Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe's Circle
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Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information GENDER AND THE POETICS OF RECEPTION IN POE’S CIRCLE Poe is frequently portrayed as an isolated idiosyncratic genius who was unwilling or unable to adapt himself to the cultural conditions of his time. Eliza Richards revises this portrayal through an exploration of his collaborations and rivalries with his female contemporaries. Richards demonstrates that he staged his performance of tortured isolation in the salons and ephemeral publications of New York City in conjunction with prominent women poets whose work he both emulated and sought to surpass. She introduces and interprets the work of three important and largely forgotten women poets: Frances Sargent Osgood, Sarah Helen Whitman, and Elizabeth Oakes Smith. Richards re-evaluates the work of these writers, and of nineteenth- century lyric practices more generally, by examining poems in the context of their circulation and reception within nineteenth-century print culture. This book will be of interest to scholars of American print culture as well as specialists of nineteenth-century literature and poetry. Eliza Richards is Assistant Professor of English at Boston Uni- versity. She has published essays in Arizona Quarterly, The Yale Journal of Criticism, and Poe Studies. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information cambridge studies in american literature and culture Editor Ross Posnock, New York University Founding editor Albert Gelpi, Stanford University Advisory board Sacvan Bercovitch, Harvard University Ronald Bush, St. John’s College, Oxford University Wai Chee Dimock, Yale University Albert Gelpi, Stanford University Gordon Hutner, University of Kentucky Walter Benn Michaels, University of Illinois, Chicago Kenneth Warren, University of Chicago © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information Recent books in this series 143. jennie a. kassanoff Edith Wharton and the politics of race 142. john mC williams New England’s crises and cultural memory: literature, politics, history, religion, 1620–1860 141. susan m. griffin Anti-Catholicism and nineteenth-century fiction 140. robert e. abrams Landscape and ideology in American Renaissance literature 139. john d. kerkering The poetics of national identity in nineteenth-century American literature 138. michele birnbaum Race, work and desire in American literature, 1860–1930 137. richard gtusin Culture, technology and the creation of America’s national parks 136. ralph bauer The cultural geography of colonial American literatures: empire, travel, modernity 135. mary esteve The aesthetics and politics of the crowd in American literature 134. peter stoneley Consumerism and American girl’s literature, 1860–1940 133. eric haralson Henry James and queer modernity 132. william r. handley Marriage, violence, and the nation in the American literary west 131. william solomon Literature, amusement and technology in the Great Depression 130. paul downes Democracy, revolution and monarchism in early modern American literature 129. andrew taylor Henry James and the father question © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information GENDER AND THE POETICS OF RECEPTION IN POE’S CIRCLE ELIZA RICHARDS Boston University © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Eliza Richards 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Adobe Garamond 11/12.5 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data isbn 0 521 83281 0 hardback © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information In memory of Ann, and for Raul.´ © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information Helen thy beauty is to me Like those Niceanbarksofyore...´ Poe, “To Helen” The face was my lover’s face. Do you know those white, water- lily magnolias? I suppose I thought the words he said. He said “Helen thy beauty.” Is poetry enchantment? Have people forgotten what poetry is? H. D., Paint it Today © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information Contents List of illustrations page x Acknowledgments xii Note on texts used xv List of abbreviations xvi Introduction 1 1 “The Poetess” and Poe’s performance of the feminine 28 2 Frances Sargent Osgood, salon poetry, and the erotic voice of print 60 3 Sarah Helen Whitman, spiritualist poetics, and the “phantom voice” of Poe 107 4 Elizabeth Oakes Smith’s “unspeakable eloquence” 149 Coda: the Raven’s return 191 Notes 199 Select bibliography 221 Index 231 ix © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information Illustrations 1 “The Soiree.”´ Godey’s Lady’s Book, vol. 30 (January–June 1845). Courtesy, American Antiquarian Society. page 8 2 “I’ve Thought of Something.” The Literary Emporium: A Compendium of Religious, Literary, and Philosophical Knowledge (NY: J. K. Wellman, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 12 3 Title page, Graham’s Magazine, vol. 21 (1842). Courtesy, American Antiquarian Society. 13 4 Title page, Poems by Frances Sargent Osgood. Courtesy, American Antiquarian Society. 61 5 “Frances S. Osgood,” Frontispiece, American Female Poets, Ed. Caroline May (Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1848). Courtesy, American Antiquarian Society. 63 6 “Contributors to Graham’s Magazine,” Frontispiece, Graham’s Magazine, vol. 22 (January 1843). Courtesy, American Antiquarian Society. 78 7 “A Presentation at a Literary Soiree,”´ Broadway Journal (April 12, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 95 8 “Love’s Reply,” by Frances S. Osgood; “Spring,” by Violet Vane (nee´ Frances Osgood). Broadway Journal (April 12, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 97 9 “Slander,” by Frances S. Osgood; “William Wilson,” by E. A. Poe. Broadway Journal (August 30, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 98 10 “Echo Song,” by Frances S. Osgood; “Why the Little Frenchman Wears His Hand in a Sling,” by E. A. Poe. Broadway Journal (September 6, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 100 x © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information List of illustrations xi 11 “To ,” by Frances S. Osgood. Broadway Journal (November 22, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 101 12 Frances Sargent Osgood, “To ,” Broadway Journal (November 29, 1845). Courtesy, Brown University Library. 103 13 Photograph depicting Sarah Helen Whitman as a medium. Courtesy, Brown University Library. 112 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521832810 - Gender and the Poetics of Reception in Poe’s Circle Eliza Richards Frontmatter More information Acknowledgments I’m as sorry as I am certain that I cannot name all those who have provided myriad forms of support over the years it has taken to write a dissertation and transform it into this book. I’m indebted to all my teachers at the University of Michigan, and especially to the members of my dissertation commit- tee for their careful attention to this project in its earlier stages. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg graciously agreed to sign on late in the process, asked important questions about methodology and scope, and offered impor- tant research suggestions. David Scobey read chapter drafts with the fullest enthusiasm and unstintingly shared his historical expertise. Julie Ellison’s innovative intellectual energy was positively contagious; she encouraged me to pursue promising, unlikely lines of inquiry. Rei Terada’s insightful, challenging marginal meditations initiated an ongoing conversation that has immeasurably benefited both me and my work. Kerry Larson’s wise, rigorous mentoring began long before he agreed to direct my dissertation; his standards of excellence have continued