European pulse E l e c t r o n i c m o n t h l y m a g a z i n e f o r E u r o p e a n i n t e g r a t i o n - N o . 5 3 , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 0

IINNTTEERRVVIIEEWW Director of the Belgrade Academy of Diplomacy and Security Dr Andreja Savi}

AANNAALLYYSSEESS Consequences of the growing suspicion that underground is influencing Montenegrin authorities

EEUU CCHHAALLLLEENNGGEESS Slovenia - five years after EU FFOOCCUUSS OOFF TTHHIISS IISSSSUUEE accession Can government separate the property of the party from that of state F o r e w o r d / C a l e n d a r F e b r u a r y , 2 0 1 0

Montenegro the first after Croatia (10 February) - Montenegro will be the first coun- try after Croatia to become a full member of EU, said deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister of Luxembourg Jean Aselborn, who was in Podgorica at a meeting with his Montenegrin counterpart Milan Ro}en.

200 000 EUR to translate the Questionnaire (11 February) - On request of Centre for Civic Education (CCE), Ministry of European Integrations announced that it hired 117 people to translate the Questionnaire, and paid 137.840,20 EUR for their services. "In addition to this, there were 68 proof-readers, to whom we paid 68.895,85 EUR. The total budget for translations was thus 206.736,05 EUR. We received a donation from the Norwegian government for this project, which was 200.000 EUR, which means that almost the entire cost of translation was covered by the donation, and only CCAAPPAACCIITTIIEESS 6.736,05 EUR came from the Montenegrin Budget", said MEI. he case of [ari} revealed at least two EU to support the civil sector (11 February) - EU started a project of technical sup- Tthings that will slow down Monte- port for civil society organisations (TACSO), which offers technical assistance to non- negro's European integrations, at any governmental organisations. Head of EU Delegation in Montenegro Leopold Maurer moment that Brussels or an EU member said that the goal of TACSO was to help NGOs to overcome technical problems in the state finds it necessary. They are the lack course of project implementation. Minister of European Integration Gordana \urovi} of political will to fight organised crime said that civil society will be informed about all opportunities for applying to European and the lack of administrative capacities. funds. TACSO, which is to begin in August and last two years, targets the countries of It seems that the lack of administra- the Western Balkans and Turkey, and has a total budget of 6.7 million euro. tive capacities, in spite of having become a buzzword, needs some explanation. The first control (16 February) - The first EC expert mission for human rights began Agency for National Security (ANS) its five-day visit to Montenegro, in the framework of a consultation process which is gave a positive opinion certifying that the next step after the submission of answer to the Questionnaire. This is the first of Darko [ari}, accused for international crime of cocaine smuggling, is no securi- several missions that were announced by EC as part of the preparation of the opin- ty threat to Montenegro, which was one ion on Montenegro's application for membership in EU. of the conditions for the Ministry of Interior Affairs and Public Administration Balkan tops the list (17 February) - High EU represen- (MIAPA) to issue him a guarantee for get- tative for foreign and security policy Catherine Ashton ting a Montenegrin passport, under con- said in anticipation of her visit o Sarajevo, Belgrade and dition that he gives up Serbian citizenship. Pri{tina, that the West Balkan region was among the It seems that MIAPA didn't need any top EU priorities when it comes to foreign policy. guarantees from [ari} that he doesn't have citizenship of another country, although Reduce grey economy (17 February) - Montenegro the Law on Montenegrin citizenship needs to step up its efforts to reduce informal econo- makes no difference between Serbian and my and increase the capacities of tax administration, any other citizenship, including Slovak. focusing on tax collection, control and risk analysis, said In the meantime, the Police the head of EC Delegation in Podgorica, Leopold Directorate, which has [ari} under a Maurer, at the presentation of the project "Improves special regime of monitoring since 1993, capacities for more efficiency and functionality in the had the information about his Slovak work of Tax Administration". Catherine Ashton passport and knew what ANS didn't know, that is, that [ari} is a highly dan- gerous individual because of his links Montenegro to work on freedom of the media (21 February) - Director of the European with criminal organisations from the Commission DG Enlargement Michael Leigh told Montenegro that it needs to work on neighbouring countries. establishing efficient and independent judiciary, fight corruption and organised crime, Further, MIAPA's intelligence shows and protect human rights and freedom of the media if it wishes to get a positive Opinion that [ari} is resident in Pljevlja, whereas and begin negotiations for membership in the EU. "These are the questions that will be the Police Directorate claims that he is in discussed in the Opinion, and it is important for Montenegro to meet European stan- Belgrade. dards in these areas", Leigh said after the meeting on "Political dialogue EU-Montenegro", Finally, the police announced that where Montenegrin side was represented by the Foreign Affairs Minister Milan Ro}en. some ten days before the international wanted circular was published [ari} had Possible sanctions? (27 February) - Illegal migration from Montenegro is a cause of con- already illegally crossed the border, with cern in the EU, and MP of the European Parliament Hannes Swoboda proposed sus- the explanation that this part of the border pension of visa-free travel in case of continued abuse, announced Montenegrin daily is very "porous" and difficult to monitor. "Dan", citing Austrian "Der Kurier". According to the paper, specialised agencies of EU This, just to clarify things, is the same member states found that thousands of citizens of Montenegro, Serbia and Macedonia border police whose capacities, among used the possibility of visa-free travel to countries members of the Schengen zone and other things, earned Montenegro access to are now illegally living and working in EU. Swoboda, an MEP of the socialist coalition, the EU's White Schengen list. V.@. called for sanctions in case abuses continue.

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A V I E W F R O M E U Spdlz!spbet!up!Csvttfmt //////// "European" and yet a few years away from Ethnic rivalries, corruption and pure ineffi- joining the EU, transport integration does ciency have also undermined efforts towards not appear high on the Western Balkans' regional transport integration. he late Karl W. agenda. There is growing concern about the TDeutsch, a reno- Government budgets are unable to need of increased transport integration in wned political scien- fund the planning, construction and main- the Western Balkans. The benefits of trans- tist, is probably best tenance of regional road networks, resulting port efficiency have already been recog- remembered for hav- in congested or dangerous routes, and lead- nized in Brussels, which points out that ing introduced, some ing some to doubt the completion of even transport accounts for "about 7 percent of decades ago, the highly publicised projects, such as the GDP and more than 5 percent of total concept of the "secu- Albania-Kosovo Highway. employment in the EU." In the Western National airlines are competing with Balkans, improved transport routes would by Gerasimos Tsourapas and one another when they should be entering mean that the high trade balance deficits Theodore Couloumbis into strategic partnerships, taking advantage that torment the region would be reduced, of the region's small size and potential for given that efficient transport infrastructure rity community". Given his careful study of co-operation. High ticket prices and heavy would result in increased factor mobility, the Allies' failed 1919 attempts at achieving government subsidies result in limited air higher levels of output, and better market peace through the weakening and isolation traffic which, annually, for a region of 26 accessibility. As a result, lower commodity of Germany, Prague-born Mr Deutsch pro- million inhabitants, is one fifth that of prices, new employment opportunities, and posed that it is only through successful Vienna's airport alone. faster GDP growth would follow, not to regional integration or, more ambitiously, There is no commercial rail track link- mention better conditions for the develop- through independent states' unification that "men some day might abolish war." Intraregional transport integration in the Western Balkans is necessary While the application of the security to pave the way for these countries for future membership in EU community framework to the European Union has not ceased to fascinate scholars, ing Albania to neighboring countries. ment of tourism. there can be little doubt that, as far as the Montenegro is only connected to Serbia, This doesn't mean that transport inte- Western Balkans is concerned, the progress while Skopje remains unconnected to Sofia. gration constitutes a panacea for all the of regional integration leaves a lot to be This means that to move cargo from Tirana area's troubles. Nor are there quick fixes desired. This is particularly true in the neg- to Sofia, through Skopje, by rail (a distance towards this goal. The fact, however, lected transport sector, which could poten- of fewer than 350km), one would have to remains that question of transport infrastruc- tially serve as the area's most potent cata- use a 3-hour train to Shkodra, switch for ture development should be higher up on lyst towards growth and stability. Podgorica, take the 8-hour train to the agenda of both Brussels and the Accustomed to enjoying an extensive Belgrade, switch to the 9-hour train ride to Western Balkans' political leaderships. Of transport network, West Europeans tend to Skopje, take the 5-hour train to course, other initiatives are also important , forget that efficient transport routes are not Thessaloniki, change to the 6-hour train to such as the visa-liberalisation process or the simply a prerequisite to growth - they have Sofia, and hope nothing unplanned happens establishment of free-trade areas, but effi- historically been linked to genuine social along the way. cient cross-country transport is a sine qua and economic development. Why aren't we doing more to address non for the region's progress and for European seaports, the foundations of regional transport deficiencies? European integration. In other words, what the Age of Discovery, generated the build- Lack of adequate funding, for one, good is it cheering for Montenegro's ing of canal systems and, later on, the con- prevents the simultaneous construction of achievement of visa-free travel to the EU, struction of railways which underpinned the rail, road, air and maritime facilities in the when a Montenegrin cannot even get to Industrial Revolution and paved the way for entire region. From a Brussels perspective, Belgrade without much money or much the invention of the combustion engine. the development of a comprehensive trans- hassle? Through time a vast road and rail network port policy for the area has been an oner- In sum, intraregional transport integra- has been put in place in the developed ous task. This is mainly due to the fact that tion in the Western Balkans is necessary to regions of the world since the early days of some Balkan countries are already EU pave the way for these countries for future the 20th century. Indeed, today's globalised members, a few others have been granted membership in EU. world would have been less 'flat' without official candidate status and access to labyrinthine transport networks. meaningful funding, while others still have Gerasimos Tsourapas is Researcher at Europeans frequently overlook that not only recently declared independence. On the Hellenic Centre for European Studies everyone in their continent enjoys a high the local level, inefficient prioritisation pro- (EKEM). Theodore Couloumbis is Professor level of transport services. In fact, in the cedures have not allowed for the early Emeritus at the University of Athens only remaining region that is undoubtedly completion of the area's most vital projects. (SOURCE: EUobserver)

