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I: Vessel Its Whaleboat Appearance 14090 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. �82. NOVEMBER 26, 1892. boring settlement. He never returned. Search parties any appearance of a keel, as the outer planking will NANSEN'S NORTH POLE EXPEDI'l'ION. were sent in every direction, but no trace of him could lie even with its base, so that there will not be any be found. His footsteps were followed to the edge of projection below water that the ice can get hoh1 of. By O. DAHL, Ph.D., New Haven, Ct.* a dangemus glacier, 11nd a nUlIlbpr of his speeimens The cross section of the vessel th us resembles a bowl were (lisoovered, but nothing lIlore. 'l'here seelll;; little cut in halves. The engines, manufactured at the THE exploration of unknown part� of the globe has doubt that he must have fallen into one of the deep Akers Works, Christiania, are of 1(j9 indicated horse of late made rapid progress. But few regions now remain unexplored. 'I'wo parts of our earth, however, in spite of numerous attempts, have not been explored. These two parts lic around the poles. As regards most unknown regions whieh have hitherto been explored there has been this peculiarity, or rather lack of pecu­ liarity, that there was nothing unusual about their geographic position, as other regions were already C) known which lay in the same latitude and had the <0 same physical conditions. One could thus, with some degree of certainty at least, form an idea of the eon­ ditions in these regions even before they were traversed. Nevm'theless no considerable area of the globe has been explor'.ld without rewarding us liberally in a scientific way. The polar regions, however, have this peculiarity, that we know no region of the globe whieh lies in a corresponding latitude or under the smue physical conditions. As investigation and science have advanced, scienti­ fic problems whose solution can be found only in the Arctic and Antarctic regions have arisen. We can study scarcely any branch of the physical sciences, whether meteorology, geology, or physical geography, without meeting great and important problems which await their solution up in the polar regions and con­ cerning which we now can offer only the vaguest hypotheses. 'l'hose regions which we have hitherto explored have, as a rule, been inhabited, and the foot of the explorer was not the first to tread on its soil. Often, through story and tradition, originating with people who lived in the country, we had arrived at some idea of its conditions and appearance. In the polar regions, on the cont rary, no human foot has set its mark on the white snow, and no human eye has penetrated the icy mists. Since so Itlany scientific problems await their solution in these northern regions, the question as to the value of polar exploration is synonymous with inquiring about the value of any scientific investiga­ tion. The two polar regions, the Arctic and the Antarctic, have both their peculiar interests. While it is the Arctic region that has most attracted the attention of men, this is due solely to its situation on our hemisyhere. As it is this region which sp("eially concerns us, shall limit myself to its consideration, and first mention the routes by which attempts have been made to reach the north pole. The most successful attempts have been by way of Smith's Sound. For a long time after the American explorers Kane, Hayes, and Hall had reached the highest latitude in this region it was thought that here was the way. Here it was thought they had seen the open polar sea stretching to the north. It was not long, however, before it was found that here also the TIC usual hindrance was encountered; the impenetrable zoI{)CEA ice, coming from the north, carried by a strong polar current. MAP SHOWINH 'rHE ROUTE OP THE PEARY EXPtml'l'lON. By this route, Admiral Markham, who took part in the English polar expedition under Nares, reached the highest latitude then attained, proceeding by crevasses on the glacier. He was only twenty-five power, and, with a consumption of about 2% tons of means of sledges over the drift ice as far as 83" 20'. The years old, and was much liked by his colleagues. coal a day, give her a speed of about 6 knots. She Greely expedition of 1882 has since surpassed this, as will carry enough coal for about three and a half Lockwood reached 84024' along the northwest coast of months' constant steaming. Rigged as a three-m11sted Greenland. EXPEDITION. DR NANSEN'S NEW ARC'l'IC sehooner, she will mflke lllOSt use of her sail power, Also along the east coast of Greenland attempts ha ve DR. NA:VSlcN'S ship for Arctic discovery, which has which will have an area of 600 square meters. 