DOCSLIB.ORG

Arctic Exploration 1818 to 1909 Fact Or Myth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arctic Exploration 1818 to 1909 Fact Or Myth Fact or Myth: Arctic Exploration from 1818 to 1908 Pre-Reading Activity for Bound by Ice Dr. Paul E. Binford Assistant Professor of Secondary Social Studies Education, Mississippi State University Lesson Launch Blog: www.ringoftruth.org ©2018 This activity will provide historical background (i.e., context) for the reading of Bound by Ice. Rules: 1. Read each of the following statements (about a historical topic) and decide if the statements are a fact or a myth (false belief). 2. If you are unsure, make your best educated guess! 3. Record your answer (“fact” or “myth”) for each statement on your record sheet. 4. If you answered correctly, assign yourself one point in the score column. Also, note the factual information provided on each slide. 5. The students with the highest score win! The exclusive goal of 19th century Arctic exploration was reaching the North Pole. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] Arctic exploration of the 19th century had three major goals: 1. Finding a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean 2. Crossing Greenland and reaching its northernmost point 3. Reaching the North Pole Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] From 1818 to 1909, there were more than 50 expeditions to the Arctic for discovery. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] There were 92 Arctic expeditions during this period. This upsurge of interest continued until Robert Peary’s claim of reaching the North Pole in 1909. Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] Only three nation-states (Great Britain, Norway, and the United States) participated in Arctic exploration during this era (1818-1909). Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] In fact, nine nations participated in Arctic exploration during this era including: Austria Denmark Great Britain Germany Italy Norway Russia Sweden United States Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] Great Britain was the nation of origin for most of the Arctic expeditions of this time period. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] Of the nine nations involved in Arctic expeditions during this period, 49 of the voyages originated from Great Britain. Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] While a large majority of the Arctic expeditions were ship based, there were four expeditions during this period conducted by balloon. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] There were 4 balloon-based, 25 land-based, and 63 ship-based, Arctic explorations. Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] The majority of these Arctic expeditions were funded by the government. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] The large majority (57 ) of the 92 expeditions of this period were privately funded. Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] The symptoms of Scurvy—a debilitating and ultimately fatal disease, which impacted several Arctic expeditions—include swollen joints, bleeding gums, loose teeth, hair loss, and pale skin. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] The cause of Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) was not firmly established until the 20th century. Nearly 50% of all Arctic expeditions (lasting more than one year) were impacted by this disease. Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] With a couple of notable exceptions, sailors seldom died in most Arctic expeditions of this period (1818 to 1909). Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] Arctic exploration of this period was dangerous and 39 expeditions suffered the loss of life. On average, 2.84 deaths for each Arctic expedition (1818 to 1909). Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] The U.S.S. Jeannette expedition, led by Captain George W. De Long, was sponsored by the owner/publisher of the newspaper, New York Herald. Fact or Myth? Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] James Gordon Bennett, Jr., publisher/owner of the New York Herald, had previously sponsored Henry Stanley’s search for David Livingston in Africa. He sponsored the U.S.S. Jeannette expedition to the Arctic, in part, because it would sell newspapers. Dr. Paul E. Binford © [email protected] *This Fact or Myth is based largely on an article by Jonathan M. Karpoff entitled, “Public versus Private Initiative in Arctic Exploration: The Effects of Incentives and Organizational Structure.” The Voyage of the Jeannette: The Ship and Ice Journals of George W. De Long: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.3901501469904 8;view=1up;seq=9 Ring of Truth: Lesson Blog and Social Studies Materials: www.ringoftruth.org.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Grand and Terrible Polar Voyage of the USS Jeannette, by Hampton
    REVIEWS • 263 Numerous photographs (many in colour) enhance the sto- sources. Many (e.g., Illustrations, p. 236 – 237) had faded ries. The appearance of the book is pleasing from cover to from public recall. During Mark Twain’s “Gilded Age” cover, and the print easy to read. (I wondered why the title (~1867 – 98), intense “polar fever” gripped both the public was Polar Winds rather than Polar Wings, but perhaps that and the shapers of the Jeannette expedition. The globe was title was already taken.) Small glitches are barely noted shrinking at lower latitudes. Telegraphy spread within and (e.g., in the copy I was given to review the page numbers between continents. After 1869, the Suez Canal shortened from 210 to—supposedly—224 slide off the page in a faulty Eurasian shipping distances. Transcontinental railroads printing cut). A couple of minor factual errors noted above reduced transit times between Atlantic and Pacific coasts of do not detract from the overall enormity of the research North America. But higher latitudes resisted such shrink- and writing involved in this work. This book has earned its age. The Western Hemisphere’s Northwest Passage, the place in the collection of every reader who not only enjoys Eastern Hemisphere’s Northeast Passage, and the North- aviation history but also wishes to learn more about the his- ern Hemisphere’s apex (90˚ N) remained tantalizingly tory of our country and its people. Bravo! “unconquered.” Lt. George Washington De Long, U.S. Naval Academy graduate, turned 29 on USS Juniata’s mission to northwest- REFERENCE ern Greenland in the summer of 1873.