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T H E G O V E R N M E N T B E G I N S T O S E P A R A T E T H E P R O P E R T Y O F T H E P A R T Y F R O M T H E P R O P E R T Y O F T H E S T A T E Tubsufe!xjui!uif!#uxp!dpggjot# //////// the real test will be implementation. duration of their mandate. According to the Law on state Property Administration, which is property, the property of former SPO responsible for most of this work, has rom mid- should not be treated in the same completed the inventory of the prop- FFebruary the way as the property of the former erty of former SPO in most munici- ruling Demo- League of Communists of palities. cratic Party of Montenegro, Socialist Council of the The next thing is to compare Socialists (DPS) Working People of Montenegro and their inventory with the register of will be shorter the Council of Montenegrin Socialist the Real Estate Directorate, in order Youth. to arrive at a complete list of own- by Mirela Rebronja Article 73 of the Law envisages a ers, as not all property belonged to comprehensive inventory and evalu- the League of Communists. Once the for a hefty 800 million euros per year ation of the property, followed by evaluation and registration of the which it used to get on account of balanced distribution of this property property is completed, the Govern- renting its property to the through further regulations to the ment will issue a directive regulating Government of Montenegro. parties which have representatives in the use of such real estate as state The seat of the Montenegrin the state or local parliaments, for the property. Government was recently moved to a new building which, in a certain The demands of EC and OSCE are important from the standpoint of way, begins the process of separating free and fair elections. Opposition and the civil sector have warned party and state property, which has for many years now that the opponents of the government are in an been the constant reproach by the unequal position, as DPS, which got the right to manage state prop- European Commission and OSCE. erty as a legal successor of the former Social-PPolitical Organisations Their demands are important for, (SPO), used this property for the narrow party purposes if this process is ever completed, that I T

will dispel a lot of shadows surround- S E J I V ing the Montenegrin electoral process o t o

- for years now the opposition has h p been complaining that it is financial- ly disadvantages, as DPS can use public property (which it acquired the right to manage when the courts declared DPS the hair to the former Social-Political Organisations - SPO) to its party purposes. The first legal separation of the property of the party from that of state began in June 2009 when the Parliament adopted the Law on state property. In its latest Progress Report on Montenegro, European Commission said that the law provides adequate framework for separating state from Neven Go{ovi} party property, but emphasised that

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Vice-president of the Socialist T S E J I

People's Party Neven Go{ovi} said in V

o t o the interview with the European h p Pulse that the problem is not with the law, which is clearly formulated and does not allow for ambiguous interpretations. Dissatisfaction in the opposition stems from the disregard for the Law by those in power. "The Government was supposed to appoint an Ombudsman for the legal and property interests of Montenegro within 3 months since the coming into force of this law, i.e. by August 2009, and this only hap- pened in December", said Go{ovi}, adding that this is just one of the examples of the governments' disre- gard for the law. Vlado Dedovi} Another example, according to him, is the fact that the 2010 budg- Go{ovi} reminds that OSCE rec- ties to use state property and et allocated 10 000 euros to the ommendations insisted on a division resources more generally for their office of the Ombudsman, which is between acting on behalf of the campaigns. supposed to cover the yearly wages Vice-ppresident of SNP Neven Go{ovi} says that the problem is not of the employees as well as the costs the law, which is clearly formulated and does not allow for of all activities. ambiguous interpretations, but with the Government which does "The Government was also sup- not respect obligations set by the Law on state property posed to adopt a directive on the inventory procedures for the state- Government and on behalf of a In implementing the decisions owned property by September 2009, political party, which includes a sep- prescribed by this law, the most dif- but nothing happened yet", he said. arate law that would forbid the par- ficult task will go to the Property Administration which is in charge of DPS LOSES PSYCHOLOGICAL ADVANTAGE inventory and evaluation. Director of this Administration n addition to having a stable source of financing, DPS had other benefits from and member of the DPS presidency Ibeing a "landlord" to the Government, to which it rented the building pop- Mevludin Nuhod`i} recently said that ularly known as "the two coffins", says the coordinator of the legal programme it will not be easy to fulfil all obliga- in Centre for Monitoring (CEMI) Vlado Dedovi}. He believes that this relation- tions stipulated by the Law on State ship only contributed to identification of party with the state in Montenegro. Property of Montenegro, pointing out "The symbolism of the coexistence of the Government and the ruling party "under the same roof" is one of the reasons which makes it difficult for ordi- the examples of other countries of nary citizens to distinguish between the state and the party - in terms of both the region in which this process took property and function", Dedovi} emphasised. several years. Adding to this, according to him, is the fact that important campaign meet- Go{ovi} welcomes the first step of ings, as well as post-election gatherings, i.e. the celebrations of the ruling party, the Govenrment to implement the used to be held in this building. Law on state property. "Bearing in "The last such example was the campaign for the presidential elections in mind that the Government of Monte- April 2008. The candidate of the ruling party and the current president of negro recently moved to a new build- Montenegro Filip Vujanovi} held the last campaign convention in the very ing, we can expect them to finally ful- building of the Government of Montenegro, which drew protests from other fil their legal obligations", he said. presidential candidates", he said. Coordinator of the legal pro-

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gramme in Centre for Monitoring I T S E J (CEMI) Vlado Dedovi} believes that I V

o t one of the key problems facing o h Montenegrin society for almost twen- p ty years is "illegal appropriation, use and management of property of the former social-political organisations and institutions by some political structures in Montenegro". "In this way they acquired signif- icant funds and other benefits, as well as an easy access to a party infrastructure reaching into all parts of the country. At the same time, other political parties were forced to limit their expansion within the boundaries set by the funding they received according to the Law on the financing of political parties. We can Former Government building therefore say that to a large extent that most elections to date in NGOs found violations of the laws electoral processes in Montenegro. Montenegro - both parliamentary and abuse of state property, especial- He adds that "this is something and presidential - were a contest ly with regard to the use of govern- that became an integral part of every between very unequal opponents", ment vehicles and buildings where election campaign, and which has Dedovi} emphasised. the campaign meetings were held. casted a long shadow on other ele- The use of state property was an Director of the Property Administration and member of the DPS issue that regularly came up during Presidency Mevludin Nuhod`i} said it will not be easy to fulfil all election campaigns, and non-gov- requirements of the Law on state property of Montenegro, point- ernmental organisations kept warning ing out the experiences of other countries in the region, which about the possible abuse of public took years to complete this process resources by the ruling parties, which gave them an unfair advantage over Dedovi} said that it is a general ments of the electoral process, which other participants in the elections. conclusion that there was abuse of have been conducted in line with Post-electoral reports of many public administrative capacities in the the basic principles of democracy". Dedovi} announced that in the future CEMI will dedicate special WWHHOO SSHHOOUULLDD BBEE IINN attention to improving and advancing legislation that would regulate all aspects of the possible abuse of state CCHHAARRGGEE OOFF PPRROOPPEERRTTYY property. He added that in the roatia has a long record of looking for the right model for managing the upcoming local elections, to be held Cstate property inherited from the times of socialism. in 2010, CEMI will focus on monitor- The property is currently managed by the Central state agency for the ing abuse of administrative resources. management of public property, Croatian privatisation fund and Agency for Implementation of the Law on trade and ownership of real estate. state property has not been develop- However, in January 2010 there was the initiative to establish a separate ing according to the legally pre- agency to manage state property, which would be dedicated to economic prin- ciples and would bring all the state property under one authority. scribed timetable, which makes This, according to the Croatian media, is an attempt to establish a uni- many opposition parties and civil fied, effective model of management which would enable also enable new society organisations suspect that investments. The model to be used in Montenegro will be announced once all DPS, i.e. the Government, is not the property has been registered and the process further defined through addi- genuinely committed to giving up on tional regulation. state property.

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A F T E R G R O W I N G S U S P I C I O N T H A T T H E U N D E R G R O U N D I S G U I D I N G T H E H A N D O F T H E S T A T E Xf!offe!ofx!fofshz

//////// Montenegrin judiciary explained that there were no legal grounds for keep- ing them in detention. Montenegro arly 2010 also couldn't possibly hand them over Esaw Monte- to Serbia, as its Constitution forbids it negro again in to deliver its citizens to other states. the focus of The question is - how can both attention, this Serbia and USA have evidence that time not beca- Montenegro was the seat of a narco- clan which traded in cocaine from by Ne|eljko Rudovi} South America to Europe and US, while Montenegro has no clue about tutions only serve as decoration. use of the Questionnaire, the it? Is it possible that nobody from the If this is not the case, than the answers, or the news from Brussels Montenegrin police and secret service state must demonstrate as quickly as regarding our candidacy for the got a whiff of it? Or was it rather that possible that it is not being held membership in EU, but because of they tolerated the "business" because hostage by the criminals. suspicions that it's sheltering the some people in the government, and In order to erase this awful criminals who are being sought even especially in the secret service, were impression that the state is run by by the United States of America. profiting from this same "business"? somebody who is more concerned Although the existence of a pow- And if we know that the clan was about building a private empire than erful narco-clan with headquarters in also doing business with a certain about building a state in which every- Kotor whose task was to launder ille- Montenegrin bank which is partly body who wishes to play by the rules gally earned money was a public owned by the prime minister, it is can earn him or herself happiness, secret for some years, and in spite of easily imaginable that someone, wealth and prosperity, something big the fact that certain Darko [ari}, by aware of the dismal state of needs to happen. The police must rise know a world famous figure, has Montenegrin economy, thought that up to the task, and the prosecution been on the files of the Montenegrin cocaine money could be used to help cannot just stand aside waiting for the police since 1993, [ari} himself felt the population get along, like it was approval of their political bosses to get safe in Montenegro. the case in the 1990s, when pensions down to work. If none of that hap- This is evident from the fact that the Agency for National Security sent In order to erase this awful impression that the state is run by a guarantee to the Ministry of Interior somebody who is more concerned about building a private empire Affairs and Public Administration in than the rule of law, something big needs to happen. The police December 2009, clearing his request must rise up to the task, and the prosecution mustn't wait for the to acquire Montenegrin citizenship - approval of their political bosses to get down to work. If none of which is a blatant violation of the laws that happens, it will be clear that Montenegro needs new energy and regulations on citizenship, which and people without mortgages stipulate that no member of a crimi- nal organization, or a person suspect- and salaries were paid out of tobac- pens, it will be clear that Montenegro ed of connections with criminal co-smuggling revenues. needs new energy and people without groups, can become citizen of And if this is the case, than we mortgages. That, or ending up in a Montenegro. His closest collaborators, can better understand all these horri- deep hole as a voluntary victim of the who are being sought by Serbia, were ble accusations launched by the monsters of the underground. Stories briefly imprisoned in Spu`, but were opposition about Montenegro being a about European integration will let out in no time, on grounds of "safe criminal haven" and a "captured become ridiculous, and Montenegro insufficient evidence. Serbia didn't state", in which the underground is will be just a marionette of the Boss want to send them to Podgorica, and really in power and democratic insti- and the cartel around him.

