Medical Glossary

AAD allergic airway disease – infl ammatory Acetogenins natural products from the plants of disorder of the airways caused by allergens. the family Annonaceae, are very potent inhibi- AAPH 2,2¢ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihy- tors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Com- drochloride, a water-soluble azo compound plex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. used extensively as a free radical generator, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme often in the study of lipid peroxidation and that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) the characterization of antioxidants. the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing Abeta aggregation amyloid beta protein choline. (Abeta) aggregation is associated with Acne vulga´ris also known as chronic acne, Alzheimer’s disease (AD); it is a major com- usually occurring in adolescence, with come- ponent of the extracellular plaque found in dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), AD brains. nodules (infl amed acne spots), and pustules Abdominal distension referring to generalised (small infl amed pus-fi lled lesions) on the face, distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also neck, and upper part of the trunk. referred to as stomach bloating often caused Acidosis increased acidity. by a sudden increase in fi ber from consump- Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. (AIDS) an epidemic disease caused by Ablation therapy the destruction of small an infection by human immunodefi ciency areas of myocardial tissue, usually by appli- virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), retrovirus that causes cation of electrical or chemical energy, in the immune system failure and debilitation and treatment of some tachyarrhythmias. is often accompanied by infections such as Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces tuberculosis. abortion; causing abortion. Acridone an organic compound based on the Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the Abscess a swollen infected, infl amed area fi lled 9 position. with pus in body tissues. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6- cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- sulfonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary reaction kinetics of specifi c enzymes. gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and A C A T acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. secretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticoster- ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. oids and androgenic steroids.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits, 989 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 990 Medical Glossary

Activating transcription factor (ATF) a protein ADH see alcohol dehydrogenase. (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA sequences Adipocyte a fat cell involved in the synthesis regulating the transfer or transcription of and storage of fats. information from DNA to mRNA. Adiponectin a protein in humans that modu- Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric lates several physiological processes, such as protein transcription factor that regulates metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and gene expression in response to a variety of immune responses. stimuli, including cytokines, growth fac- Adipose tissues body fat, loose connective tis- tors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. sue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). AP-1 in turn regulates a number of cellular Adrenal glands star-shaped endocrine glands processes including differentiation, prolifera- that sit on top of the kidneys. tion, and apoptosis. Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of enzymes glands surgically removed. that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of Adrenergic having to do with adrenaline (epineph- fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of rine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). cells. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein-cou- Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer pled receptors that are targets of the nora- to a natural herb product that increases the drenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, (epinephrine). stress and fatigue. Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the preparation. body to stress. Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) resul- Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. tant products of a chain of chemical reac- It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot pro- tions after an initial glycation reaction. duce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). It AGEs may play an important adverse role in is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. chronic renal failure. Adenocarcinoma a cancer originating in glan- Aegilops an ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner dular tissue. of the eye. Adenoma a benign tumour from a glandular origin. Afferent something that so conducts or car- Adenopathy abnormal enlargement or swelling ries towards, such as a blood vessel, fi ber, or of the lymph node. nerve. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder in G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine which there are very low levels of protective as endogenous ligand. In humans, there are immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf.

four adenosine receptors. A 1 receptors and x-linked agammaglobulinaemia.

A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocar- Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (birth). dial oxygen consumption and coronary blood Agglutinin a protein substance, such as an anti-

fl ow, while the A2A receptor also has broader body, that is capable of causing agglutination antiinfl ammatory effects throughout the body. (clumping) of a particular antigen. These two receptors also have important roles Agglutination clumping of particles. in the brain, regulating the release of other Agonist a drug that binds to a receptor of a cell neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glu- and triggers a response by the cell.

tamate, while the A2B and A 3 receptors are Ague a fever (such as from malaria) that is located mainly peripherally and are involved marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and in infl ammation and immune responses. sweating that recurs with regular intervals. Medical Glossary 991

AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytoso- infi ltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also lic protein transcription factor. present in bone and placental tissues. AIDS see Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syn- Allergenic having the properties of an antigen drome. (allergen), immunogenic. Akathisia a movement disorder in which Allergic pertaining to, caused, affected with, or there is an urge or need to move the legs to the nature of the allergy. stop unpleasant sensations. Also called Allergic conjunctivitis infl ammation of the restless leg syndrome, the disorder is often tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to caused by long-term use of antipsychotic allergy. medications. Allergy a hypersensitivity state induced by Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) kinases involved in mammalian cellular sig- resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on naling, inhibits apoptotic processes. subsequent exposures. The term is usually used Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes to refer to hypersensitivity to an environmental involving Akt and FoxO transcription fac- antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) tors that play a role in angiogenesis and vas- or to drug allergy. culogenesis. Allogeneic cells or tissues which are geneti- Alanine transaminase (ALT) also called cally different because they are derived from Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase separate individuals of the same species. Also (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), refers to a type of immunological reaction an enzyme present in hepatocytes (liver cells). that occurs when cells are transplanted into a When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme genetically different recipient. into the blood. Allografts or homografts, a graft between indi- ALAT (Alanine aminotransferase) see Ala- viduals of the same species, but of different nine transaminase. genotypes. Albumin water soluble proteins found in egg Alloknesis itch produced by innocuous mechan- white, blood serum, milk, various animal tis- ical stimulation. sues and plant juices and tissues. Allostasis the process of achieving stability, or Albuminaria excessive amount of albumin in the homeostasis, through physiological or behav- urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. ioral change. Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase an Alopecia is the loss of hair on the body. enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that con- Alopecia areata is a particular disorder affect- verts glucose to sorbitol. ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and Alexipharmic an antidote, remedy for poison. elsewhere. Alexiteric a preservative against contagious and ALP see Alkaline phosphatase. infectious diseases, and the effects of poisons. Alpha-adrenoceptor receptors postulated to Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) an enzyme exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- involved in the break-down of alcohol. thetic nervous system in order to explain the Algesic endogenous substances involved in the specifi city of certain agents that affect only production of pain that is associated with some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- infl ammation, e.g. serotonin, bradykinin and striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles prostaglandins. and contraction of smooth muscles). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) an enzyme in Alpha amylase α -amylase a major form of amy- the cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. lase found in humans and other mammals that ALP levels in plasma will rise with large bile cleaves alpha-bonds of large sugar molecules. duct obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or ALT see Alanine transaminase. 992 Medical Glossary

Alterative a medication or treatment which grad- toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheez- ually induces a change, and restores healthy ing, vomiting or diarrhea. functions without sensible evacuations. Anaphylactic adj. see anaphylaxis. Alveolar macrophage a vigorously phagocytic Anaphylotoxins are fragments (C3a, C4a or macrophage on the epithelial surface of lung C5a) that are produced during the pathways alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled of the complement system. They can trigger particulate matter. Also called coniophage or release of substances of endothelial cells, mast dust cell. cells or phagocytes, which produce a local Alzheimer’s disease a degenerative, organic, infl ammatory response. mental disease characterized by progres- Anaplasia a reversion of differentiation in cells sive brain deterioration and dementia, usually and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms occurring after the age of 50. (tumours). Amastigote refers to a cell that does not have Anaplastic adj. see anaplasia. any fl agella, used mainly to describe a certain Anasarca accumulation of great quantity of phase in the life-cycle of trypanosome proto- fl uid in body tissues. zoans. Androgen male sex hormone in vertebrates. Amenorrhea the condition when a woman fails Androgens may be used in patients with breast to have menstrual periods. cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. Amidolytic cleavage of the amide structure. Android adiposity centric fat distribution pat- Amoebiasis state of being infected by amoeba terns with increased disposition towards the such as Entamoeba histolytica . abdominal area, visceral fat – apple shaped cf Amoebicidal lethal to amoeba. gynoid adiposity. Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) a peptide of 39–43 Angina pectoris, Angina chest pain or chest amino acids that appear to be the main con- discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle stituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of does not get enough blood. Alzheimer’s disease patients. Angiogenesis a physiological process involving Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or ALS, is a the growth of new blood vessels from pre- disease of the motor neurons in the brain and existing vessels. spinal cord that control voluntary muscle Angiogenic adj. see angiogenesis. movement. Angiotensin an oligopeptide hormone in the Amyotrophy progressive wasting of muscle tis- blood that causes blood vessels to constrict, sues. adj. amyotrophic. and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the Anaemia a blood disorder in which the blood renin-angiotensin system. is deficient in red blood cells and in haemo- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) an exo- globin. peptidase, a circulating enzyme that partici- Anaesthesia condition of having sensation tem- pates in the body’s renin-angiotensin system porarily suppressed. (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume Anaesthetic a substance that decreases par- (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and inter- tially or totally nerve the sense of pain. stitial fl uid), and arterial vasoconstriction. Analeptic a central nervous system (CNS) stim- Anglioplasty medical procedure used to open ulant medication. obstruc ted or narrowed blood vessel resulting Analgesia term describing relief, reduction or usually from atherosclerosis. suppression of pain. adj. analgetic. Anisonucleosis a morphological manifestation Analgesic a substance that relieves or reduces of nuclear injury characterized by variation in pain. the size of the cell nuclei. Anaphoretic an antiperspirant. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of infl am- Anaphylaxis a severe, life-threatening allergic matory arthritis that targets the joints of the response that may be characterized by symp- spine. Medical Glossary 993

