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TUGboat, Volume 13 (1992), No. 2 201

The Elementary Entity Notation tor), of monopoles (E for electric, (PEN) Scheme M for magnetic); abbreviations that are initials or bits of Michel Goossens and Eric van Herwijnen words (exp, for experimental; min, for Abstract minimum) ; In this article an Entity Nota- 0 the 'd' in integrands (e.g. dp). tion (PEN) scheme is proposed for use with m In all cases, following these rules will help and SGML. This scheme not only assures the typo- the reader understand at first glance what one graphic correctness of the printed symbols, but also is talking about. Some instances in which it eases the automatic extraction of information about is important to use the correct symbol, in the the article by the recognition of the entity names. correct type, are shown in Table 1. 2. Let your word processor do as much work as it 1 Typographical rules for scientific texts can. Do not try to change your system's de- In scientific texts the printed form of a symbol of- faults too much; this will decrease the porta- ten implies a meaning which is not easily captured bility and maintainability of your documents. by generic markup. Therefore authors using some l$$ implements a lot of the rules mentioned form of generic coding (like Ul$$ or SGML) need above by default in math mode. to know about typographical conventions. The fol- 3. Do not add blanks at random to make formulae lowing is a brief summary of the most important look "nicer". rules for composing scientific texts [I, 21. 4. Refrain from using specific page layout com- 1. The most important rule is consistency: a mands (like \break with Q$).You will forget symbol should always be the same, whether it that you put them in your text and later won- appears in a formula or in the text, on the main der why some text is badly adjusted or starts a line or as a superscript or subscript. That is, new line. in w, once you have used a symbol inside mathematics mode ('$'), always use it inside 2 Entity definitions for elementary mathematics mode. Inside math mode, Q$ by default prints characters in italics. In texts on high energy frequently re- For scientific work, however, quite a few occurring strings are the names of elementary par- symbols must be set in roman (upright) ticles. For example, the ZO particle can be coded in characters1. This is the case for the following various different ways with MW: $\mbox(Z)-0$, families of symbols, which represent the names $\mathrmCZ-0)$ and Z$-O$ all achieve the same ty- of: pographical effect, a roman Z with a superscript units. such as g, cm, s, keV. Note that 0. In the interest of standardization and typing physical constants are usually in italics, convenience, we propose below an "entity" naming so units involving constants are mixed scheme, which will not only relieve the user from roman-italics, e.g. GeV/c (where the c is having to worry about the correctness of what he italic because it symbolizes the speed of types, but also will allow an automatic extraction light, a constant); of the particle names from the input file, so that it particles, for example p, K, q, H. For el- will be easy to enter data about an article using this ementary particles the PEN (Particle En- convention into a database of abstracts. tity Notation) scheme is proposed (see the The naming scheme uses a notation which takes next section); the following constraints into consideration: standard mathematical functions (sin. det, 1. The notation should be able to describe all par- cos, tan, Re, Im, etc.). Use the built-in ticles in the particle data summary tables from functions for these (\sin, etc.); the "Review of Particle Properties" [3] and any chemical elements, for example Ne, 0, Cu; future extension to these. numbers; 2. The names should not exceed eight characters. names of waves or states (p-wave) and co- This is the maximum length for entities in the variant cou~linns(A for axial, V for vec- SGML reference concrete syntax [4]. Staying * -\ within this limit means that the notation can With I4m roman type in maths mode can be be used with most SGML applications. achieved by the \mbox or \mathrm commands. TUGboat, Volume 13 (1992), No. 2

roman tv~e italic tv~e 1 A ampere (electric unit) A atomic number (variable) (particle ) electron charge (constant) (particle name) gravitational constant litre (volume unit) length (variable) metre (length unit) mass (variable) (particle name) momentum (variable) (particle name) (variable) second (time unit) c .m. energy squared (variable) tonne (weight unit) time (variable) volt (electric unit) volume (variable) Z (particle name) Z atomic charge (variable)

Table 1: Example of differences in meaning of a symbol depending on the type.