'l'he main­ been made to reach the pole. Thi� route has not been beBn bllilt at Laurvik, Norway, at the works of Mr. mast is 82 ft. in length and the topmast 49 ft., the view so successful, the nortnernmost point reached being 77\ Colin Amher, a gentleman of Scotch descent, is de­ from the barrel being thus about 105 ft. above the Cape Bismarck, lat. the limit of the Germania 1869-70. signed speei,tlly to withstand the buffetings of Arctic water. She carries seven boats, of which two, some­ expedition of stOl'lllS. '.rhis will be effected, it i8 hoped, not only by what larger than the others, are fitted out so as to be Farther to the east we have Spitzbergen, from which its solid constrnction, but also from the shape of the able to carry the entire crew, if necess,try, with pro­ point numerous attempts h11ve been made to reach the 1827, vessel's hull, which, being much rounded and fiat, it is visions for several months, as well as a warm tent or pole. Here the noted English explorer Parry, in 82° 45'. thought will enable the vessel to rise when nipped by covering. reached the highest latitude, Parry did not i(,e, possibly to snch an extent as to rest entirely on The principal dimensions are as follows: Length of come so far by his vessel, but finding that he could not the ice surface, when the ice by its presumed move­ keel, 31'00 meters; length at water line, 34'50 meters; proceed farther in the open sea, he abandoned the ship Illent will form the Illeans of further locomotion, convey length over all, B9'00 meters; beam at water line alIlid- and transported boats across the ice. He was soon the vessel from the neighborhood of the Liakov Is­ lands, past the north pole, and eventually launch it c------------- - on the waters of the Greenland Sea. Probably no vessel has ever been built for the purpose of Arctic ex­ ploration with greater foresight or care, or, indeed, of stonter or better materials. In form Dr. N ansen's ship resembles a Scotch buckie boat, only that it is carvel built 11nd rigged as a three-m11sted schooner. Both stem and stern are conlSiderably curved, as in the buckie boats, but by an ingeniouH arrangement the rudder will be entirely submerged, and both it I. and the screw may be raised when necessary and pro­ I tected from damage in a well. The stern is furnished with two perpendieular :;tern posts-one a propeller post, the other a rudder post. Outside these on both sides are bolted cur ved oak timbers, which give the I: vessel its whaleboat appearance. Between them is the well for both screw and rudder. '.rhe frame tim­ I·I bers are of the best materials, free from defects, about 13 in. thick at the keel and 8Xl ill. at the deck, mnged in couplm;, squared and bolted together, all joints be­ I ing bOllnd with iron. Between eaeh pair is a space of . ...._ about 2 ill. whieh is filled in with asphalt, so that, if I �;;".�. the outer plnnking were ehafed away the vessel would 1'---_'_" - -- " still remain watertight. Above the frame timbers are -' . � . -��� 17 12 :���;;;�=:� placed two keelwns, one in. and the other in. in �?:�. �- I height, both being bolted together to the timbers and keel, which Iattcr is in two pieees, cOlllposed of balks of elm 14 ill. sqlml"e. ThB steHl is composed of four i���:- ·��� ��" �<����- ����-::;:=;��I balks, 15 in. broad 11nd 13 in. thick, bolted together with o11k tierails. '.rhe inner "tern post is of larger di­ mensions than the keel, the oute]' one being- the same THI<� NEW �HJP PUR DR NAN�I<;N'� EXPEDl'rlON '1'0 THE as the keel, both aUnched to the latter by strong cross NORTH POLK and longitudinal iron damps, and outside the after sternpost is a "stern stem," or cut-wate.r, 10Xl in. by 21 ill. tbiek. 'rhe planking consists of it 3� in. oak ships, excluding the "ice sheathing," 10'40 meters; baffled in this attempt, as the ice was driven faster Hkin, over which Itnother of 4�2' ill., and finally an grentest beam, excluding the "ice she�t,t.hillg-," 11.'00 southward than he could advance northward. Still outer planking or .. ice sheathing" of from B>4' in. to meters; depth moulded, fi '21) llIeters; L1nwg-ht. with farther to the east we find Fr. Joseph Land, discovered Ii �.� i tl. greenheart. '.rile eeiling consists of pitch pine light cargo, 3'75 meters ; displacement with 1 ig-ht. eargo, by Paym' and Weyprecht in 1874, on a polar expedi­ planks, alternately 4�4' in.
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