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D I R E C T O R O F T H E B E L G R A D E A C A D E M Y F O R D I P L O M A C Y A N D S E C U R I T Y A N D F O R M E R D I R E C T O R O F S I A , P R O F E S S O R D R A N D R E J A S A V I ] Gps!FV!uif!#\bsj~!dbtf#!jt!b nbuufs!pg!sfhjpobm!dppqfsbujpo

irector of the Belgrade Academy I T S E

for Diplomacy and Security, pro- J I

D V

o

fessor Dr Andreja Savi} says that t o h European Union will assess the behav- p iour of Montenegro and Serbia in the "[ari} case" through the lens of region- al cooperation, which, he explained, is the absolute priority for EU. "I believe that this case will cer- tainly be processed by EU through adequate working bodies. The stan- dards are very rigorous, the need for regional and continent-wide coopera- tion is an absolute priority. This is a problem whose resolution is in the common interest of the state of Serbia and Monteengro", says Savi}, who was the last chief of the Department of Andreja Savi} National Security between 2001 and 2003 and the first director of the this affair, in some way, added more defence rely on a single universal par- Security and Information Agency (SIA) strain to the political tensions between adigm - challenges, risks and threats in Serbia. Serbia and Montenegro. to security. Now the most acute He didn't want to talk about the "This is a problem, because only threats are terrorism and organised case of [ari} because, as he said, we good political and, most of all, profes- crime. should wait for the results of the sional cooperation can be expected to In this context, the civil sector can police and prosecution before we tackle global security problems", Savi} wield a lot of pressure on the political draw conclusions. said. authorities in EU member states. This "In any case, I believe this is Is it right to say that the EU has to be accepted to a large extent, something that is currently undermin- currently emphasises the concept of as the civil society acts as a corrective ing the image of Montenegro as a civil security? to political processes. What are the elements of the I believe that the "[ari} case" will certainly be processed by EU concept of contemporary civil security? through adequate working bodies. The standards are very rigorous, In my opinion, it is a two-level the need for regional and continent-wwide cooperation is an concept. absolute priority On the one hand, it means democratic, independent states, but I Indeed, civil security is a priority decentralisation, i.e. transfer of certain don't think this is just Montenegro's in the last few years and in the era of security issues from public to the pri- problem - it is a case with many globalisation. What does this mean? vate sector. Here we are not only talk- transnational elements, and a global The traditional approach to military ing about agencies for physical and problem for the entire international doctrines, like in the times of von technical security. This is an entire community", said Savi} in the inter- Clausewitz has become obsolete. industrial cluster of private security view for European Pulse. You will notice that all strategies which serves to relieve the public He adds that he is not happy that and doctrines of national security and budgets of the financial burden of

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security which is outsourced to multi- Maastricht. ty system is developing in the right national corporations. There are many This is a very important pillar of direction, gradually strengthening its examples of it: security in airports, EU and it must be said that the insti- institutions and broadening the scope harbours etc. tutions which are relevant for security of regulation within the community The other level is the rise of civil (and here I also mean the judiciary) law to all relevant procedures. control in EU member states, which are still in the process of being There are some reservations, have been developed and promoted through the parliamentary structures. Parliamentary control of security forces will only be developed and In its reports on Montenegro effective to the extent that the government wants to render this European Commission keeps repeating sector transparent and more accessible that parliamentary control must be developed and strengthened. What is formed. They develop quite slowly, however, regarding the attitude of USA the key to successful civil control and but it is happening. to the growing security sector in EU. monitoring of security forces? For example? What does that mean? Here the main factor is the role For instance, there is Europol, I mean the relationship between and influence of political authorities in which is a counterpart to Interpol, and NATO on the one hand and EU insti- a certain moment in a given country. which is doing quite well. This is evi- tutions, combat forces, peace missions The control will be effective and dent from the patterns of financing - etc on the other. This is certainly developed only to the extent that the last year Europol had a bigger budget something to think about, as the NATO government wants to render this sec- than Interpol. is now entering an identity crisis. tor transparent and more accessible. This means that the states of They established an advisory I believe that in all countries of Western Europe, primarily the mem- working group, led by Madeleine countries of this region, although to a bers of the Schengen zone, have Albright, which was supposed to different degree, the question of par- realised that they must rise up to the offer a new formula for NATO. Since liamentary control is still suffering the new challenges, risks and threats to it was established in 1949, NATO first measles. security. Certainly one of the priorities underwent the first radical transfor- What do you think about the in this regard is illegal immigration of mation in 1999 during attack on the assessment of some experts who say people with all the accompanying former Yugoslavia. Eleven years have that the key to successful civil control phenomena such as trafficking in passed since then, and NATO is is in the implementation of a special human being and drugs, trade in again searching for a new formula to justify its survival as a military EU institutions in charge of security, and here we should also alliance. include the judiciary, are still in the making. They develop quite It has several options. slowly, but it is happening. For instance, Europol is doing quite At a recent conference in well, which can be seen in the patterns of financing - last year Munich there were some proposals to Europol had a bigger budget than Interpol make NATO and instrument of the Organisation of United Nations. This law on the budget of security forces, human organs, organised crime. There was also supported by the Secretary which helps monitoring how much are also other issues such as high-tech General of UN, but was immediately money they get and how it is spent? crime, which relies on the latest tech- rejected by the German defence This is a sensitive issue. nologies in criminal activities. These minister. On the one hand, you must pro- are some of the priorities and Europol This shows that the relations tect the main values of a state and a is in the position to develop into a between EU and NATO are far from society, on the other hand, you need highly respectable institution. clear. Besides, we should remember to make things more transparent. I would add that the EU member that there is quite some political pres- There should be a measure of states which finance and use Europol sure in Western Europe to remove balance between these two require- are all at the same time members of some 220 nuclear missiles that were ments. Interpol. stationed in NATO bases in Germany, Does the Lisbon treaty bring There is also the system of judici- Belgium, Italy, and even in Turkey. This some novelties in the domain of ary which works within the framework tells us about the attitude of the security? of the community law. I believe that majority public opinion in these coun- Security issues have somehow both Eurojust and the European Court tries towards some political options. remained on the level of the common of Justice are becoming sronger. foreign and security policy since My impression is that this securi- V. @UGI]

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W H O P R E S E R V E D A N D T R A N S M I T T E D T H E C I V I L I S A T I O N A L A C H I E V E M E M T N S O F G R E E C E A N D R O M E T O T H E N E W E U R O P E Cz{boujvn!.!uif!csjehf!cfuxffo!pme!boe!ofx!Fvspqf

of the Balkans, Near East, Levant, Egypt, years it merged together philosophical, //////// northern Libya, as well as all the islands artistic as well as moral principles of the on the Mediterranean Sea. The inhabitants two worlds. The Byzantine Emperor was of these parts called themselves Romeis, a typical despot of the Eastern world, but t is a wide- and their empire Romean. Western con- the culture of his empire was an Ispread myth in temporaries called them Greeks, and the enchanting offspring of Hellenism incor- today's popular term "Byzantium" was only introduced by porated into Eastern Christianity. The culture that the modern historiography, after the Greek knowledge of the ancient Europe, as well period from the colony Byzantium which laid foundations as that of the ancient East, was kept in fall of the for Constantinople. the libraries of the Byzantine cities, wait- Western Roman In the beginning the official language ing for the Franks, Venetians, the Papal in Byzantium was Latin, but it was soon seat and the Arabs to discover it. by Milo{ Vukanovi} replaced by Greek, which was the lan- From its origins Byzantium was guage of majority of the population. The forced to constantly fight on two fronts: Empire in 476 until the beginning of the ethnic structure of the empire was Eastern and western. Perhaps the Empire renaissance in the 14th century represents extremely varied, but centuries of would have lived longer and be more the darkest period of European history. Hellenisation, first under Alexander the prosperous, if it wasn't for several histor- Known among historians as the middle Great and later by the Romans, resulted ical coincidences. For centuries, as soon ages, these times were marked by a lack in a fairly homogenous culture. Finally, as the empire managed to defend itself of order, wars and pressures from the Catholic Church, which limited cultural At the time when darkness reigned across all countries of today's development of these times. However, if European West, the Eastern Roman Empire preserved the cultural we turn to the far East of the European heritage and knowledge of the ancient Greece and Rome to be continent, we will find a very different rediscovered by Europeans picture. Eastern Roman Empire, better known there was the uniting factor of Christianity from one enemy, another would appear. as Byzantium, was for the most part which was faster to spread and take root In the west the Germanic tribes were spared the destruction by barbarian in the East Mediterranean than in the succeeded by the Slavs, Avars, Bulgarians, tribes, and succeeded in preserving most West. Cumans, Normans, while the eastern of its territories. The ancient Greek and Roman cul- front brought in waves of Persians, Arabs, Similarly, almost all big cities of the ture was preserved in these parts. With and various Turkic tribes until the Roman empire (apart from Rome itself) time, under the eastern, mostly Persian Ottomans. To make things worse, even were situated on its territory - influence, and after the great schism of those who came to help in the fight Thessalonica, Nikkei, Iconium, Antioch, 1054, a new Byzantine - orthodox civil- against the "infidels" turned against Edessa, Jerusalem, Alexandria and many isation emerged. As a bridge between the Byzantium, intoxicated by its immense others will become vibrant metropolises East and the West for almost a thousand wealth. The conquest of Constantinople which will preserve and build on the knowledge of the ancient East, Greece and Rome. At the time when London, Paris and Berlin were but military outposts, Constantinople was a metropolis with more than a hundred thousand inhabi- tants, the grandiose church of Aga Sophia, Aqueduct, Hippodrome and dozens of palaces. This empire, until its capital was captured by the Ottoman forces in 1453, will be the guardian of knowledge which in the West was all but lost. After the fall of Rome the Eastern Byzantium under Justinian: Roman Empire comprised of the territories Red - territories from the beginning of the rule; yellow - conquered territories