3. Common particles such as and elec- 2. The following letters act as an escape to signal trons should have short and simple names. a special interpretation of the string. Present 4. Items that are indicated by superscripts are in- escape sequences are:

dicated before items that are indicated by sub- 0 a for anti particle (normally represented scripts. visually with a bar over the particle's Due to the eight character limitation the mass name) could not be added to the name. This means that in 0 b for bottom particle general an entity on its own is not adequate to unam- 0 c for charmed particle biguously identify a particle, cf. ~(549)and ~(1300) 0 g for indicating the subsequent letter is are both referred to as Pgh. Including mass depen- Greek. The correspondence between Latin dences into the names is not a good idea anyway, and Greek letters is based on the notation since the mass can change with time when more for mathematical Greek characters used by precise measurements become available. The am- the AAP mathematical formula applica- biguity was solved by adding a letter to the end of tion [5]: the name where a mass appears in the name in the ferred to as Pgh while ~(1300)is referred to as Pgha. This one-letter correspondence is shown in Higher letters correspond to higher masses, in the Table 2. given in the tables. 0 q for quark particle The PEN scheme is independent of any text 0 s for processing system. We have implemented it in TEX (in such a way that it may be used in all macro S for supersymmetric particle packages, e.g. Urn) and SGML. The imple- t for top particle mentation will print particle masses, which will be 3. The one-letter name of the particle regularly updated according to the Review of Parti- 4. Optionally followed by other information cle Properties publication. It is constructed so that 0 z for zero, i for one, ii for two, iii for the PEN name can be used in both mathematics three, iv for four and text mode. 0 m for minus, p for plus, pm for plus/minus

2.1 Principles of the Particle Entity 0 pr for prime Notation (PEN) 0 st for asterisk (star) Starting at the left, a name is built from the follow- L for left-handed, R for right-handed ing characters: 0 any one-letter particle name 1. Start the entity with a recognized string (in the following this was chosen as uppercase P). This is necessary to uniquely identify entities as following the PEN convention. TUGboat, Volume 13 (1992); No. 2

2reek name code ;reek name code gamma g Gamma Refer to a particle entity by prefixing its name by delta d Delta an ampersand ('&')and suffixing it with a semi-colon epsilon e Epsilon (' ;'), e.g. &Pgr ; would give p(770). zeta z Zeta eta h Eta 3 How to get the files theta 9 Theta A file pennames .sty with the TFJ particle name iota i Iota definitions, pennames.entities with the SGML kappa k Kappa entity names, and pennames.ps containing the lambda 1 Lambda Postscript source of this document, are available via mu m Mu anonymous ftp as follows (commands to be typed by nu n Nu the user are underlined): xi x Xi ftp cernvm.cern.ch omicron o Omicron Trying 128.141.2.4 ... pi P Pi 220-FTPIBM at cernvm.CERN.CH.. rho r Rho Name (cernvm:goossens): anonymous sigma s Sigma 230 ANONYMOU logged in with no special a.. . t Tau Remote system type is VM. upsilon u Upsilon f tp> cd tex.802 phi f Phi 250 Working directory is TEX 802 (ReadOnly) chi c Chi f tp> get pennames. sty ftp> get pennames.entities psi Y Psi ftp> get pennames. ps .. omega w Omega ftp> -quit Table 2: The AAP codes for the Greek letters. References 2.2 Particle encodings according to the [I] International Union of pure and applied Physics. PEN Scheme Symbols, Units, and Fundamental Constants in Physics. Physica, 146A:l-67, 1987. In table 3 we show how to encode the particles from the summary tables of particle properties in the [2] D.E. Lowe. A Guzde to international recommen- "Review of Particle Properties" [3] using the PEN dations on names and symbols for quantities and convention. In the rightmost column we give the on units of measurements. World Health Orga- computer name of the particle, as defined by "A nization, Geneva, 1975. Guide to Experimental Elementary [3] Particle Data Group. Review of particle proper- Literature (1985-1989)" [6]. This is the name to ties. Physics Letters B, 239:l-516, April 1990. be used when searching the Particle Data Group's [4] E. van Herwijnen. Practical SGML. Wolters- databases. Notice that these names cannot be used Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1990. for either TEX or SGML, as they do not satisfy the [5] American National Standards Institute. Ameri- constraints of the PEN scheme as defined above. can National Standard for Electronic Manuscript When a name is marked as "not available", some- Preparation and Markup. ANSI/NISO 239.59- times a charged or neutral version exists (not given 1988, 1988. in the table). [6] Particle Data Group. A Guide to Experimental The T)jX implementation is available as a Elementary Particle Physics Literature (1985- file pennames .sty, which should be input in the 1989). Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, LBL-90 usual way at the start of the document for TEX or Revised, UC-414, November 1990. specified as a minor option on the \documentstyle command for IPW. To obtain the symbol required, o Michel Goossens Eric van Herwijnen prefix the PEN name by a backslash ('\'). CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, The SGML implementation exists as a public Switzerland entity set, that can be included in SGML documents [email protected] with the following entity definition: [email protected] TUGboat, Volume 13 (1992), No. 2