    [Show full text]
  • Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Robert Bartlett, and the Karluk Disaster: a Reassessment
    The Journal of the Hakluyt Society January 2017 (revised April 2018) Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Robert Bartlett, and the Karluk Disaster: A Reassessment by Janice Cavell* Introduction The sinking of the Canadian Arctic Expedition (CAE) ship Karluk near Wrangel Island, Siberia, in January 1914 has long been the subject of controversy. The ship’s commander, Robert Bartlett, was initially hailed as a hero for his journey over the ice from Wrangel Island to the mainland. Bartlett was able to bring help that saved most of the crew, but eight men had been lost on the way from the wreck site to the island, and three more died before the rescuers arrived. The expedition leader, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, did not share the prevailing favourable view. Instead, he severely criticized Bartlett in several private letters. After the CAE ended in 1918, Stefansson insinuated in his publications that Bartlett was to blame for the tragedy, while continuing to discuss Bartlett’s alleged responsibility in private. Decades later the CAE’s meteorologist, William Laird McKinlay, responded to these insinuations in his book Karluk: A Great Untold Story of Arctic Exploration (1976). In McKinlay’s view, Stefansson alone was responsible. Historians have been divided on the subject; Stefansson’s biographer William R. Hunt was the most negative about Bartlett, while more recently Jennifer Niven has written scathingly about Stefansson while extolling Bartlett as a great Arctic hero. Much of the difficulty in evaluating this episode stems from the very complicated circumstances leading up to the Karluk’s unplanned drift from the north coast of Alaska to Siberia, and from the almost equally complicated circumstances that prevented Bartlett from responding publicly to Stefansson’s innuendoes.
    [Show full text]
  • Nansen Talk NHS2
    The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 Scandanavian Nations Let’s name the countries The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F S The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F S N The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 F I S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 G (D) F I S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 G Sp (D) (N) F I S N D The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period ???? 1861-1865 ???? 1880‟s Fridtjof Nansen ???? 1861-1930 1914-1918 ???? 1919 ???? 1920‟s Fram:1890’s Kodak Brownie Camera The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 ???? 1880‟s Fridtjof Nansen ???? 1861-1930 1914-1918 ???? 1919 ???? 1920‟s Fram:1890’s Kodak Brownie Camera The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8: Surface and Deep Circulation Exploring the World
    The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ “Polar exploration was littered with dead bodies,” Roland Huntford Fridtjof Nansen 1861-1930 Fram:1890’s Kodak Brownie Camera The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen – „The Daring Viking‟ Events of Period U.S. Civil War 1861-1865 2nd Industrial Rev. 1880‟s Fridtjof Nansen World War I 1861-1930 1914-1918 League of Nations 1919 Rise of Bolshevism 1920‟s Fram:1890’s Kodak Brownie Camera The Inspirational Life of Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) * Nansen‟s Youth * Education/Sportsman * Early Career Accomplishments * First Research Cruise * Greenland Crossing * Farthest North and Accolades * More Oceanographic Research * Statesman and Diplomat * Humanitarian - Nobel Peace Prize * Lasting Impact of a Remarkable Life Nansen‟s Youth * Fridtjof Nansen born near Christiania (now Oslo) Norway Oct. 10, 1861 * Name Fridtjof from saga of a daring Viking (Very fitting!) *Ancestor Hans Nansen, b. 1598, was sailor, Arctic explorer, mayor of Copenhagen * Father: lawyer, financier; strict parent * Mother: widow with 5 children – free-spirit - avid skier * Nansen skied across