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zlement shook the empire on several occasions, and social unrests became fre- quent throughout the centuries. During 6th, 7th and partly the 8th century Byzantium was in the throngs of a civil war caused by iconoclasm. Iconoclasts were a religious movement which fought to remove icons, frescoes, sculptures, relics and other religious rep- resentations from the religious rituals. Byzantium at the time of death of Basil II Although iconoclasm was eventually erad- icated, the conflict was at times so heat- in 1024 by the Crusaders will be the first is its cultural and technological devel- ed that the empire nearly split into two. biggest blow ever dealt to the Empire. opment which gave a huge advantage to In addition to all this, we should also From then until its final downfall the successor of the Roman Empire ahead not forget numerous dynastic and clerical Byzantium will remain a pale shadow of of the neighbouring barbarian peoples. conflicts. Finally, in the last few centuries itself and will continue to survive only The second is its position between Asia of its existence, Byzantium was reduced because of the political intrigues and thick and Europe, which meant that Byzantium to Constantinople, and an ever smaller walls of its capital. was in control of the trade routes number of territories in the Balkans and Bearing in mind all the wars and the between the two continents, with its cap- the Middle East, and where the people constant loss of territories, it is hard to ital being the biggest market of the world. and the economy will be barely surviving imagine that this state managed to survive The third factor was its developed mili- while the construction of monasteries for so long, and on occasion even to rise tary and administrative system. In contrast grew well out of proportion. and prosper. to the feudal regime in the west, The cultural impact of Byzantium on Byzantium experienced its biggest Byzantium developed a special system of contemporary Europe is immeasurable. In expansion under Justinian (527-565) themes. Themes were military administra- addition to providing civilisational foun- who, in an attempt to restore the Roman tive units lead by an imperial deputy. dation to almost all countries of the Balkans and Eastern Europe, progress Even in its last days before the fall of Constantinople, when the made by the Western Europe in the late Ottoman armies prepared to bring down the walls that for almost middle ages and during Renaissance will a thousand years have resisted invaders, missionaries and diplo- be based to a large extent on the knowl- edge brought from Byzantium by the mats of the Holy See were taking books from the Byzantine Crusades, missionaries and traders. libraries to the west, using Byzantium for the one last time as a Balkan states have grown out of the roots bridge between the ancient and new Europe which was just about of Sclavinias, the earliest Slavic states to be born which appeared under the influence of the Byzantine administrative system, and Empire went as far as to conquer north- However, the military commander of the they owe their literacy and first cultural ern Africa, Italy, and parts of Spain, and theme did not answer to the deputy of achievements to the missionaries from the to defend its eastern borders from the his theme, but directly to the emperor. Empire on the Bosphorus. Similar influ- Persians. The church of St. Sophia was However, the most important speci- ences can be traced to the beginnings of also created under his rule, as well as the ficity of this system was the fact that the the states of Russians and Ukrainians. famous legal codices (Corpus iuris civilis). local population, was free, although it had At the time when darkness reigned However, repeated wars and internal to serve the army and pay taxes in return across all countries of today's European uprisings (such as the rebellion of Nikkei) for being allowed to work the land. It is West, the Eastern Roman Empire pre- weakened the empire, which also facili- believed that this system contributed to served the cultural heritage and knowl- tated the breakthrough and the settlement Byzantium's longevity. In addition to this, edge of the ancient Greece and Rome to of Slavs in the Balkans. After a series of after the conquests local population was be rediscovered by Europeans. Even in its wars, and internal unrests in both the East often transferred to other parts of the last days before the fall of Constantinople, and the West, the second expansion of empire, which facilitated cultural assimi- when the Ottoman armies prepared to the Empire came with the Emperor Basil lation and incorporation into the imperi- bring down the walls that for almost a II (976-1025). He will succeed in restor- al army. thousand years have resisted invaders, ing many territories in the Balkans and in Except for the external attacks, missionaries and diplomats of the Holy the Middle East. However, after his death, Byzantium also had to deal with many See were taking books from the Byzantine the conflict between his heirs and the internal problems. Frequent wars libraries to the west, using Byzantium for attacks of Normans and Turks ushered in inevitably led to higher taxes. It is well the one last time as a bridge between the a phase of decline that was to last for known that the territories of Levant and ancient and new Europe which was just almost half a millennium. Egypt (Jerusalem and Alexandria) literally about to be born. In order to understand the ability of welcomed Arabs as their liberators from Byzantium to survive for so long, we the torture of Byzantine tax collectors. The author is a programme associ- should bear in mind several factors. The Financial crashes and widespread embez- ate in Centre for Civic Education

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by Brano Mandi} and remove our boastful beloved. Woe to us who still have the guts 1. to feel young, for we know what awaits It makes you nauseated, or at least us! Partisans and meddlers crying over gives you hiccups to hear these banner their youth which they laid down at bearers, and if tomorrow they are to the altar of the fatherland is possibly carry my wedding colours through the the vilest thing I heard in the last few village, I would still ask them, half-jok- years of my existence. And, may I add, ingly, as it becomes the best man: I have not given a single day of my life "Gentlemen, drop it!". to Montenegro, nor do I intend some- One speaker said he lost, that is, thing so ridiculous. If I had, I would be sacrificed his youth for Montenegro. keeping quiet and writing memoires. It's pretty sad to lose a youth. Or I would have killed myself to end What should be done for the people such a wasteful existence. who admit that they have lost this, cer- How dangerous do you need to tainly overestimated age, but necessary be for yourself and the surroundings to for the formation of a healthy, respon- swallow the national trope, in the 2. sible individual. You know, there are Balkans, after all the wars and pacts. Neboj{a Medojevi} was attacked people who start taking heroin or get Where, how do they make these for mentioning the name of business- addicted to hotline at the age of 40, zealots, how is it possible that they are men Mi}unovi} from Nik{i} in a nega- just because they lost their youth. Even all made after the same mould, wher- tive context and once again he was hit if it were for the country - their envi- ever in the world you encounter them? or rushed at in the street. ronment still suffers. You recognise them by bulging eyes We all sometimes wished to drag out the president or prime minister by For the time being we can only say one thing: somebody needs their ears, to trample the president of this second stage of state-bbuilding. Now we must defend the the Parliament or to beat up the leader country, again against Serbia, and we should all bravely croak at of the opposition. It is only human, the ancient oppressor who is only waiting for the guard at East and simple, to have an urge to limit River to fall asleep to clamber up and remove our boastful beloved someone's power with a whack or a kick in the backside. We call it mini- So those who lost their youth for and a permanently knotted brow, or a malism and it's always chick. Especially Montenegro are now gathering in face set in imitation of Duke. The said in the times when everything is rife protests like they just came out of a company in trance is usually male, as a with conspiracies and spins - you sim- time machine or one of Baleti}'s decent gathering of warriors must be. ply ambush your guy in front of the movies. Complete with the priest in the In addition to loving their country, they building and slap! first row to bless the flock and the sulk. want it to be officially recognised. The There's nothing controversial about It bodes for a major turn of events, this rise of patriots, for their noise is The latest attack on Neboj{a Medojevi} is, of course, is more seri- always a cover-up for some monu- ous. There is ever less money and many people are getting nerv- mental implosion which must not be ous. Besides, there's always the custom law to protect them. heard, this time possibly the final split Avenging family pride is an excellent alibi to beat up somebody on within DPS itself, something I will never the street quite believe in. For the time being we can only dream of our heroes is to establish a this, except for the fact that similar say one thing: somebody needs this special little cast of deserving individu- troubles always and again befall second stage of state-building. Now als who would receive pensions for Medojevi}. He turned out to be the we must defend the country, again their patriotism and be entitled to a man who keeps talking about crime against Serbia, and we should all VIP societal role. Something like priests and corruption and at the same time bravely croak at the ancient oppressor of Maltese knights, public masons of keeps losing votes, which is either a who is only waiting for the guard at independence or something of that worrying paradox or a logical thing, I'm East River to fall asleep to clamber up order. still not sure. But that is not important:

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always be there to blow the thing out of proportions, and there we have a hot summer. There's too many morbid sto- ries circulating on daily basis. The case of [ari} is already enough to make the smart and the rich think twice. There's nothing to be done until the classical crime story is rolled into a national-polit- ical-historical plot about conspiracy against our statehood interests. A big business that was going well suddenly collapsed and that's that. What will be the consequences for the economy of Pljevlja, the former fiefdom of the accused remains to be seen. Hopefully the dissatisfied masses of Pljevlja will lock themselves into the nightclub "Muni- cipium" and refuse to come out unless [ari} is declared innocent. But not before they get a guarantee from the Prime Minister, like the miners did. Every strike that ends with a song is a farce. That's why the miners are back in the pit, but this time round nobody cares. Simply, an ordinary citi- zen cannot cope with this amount of let us remember that on the day of the 3. information which nobody is willing to elections a man, owner of a copy- The conclusion is terrifying: a family connect into a logical scenario. shop, next to the ballot box, threw war in Montenegro, until the final recon- The opposition failed for at least himself at Medojevi} and called him quest of independence! We are beyond ten times, and we expect it to contin- names. civil wars. Uncles against nephews, nieces ue doing so. The awakening of nation- The latest incident, of course, is more serious. There is ever less money We're all waiting for something big to happen, this thing cannot and many people are getting nervous. be but an intro, and the PM also joined the collective holding of Besides, there's always the custom law breath, with the hundred and fifteenth announcement of his with- to protect them. Avenging family pride drawal from politics. It might be that politics will withdraw before is an excellent alibi to beat up some- him on a wave of some new violence. Let's just hope that our body on the street and have every American and European friends will never allow it, for Montenegrin uncle give you props, pat Montenegro's sake! you on the back and so on. Negative energy is on the rise and against daughters in law and vicious alists from the beginning of this story, it has to break out in some rituals. The brothers in law. The best would be for the family-clan homogenisation and police gets it out at least in writing the family war to flare up around such an poverty are the three things that twist rabble-rousing communiques. That's eternal topic like adoration of the nation- our stomachs. We're all waiting for European police with European al symbols. For instance, the cousin from something big to happen, this thing Veljovi} at its helm. But, what do we the mother's side didn't sing the last two cannot be but an intro, and the PM do with businessmen? The police will lines of the anthem. That pissed off one also joined the collective holding of protect us all, if we behave. As for step brother of an influential father and breath, with the hundred and fifteenth Medojevi}, he needs to get the support husband. And so it goes, until all three announcement of his withdrawal from of the public. He has the right to branches of the family three are on fire, politics. It might be that politics will speak, even if he makes a terrible the flames reach across and the whole withdraw before him on a wave of blunder and is corrected by the minis- village catches... some new violence. Let's just hope that ter of agriculture, in front of all cam- The first thing is to recognise the our American and European friends will eras, until it hurts. traitors and collaborators of foreign intel- never allow it, for Montenegro's sake! Medojevi} likes to talk, but that is ligence agencies. Paranoia is a great nar- his sacred right which must be defend- rative machine. Everything can be suspi- The author is a journalist of the ed. Shall we? cious if we suspect it. The media will daily newspaper "Vijesti"