Table 3: PEN names for elementary particles in PDG list

PEN I symbol I conventional name I computer name Gauge and Higgs I gamma I GAMMA W boson W pWP W plus W+ PWm W minus W- PZz Z zero z PHz Higgs zero not available PHpm Higgs plus/minus HIGGS+- PWR right-handed W not available PWpr W prime WPRIME PZLR left-right handed Z not available PZgc Z chi not available PZgy Z psi not available PZge Z eta not available PZi Z one not available PAz AXION ve electron NUE Pgne - Pagne Ve anti NUEBAR neutrino NUMU PPgm -VP Pagngm "P anti NUMUBAR PPgt -VT NUTAU Pagngt VT anti tau neutrino not available Pe e electron not available Pep e+ E+ - Pem e e minus E- pgm P muon not available pgmm P - mu minus MU- Pgmp /I+ mu plus MU+ Pgt T tau not available PLpm L~ charged LEPTON+- PLz LO stable neutral heavy lepton not available PEz E0 neutral para- or ortho-lepton not available Lig t Unflavored (S=C=B=O) 7r PI pa - Pam A pi minus PI- pap A+ pi plus PI+ Pmpm A * pi plus/minus PI+- pmz PO pi zero PI0 Pgh 77 eta ETA Pgr ~(770) rho RHO (770) pgo w (783) omega OMEGA(783) Pghpr 77'(958) eta prime ETAPRIME(958) Pf z fo (975) f zero FO(975) Paz ao (980) a zero AO(980) Pgf 4(1020) phi PHI (1020) Phia hl(1170) h one Hl(1170) Pbi bl(1235) b one not available Pai a1 (1260) a one Al(1260) Pf ii f2(1270) f two F2(1270) Pf i fi(1285) f one Fl(1285) Pgha ~(1295) eta 1295 ETA(1295) ~(1300) pion 1300 not available Paii a2 (1320) a two A2(1320) Pgoa ~(1390) omega 1390 not available Pf za fo(1400) f zero 1400 F0 (1400) Pf ia fi(1390) f one 1420 Fl(1420) TUGboat. Volume 13 (1992), No. 2

Table 3: PEN names (continued)