Annexitis also called adnexitis, a pelvic infl am- Antianaphylactic agent that can prevent the matory disease involving the infl ammation of occurrence of anaphylaxis (life threatening the ovaries or fallopian tubes. allergic response). Anodyne a substance that relieves or soothes Antiangiogenic a drug or substance used to stop pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain the growth of tumours and progression of can- or nervous system. Also called an analgesic. cers by limiting the pathologic formation of Anoikis apoptosis that is induced by inadequate new blood vessels (angiogenesis). or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. Antiarrhythmic a substance to correct irregular Anorectal relating to the rectum and anus . heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Anorectics appetite suppressants, substances Antiasthmatic drug that treats or ameliorates which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a asthma. short term basis clinically to treat obesity. Also Antiatherogenic that protects against athero- called anorexigenics. genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) Anorexia lack or loss of desire to eat. in arteries. Anorexic having no appetite to eat. Antibacterial substance that kills or inhibits bac- Anorexigenics see anorectics. teria. Antagonist a substance that acts against and Antibilious an agent or substance which helps blocks an action. remove excess bile from the body. Antalgic a substance used to relive a painful con- Antibiotic a chemical substance produced by dition. a micro organism which has the capacity to Antecubital vein This vein is located in the ante- inhibit the growth of or to kill other microor- cubital fossa – the area of the arm in front of ganisms. the elbow. Antiblennorrhagic a substance that treats blenor- Anterior uveitis is the most common form of rhagia a conjunctival infl ammation resulting ocular infl ammation that often causes a pain- in mucus discharge. ful red eye. Antibody a gamma globulin protein produced Anthelmintic an agent or substance that is by a kind of white blood cell called the plasma destructive to worms and used for expulsion cell in the blood used by the immune system of internal parasitic worms in animals and to identify and neutralize foreign objects humans. ( antigen). Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant fl a- Anticarcinomic a substance that kills or vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. inhibits carcinomas (any cancer that arises in Which are benefi cial to health. They occur as epithelium/tissue cells). water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may Anticephalalgic headache-relieving or preventing. appear red, purple, or blue according to pH Anticestodal a chemical destructive to tape- in plants. worms . Anthrax a bacterial disease of cattle and ship Anticholesterolemic a substance that can pre- that can be transmitted to man though unpro- vent the build up of cholesterol. cessed wool. Anticlastogenic having a suppressing effect of Anthropometric pertaining to the study of chromosomal aberrations. human body measurements. Anticoagulant a substance that thins the blood Antiamoebic a substance that destroys or sup- and acts to inhibit blood platelets from stick- presses parasitic amoebae. ing together. Antiamyloidogenic compounds that inhibit the Antidepressant a substance that suppresses formation of Alzheimer’s b -amyloid fi brils depression or sadness. (fA b) from amyloid b -peptide (A b) and desta- Antidiabetic a substance that prevents or allevi- bilize fAb . ates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. 994 Medical Glossary

Antidiarrhoeal having the property of stopping Antihyperalgesia the ability to block enhanced or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve action. injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stim- Antidote a remedy for counteracting a poison. uli. adj. antihyperalgesic. Antidopaminergic a term for a chemical that Antihypercholesterolemia term to describe prevents or counteracts the effects of dop- lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or amine. blood serum. Antidrepanocytary anti-sickle cell anaemia. Antihypercholesterolemic agent that lowers Antidysenteric an agent used to reduce or treat cholesterol level in the blood or blood serum. dysentery and diarrhea. Antihyperlipidemic promoting a reduction of Antidyslipidemic agent that will reduce the lipid levels in the blood, or an agent that has abnormal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in this action. the blood. Antihypersensitive a substance used to treat Anti-edematous reduces or suppresses edema. excessive reactivity to any stimuli. Anti-emetic an agent that stops vomiting. Antihypertensive a drug used in medicine Anti-epileptic a drug used to treat or prevent and pharmacology to treat hypertension (high convulsions, anticonvulsant. blood pressure). Antifebrile a substance that reduces fever, also Antiinfl ammatory a substance used to reduce called antipyretic. or prevent infl ammation. Antifeedant preventing something from being Antileishmanial inhibiting the growth and pro- eaten. liferation of Leishmania a genus of fl agellate Antifertility agent that inhibits formation of ova protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of and sperm and disrupts the process of fertil- vertebrates. ization (antizygotic). Antileprotic therapeutically effective against Antifi larial effective against human fi larial leprosy. worms. Antilithiatic an agent that reduces or sup- Antifungal an agent that kills or inhibits the presses urinary calculi (stones) and acts to growth of fungi. dissolve those already present. Antigen a substance that prompts the produc- Antileukaemic anticancer drugs that are used to tion of antibodies and can cause an immune treat leukemia. response. adj. antigenic. Antilithogenic inhibiting the formation of cal- Antigenotoxic an agent that inhibits DNA culi (stones). adduct formation, stimulates DNA repair Antimalarial an agent used to treat malaria and/ mechanisms, and possesses antioxidant func- or kill the malaria-causing organism, Plasmo- tions. dium spp. Antiganacratia anti-menstruation. Antimelanogenesis obstruct production of mel- Antigastralgic preventing or alleviating gastric anin. colic. Antimicrobial a substance that destroys or Antihematic agent that stops vomiting. inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, Antihemorrhagic an agent which stops or pre- viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. vents bleeding. Antimitotic inhibiting or preventing mitosis. Antihepatotoxic counteracting injuries to the Antimutagenic an agent that inhibits muta- liver. tions. Antiherpetic having activity against Herpes Antimycotic antifungal. Simplex Virus (HSV). Antineoplastic said of a drug intended to Antihistamine an agent used to counteract the inhibit or prevent the maturation and prolif- effects of histamine production in allergic eration of neoplasms that may become malig- reactions. nant, by targeting the DNA. Medical Glossary 995