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R E S U L T S O F T H E O P I N I O N P O L L O N C I T I Z E N S ' A T T I T U D E S T O C O R R U P T I O N I N E D U C A T I O N Nbslfu!gps!ejqmpnbt

he corruption is widespread in "With decreasing availability of Tthe Montenegrin education sec- certain goods or services the risk of tor, shows a research on the opin- corruption grows. Awards and ions and experiences of citizens with stipends, places in student dorms, corruption in this area: its spread, and especially enrolment in pre- causes, manifestations and ways in ferred programmes are all situations which it could be limited. that offer space for corruption", More than half of the respon- states the report. dents believe that corruption is As regards manifestations of widespread (29%) or at least present corruption in education, its more (26%). On the other hand, 2/5 of "benign" forms are also the most the respondents believe that corrup- common - such as using family and tion in education is marginal. political ties to improve one's per- These are the results of a formance. research conducted between 20 "On the other hand, a majority January and 2 February 2010 on a of respondents believe that profes- sample of 1000 respondents. The sors asking for money or services in study is part of a project conducted exchange for better grades, or par- by Centre for Monitoring (CEMI) and ents putting pressure on teachers are Centre for Civic Education (CCE) more exception than the rule. What and supported by the Embassy of is also interesting is that party affili- the Federal Republic of Germany. ation influences the perception of The results of the poll were presented by (38%:27%). the extent of corruption in education. Zlatko Vujovi}, president of the manag- The authors of the research conclude Supporters of opposition parties and the ing board of CEMI, Daliborka Uljarevi}, that only higher education is really per- non-voters are more likely to believe that executive director of CCE, and Dr Zoran ceived as a guarantee of the desired family and party relations and favouritism Stojiljkovi}, coordinator of the research social position, and is therefore a more towards certain students to be wide- and professor at Political Science Departments in Belgrade and Podgorica. Interestingly, the perception of the extent of corruption in educa- Divided opinions on the extent of tion appears to be determined by the respondents' party affiliation corruption can be partly explained by different perceptions of corruption on likely target of corruption. Exposure to the spread", states the research. different levels of education. While in market and rapid increase in the number More critical towards corruption are primary (70%:9%) and secondary educa- of new higher education institutions fur- also those respondents who have a stu- tion (50%:16%) the corruption is per- ther exacerbates the risks of corruption. dent in the family. "Personal experiences with and Between 1/5 and 1/3 of the citizens know of cases when the pro- knowledge about corruption cases are a fessors asked for sexual favours, or about the existence of infor- lot more precise and realistic than the mal price lists for grades, extortions of particular services for the general impressions about corruption and teachers or bribe. At the same time, there is extensive practice of its spread. Between 1/5 and 1/3 of the pressures and threats directed at professors through political citizens know of cases when the profes- channels, and, especially, resorting to mediation by influential sors asked for sexual favours, or about third persons" states the research the existence of informal price lists for grades, extortions of particular services ceived as marginal, in universities and According to the research, a major- for the teachers or bribe. At the same other higher education institutions, espe- ity of citizens believe the corruption to time, there is extensive practice of pres- cially the private ones, it is thought to be be a marginal factor on entering primary sures and threats directed at professors a widespread, dominant phenomenon and secondary education. through political channels, and, especial-

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TABLE:

FORMS OF CORRUPTION N Total Sum - Is very Sum + happen common Happens Happens Happens Does not IN EDUCATION very rarely Don'k know Don'k occassionally

Parents pressuring the teachers in primary and secondary schools 1000 16.5 22.1 21.2 22.4 07.6 10.1 38.6 30.0

Different treatment of students, unjustified favouritism or discrimination 1000 10.7 21.2 25.1 24.4 08.2 10.3 31.9 32.7 against certain students by teachers or professors Giving certain students better grades than deserved 1000 08.0 16.6 20.7 31.8 15.3 07.6 24.6 47.1 100% Teachers accepting money, gifts or requesting services in exchange for giving students higher grades, allowing them to pass the exams or "help- 1000 16.4 22.3 21.6 20.7 06.1 12.9 38.7 26.8 ing" them in other ways Use of family or political connections in education with the aim of 1000 09.4 16.5 18.5 30.9 16.9 07.7 25.9 47.8 improving grades or passing exams ly, resorting to mediation by influential local educational authorities, Ministry of when compared to other sectors. third persons" states the research. Science and Education on the one hand, Montenegrin citizens are very divid- Except for the interference of third Directorate for Anti-Corruption Initiative ed on the issue of the possibility for persons, each of the manifestations noted and Police on the other, and NGOs on reducing corruption in education while above is somewhat more widespread in the third side. It is indicative that non- 31% of them believe that it is possible to higher education. The infamous record is governmental organisations have been reduce corruption significantly, or at least held by the practice of conditioning stu- gaining citizens' trust in this regard, evi- to some extent, almost 2/5 are sceptical dents' pass or fail at the exam by them denced by the finding that the same about any possibility for change. having bought the book of the professor number (11%) of respondents opted to The respondents hold responsible for in question, which is familiar to 2/5 of report such cases to NGOs as to the corruption in education mostly the the respondents. Ministry of Science and Education. Ministry, school and university administra- The extent of corruption in educa- Finally, the vulnerability of the edu- tion, the general educational system and tion is well documented by 14%, or one cational process to corruption is perhaps the current legal framework. Somewhat in seven respondents, admitting that they best indicated by the belief of almost half less responsible are the teachers them- have used personal connections to of the respondents (44%) that it is possi- selves. The second set of reasons indicat- secure a better grade or a pass at the ble to "buy" a diploma of certain schools ed in the research is the general moral and economic crisis which also sucked in The respondents often did not know where to report the cases of some individuals from the educational corruption in education (36%) or are wavering between local edu- system. Finally, the citizens do not amnesty cational authorities, Ministry of Science and Education on the one the political elite, nor those parents who hand, Directorate for Anti-CCorruption Initiative and Police on the think that everything can be achieved with other, and NGOs on the third side enough money and influence and are even ready to threaten teachers. exam for themselves or their relations. or universities. "Although the identification of Bearing in mind the understandable ten- Even more worryingly, ? of the responsibility for corruption is diffused, dency to understate ones' involvement in respondents knows somebody who has the responsibility for its elimination seems illegal activities the real scope and preva- done it. Even if we assume that more of to be very clear to most respondents. lence of this phenomenon is probably the respondents know about the same According to them, this is primarily the much greater. case of "buying" diplomas, the number is job for the Government and the Ministry "A good illustration of the practice of high enough to indicate the existence of of Science and education. The second extorting money or services on the part organised "trade" in titles and diplomas. level consists of the Police and Dire- of some professors is the readiness of 12 The first requirement for limiting ctorate for anti-corruption initiative. to 18% of the respondents to offer bribe corruption is to speak about it publicly Finally, part of the "job" should be done if there is no other way to achieve their and openly. The study showed that ? of by the local schools and professors, par- aims. By contrast, only 2/5 of the citizens the citizens believe that corruption in ents and the NGO sector. Only though would report the request for bribe or education isn't sufficiently discussed, the synergy of these actors can we make services by teachers to the relevant while 1/3 believes that there is "just substantial progress in eradicating corrup- authorities", warns the study. enough" talk about it. On the other tion in Montenegrin education", con- The respondents often did not know hand, every seventh respondent believes cludes the study. whom to report such cases in the first that there is more fuss about corruption place (36%) or are wavering between in education than necessary, especially V.@.

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W H Y D O I W A N T T O B E A C I T I Z E N O F E U R O P E A N U N I O N Uif!hpmefo!dbse!epfto(u!pqfo!fwfsz!epps

//////// ing. While we invested in election cam- demanding tests and detailed analyses and paigns, they developed human resources. comes to knock at the door of His This is why I want to be a citizen of Majesty, the Provost of her own depart- tymologically Europe, to catch up with the European ment. This elevated persona is sitting at his Espeaking, the educational era. throne polishing his shoes and does not word "union" co- Although I never worked in the dis- even spare a glance for the dejected stu- mes from the cipline in which I studied - that is, I did- dent, let alone some effort to correct the Latin word unus, n't remain a teacher - the mistakes of our mistake of the bureaucratic student service which means one, educational system still trouble me. The which is too busy playing solitaire to deal and also indicates most defeating thing is that for all of us with student transcripts. For the local def- generation nineteen eighty-something, inition of the student service department is by Jelena Ognjenovi} education is partly a systemic error that that it DOES NOT deal with servicing stu- cannot be set right by just pushing the dents and updating their records! And this the act of unification of a people, sides or delete/erase button. We must bear the is, unfortunately, just one among many political entities for the purpose of com- consequences of the decisions somebody examples. mon benefits and interests. else made instead of us. Communism gave The attempt to implement the provi- In mathematics, a union of sets con- us a standardised educational system sions of the Bologna declaration in tains every individual element of all sets which treated all pioneers equally regard- Montenegro ended up in improvised cur- involved. less of their capacities or the environment ricula, for there was simply not enough Well, I would like the set of members in which they grew up. Our teachers gave capacity to implement something so of the European Union to take us into the us what they received from their teachers advanced in these parts. family, with all our shortcomings. Some of them are not "naturally" ours or inherited I want Montenegro to join the EU so we can be more like those from ancestors, some of them were 7500 UK students who spend between 3 and 12 months, every acquired along the way and as they grew academic year, attending universities in another EU member state onto us, with time, it became more and more difficult to get rid of them. I trust in the same narrow and inflexible manner. That is why, in the name of the gen- that bad habits in a positive context will Years went by, and we stood there as eration of nineteen-ninety-something, I be easier to get rid of. wordless observers. want Montenegro to join EU so they can Even if you want to be a tourist in Why do I want another, European be more like those 7500 UK students who EU, you will find it on any website that EU educational context as the foundation of spend between 3 and 12 months, every made sure that its citizens have a single every civilised and progressive society? academic year, attending universities in currency, one driving licence which is valid Imagine a situation in which a stu- another EU member state. This not only in every member state, that they can freely dent receives an invitation from a foreign gives them the opportunity to learn for- work in or travel to any member state and university, passes successfully all the eign languages, but also to experience the earn their pension there. Already the culture of other countries and use the Treaty of Rome guaranteed equal pay to newly acquired knowledge to progress in man and women, and EU working time their field. directive ensures that you get four weeks I want to be a citizen of EU so I can of holidays in a year. The monopoly of see knowledge and readiness to learn telecommunications companies was bro- open the heaviest of doors, instead of just ken up and the consumers can now enjoy watching how a golden card is the only cheaper calls. Consumer rights guarantee thing that gets you ahead. return of the products if they are dissatis- I want to be a citizen of EU because fied with its quality. Let us not even start being a part of a progressive community is on the various strategies of environmental a privilege which, among other, allows protection or the value of cultural and his- simple people to enter a fair fight on the torical monuments. labour market where political affiliation But, most importantly, EU is funda- isn't the most important thing on your CV. mentally and continuously dedicated to education. While we were busy waiting in The author is an employee of the the long lines for bread and milk, they Employers' Union of Montenegro. She have been working diligently on things we attended IX generation of European only recently discovered: life-long learn- Integrations School

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Pme!nfncfst!bhbjotu!fombshfnfou EEeellss ffoorr JJaappaann he latest Eurobarometer, presented in uropean fishery regulators signalled TLjubljana, shows that 68% of Slove- Elast month their willingness to abol- nians support further enlargement of EU. ish restrictions on export of young eels The highest support for further to China and Japan, where this fish is enlargement is found in Poland and held in very high esteem. Slovakia (70%), while it is the lowest in The announcement ended a sev- Austria (28%), Germany (31%) and France eral days long blockade of the French (34%). harbour Saint Nazaire where the fish- In Slovenia, public support increased ermen protested against export restric- by 5% since the least poll. tions and falling prices. Support for further enlargement is The price for a kilo of young eels, systematically higher in the new EU which are considered a delicacy, fell member states which joined in 2004. supports the enlargement while 49% are from 300 to almost 200 euros in Among the 15 "old" members, some 41% against taking in new members. countries like Spain. The fishermen said that the Brussels' "promise" to revive exports to the Far East was Ivohbsjbo!mboe!opu!gps!tbmf enough to let the ships to "return to the sea". ungary intends to ask EU for a per- and selling property in all EU member Hmission to extend the prohibition on states. GGrreeeenn ssttaarrss sale of agricultural land to citizens of Hungary and some other new mem- other EU members. bers are, however, afraid that investors a takmi~enju za izbor loga bilo je Hungarian minister of agriculture from the richer, "old" member states will NLeaf-shaped EU stars on a green Jozsef Graf said political parties have buy up huge expanses of relatively cheap background are the winning design for reached a consensus on this matter. agricultural land. This is why they agreed a logo that will be mandatory for all Free movement of capital is one of on a transition period with EU in 2004 organic products from EU and Croatia the pillars of EU, which means that citi- which allowed them to limit the sale of as of 1 July. In addition to the European zens and companies from one country agricultural land. The transition period logo, the producers can also use other should enjoy the same rights to buying runs out in 2011. private, regional or national labels. This logo was chosen from among 3500 applications by a jury of 130000 people. The winner is a student from Germany Du{an Milenkovi} whose Ju!qbzt!up!tuvez design got the votes of 63% of the "judges".