PEN symbol conventional name computer name Pghb 70440) ETA ( 1440) Pgra ,41450) rho 1450 not available Pf ib fl(1510) f one 1510 Fl(1510) Pf iipr fi(1525) f two prime F2PRIME(1525) Pf zb fo(1590) f zero 1590 FO(1590) Pgob ~(1600) omega 1600 not available Pgoiii w3 (1670) omega three OMEGA3 (1670) Pgpii nz(1670) pi two PI2 (1670) Pgf a 4(1680) phi 1680 PHI(1680) Pgriii p3 (1690) rho three not available Pgrb ~(1700) rho 1700 RHO(1700) Pf iia fi(1720) f two 1720 F2(1720) Pgf iii 43 (1850) phi three PHI3(1850) Pf iib f2 (2010) f two 2010 F2(2010) Pf iv fd(2050) f four F4(2050) Pf iic f2 (2300) f two 2300 F2(2300) Pf iid f2(2340) f two 2340 F2(2340) range Mesons (S=il, C=B=O) PK K K PKpm K K plus/minus K+- PKP K+ K plus K+ PKm K - K minus K- PKz -KO K zero KO PaKz KO anti K-zero KBARO PKgmiii KLL3 K mu three not available PKeiii Kc3 K e three not available PKzS KO, K zero short not available PKzL K"L K zero long not available PKzgmiii KE3 K zero mu three not available PKzeiii Kt3 K zero e three not available PKst K'(892) K star not available PKi Kl(1270) K one Kl(1270) PKsta K'(1370) K star (1370) not available PKia Kl(1400) K one (1400) not available PKstz K: (1430) K star zero (1430) not available PKstii K,*(1430) K star two (1430) not available PKstb K"(1680) K star (1680) not available PKii Kz(1770) K two (1770) not available PKstiii K:(1780) K star three not available PKstiv KI(2045) / K star four not available Charmed Mesons (C=+l) PDpm D* ( D plus/minus-. I D+- PDm D minus PDP D plus PDz D zero 4 PaDz D I anti D zero I DBARO PDstpm D star plus/minus PDstz D star zero PDiz D one zero PDstiiz ~~(2460)' I D star two zero 1 D2*(2460)0 Charmed Strange" Mesons (C=S=+l) PsDp D: D s plus D/S+ PsDm D; D s minus D/S- Ps~st Db D s star D/S* PsDipm 1 ~il(2536)' 1 D s one plus/minus not available Bottom Mesons (B=+l'l TUGboat, Volume 13 (1992), No. 2

Table 3: PEN names (continued)

PEN conventional name com~utername PBP B plus PBm B minus B- PBpm B plus/minus B+- PBz B zero BO Pcgh eta c ETA/C(lS) PJgy J psi J/PSI(lS) Pcgcz chi c zero CHI/CO(lP) Pcgci chi c one CHI/C1(1P) Pcgcii chi c two CHI/C2(1P) P~Y psi PSI(2S) P~Ya psi 3770 PSI (3770) Pgyb psi 4040 PSI (4040) P~Yc psi 4160 PSI (4160) Pgyd psi 4415 PSI (4415) pgu Upsilon not available Pbgcz chi b zero CHI/BO(lP) Pbgci chi b one CHI/Bl(lP) Pbgcii chi b two CHI/B2(1P) PgUa Upsilon (2s) UPSI(2S) Pbgcza chi b zero (2P) CHI/B0(2P) Pbgcia chi b one (2P) CHI/B1(2P) Pbgciia chi b two (2P) CHI/B2 (2P) pgub Upsilon (3s) UPS1 (3s) PgUc Upsilon (4s) UPS1 (4s) PgUd Upsilon (10860) UPSI(10860) PgUe Upsilon (11020) UPSI(11020) N (S=O, I=1/2) PP P proton Pn n N PNa N(1440)Pll N (1440) P 11 N(1440P11) PNb N(1520)D13 N (1520) D 13 not available PNc N(1535)Sll N (1535) S 11 not available PNd N(1650)Sll N (1650) S 11 not available PNe N(1675)Dls N (1675) D 15 not available PNf N(1680)Flj N (1680) F 15 not available PNg N(1700)D13 N (1700) D 13 not available PNh N(1710)Pll N (1710) P 11 not available PNi N(1720)P13 N (1720) P 13 not available PN j N(2190)Gl~ N (2190) G 17 not available PNk N(2220)H19 N (2220) H 19 not available PN1 N(2250)Glg N (2250) G 19 not available