Norway to participate in a ski *In youth, he loved the competition in 1884, a remarkable feat noted by Norwegians. outdoors – skating, skiing, hiking, fishing Early Career/First Research Cruise * Entered Univ. of Christiania (Oslo) at age of 18 in 1880 * Chose zoology to do field work * First research cruise on working sealer Viking 1882 in Norwegian Sea * Did ocean and ice observations/ Fit in as excellent harpooner! * Vision of crossing Greenland! Nansen‟s First Job and His Ph D Work * Bergen Museum Curator at age of 20 in 1882 – lived with family that treated lepers * Studied nervous system of hag fish * Developed neuron theory for Ph.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (The Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea)
    Chronology of the Key Historical Events on the Eastern Seas of the Russian Arctic (the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea, the Chukchi Sea) Seventeenth century 1629 At the Yenisei Voivodes’ House “The Inventory of the Lena, the Great River” was compiled and it reads that “the Lena River flows into the sea with its mouth.” 1633 The armed forces of Yenisei Cossacks, headed by Postnik, Ivanov, Gubar, and M. Stadukhin, arrived at the lower reaches of the Lena River. The Tobolsk Cossack, Ivan Rebrov, was the first to reach the mouth of Lena, departing from Yakutsk. He discovered the Olenekskiy Zaliv. 1638 The first Russian march toward the Pacific Ocean from the upper reaches of the Aldan River with the departure from the Butalskiy stockade fort was headed by Ivan Yuriev Moskvitin, a Cossack from Tomsk. Ivan Rebrov discovered the Yana Bay. He Departed from the Yana River, reached the Indigirka River by sea, and built two stockade forts there. 1641 The Cossack foreman, Mikhail Stadukhin, was sent to the Kolyma River. 1642 The Krasnoyarsk Cossack, Ivan Erastov, went down the Indigirka River up to its mouth and by sea reached the mouth of the Alazeya River, being the first one at this river and the first one to deliver the information about the Chukchi. 1643 Cossacks F. Chukichev, T. Alekseev, I. Erastov, and others accomplished the sea crossing from the mouth of the Alazeya River to the Lena. M. Stadukhin and D. Yarila (Zyryan) arrived at the Kolyma River and founded the Nizhnekolymskiy stockade fort on its bank.
    [Show full text]
  • Locked in Ice and While Drifting North, They Discovered the Archipelago They Named Franz Josef Land ­After the Austro-­Hungarian Emperor
    After Matter 207-74305_ch01_6P.indd 253 11/22/18 9:40 AM Second lieutenant Sigurd Scott-Hansen, who was responsible for the meteorological, astronomical, and magnetic observations on the expedition, turned out to be a good photographer. 207-74305_ch01_6P.indd 254 11/22/18 9:40 AM Appendix • The Design of the Fram • The Crew of the Fram • Duties of the Crew Aboard • Science Aboard the Fram • Full List of Nansen’s Equipment for the Two- Man Dash to the North Pole • A List of Nansen’s Dogs on Starting the Trek to the North Pole • Dogs and Polar Exploration • North Pole Expeditions and Rec ords of Farthest North • A Special Note on Geoff Carroll and a Modern- Day Sled Dog Trip to the North Pole • Navigating in the Arctic • Explanation of Navigating at the North Pole, by Paul Schurke • Simple Use of the Sun and a 24- Hour Watch, by Geoff Carroll • Time Line • Glossary 207-74305_ch01_6P.indd 255 11/22/18 9:40 AM 207-74305_ch01_6P.indd 256 11/22/18 9:40 AM The Design of the Fram ANSEN OBSERVED THAT many Arctic explorers never N really gave much thought to their boats but took what was available. He felt that the success of the Fram Expedition depended on having the right ship built for the ice. For living quarters, a series of small cabins opened up to the saloon, where eating and social activity took place. The Fram had four single cabins, one each for Nansen, Sverdrup, Scott- Hansen, and Dr. Blessing. Two larger cabins housed either four men or five: Amundsen, Pettersen, Juell, and Johansen shared one, and Mogstad, Bentsen, Jacobsen, Nordahl, and Hendriksen were cramped together.
