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FLORISTIC STUDIES in PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY N Sasidharan

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FLORISTIC STUDIES in PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY N Sasidharan KFRI Research Report No. 246 ISSN 0970-8103 FLORISTIC STUDIES IN PARAMBIKULAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY N Sasidharan KERALA FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE PEECHI, THRISSUR November 2002 ABSTRACT OF PROJECT PROPOSAL Code : KFRI/301/1998 Title : Floristic studies in Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary Objectives : » To make an inventory of the plants in the study area. » To make floristic analysis, with emphasis on dominant plant groups, endemics, rare and threatened plants. » To find out areas with respect to species richness Date of commencement : September, 1998 Scheduled date of completion : August, 2001 Funding Agency : Kerala Forest Department (Wildlife Wing) Investigator : N Sasidharan Research Fellow : P Sujanapal CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................................... i 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... ii 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................................................................. iii 3. STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................................................................ iv 3.1. Topography.............................................................................................................................................. iv 3.2. Geological features........................................................................................................................... iv 3.3. Climate ........................................................................................................................................................ v 4. ETHNIC GROUPS ............................................................................................................................................... v 5. VEGETATION........................................................................................................................................................ vi 5.1. West coast tropical evergreen forests................................................................................ vi 5.2. West coast semi-evergreen forests ....................................................................................... viii 5.3. Southern moist mixed deciduous forests............................................................................ ix 5.4. Southern dry mixed deciduous forests................................................................................. ix 6. METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................................ x 7. FORMAT AND PRESENTATION ................................................................................................................ xi 8. RESULTS.................................................................................................................................................................... xii 8.1. Floristic analysis ...................................................................................................................................... xii 8.2. Endemism................................................................................................................................................... xiii 8.3. Rare and threatened plants........................................................................................................ xiv 9. DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................................... xviii 10. RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................................. xx 11. INDEX TO FAMILIES ...................................................................................................................................... xxi 12. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT........................................................................................................................... 1 13. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................................... 406 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr KSS Nair, former Director, Dr JK Sharma, Director and Dr R Gnanaharan, Research Co-ordinator, KFRI for their interest and support during the study. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Shri PK Surendranathan Asari, IFS, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests for the initiation of floristic studies in Protected Areas of Kerala, Shri. TM Manoharan, IFS; Shri VK Sinha, IFS and Shri V Gopinathan, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests for their support during the study. The financial support and facilities extended by Kerala Forest Department (Wildlife) are gratefully acknowledged. I also place on record of my thanks to Shri Rajan Sehgal, IFS, former Wildlife Warden and Shri P Pugazhendi, IFS, Wildlife Warden, Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary for providing facilities and support during the field work. Thanks are also due to Shri K Gopalakrishnan; Shri M Prasad; Shri Ashok Kumar and Shri Thomas Nelson, Assistant Wildlife Wardens for providing various helps during the field work. The Joint Director, Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore, provided facilities and help for consulting the Madras Herbarium. Thanks are due to Dr Paul Wilkins, Kew Herbarium; Dr Dianxiang Zhang, South China Institute of Botany; Dr JF Veldkamp, Leiden Herbarium; Dr Henrick Ærunlund Pederson, University of Copenhagen; Dr Jayasree Bhattacharya, Kew Herbarium and Dr C Sathish Kumar, TBGRI for their help in the identification of some doubtful specimens. Editorial comments received from Dr KV Sankaran, Dr K Balasubramanyan, Dr C Renuka are gratefully acknowledged. The help rendered by Dr Jomy Augustine; Dr KP Rajesh; Shri KK Sajeev; Shri MM Roy, Shri VB Sajeev and Shri Subash Kuriakose for the preparation of report is gratefully acknowledged. I am thankful to Shri M Karthikeyan, for his service during the field work. Shri Kesavan; Shri Murukesan and Shri Chinnaraj, tribes in the Sanctuary, are acknowledged for their assistance in the field. ABSTRACT Situated on the lap of Anamalai hills, in the revenue district of Palakkad, the Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary occupies an area of 274 km2. The sanctuary abodes all the major vegetation types of the Western Ghats. Teak is the major plantation species covering about 87 km2. During the study, specimens with 2165 field numbers were collected from the diverse habitats of the sanctuary representing 1434 species belonging to 755 genera under 142 families, including two gymnosperms. Among the angiosperms, dicotyledons dominate with 1119 species under 587 genera and 120 families while monocotyledons with 313 species under 166 genera and 20 families. Fabaceae, represented by 116 species under 52 genera, is the largest family followed by Poaceae with 86 species under 58 genera. Thirty-four families and 62 genera are represented by a single species in each. The sanctuary is situated in the Anamalai-High Range centre of endemism. Three hundred and sixty species recorded from the sanctuary are endemic to Peninsular India of which 28 are exclusive to the Anamalai-High Range centre. One genus (Haplothismia Airy Shaw) and four species are so far known only from the sanctuary. Out of the 359 tree species, 25 per cent are endemic species. Among the 57 endemic genera of Peninsular India, 13 were recorded from the sanctuary. The sanctuary abodes 109 species belonging to various threatened categories of which 10 are considered as ‘possibly extinct’. Haplothismia exannulata Airy Shaw and Syzygium palghatense Gamble were collected for the first time after their type collections. Endangered species like Atuna travancorica (Bedd.) Kosterm., Piper barberi Gamble, Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivad. et al., Morinda reticulata Gamble, Smithia venkobarowii Gamble, considered restricted to southern Kerala, have now been recorded from the sanctuary. Two new species viz. Medinilla anamalaiana Sasidh. & Sujanapal and Pteroceras monsooniae Sasidh. & Sujanapal could be described from the sanctuary. Species such as Argyreia osyrensis (Roth) Choisy, Chlorophytum malabaricum Baker, Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels, Dalechampia scandens L. var. velutina (Wight) Muell.-Arg., Heliotropium bracteatum R. Br., Heterophragma roxburghii DC., Meyenia hawtayneana (Wall.) Nees, Monothecium aristatum (Wall. ex Nees) T. Anders. and Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam. are additions to the flora of Kerala. Though the sanctuary occupies only about 6 per cent of the total area of Palakkad district, the number of flowering plants collected during the study is more than the number of flowering plants recorded in the flora of Palakkad district. i 1. INTRODUCTION Man has surveyed remote galaxies and has stood on the surface of moon but has not so far come anywhere near to completing a taxonomic catalogue of the fewer than half a million species of higher plants that grow on our planet (Burmmit et al., 2001). Botanists were exploring the floristic regions of the world for several centuries and their efforts have succeeded only in preparing a more realistic taxonomic account of the plants of Europe. The gravity of the situation is so severe in the tropics due to variety of
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