recently published report on demand One in three Europeans of working Afor qualifications and skills on European age has little or no formal qualification, MMooddeesstt ggrroowwtthh labour markets indicates the need for which means that they have 40% lower he Eurozone will register a modest urgent action in order to resolve the prob- chances to be employed compared to Tgrowth in this year, with strong lem of an acute lack of highly educated those with at least upper secondary edu- exports and government investments and skilled workforce. Unemployment in cation. Only a quarter of EU citizens compensating for weak personal con- the Eurozone stands at 10%, and part of have a higher education degree, but they sumption, announced the leading the reason is that the available skills do not are also a lot less likely to lose their jobs. European employers' association Busi- match market demand. The numbers also show that compa- nessEurope. nies which invest in training their employ- Economic activities in the 16- ees are two and a half times less likely to member Eurozone will are expected to go bankrupt than those which don't. grow by 1.2% in 2010, after contract- On the other hand, the skills of even ing by 4% in 2009. highly qualified workers are sometimes BusinessEurope forecasts GDP not in line with the needs of the employ- growth of 1.8% and 2% for Germany ers, which creates a disbalance on the and France, while Spanish GDP is labour market. expected to fall further by 0.6%. Thus the report calls on the employ- The association also expects infla- ers and employees to invest in new assets tion in the Eurozone to increase by for the future - information technologies, 1.2%, compared to 0.3% last year. foreign languages and "green jobs".

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A D V A N T A G E S A N D D I S A D V A N T A G E S O F E U M E M B E R S H I P : S L O V E N I A , F I V E Y E A R S A F T E R A C C E S S I O N Bddfttjpo!.!uif!foe!pg!uif!spbe //////// membership on the economy, labour There is another, formal reason, for movements and monetary policy after the lack of research on the effects of the adoption of the Euro - it is impor- Slovenia's membership in the EU: the ollowing its tant to ask why there is such indifference funding for such projects was simply no Findependence towards EU in Slovenia. more available. With EU accession the in 1991, changes research policy also shifted and was in Slovenian Lack of systematic research into the more firmly integrated into European society, economy effects of membership in Slovenia projects and programmes, and little and politics, There are three explanations for the interest remained in a small country like including foreign lack research into the effects of the Slovenia. This only changed to some accession on various elements of Slo- extent during Slovenia's EU presidency. by Sabina Kajn~ venia's socio-economic and political life. Firstly, after the fulfillment of a A scattered account: economy, labour policy, have been driven mainly by the long-coveted goal, we can observe and the effects of adopting the Euro priorities of its newly acquired statehood, something of an "accession fatigue". Immediately following the accession changing domestic and international With the accession criteria fulfilled, the to the EU positive and negative trends politico-economic situation, the global- motivation to adjust and develop further on Slovenia's economy have been ization process, and, the goals of has begun to wan. observed. Positive trends had been iden- approximation to the European Union. Secondly, one big and generally tified in the field of services -despite In that sense, it is not easy to single out accepted goal which focused the efforts greater competition following accession, the consequences of EU accession alone and tendencies of various politicians in financial services, insurance, catering and after all the major changes that have the same direction has now disap- especially tourism recorded significant swept the Slovenian political and eco- peared: it was replaced by many small- growth. Opening of the capital markets nomic landscape in this period. er goals (entry into the Eurozone, and easier access to loans not only stim- However, the fact remains that the Chairmanship of OSCE in 2005, ulated the activities of larger companies, undisputed goal of acceding to the EU, Presidency of the Council of EU in the but also had a very favourable effect on the international operation of small and Positive trends after Slovenia's accession to EU had been identified medium enterprises. in the field of services -ddespite greater competition following On the other hand, membership in accession, financial services, insurance, catering and especially the EU and the consequent opening of tourism recorded significant growth. Opening of the capital mar- agricultural markets intensified the effects of globalization on agricultural trade, kets and easier access to loans not only stimulated the activities of bringing more competition and new larger companies, but also had a very favourable effect on the problems for Slovenian products. In international operation of small and medium enterprises order to ensure the success on the sin- gle market, farmers in Slovenia were the fulfillment of Copenhagen criteria first half of 2008). These smaller projects forced to strengthen their regional pro- and the concrete requirements of acquis were mostly associated with certain min- ducers' organizations. communautaire offer the clearest bench- istries of agencies, without the general The situation was much worse in marks for understanding this process. support and cooperation which charac- labour intensive sectors where price is Up until the accession to the EU in terized the process of EU accession. In more important than quality. Textile 2004 the question of the influence of addition to this, EU membership brought industry was the most affected, but the the accession process on the develop- major changes on the Slovenian political situation is similar in the food manufac- ment of Slovenian society and economy scene: the same year that Slovenia turing industry. All efforts to re-structure was in the centre of attention of both joined the EU, saw a general swing of these industries did not give much result, public and expert opinion. Following the electorate from centre-left to centre- and our productivity is still much lower accession, however, systematic research right, resulting in a replacement of a than in the developed EU members. into the effects of the EU has faded. centre-left coalition, which ruled almost The patterns of labour migration Before we turn to the analysis of this uninterruptedly since independence, by have not changed significantly after the concrete issue - the consequences of EU a centre-right government. accession - there is a slight increase in

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labour originating from the member- European institutions, placing them firm- achieved its main goals of state recogni- states of the EU, but a majority of ly in the upper half of the most trusted tion, friendly relations with its neighbours "imported" workforce still comes from the public institutions. Such results can be and membership in the European Union states of the former Yugoslavia. attributed to the fact that there is a gen- and NATO. This is partly a consequence The most comprehensive challenge eral trend of considerably higher levels of of EU policy towards accession countries, for the Slovenian economy in the period trust in international than in national which requires them to set up organiza- after EU accession was the adoption of institutions, which has a long tradition in tional structures for the implementation Euro. The process of introducing Euro as Slovenia, as in all other post-socialist With the accession to NATO, the the official currency began on 28 June 2004 when Slovenia entered the The situation has become much worse in labour intensive sectors European Exchange Rate Mechanism, where price is more important than quality. Textile industry was and finished with the actual introduction the most affected, but the situation is similar in the food manu- of the currency in January 2007. The facturing industry. All efforts to re-sstructure these industries did process itself went relatively smoothly, not give much result, and our productivity is still much lower than but there is much disagreement about its in the developed EU members consequences for the economy, which was exacerbated in late 2007 when countries. In Slovenia, for instance, only focus of Slovenian foreign policy shifted Slovenia suddenly became, for a short 21% of the respondents trust the from that of a more 'Europeanist' to a while, the Eurogroup's highest inflation Government, while only 18% have trust more 'Atlanticist' position, but it did not rate member. The introduction of the in the Parliament. change the fact that the Slovenian for- Euro was largely seen as favourable for Support for membership in the EU eign policy has been mainly consisting of the business sector, offering more options has remained for years just about the implementation of tasks and goals for easier international investment and European average, which is probably a designed outside of the country. The lat- co-operation opened to many entrepre- consequence of the fact that, apart from est foreign policy strategy of Slovenia neurs and small and medium enterpris- the adoption of the Euro, membership in dates to 1999, which set out the strate- gic goals of the membership in EU and Support for EU membership in Slovenia has remained for years just NATO. This "project-based" foreign poli- about the European average, which is probably a consequence of cy orientation makes Slovenia highly the fact that, apart from the adoption of the Euro, membership in exposed to external processes and pres- the EU did not significantly change the everyday lives of Slovenian sures, which was put under the first real citizens test during the Slovenian Presidency of the EU in the first half of 2008. es. However, some industries, such as the EU did not significantly change the The picture is very different in catering, found themselves under pres- everyday lives of Slovenian citizens. Slovenia's conduct towards the Western sure with rapidly growing prices of food Balkan. Slovenia pushed very hard to and drinks. It is difficult to say to what Foreign policy attain its principal goal - concluding the extent the inflation was a consequence Slovenia's foreign policy found itself ring of Stabilisation and Association of the Euro, as prices partly grew also in a strategic vacuum after having Agreements. At the same time, in con- because of the general price hike of oil trast to its "lukewarm" approach to other products on the international markets. In foreign policy areas, Slovenia tried to use any case, since the beginning of the its advantage of being an EU member to world economic crisis many other prob- force Croatia into accepting negotiations lems turned up on the surface and the over the issue of the Gulf of Piran. Still, people partly forgot about the initial although it tried to bring this issue up to troubles with the Euro. the EU level, Slovenia never tried to use its Presidency to shift the EU's policy Public opinion: steady, towards Croatia. Rather, it bore its but passive support responsibility just like most other small The results of Eurobarometer (June EU countries do: without overly ambi- 2008) showed that 52 % percent of the tious attempts to change the course of respondents in Slovenia believed that European politics and trying t strike a membership in the EU was a good thing balance between the more powerful for their country, which is just about the member states. European average. Nationally conducted polls on trust in public institutions, both Dr Sabina Kajn~ is a researcher at national and European, indicate that the Centre of International Relations of 38% of the respondents place trust in the Ljubljana the University of Ljubljana