    [Show full text]
  • Chet Ross Rare Books
    Chet Ross Rare Books Exploration of the Polar Regions + + + Travels and Exploration to Asia, Africa, Middle East, Far East, Europe and The Americas 北洋南極の開拓者 – 白中尉 Hokuyo Nankyoku no Kaitaku - sha Shirase Chui [Pioneer of Northern Antarctica — Lieutenant Shirase] By Zenya Taniguchi and Yoshimasa Kimura First Edition – Limited to only 15 copies Signed by Taniguchi and Kimura Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair 2017 Chet Ross Rare Books, ABAA We collate all books and make our best efforts to provide accurate descriptions. We will gladly provide additional high resolution images of any book listed in this catalog or in our inventory. Please feel free to contact us if you require future information. All prices listed are net US Dollars. We accept payments by check, credit card, PayPal or wire transfer. Complementary USPS Priority shipping is included in the sale price for domestic purchases. International shipping will be billed at cost. We take special care to package all books for a safe journey. We specialize in books related to exploration of the polar regions. We also have a unique focus and inventory holdings related to Lt. Nobu Shirase and the Japa- nese Antarctic Expedition of 1910-1912. Because many consignments are en- trusted to us, our catalog and inventory includes numerous titles related to other areas of exploration and travel to include Austalia and the South Pacific, Asia and the Far East, the Middle East and Africa, Europe, and the Americas. PO Box 200 ° Southworth Washington 98386 U S A [email protected] 011.360-760-2437 Travels from India to England Comprehending a Visit to the Burman Empire, and a Journey through Persia, Asia Minor, European Turkey, &c.
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerary Will Be Flexible
    NORTHEAST PASSAGE: AN UNFORGETTABLE VOYAGE FROM NORWAY TO ALASKA Current route: Tromso, Norway to Nome, Alaska 26 Days National Geographic Endurance 126 Guests Expeditions in: Jul/Aug From $39,210 to $77,270 * Call us at 1.800.397.3348 or call your Travel Agent. In Australia, call 1300.361.012 • www.expeditions.com DAY 1: Oslo, Norway padding Fly to Oslo. Upon arrival, check into the Hotel 2022 Departure Dates: Bristol. In the afternoon, explore this charming city. Stroll among the famed Vigeland sculptures— 19 Jul hundreds of life-size human figures set in terraced 11 Aug Frogner Park. Visit the Fram Museum, dedicated 2023 Departure Dates: to the wooden ship sailed by Norwegian explorers Nansen and Amundsen. The evening is at leisure. 25 Jul (L) 16 Aug Advance Payment: DAY 2: Oslo/Tromsø/Embark padding Fly from Oslo to Tromsø and embark National Geographic $3,000 Endurance. (B,L,D) Sample Airfares: Economy: from $1,150 DAY 3-5: Exploring Norway's Fjords padding Business: from $3,250 Spend two days exploring Norway’s spectacular Charter(Oslo/Tromso from $490 and northern coast. Carved by glaciers over millions of Nome/Anchorage from $350) years, these shores are laced with steep-walled Airfares are subject to change fjords, mountainous islands, and chiseled peaks. Cruise along vertical rock faces, and through Cost Includes: serene fjords. Be on the lookout for seabirds and One hotel night in Oslo; accommodations; marine mammals and learn about the region from meals indicated; alcoholic beverages our expert natural history staff. (B,L,D) (except premium brands); excursions; services of Lindblad Expeditions’ Leader, DAY 6-24: Exploring the Russian High Arctic, Naturalist staff and expert guides; use of padding kayaks; entrance fees; all port charges Siberian Coast, and Russian Far East and service taxes; gratuities to ship’s In keeping with the nature of an expedition, our crew.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghosts of Cape Sabine: the Harrowing True Story of the Greely
    REVIEWS • 317 GHOSTS OF CAPE SABINE: THE HARROWING TRUE Howgate’s breezy assertions were particularly fateful in STORY OF THE GREELY EXPEDITION. By light of later events. First, the experiences of Charles LEONARD F. GUTTRIDGE. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Francis Hall in 1871 and Nares in 1875–76 had led Sons, 2000. 