Antineuralgic a substance that stops intense Antipruritic alleviating or preventing itching. intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, Antipyretic a substance that reduces fever or caused by neuralgia. quells it. Also known as antithermic. Antinociception reduction in pain: a reduction in Antirheumatic relieving or preventing rheuma- pain sensitivity produced within neurons when tism. an endorphin or similar opium-containing sub- Antiscorbutic a substance or plant rich in vita- stance opioid combines with a receptor. min C that is used to counteract scurvy. Antinociceptive having an analgesic effect. Antisecretory inhibiting or diminishing secre- Antinutrient are natural or synthetic compounds tion. that interfere with the absorption of nutrients Antisense refers to antisense RNA strand and are commonly found in food sources and because its sequence of nucleotides is the beverages. complement of message sense. When mRNA Antioestrogen a substance that inhibits the bio- forms a duplex with a complementary anti- logical effects of female sex hormones. sense RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA Antiophidian anti venoms of snake. into the protein is blocked. This may slow or Antiosteoporotic substance that can prevent halt the growth of cancer cells. osteoporosis. Antiseptic preventing decay or putrefaction, a Antiovulatory substance suppressing ovula- substance inhibiting the growth and develop- tion. ment of microorganisms. Antioxidant a chemical compound or sub- Anti-sickling agent an agent used to prevent or stance that inhibits oxidation and pro- reverse the pathological events leading to sick- tects against free radical activity and ling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. lipid oxidation such as vitamin E, Antispasmodic a substance that relieves spasms vitamin C, or beta-carotene (converted to vita- or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; min B), carotenoids and fl avonoids which are smooth muscle relaxant, muscle-relaxer. thought to protect body cells from the damag- Antispermatogenic preventing or suppress- ing effects of oxidation. Many foods includ- ing the production of semen or spermatozoa. ing fruit and vegetables contain compounds Antisudorifi c see antiperspirant. with antioxidant properties. Antioxidants may Antisyphilitic a drug (or other chemical agent) also reduce the risks of cancer and age-related that is effective against syphilis. macular degeneration(AMD). Antithermic a substance that reduces fever Antipaludic antimalarial. and temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Antiperiodic substance that prevents the recur- Antithrombotic preventing or interfering with rence of symptoms of a disease e.g. malaria. the formation of thrombi. Antiperspirant a substance that inhibits sweat- Antitoxin an antibody with the ability to neu- ing. Also called antisudorifi c, anaphoretic. tralize a specifi c toxin. Antiphlogistic a traditional term for a substance Antitumoral substance that acts against the used against infl ammation, an anti-infl amma- growth, development or spread of a tumour. tory. Antitussive a substance that depresses Antiplatelet agent drug that decreases platelet coughing. aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. Antiulcerogenic an agent used to protect against Antiplasmodial suppressing or destroying plas- the formation of ulcers, or is used for the treat- modia. ment of ulcers. Antiproliferative preventing or inhibiting the Antivenin an agent used against the venom of reproduction of similar cells. a snake, spider, or other venomous animal or Antiprostatic drug to treat the prostate. insect. Antiprotozoal suppressing the growth or repro- Antivinous an agent or substance that treats duction of protozoa. addiction to alcohol. 996 Medical Glossary