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E M P L O Y M E N T I N T H E M O N T E N E G R I N P U B L I C A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Ofqpujtn!ps!qspgfttjpobmjtn@

to do the exam which the offer requires and by Bojana Brajovi} in the corridor you hear that you shouldn't hope because the whole procedure is a lthough Montenegro has as clear regula- scam?", asks a woman from Podgorica who Ations on employment of young cadres as preferred to stay anonymous. any European institution, Podgorica is still sus- Vukovi} rejects all accusations that pected of giving jobs in public and local political affiliation has anything to do with administrations mostly to the party-affiliated the employment policy. She asks whether "it cadre. is nepotism of political interference if only Since the first Progress Report on one candidate applies for the concurs", and Montenegro until today, EC keeps warning the Directorate is forced to offer that person about the lack of administrative capacities. In the job. Svetlana Vukovi} Brussels, as in some circles of the Montenegrin "We made all our procedures transpar- public, it is suspected that reliance on nepo- ent, and if there is nepotism, it is a complete- tism instead of professionalism is the key rea- ly separate issue which needs to be discussed control is performed by a committee which is son for this problem being so pronounced. separatel", Vukovi} said. convened separately for every concourse, and When a new port-parole was recently On the other hand, developed European consists of representatives of the Directorate, appointed in one of the ministries, there was societies forbid members of the same family the institution which announced the vacancy nothing strange about it except for the fact to be employed by the same public compa- and one independent expert. that shortly before getting the job this person ny or institution, in order to avoid nepotism. The results are published on the website has abandoned one of the opposition parties This is not the case either in Montenegro or of the Directorate, and if a candidate believes and joined one of the parties of the ruling anywhere else in the region. that his or her performance was not properly coalition. According to Montenegrin regulations, graded, they have the right to appeal against This begs the question of the efficiency before anybody is higher by state administra- decision. of the new system which has the Directorate tion there is a public call for applications It is the job of the Director to consider for Cadres select the best candidates from the which is open to all Montenegrin citizens with the appeal and, if necessary, repeat the testing. job applications and the Minister decides adequate qualifications, provided that their A similar employment procedure is in whom to employ. health allows them to take up the job and place in most EU countries: the same proce- Directorate for Cadres claims that they that they haven't been convicted for a crime dure for announcing internal and public select the best, not the most "convenient". which makes them unsuitable for work in vacancies, formation of an independent com- Director Svetlana Vukovi} says that their goal is public administration. mission which compiles the exam and selects a "professional, depoliticised public administra- These are the general conditions, and the candidates, with some more emphasis put tion", and that those who have the best qual- there are also specific requirements that each on interviews with candidates who pass the ifications "have the advantage in the selection candidate ought to fulfil. These concern edu- exam. The Europeans also rely on recommen- process". She is adamant about the "objective cation, years of experience and specific skills dations in the initial phase of the application. criteria and procedures for employment". required by the job description. Whoever ful- European Commission Employment "Is there an objective criteria at work if fils these criteria takes an additional exam, Office is in charge of filling the vacancies, not you get your diploma, apply for a public job which usually contains questions about gener- only in the European Commission, but also in offer of the Directorate for Cadres, you come al culture and information. The selection and other European institutions. The conditions are citizenship of one of the EU countries, excellent knowledge of at least one official language of EU and fluency in at least anoth- LLIIGGHHTTEENNIINNGG CCAARRRRIIEERR er language. The employment process has two phases, the written and the oral phase. ccording to Croatian media, nepotism in this neighbouring Croatia nepo- Written exams consist of multiple-choice Atism is almost a national custom. The offer as an illustration the example questions about European integrations, verbal of a lightening-like carrier of the daughter of the former justice minister Ana and numerical reasoning. Those who pass the Lovrin, who during her mother mandate went in merely two years from being first phase are then invited for an interview, an intern to becoming a judge. and also have to pass some medical tests. There are also studies tracing the family or party relations of certain peo- Those are the EC employees who, in the lat- est Progress Report on Montenegro, fund that ple for whom precisely these family or political ties proved to be decisive in there is still too much political influence on their carrier. public administration.

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W H A T I S T H E U N I O N D O I N G T O A T T R A C T H I G H L Y Q U A L I F I E D W O R K F O R C E FV!qmbzt!uif!#cmvf!dbse#

goes to the US. Given its redistributive wel- by Pallavi Aiyar fare system, what Europe wants is an immigrant workforce that is a net financial U plans to adopt an immigrant work contributor to, rather than a receiver from, Epermit on the model of the "green card" this system. in the United States, hoping to resolve the To apply for a blue card a profession- problem of scarcity of qualified labour in al will need either a university degree that certain areas. "Green card" has for genera- has taken at least three years to complete tions represented the symbol of hope for or five years work experience in the rele- many citizens of poorer countries - the vant sector; a binding job offer from a most coveted ticket to a better life. Now European employer who will have to cer- the European Union is trying to tint the tify that the post cannot be filled from immigrant within the EU; and a salary offer that is at The Council of the EU officially least 1.5 times the average prevailing wage a single European country but to the amal- adopted the Blue Card Directive last year, in the country concerned. gamation of the 27 member states that which participating member states now In return, a Blue Card holder will be comprise the EU. have two years to put into practice. The granted the same access to pensions, hous- However, the Blue Card Directive as "blue card" scheme is the end product of ing and healthcare as an EU citizen. eventually adopted by the EU's Council much hand-wringing in Europe as its pop- Following an 18-month period they will be following two years of controversy-bogged ulation ages and economy stagnates. allowed to move to any other participating discussions, does not assure a card holder In international comparison we often EU member country if they are able to the right to move from one EU country to see America's youth, dynamism and cre- secure a job there. The card will further another and, in fact, makes it "almost as ative energy is often contrasted to entitle its holder to family reunification tough to move within the EU as to reap- European inertia and inflexibility. One within six months - and spouses will be ply from the outside again". major reason for this discrepancy, the EU permitted to look for employment within Moreover, the UK, Ireland and argues, is the differential ability of the two the EU as well. The card will have a valid- Denmark have opted out the scheme, a entities to attract skilled immigrants. ity of between one and four years after factor that will also cripple its effectiveness Highly-qqualified foreign workers make up only 1.7% of the especially since it is English-speaking coun- tries that have a natural advantage when it employed population within the EU, but the equivalent figure for comes to attracting skilled workers. Australia is nearly 10%, over 7% in Canada and 3.2% in the US. According to Weizsacker most And it's not as if Europe does not need these immigrants European countries have a falsely "mecha- nistic" view of labour markets. "They tend to Highly-qualified foreign workers make which it must be renewed. If a card-hold- think that 'ok, so we have a shortage of x up only 1.7% of the employed population er were to lose his job he would have three number of engineers this year and so we within the EU, but the equivalent figure for months within which to find another. need to fill these positions', and once they Australia is nearly 10%, over 7% in Canada So will the blue card succeed in are filled the problem is supposedly solved". and 3.2% in the US. And it's not as if transplanting the green one as the pre- "But in fact jobs create more jobs and Europe does not need these immigrants. ferred URL of the developing world's com- attracting qualified professionals could Studies predict an estimated shortfall puter programmers? potentially transform an area into a hub of of 20 million skilled and unskilled workers "Unlikely," says Jakob von Weizsacker specialised excellence." by 2030, the result in part of a steady of the Brussels-based think tank Bruegel. The upshot of all the caveats the cur- decline in the EU's working age population. Weizsacker is the father of the blue card rent avatar of the scheme is subject to, is The blue card is also intended to cull having coined the term in a 2006 paper, that come 2011 the queues at blue card the "right" kind of immigrants from the but he is quick to distance himself from the counters in European embassies around the "wrong" sort for which the EU is currently final, watered-down form his issue has world might be rather short, warns a magnet. taken. Weizsacker. The European Commission says some The potential potency of the blue card And until the Directive acquires 85% of global unskilled migrant labour according to Weizsacker would be the sharper teeth, blue is unlikely to match the heads to the EU, while only 5 per cent access it could promise a holder to not just green in the battle for brains.

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attend the lectures and participate in sharp, Ofx!qsphsbnnft vivid discussions of which there was no NON-GGOVERNMENTAL shortage from the very first meeting, CCE ORGANISATIONS IN ithin the new educational programme formed two groups of participants - one EUROPEAN UNION W- "Contemporary tendencies of criti- which will start in this semester and anoth- cal thought" - on 18 February 2010 Centre er that will begin in autumn, when CCE will for Civic Education organized the first lec- also issue another call for applications. ture of the Jacques Lacan lecture series, It should be said that this project is a devised and led by Dr Filip Kova~evi}. completely voluntary experiment in which This lecture series is not only a pro- professor Kova~evi} offered to share his grammatic novelty for CCE, but is the first knowledge and expertise, CCE its offices IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall such project of alternative education pro- and organisational capacities and the par- rreehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn grammes in Montenegro. Although the sub- ticipants their free time and intellectual ject of the lectures is very specific and was curiosity. It is also a testimony to the fact ccoouunncciill ffoorr ttoorrttuurree not expected to have mass resonance, a that the issues we sometimes recognise as very high number of interested applicants the need of our society and academic vviiccttiimmss ((IIRRCCTT)) applied to the course. In order to give all community may not always be in line with RCT is the umbrella NGO for more qualified candidates an opportunity to donors' priorities. Ithan 140 independent member organi- zations researching the cases of torture, identifying victims and helping them in Qvcmjd!bewpdbdz!gps!dibohf the rehabilitation process. The vision of IRCT is a world that etween 19 and 21 February 2010 Centre enhancing their capacities to draft public accepts shared responsibility for the Bfor Monitoring (CEMI) organized a train- policies and fact-based advocacy in the eradication of torture. ing titled "Fact-based advocacy", as part of its framework of the Strategy for Social Its mission is to promote and sup- project "Strengthening the capacities of NGO Inclusion and Poverty Reduction. port the rehabilitation of torture victims coalition in advocacy and preparation of Participants in the seminar were del- and work for the prevention of torture. public policies aimed at fighting poverty and egated representatives of organisations The starting point of IRCT's work is the belief that freedom from torture is a social exclusion". The project is financed by which signed the memorandum and universal and fundamental human right, EU through EU Delegation in Montenegro. became members of the Coalition, and which is guaranteed under international The objective of the training seminar work is in some way directed at issues of law and defined in the UN Convention was to strengthen the capacity of NGOs social inclusion or may contribute to against Torture. in Montenegro to advocate public poli- poverty reduction in Montenegro. Shared responsibility for the eradi- cies and influence politics and legislation Ana Vujo{evi} and Mirela Rebronja cation of torture worldwide requires the the areas of education, health and social participated in the programme on behalf commitment of each and every individ- issues. Special attention was given to of CCE. ual in their personal and professional capacity to work for the most vulnerable in world society. IRCT relies on a wide network of Lopxmfehf!gps!cfuufs!gvuvsf researches who collect the data on vic- tims and forms of torture in 70 countries two-month course "Student Leadership participants an opportunity to develop their of the world. The researchers are guided AProgramme" organized by Centre for skills and improve their knowledge on the by high moral standards respecting and Civic Education and supported by the current problems in higher education in protecting the victim from the potential Canadian Development Agency (CIDA) was Montenegro, stimulating active leaning negative effects in that might follow from completed with a diploma-award ceremony. through workshops and interactive lectures. their cooperation in providing evidence that can be used in legal action. The participants received their diplomas Special focus of the programme was on cor- The IRCT has special consultative from Daliborka Uljarevi}, executive director ruption in education and implementation of status with the UN Economic and Social of CCE, who reminded them that the role of the Bologna declaration, as well as on Council and the UN Department of students in social and political life should be strengthening the leadership and activist Public Information, and participatory sta- much greater and more important than it the potential of the students. tus with the Council of Europe. case in Montenegro at the moment. From among 73 applicants the follow- Among the most important IRCT She said that the commitment of the ing 15 students were selected and success- collaborators are international organiza- selected students to this highly demanding fully completed Student Leadership Progra- tions of psychiatrists and physicians, as programme testifies to their will to be social- mme: Ana Manojlovi}, Andrej Milovi}, well as other medical personnel dedicat- ly active and influence development of those An|elka Roga~, Bojana Dabovi}, Danka ed to helping the victims of torture. spheres which will be part of their future Kezi}, Dina Bajramspahi}, Dra`en Petri}, More information about IRCT can professional life, which is a sign of a new, Emir Kala~, Ivona Joveti}, Ivana Tatar, Irma be found at www.irct.org. encouraging turn among the young people. Zoronji}, Milena Bubanja, Milo{ @i`i}, Milica Student leadership programme offers the Milonji} i Mirko Rajkovi}. Prepared by: Petar \UKANOVI]