PN~ N(2600)Ii~l N (2600), I 1,11. not available A Baryons (S=O, I=3/2) PgDa A(1232)P33 Delta (1232) P 33 DELTA(1232P33) PgDb A(1620)S31 Delta (1620j S 31 not available PgDc A(1700)D33 Delta (1700) D 33 not available PgDd A(19oo)s31 Delta (1900) S 31 not available PgDe A(1905)F35 Delta (1905) F 35 not available PgDf A(l910)Psl Delta (1910) P 31 not available PgDh A(192O)P33 Delta (1920) P 33 not available PgDi A(1930)D35 Delta (1930) D 35 not available PgDj A(1950)~~~Delta (1950) F 37 not available PgDk Delta (2420) H 3.11 not available A(2420)H3,11 \, A Baryons (S=-1. I=O) PgL A Lambda LAMBDA PgLa A(1405)Sol Lambda (1405) S 01 LAMBDA( 1405SO1) PgLb h(1520)Do3 Lambda (1520) D 03 LAMBDA(1520D03) ?gLc A(l6OO)Pol Lambda (1600) P 01 not available TUGboat, Volume 13 (1992). No. 2

Table 3: PEN names (continued)

PEN symbol conventional name computer name 'gLd A(1670)Sol Lambda (1670) S 01 not available 'gLe A(1690)Do3 Lambda (1690) D 03 not available 'gLf A(1800)Sol Lambda (1800) S 01 not available 'gLg h(l810)Pol Lambda (1810) P 01 not available 'gLh A(1820)Fos Lambda (1820) F 05 not available 'gLi A(1830)Dos Lambda (1830) D 05 not available 'gLj h(1890)Po3 Lambda (1890) P 03 not available ?gLk A(2100)Go7 Lambda (2100) G 07 not available PgLl A(2110)Fos Lambda (2110) F 05 not available PgLm A(2350)Hos Lambda (2350) H 09 not available C Barvons (S=-1, I=l) PgSp Sigma plus SIGMA+ Pg Sz Sigma zero SIGMA0 PgSm Sigma minus SIGMA- PgSa Sigma (1385) P 13 not available PgSb Sigma (1660) P 11 not available PgSc Sigma (1670) D 13 not available PgSd Sigma (1750) S 11 not available PgSe Sigma (1775) D 15 not available PgSf Sigma (1915) F 15 not available pgsg Sigma (1940) D 13 not available PgSh Sigma (2030) F 17 not available PgSi Sigma (2250) not available 8 Baryons (S=-2, I=1/2) Xi zero I XI0 Xi minus XI- PgXa 8(1530)P13 Xi (1530) P 13 not available E(1690) Xi (1690) not available PgXc 2(1820)D13 Xi (1820) D 13 not available PgXd E(1950) Xi (1950) not available PgXe E(2030) ( Xi (2030) 1 not available R Baryons (S=-3, I=O) P~0m- I 0- I Omega minus I OMEGA- PgOma 1 O(2250)- I omega (2250) minus I OMEGA(2250) - Charmed Barvons (C=+l) PC&P A: charmed Lambda plus LAMBDA/C+ PcgXz z.0-C charmed Xi zero not available PCRXP- - -C'=+ charmed Xi plus not available PcgS 1 Ci(2455) ( charmed sigma 2455 not available

Su~ersvmmetricA " Particles 7 photino PHOTINO PSgxz go NEUTRALINO PSZz ZO supersymmetric Z zero ZINO PSHz HP HIGGSINO PSgxpm 2'i CHARGINO PSWpm w & supersymmetric W plus/minus not available not available PSHpm p~- charged Higgsino 1) scalar neutrino not available PSe i5 scalar electron not available psgm fi scalar muon not available PSgt T scalar tau not available psq 4 scalar quark not available Psg g GLUINO