Antiviral substance that destroys or inhibits the Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) a major protein growth and viability of infectious viruses. component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) Antivomitive a substance that reduces or in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol suppresses vomiting. efflux from tissues to the liver for excretion. Antizygotic see antifertility. Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is the primary apoli- Anuria absence of urine production and excre- poprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL tion. adj. anuric. or “bad cholesterol”), which is responsible Anxiolytic a drug prescribed for the treatment of for carrying cholesterol to tissues. symptoms of anxiety. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) the apolipoprotein APAF-1 apoptotic protease activating factor 1. found on intermediate density lipoprotein and Apelin also known as APLN, a peptide which chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor in humans is encoded by the APLN gene. on liver and peripheral cells. Aperient a substance that acts as a mild laxative Apoptogenic ability to cause death of cells. by increasing fl uids in the bowel. Apoptosis death of cells. Aperitif an appetite stimulant. Apurinic lyase a DNA enzyme that catalyses a Aphonia loss of the voice resulting from dis- chemical reaction. ease, injury to the vocal cords, or various psy- Arachidonate cascade includes the cyclooxy- chological causes, such as hysteria. genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids Aphrodisiac an agent that increases sexual and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gener- activity and libido and/or improves sexual ate several oxygenated fatty acids, collectively performance. called eicosanoids. Aphthous ulcer also known as a canker sore, Aribofl avinosis a condition caused by the dietary is a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a defi ciency of ribofl avin that is characterized painful open sore inside the mouth or upper by mouth lesions, seborrhea, and vasculariza- throat. tion. Apnoea suspension of external breathing. Aromatase an enzyme involved in the produc- Apolipoprotein B (APOB) primary apolipo- tion of estrogen that acts by catalyzing the protein of low-density lipoproteins which is conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to responsible for carrying cholesterol to tis- estradiol (an estrogen). Aromatase is located sues. in estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal Apoplexy a condition in which the brain’s func- glands, ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose tion stops with loss of voluntary motion and (fat) tissue, and brain. sense. Aromatic having a pleasant, fragrant odour. Apoprotein the protein moiety of a molecule Aromatherapy a form of alternative medicine or complex, as of a lipoprotein. that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such Appendicitis is a condition characterized by as essential oils and other scented compounds infl ammation of the appendix. Also called from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- epityphlitis. son’s mood or health. Appetite stimulant a substance to increase or Arrhythmias abnormal heart rhythms that can stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. cause the heart to pump less effectively. Aphthae white, painful oral ulcer of unknown Also called dysrhythmias. cause. Arsenicosis see arsenism. Apthous ulcer canker sore in the lining of the Arsenism an incommunicable disease resulting mouth. from the ingestion of ground water containing Aphthous stomatitis a canker sore, a type of unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as arseni- painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or cosis. upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous Arteriosclerosis imprecise term for various dis- membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. orders of arteries, particularly hardening due Medical Glossary 997

to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often used as Astrocytes collectively called astroglia, are a synonym for atherosclerosis. characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the Arthralgia is pain in the joints from many pos- brain and spinal cord. sible causes. Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the Arthritis infl ammation of the joints of the degene ration of nerve tissue in the spinal body. cord and of nerves that control muscle move- Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) a ligand- ment in the arms and legs. activated transcription factor best known for Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related pro- mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other exog- tein (ATR) also known as Serine/threonine- enous contaminants and is responsible for their protein kinase ATR, FRAP-related protein 1 toxic effects, including immunosuppression. (FRP1), is an enzyme encoded by the ATR ASAT or AST aspartate aminotransferase, see gene. It is involved in sensing DNA damage aspartate transaminase, and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, Ascaris a genus of parasitic intestinal round leading to cell cycle arrest worms. ATF-2 activating transcription factor 2. Ascites abnormal accumulation of fl uid within Athlete’s foot a contagious skin disease caused the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, hands, Ascorbic acid See vitamin C. causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also Aspartate transaminase (AST) also called called dermatophytosis. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Atherogenic having the capacity to start or (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) accelerate the process of atherogenesis. is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme Atherogenesis the formation of lipid deposits in associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is the arteries. increased in acute liver damage, but is also Atheroma a deposit or degenerative accumula- present in red blood cells, and cardiac and tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- skeletal muscle and is therefore not specifi c to most layer of the wall of an artery. the liver. Atherosclerosis the condition in which an artery Asphyxia failure or suppression of the respira- wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty tory process due to obstruction of air fl ow to materials such as cholesterol. the lungs or to the lack of oxygen in inspired Atherothrombosis medical condition character- air. ized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption Asphyxiation the process of undergoing (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- asphyxia. rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activa- Asthenia a nonspecifi c symptom character- tion and thrombus formation. ized by loss of energy, strength and feeling of Athymic mice laboratory mice lacking a thymus weakness. gland. Asthenopia weakness or fatigue of the eyes, Atonic lacking normal tone or strength. usually accompanied by headache and dim- Atony insuffi cient muscular tone. ming of vision. adj. asthenopic. Atopic dermatitis an infl ammatory, non-conta- Asthma a chronic illness involving the respira- gious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown etiol- tory system in which the airway occasionally ogy; often called eczema. constricts, becomes infl amed, and is lined Atresia a congenital medical condition in which with excessive amounts of mucus, often in a body orifi ce or passage in the body is abnor- response to one or more triggers. mally closed or absent. Astringent a substance that contracts blood vessels Atretic ovarian follicles an involuted or closed and certain body tissues (such as mucous mem- ovarian follicle. branes) with the effect of reducing secretion and Atrial fi brillation is the most common cardiac excretion of fl uids and/or has a drying effect. arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and 998 Medical Glossary

involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the Babesiosis malaria-like parasitic disease caused heart. by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. Attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorder Bactericidal lethal to bacteria. (ADHD, ADD or AD/HD) is a neurobe- Balanitis is an infl ammation of the glans (head) havioral developmental disorder, primarily of the penis. characterized by the co-existence of atten- BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in tional problems and hyperactivity. 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and Auditory brainstem response (ABR) also is used in many different research disciplines, called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is but most often in the production of monoclo- an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem nal antibodies. of a human by the presentation of a sound Balm aromatic oily resin from certain trees and such as a click. shrubs used in medicine. Augmerosen a drug that may kill cancer cells Baroreceptor a type of interoceptor that is by blocking the production of a protein that stimulated by pressure changes, as those in makes cancer cells live longer. Also called blood vessel wall. bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. Barrett’s esophagus (Barrett esophagitis) a Auricular of or relating to the auricle or the ear disorder in which the lining of the esophagus in general. is damaged by stomach acid. Aurones [2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2 H)-ones] Basophil a type of white blood cell with coarse are the secondary plant metabolites and is a granules within the cytoplasm and a bilo- subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl avonoids. bate (two-lobed) nucleus. Autoantibodies antibodies manufactured by BCL-2 a family of apoptosis regulator proteins in the immune system that mistakenly target humans encoded by the B-cell lymphoma 2 and damage specifi c tissues and organs of the (BCL-2) gene. body. BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide see aug- Autolysin an enzyme that hydrolyzes and mereson. destroys the components of a biological cell BCR/ABL a chimeric oncogene, from fusion of or a tissue in which it is produced. BCR and ABL cancer genes associated with Autophagy digestion of the cell contents by chronic myelogenous leukemia. enzymes in the same cell. Bechic a remedy or treatment of cough. Autopsy examination of a cadaver to determine Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) act or confi rm the cause of death. as a relay site within the hypothalamic-pitu- Avidity Index describes the collective interac- itary-adrenal axis and regulate its activity in tions between antibodies and a multivalent response to acute stress. antigen. Belching, or burping refers to the noisy release Avulsed teeth is tooth that has been knocked out. of air or gas from the stomach through the Ayurvedic traditional Hindu system of medicine mouth. based largely on homeopathy and naturo- Beri-beri is a disease caused by a defi ciency

pathy. of thiamine (vitamin B1 ) that affects many Azoospermia is the medical condition of a male systems of the body, including the muscles, not having any measurable level of sperm in heart, nerves, and digestive system. his semen. Beta-carotene naturally-occurring retinol (vita- Azotaemia a higher than normal blood level of min A) precursor obtained from certain urea or other nitrogen containing compounds fruits and vegetables with potential anti- in the blood. neoplastic and chemopreventive activities. Babesia a protozoan parasite (malaria–like) As an anti-oxidant, beta carotene inhibits of the blood that causes a hemolytic disease free-radical damage to DNA. This agent also known as Babesiosis. induces cell differentiation and apoptosis Medical Glossary 999

of some tumour cell types, particularly in by the liver that is excreted in bile which early stages of tumourigenesis, and enhances causes a yellow discoloration of the skin and immune system activity by stimulating the eyes when it accumulates in those organs. release of natural killer cells, lymphocytes, Biotin also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin and monocytes. B7. Beta-catenin is a multifunctional oncogenic Bitter a medicinal agent with a bitter taste and protein that contributes fundamentally to cell used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. development and biology, it has been impli- Blackhead see comedone. cated as an integral component in the Wnt sig- Blackwater fever dangerous complication of naling pathway. malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in Beta cells a type of cell in the pancreas in areas the blood stream (haemolysis) releasing hae- called the islets of Langerhans. moglobin directly into the blood. Beta-thalassemia an inherited blood disorder Blain see chilblain. that reduces the production of hemoglobin. Blastocyst blastocyst is an embryonic struc- Beta-lactamase enzymes produced by some ture formed in the early embryogenesis of bacteria that are responsible for their mammals, after the formation of the morula, resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like pen- but before implantation. icillins. Blastocystotoxic agent that suppresses further BHT butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- development of the blastocyst through to the pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- ovum stage. ics, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products. Blebbing Bulging e.g. membrane blebbing also Bifi dobacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, called membrane bulging or ballooning. non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacte- Bleeding diathesis is an unusual susceptibility ria. Bifi dobacteria are one of the major genera to bleeding (hemorrhage) due to a defect in of bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Bifi do- the system of coagulation. bacteria aid in digestion, are associated with a Blennorrhagia gonorrhea. lower incidence of allergies and also prevent Blennorrhea inordinate discharge of mucus, some forms of tumour growth. Some bifi do- especially a gonorrheal discharge from the bacteria are being used as probiotics. urethra or vagina. Bifi dogenic promoting the growth of (benefi - Blepharitis infl ammation of the eyelids. cial) bifi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. Blister thin vesicle on the skin containing serum Bile fl uid secreted by the liver and discharged and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. into the duodenum where it is integral in the Blood brain barrier (BBB) is a separation digestion and absorption of fats. of circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid Bilharzia, bilharziosis see Schistosomiasis. (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). Biliary relating to the bile or the organs in which It allows essential metabolites, such as oxy- the bile is contained or transported. gen and glucose, to pass from the blood to the Biliary infections infection of organ(s) associ- brain and central nervous system (CNS) but ated with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecys- blocks most molecules that are more massive titis: an acute infl ammation of the gallbladder than about 500 Da. wall; (b) cholangitis: infl ammation of the bile Boil localized pyrogenic, painful infection, origi- ducts. nating in a hair follicle. Biliousness old term used in the eighteenth and Borborygmus rumbling noise caused by the nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad diges- muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- tion, stomach pains, constipation, and exces- cess that moves the contents of the stomach sive fl atulence. and intestines downward. Bilirubin a breakdown product of heme (a part Bowman Birk inhibitors type of serine protei- of haemoglobin in red blood cells) produced nase inhibitor. 1000 Medical Glossary