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Cvjmejoh!uif!dvmuvsf!pg!ivnbo!sjhiut EEdduuccaattiioonnaall n 22 February 2010 participants of the citizens with highly developed democratic ppeerrssppeeccttiivveess OVI and VII generation of Human and awareness and a strong impulse for adop- Minority Rights School were awarded tion and implementation of European stan- or some time now the American diplomas for having successfully completed dard". FCorner in Montenegro has been the four-month programme organised by During the training the participants organising weekly discussions on differ- the Centre for Civic Education (CCE) with had a chance to learn about the concept, ent topics, hosted by the Willeke couple support of the Commission for the culture and principles of human rights, as who, in a comfortable atmosphere with Distribution of Profits on Lottery Games of well as to analyse international documents coffee, tea and American cookies the Government of Montenegro. in the area of human rights, standards and encourage discussion on various issues of The diplomas were awarded by Dali- recommendations of international organisa- importance for American and borka Uljarevi}, executive director of CCE. tions, and to learn about mechanisms and Montenegrin cultures. Speaking to the participants, she empha- instruments of human rights protection, as At a meeting in the American sised that "Montenegro still lacks the culture well as about the current state of human Coffee House organised on 4 February of human rights, which is one of the rea- rights in Montenegro. 2010 on the topic of education sons why we are still seeing violations of Lecturers at the School were professors Daliborka Uljarevi}, executive director of Centre for Civic education was one of human rights and disregard of such inci- from the University of Montenegro and the guests who exchanged opinions on dents by relevant institutions, as well as other universities in the region, renown this matter with the students from vari- insufficiently developed awareness on the lawyers, judges, researchers, MPs, represen- ous Montenegrin universities. She pre- part of the citizens about their rights and tatives of political and non-governmental sented the programmes of CCEs and ways of defending them. Education on organisations, as well as institutions dealing offered some opinions on the current sit- human rights will give Montenegro active with human rights in Montenegro. uation of higher education in Monte- negro and on the perspectives of the young people. Qpmjdf!up!qspufdu!wjdujnt!pg!wjpmfodf After the lecture the participants were divided into discussion groups n 10 February 2010 SOS telephones Directorate and more generally for the legal which debated in greater detail certain Ofor women and children victims of system with the purpose of effective pro- aspects of education in Montenegro and violence, in cooperation with the Police tection of victims of violence. Speakers at the current challenges in this field. Directorate and with support of the the presentation were Biljana Zekovi}, Canadian Development Agency presented executive director of SOS telephones for Youth and active draft was presented the draft document women and children victims of violence, Youth and active "Guidelines for the behaviour of police offi- Marijana Lakovi}, Deputy Ombudsman and citizenship cers in cases of domestic violence". The aim Vladimir Vukoti}, Counsellor for Legal citizenship of the presentation was to inform the pub- Affairs in the Police Directorate. Dragana n 2 February 2010 the Youth lic of the contents of the document and its Ota{evi}, CCE programme associate, partic- OCouncil organised a round table on importance for the work of the Police ipated on behalf of the Centre. the subject "Young people and active cit- izenship - in search of a good model". The meeting was held to discuss the Dppqfsbujpo!cfuxffo!uif!OHPt!boe!Qsjtpo!Jotujuvuf!Tqva possibilities of networking of organisa- tions of young people and those work- n the initiative of director of the Prison director of ZIKS, Milan Radovi}, deputy ing with young people, future activities Milan Radovi} Zoran Magdalini} OInstitute Spu` (ZIKS), , director , members of the of the Youth Council and draft Action representatives of non-governmental staff Anka Cerovi} and Jadranka Voji~i} as Plan for Young People 2010. Speakers at organisations (NGOs) met with the man- well as NGO representatives of Action for the meeting were Igor Milo{evi}, presi- agement of ZIKS on 16 February 2010. The Human Rights (Tea Gorjanc Prelevi} and dent of the Youth Council, Mirjana reason for the meeting were letters which Nikoleta Strugar), Centre for Civic Edu- Rako~evi}, Youth Centre Proactive, Dr some NGOs sent to ZIKS but never got a cation (Dragana Ota{evi}), Women's Safety Agima Ljaljevi}, member of the Youth reply, their public commentaries on specif- House (Ljiljana Rai~evi} and Ivan Milovi}) Council. Special guest at the meeting ic denouncements of torture and their and NGO Preporod (Jovan Bulaji}). Parts of was Dra`en Pulji} from the European interest in the general living standards of the meeting were also attended by NGOs Youth Forum. Paula Petri~evi}, CCE pro- detainees and convicts in ZIKS. Juventas (Tijana Pavi}evi}), Center for De- gramme director and Dragana Ota{evi}, NGOs which participated at the mocratic Transition (Dragan Koprivica and programme associate, participated at the meeting agreed that this was the first time Milica Kova~evi}), and 4Life (Sasa Mijovi}). meeting on behalf of Centre for Civic that ZIKS invited a group of NGOs for a The meeting was concluded with the Education. Dragana Ota{evi} also meeting and congratulated the manage- director of ZIKS and his collaborators attended the follow-up seminar held in ment on this sign of new, transparent emphasising their readiness to cooperate Milo~er on 19 and 20 February where approach to the public. with all NGOs in their projects, and invit- the draft Action Plan for 2010 was adopted. The meeting was attended by the ing them to submit their proposals.

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F O R T H I S I S S U E W E R E C O M M E N D :

CALL FOR APPLICANTS awards range from £3,000 to £10,000. One Francesca Swirski scholarship is available The English-speaking postgraduate pro- worth £10,000. Applications must be received gramme "Postgraduate Programme in at the School by the end of April 2010. Southeast European Studies" will accept 25 Two Central European MSc scholarships of students for the academic year 2010-2011. £12,500 are available to students on one year Eligible to apply are graduates of Greek taught master's courses in any subject. Higher Education Institutions or foreign Applications must be received at the School Higher Education Institutions which have by the end of April 2010. been recognised by the Greek state as equiv- All MRes/MPhil/PhD students are eligible to alent. In the case of foreign degrees, official apply for the LSE Research Studentship recognition by Hellenic Naric is a prerequi- Scheme. The level of assistance given is site for participation in the Programme. Those determined by each academic department interested in enrolling should submit their and is most usually a contribution towards application from 20 January - 23 April 2010. fees. Applications must be received at the Documents required: PHD SCHOLARSHIPS IN School by 11 June 2010. 1. The completed application form (which INFORMATICS, VIENNA The School also offers a wide range of may be downloaded from Web site Programme Related and LSE Named Awards http://www.pspa.uoa.gr). PHD SCHOOL OF for taught master's and research students. 2. A statement of purpose in English (500 INFORMATICS, AUSTRIA Award values vary. words maximum). The "Vienna PhD School of Informatics" call For details of all the latest scholarships and 3. A certified copy of the applicant's first for applications, addressing Austrian as well as information on how to apply see degree international students, is now open. http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/studentService 4. A certified copy of the applicant's official All the details of the call are available at sCentre/financialSupportOffice/ university grades transcript. http://www.informatik.tuwien.ac.at/phdschool Deadline 30 April 2010. 5. Official translations into Greek of docu- In brief, the Vienna University of Technology ments 3 (degree) and 4 (transcript), offers a three year programme following the required when the original documents are five main research areas of the Faculty of SCHOLARSHIP in a language other than Greek or English. Informatics: Business Informatics, Computa- 6. Proof of excellent knowledge of the PROGRAMME FOR tional Intelligence, Computer Engineering, English language Distributed and Parallel Systems, Media YOUNG RESEARCHERS 7. Two recommendation letters, at least one Informatics and Visual Computing. of which should be from a faculty mem- FROM EASTERN The Programme will admit a maximum num- ber of your own university. ber of 15 students for the academic year NEIGHBOURING 8. Simple photocopies of other supporting doc- 2010/2011. Deadline 31 March 2010 uments e.g. knowledge of other foreign lan- COUNTRIES Each year up to 15 students will be awarded guages, seminar attendance certificates, etc. a scholarship amounting to EUR 1.000 per Universities of the Coimbra Group offer 9. Successful applicants who hold a first month, to cover the cost of living. short-term visits to young researchers from degree from a non-Greek university will Scholarships for the Vienna PhD School of Eastern neighbouring countries. The eligible be required, upon acceptance by the pro- Informatics are available for Austrian as well countries for the 2010 edition are the follow- gramme, to submit their qualifications for as international students. ing: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, recognition by Hellenic Naric, the official All the details of the call are available at Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYROM, Georgia, Greek certificating institution for foreign http://www.informatik.tuwien.ac.at/phdschool Kazakhstan, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, degrees (please see the website of Hellenic Mongolia, Montenegro, Serbia, Tajikistan, Naric http://www.doatap.gr). Further infor- GRADUATE Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. mation on this process will be provided Please note that in this new edition of the once the candidate selection process is SCHOLARSHIPS AT LSE Scholarship Programme only on-line applica- complete. £2 million is available annually for taught tions will be accepted. Applicants will be able More information and the Application form master's students from the Graduate Support to submit their applications from 1 February can be found at http://www.pspa.uoa.gr or Scheme (GSS). This scheme is designed to until 15 March 2010. http://en.uoa.gr/fileadmin/en.uoa.gr/uploads/p help students who do not have the necessary Web: http://www.coimbra-group.eu/sp/02- df-files/BROCHURE.pdf funds to meet all their costs of study and ENC-Hospitality.php

EIC Bulletin -EEuropean pulse is electronic magazine established within EIC programme, with the support of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The publisher is Centre for Civic Education. EIC Bulletin -EEuropean pulse is registered with the Ministry for Culture and Media as item No. 578 Editor in Chief: Vladan @ugi} Editorial Board: Vera [}epanovi}, Daliborka Uljarevi}, Vladimir Pavi}evi}, Dragan Stojovi}, Vladimir Vu~ini}, Petar \ukanovi} Tehnical Editor: Bla`o Crvenica; Translation: Vera [}epanovi}; Language editing and proofreading: CCE Njego{eva 36/I; Tel/fax: +382 20 665-112, 665-327; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] EIC Bulletin -EEuropean pulse can be downloaded at the www.cgo-cce.org

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