very important aspect of the organisa- tion activities is work on supporting the reforms in the countries of radical Islamic regimes where the human rights are seri- ously endangered. More information on the Foun- dation could be found on web site: www.europeandemocracy.org

Prepared by: Petar \UKANOVI]

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CCE and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung publicise AN ADVERTISEMENT for participants of XVI generation of DEMOCRACY SCHOOL - school for learning democracy from theory to practice - School comprises 5 modules lasting totally four months. The courses will be held once or twice a week for 2 hours. All expenses are covered by the foundation Friedrich Ebert and Centre for Civic Education, with obligation of the participants to attend not less than 80% of the programme. Upon finishing of the School the participants shall receive a certificate and be eli- gible for further educational development. The right to participate have candidates who want to contribute to development of democracy and civic society in Montenegro. All candidates are welcome, regardless of age, gender, nationality, religion or personal convictions, with the indica- tion that advantage have activists of the political parties and non-governmental organisations and all individuals who are show- ing high level of social activism. Moderator of the School is professor Radovan Radonji}, PhD, and beside him eminent domestic and foreign lecturers will be working with participants. All interested candidates may submit their application with short biography not later than 15 September 2010, on the address: Centre for Civic Education (for "Democracy school") Njego{eva 36, 81 000 Podgorica Tel/Fax: 020 / 665 112 E-mmail: [email protected] www.cgo-ccce.org

Centre for Civic Education (CCE), Centre for development of non-ggovernmental organisations (CDNGOs) and European move- ment in Montenegro (EMiM) with the support of Foundation Open Society Institute- Office in Montenegro (FOSI ROM), are publicizing an ADVERTISEMENT for participants of the X generation of the EUROPEAN INTEGRATION SCHOOL School is composed of 8 modules totally lasting four months, and it encompasses a wide spectrum of theoretical and prac- tical knowledge from the field of European Integration. The lectures are held two times per week, and each lecture lasts for two hours (with the possibility of additional lectures), as well as through the topic oriented seminars. Prominent domestic and foreign experts will familiarize the participants with the history, aims, development and functioning of European integrative processes and European institutions, acquis communitaire, economic principles of the European integra- tion, European security and mechanisms of the protection of human rights, diverse experiences of the member states and region, EU funds project cycle management, as well as position of Montenegro on its way to the EU. The right to participate have the candidates whose priority is to gain new knowledge in above-mentioned fields and to con- tribute to the affirmation of ideas, meaning and standards of European integration in Montenegro. All candidates are welcome regardless of their age, gender, nationality, religion or personal beliefs, indicating that the priority have candidates who show high level of social activism in governmental, non-governmental, party, trade-union, commercial, scientific and cultural framework. Expenses for the schooling are covered by organisers, with the obligation of the participants to attend at least 80% of the programme. Upon completion of the School participants receive a diploma and gain right for further professional training. Three best participants will be awarded with organised study visit to the EU institutions in Brussels. Application with short biography should be sent not later than 24 September 2010, on the address: Centre for Civic Education (for "European Integration School") Njego{eva 36, 81 000 Podgorica Tel/Fax: 020 / 665 112 E-mmail: [email protected] www.cgo-ccce.org

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F O R T H I S I S S U E W E R E C O M M E N D :

THE EUROPEAN MASTER Science/Information System; a mini- mum 3.0 (B) grade-point average in IN LAW AND ECONOMICS Bachelor's degree work completed after The European Master in Law and the first two years; English proficiency Economics Scholarships amount to test; a statement of purpose (motiva- 21,000 EURO per selected student. It tion letter); Two letters of recommen- is offered by a consortium of seven dation; Complete resume in English. universities. Available fund: €20.000 or €48.000 The study programme covers one aca- during the 2 years of studies demic year, divided into three terms. Deadline: 15 January 2011 The Masters Course is designed to pro- For more information on application vide students with advanced knowledge procedure please visit: www.immit.eu in Economic Analysis of Law and the use of economic methods to explain EUROPEAN MASTERS IN and assess the effects of divergent legal rules. LIFELONG LEARNING Since differences between national laws The rationale of the Masters of Lifelong have been at the core of European Learning is to increase the awareness of policy making, the Masters Course European Lifelong Learning policies in a offers unique value concerning the EU's regional European context as well as on central ambitions. Students on this pro- September at IAE Aix-en-Provence. a global scale. It aims to provide poli- gramme will become competent to The emphasis will be on the founda- cy-makers and professionals with work for public organizations and large tions of international business. The responsibility for managing, delivering multinational law firms. semester will finish in December and in or supporting Lifelong Learning with Graduates are also well prepared for January the students will move to the opportunities to develop their own Ph.D research in Law and Economics. University of Turku in Finland to start analysis and practice in what is a con- The language of instruction is English, the second semester. The main focus of stantly changing economic, social, but the master thesis can also be writ- the second semester will be on skills in technological and policy environment. ten in another European language, IT management. The second semester Eligibility: a good first degree (humani- excluding the student's mother tongue. will finish in May. The third semester ties or social sciences) from a recog- Deadline for applications: 15 October, will start at Tilburg University in nised institution of higher education, a 2010. September and the emphasis shifts satisfactory level of spoken and written For more information and application, towards integration issues such as the English. visit Master in Law and Economics role of IT in business transformation, Scholarship amounts to 21,000 Euro Scholarships: management of IT-based innovation per academic year. This includes 10 http://www.emle.org/Subpages_rubric/ind and more specialized topics in interna- monthly grants of 1,600 Euro and a ex.php?rubric=Erasmus+Mundus+Grants tional IT management. The fourth fixed amount of 5,000 Euro for fees, semester starts in February and is travel expenses, relocation costs, etc. INTERNATIONAL MASTER devoted to thesis work, which includes For courses lasting two years, the stu- an internship in an international oper- dent receives double this amount, i.e. IN MANAGEMENT OF IT ating company. This internship could be 42,000 Euro. The IMMIT programme degree totals anywhere in Europe. For further information please contact 120 ECTS credits, to be completed in Applicant criteria: Bachelor's or equiv- the Erasmus Mundus Administration 2 years full-time studies. The language alent undergraduate degree (180 ECTS) [email protected] of instruction is English. either in Management/Economics/ Busi- The application deadline is 1 December The first semester will start in ness Administration or in Computer 2010.

EIC Bulletin -EEuropean pulse is electronic magazine established within EIC programme, with the support of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The publisher is Centre for Civic Education. EIC Bulletin -EEuropean pulse is registered with the Ministry for Culture and Media as item No. 578 Editor in Chief: Vladan @ugi} Editorial Board: Vera [}epanovi}, Daliborka Uljarevi}, Vladimir Pavi}evi}, Dragan Stojovi}, Vladimir Vu~ini}, Petar \ukanovi} Tehnical Editor: Bla`o Crvenica; Translation: Vera [}epanovi}; Language editing and proofreading: CCE Njego{eva 36/I; Tel/fax: +382 20 665-112, 665-327; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] EIC Bulletin -EEuropean pulse can be downloaded at the www.cgo-cce.org

E u r o p e a n p u l s e N o 5 9 24