354 p., maps, b&w illus., notes, bib., index. Howgate to conclude that Lady Franklin Bay could reliably Hardbound. Cdn$37.99. be reached by ship every summer. Second, he believed that ships were undesirable “cities of refuge” that hindered Depending on their personalities, explorers have always proper adaptation to the Arctic. The polar colony, he made a choice between pursuing dramatic geographical proposed, should be transported by ship, left with adequate discoveries or doing quiet, competent scientific work. supplies, and picked up three years later (Howgate, 1879). Some tried to play both sides, but the conservative ones Howgate’s optimism seemed well founded when the could never quite match the dash of the sensation-seek- Proteus, a refitted whaling ship, left the 25 men of the ers—who, for their part, feigned scientific aspirations but Greely expedition at Lady Franklin Bay in August 1881. A brought back few solid results. In the High Arctic, Robert ship was to bring mail and supplies the following summer, Peary and Elisha Kent Kane are classic examples of the and the pickup was scheduled for 1883. Adolphus Greely, melodramatic explorer, while Otto Sverdrup exemplifies an ambitious Signal Corps lieutenant who had done well the ideal leader of a nineteenth-century scientific team.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Results of the Norwegian Arctic Expedition, 1893-96 Author(S): Fridtjof Nansen Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol
    Some Results of the Norwegian Arctic Expedition, 1893-96 Author(s): Fridtjof Nansen Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 5 (May, 1897), pp. 473-505 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774891 Accessed: 27-06-2016 06:58 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 131.247.112.3 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 06:58:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Geographical Journal No. 5. MAY, 1897. VOL. IX. SOME RESULTS OF THE NORWEGIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1 893-96.* By FRIDTJOF NANSEN, D.Sc., D.C.L., LL.D. IT might seem desirable to lay before the readers of this Journal a full survey of the additions to our knowledge of the northern regions and their physical conditions acquired during the three years we spent there. But the material we brought home is so abundant, that a long time must elapse before it can be put into shape by the various specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Santa Cruz Sentinel Columns by Gary Griggs, Director, Institute of Marine Sciences, UC Santa Cruz
    Our Ocean Backyard –– Santa Cruz Sentinel columns by Gary Griggs, Director, Institute of Marine Sciences, UC Santa Cruz. #124 January 26, 2013 Venturing Into the Arctic Royal Dutch Shell Company has now repeatedly experienced the challenges of exploring for oil in the Arctic environment, and the Department of Interior is re- evaluating the whole enterprise and reconsidering the hazards and risks of Arctic drilling. Until the late 1800s, the dominant view was that the Arctic was a solid mass, perhaps land covered with ice, or ice, but solid nonetheless. There was an earlier Arctic ship disaster in 1881 that ended an expedition planned to overturn the long- held ideas about a solid Arctic. In July 1879, the Jeanette, a private U.S. vessel, but on a naval expedition, left San Francisco for the Arctic Ocean, after a major retrofit that included strengthening her hull to withstand the Arctic icepack. The bold mission of the Jeannette, under the leadership of Lieutenant Commander George DeLong, a veteran Arctic explorer, was to be frozen into the pack ice and drift to the North Pole. They were indeed frozen into the ice in September 1879, above Siberia near Wrangel Island. They drifted northwest for the next 21 months, gradually getting closer to the pole. It became clear that the ice cover wasn’t solid, that there was an ocean beneath it, and that the ice at the surface moved around over time. On the night of June 12, 1881, however, disaster struck as the pressure of the ice finally began to crush the Jeannette.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polar Regions
    THE POLAR REGIONS A List of Books . in the Brooklyn Public Library Publi shed b y BROOKLYN PUBLIC LIBRARY Brook lyn. New York e 909 Septemb r. 1 THE POLAR REGIONS This list includes the books and a selection from maga ne e a u e in the o u zi lit r t r Br oklyn P blic Library. The arrangement is al phabetical by authors under the following divis ions l . B I B L I OGRAP H I ES . l l . ARCTIC RE G IONS . Il l . ANTARCTIC RE GIONS . L P l v. S EL ECTED ARTIC ES IN E RlODICALS . I . BI B L I OG RAP H I ES . Am" d . n e s n na . Lon n , G . M . e H ry Hud o , the vigator do , i - A 2 a a s 2 8 2 Ref . 1 1 r 8. 8 860 . Bibl og phic l li t, pp . 5 7 9 7 os ton es a P ub lic L ib rar . B ( M ) y Bulletin, April, 1 894, Clas s ed reading list on the Arctic and Antarctic regions . row n The - es a s a e 2 n n 1 860 B , J . North w t p s g . d ed . Lo do , . n h - 2 o s o t e ns . W rk e Arctic r gio , pp . 44 7 5 1 9 9 . 8B87 Frlek e r n n n 1 . , Karl . A tarctic regio s . Londo , 90 0 List of - n . importa t books, articles and map, pp 283 286 9 1 9 .
    [Show full text]