Bouillon a broth in French cuisine. C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase enzymes that Bradicardia as applied to adult medicine, is belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- defi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a per minute. plethora of cellular responses to such stressful Bradyphrenia referring to the slowness of stimuli, including apoptosis and production of thought common to many disorders of the infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- brain. ines in diverse cell systems. cf: MAPK. Brain Derived Neutrophic Factor (BDNF) a c-FOS a cellular proto-oncogene belonging to protein member of the neutrophin family that the immediate early gene family of tran- plays an important role in the growth, main- scription factors. tenance, function and survival of neurons. The c-Src a cellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. protein molecule is involved in the modulation CAAT element-binding proteins-alpha (c/ of cognitive and emotional functions and in EBP-akpha) regulates gene expression in the treatment of a variety of mental disorders. adipocytes in the liver. Bright’s disease chronic nephritis. Cachexia physical wasting with loss of weight, Bronchial infl ammation see bronchitis. muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness caused by Bronchiectasis a condition in which the airways disease. within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become Caco-2 cell line a continuous line of hetero- damaged and widened. geneous human epithelial colorectal adeno- Bronchitis is an infl ammation of the main air carcinoma cells. passages (bronchi) to your lungs. Cadaver a dead body, corpse. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) a medical pro- Ca 2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in cedure in which a bronchoscope is passed the plasma membrane of cells that serves to through the mouth or nose into the lungs and remove calcium (Ca2+ ) from the cell. fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung Calcium (Ca) is the most abundant mineral in and then recollected for examination. the body found mainly in bones and teeth. Bronchopneumonia or bronchial pneumonia; It is required for muscle contraction, blood infl ammation of the lungs beginning in the vessel expansion and contraction, secretion terminal bronchioles. of hormones and enzymes, and transmitting Broncho-pulmonary relating to the bronchi and impulses throughout the nervous system. lungs. Dietary sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, Bronchospasm is a diffi culty in breathing caused Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli, some green by a sudden constriction of the muscles in the leafy vegetables, fortifi ed cereals, beverages walls of the bronchioles as occurs in asthma. and soybean products. Brown Fat brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mam- Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which mals, its primary function is to generate transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. body heat in animals or newborns that do not Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) a class of shiver. drugs and natural substances that disrupt the Bubo infl amed, swollen lymph node in the neck calcium (Ca2+ ) conduction of calcium channels. or groin. Calculus (calculi) hardened, mineral deposits Buccal of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth that can form a blockage in the urinary sys- cavity. tem. Bullae blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-containing, Calculi infection most calculi arise in the kid- elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than ney when urine becomes supersaturated with 5 mm in diameter. a salt that is capable of forming solid crys- Bursitis condition characterized by infl amma- tals. Symptoms arise as these calculi become tion of one or more bursae (small sacs) of syn- impacted within the ureter as they pass toward ovial fl uid in the body. the urinary bladder. Medical Glossary 1001

Caligo dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent Cardiomyocytes cardiac muscle cells. upon a speck on the cornea. Cardiomyopathy heart muscle disease. Calmodulin is a Calcium Modulated protein Cardiopathy disease or disorder of the heart. that can bind to and regulate a multitude of Cardioplegia stopping the heart so that surgical different protein targets, thereby affecting procedures can proceed in a still and blood- many different cellular functions. less fi eld. cAMP dependent pathway cyclic adenosine Cardiotonic something which strengthens, monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- tones, or regulates heart functions without tor triggered signaling cascade used in cell overt stimulation or depression. communication in living organisms. Cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and Cancer a malignant neoplasm or tumour in nay blood vessels. part of the body. Caries tooth decay, commonly called cavities. Candidiasis infections caused by members of Cariogenic leading to the production of caries. the fungus genus Candida that range from Carminative substance that stops the formation superfi cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has to systemic and potentially life-threatening already formed, relieving fl atulence: relieving diseases. fl atulence or colic by expelling gas. Canker see chancre. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also Carboxypeptidase an enzyme that hydrolyzes known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in con- peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas verting long chain fatty acid into energy. and secreted into the small intestine. Carotenes are a large group of intense red and Carbuncle is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- yellow pigments found in all plants; these are ally with one or more openings draining pus hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tetrater- onto the skin. penes) and the principal carotene is beta-caro- Carcinogenesis production of carcinomas. adj. tene which is a precursor of vitamin A. carcinogenic. Carotenoids a class of natural fat-soluble pig- Carcinoma any malignant cancer that arises ments found principally in plants, belonging from epithelial cells. to a subgroup of terpenoids containing eight Carcinosarcoma a rare tumour containing car- isoprene units forming a C40 polyene chain. cinomatous and sarcomatous components. Carotenoids play an important potential role in Cardiac relating to, situated near or affecting the human health by acting as biological antioxi- heart. dants. See also carotenes. Cardiac asthma acute attack of dyspnoea with Carotenodermia yellow skin discoloration wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. caused by excess blood carotene. Cardialgia heartburn. Carpopedal spasm spasm of the hand or foot, Cardinolides cardiac glycosides with a 5-mem- or of the thumbs and great toes. bered lactone ring in the side chain of the ste- Capases cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are roid aglycone. a family of cysteine proteases, which play Cardinolide glycoside cardenolides that contain essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell structural groups derived from sugars. death). Cardioactive having an effect on the heart. Catalase (CAT) enzyme in living organism Cardiogenic shock is characterized by a that catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen decreased pumping ability of the heart that peroxide to water and oxygen. causes a shock like state associated with an Catalepsy indefi nitely prolonged maintenance inadequate circulation of blood due to primary of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases failure of the ventricles of the heart to function of catatonic schizophrenia. effectively. Catamenia menstruation. 1002 Medical Glossary

Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or products. The reactions involved in respira- tissue to a less differentiated form. tion are catabolic reactions that involve the Cataplasm a medicated poultice or plaster. oxidation of one molecule and the reduction A soft moist mass, often warm and medi- of another. cated, that is spread over the skin to treat an Cellulitis a bacterial infection of the skin that infl amed, aching or painful area, to improve tends to occur in areas that have been dam- the circulation. aged or infl amed. Cataractogenesis formation of cataracts. Central nervous system part of the vertebrate Catarrh, Catarrhal infl ammation of the mucous nervous system comprising the brain and membranes especially of the nose and throat. spinal cord. Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant Central Venous Catheter a catheter placed into metabolites. They belong to the family of fl a- the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. vonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. See Cephalagia pain in the head, a headache. fl avonoids. Cephalic relating to the head. Catecholamines hormones that are released by Ceramide oligosides oligosides with an the adrenal glands in response to stress. N-acetyl-sphingosine moiety. Cathartic is a substance which accelerates def- Cerebral embolism a blockage of blood fl ow ecation. through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot Caustic having a corrosive or burning effect. that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- Cauterization a medical term describing the eled to the brain. burning of the body to remove or close a part Cerebral ischemia is the localized reduction of of it. blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the brain cdc2 Kinase a member of the cyclin-dependent due to arterial obstruction or systematic hyper- protein kinases (CDKs). fusion. CDKs cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a fam- Cerebral infarction is the ischemic kind of ily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- many stages in mitosis. sels supplying blood to the brain. CD 28 is one of the molecules expressed on T Cerebral tonic substance that can alleviate cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, poor concentration and memory, restlessness, which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) uneasiness, and insomnia. activation. Cerebrosides are glycosphingolipids which are CD31 also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet important components in animal muscle and Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), a nerve cell membranes. member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, Cerebrovascular disease is a group of brain that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. dysfunctions related to disease of the blood CD68 a glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ vessels supplying the brain. macrophages which binds to low density lipo- Cerumen ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance protein. secreted in the ear canal of humans and other Cecal ligation tying up the cecam. mammals. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) glycoproteins cGMP cyclic guanosine monophosphate is located on the surface of cell membranes a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanos- involved with binding of other cells or with ine triphosphate (GTP). cGMP acts as a the extra-cellular matrix. second messenger much like cAMP, acti- Cellular respiration is the set of the meta- vating intracellular protein kinases in bolic reactions and processes that take place response to the binding of membrane- in organisms’ cells to convert biochemi- impermeable peptide hormones to the cal energy from nutrients into adenosine external cell surface. cGMP is a com- triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste mon regulator of ion channel conductance, Medical Glossary 1003

glycogenolysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also Choline a water soluble, organic compound, relaxes smooth muscle tissues. usually grouped within the Vitamin B com- Chalcones a subgroup of fl avonoids. plex. It is an essential nutrient and is needed Chancre a painless lesion formed during the for physiological functions such as structural primary stage of syphilis. integrity and signa ling roles for cell mem- Chemoembolization a procedure in which branes, cholinergic neuro-transmission (ace- the blood supply to the tumour is blocked sur- tylcholine synthesis). gically or mechanically and anticancer drugs Cholinergic activated by or capable of liberat- are administered directly into the tumour. ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines, which pathetic nervous system. stimulate migration of infl ammatory cells Cholinergic system a system of nerve cells towards tissue sites of infl ammation. that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve Chemosensitizer a drug that makes tumour cells impulses. more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy . Cholinomimetic having an action similar to that Chemosis edema of the conjunctiva of the eye. of acetylcholine; called also parasympathomi- Chickenpox is also known as varicella, is a highly metic. contagious illness caused by primary infection Chonotropic affecting the time or rate, as the with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The virus rate of contraction of the heart. causes red, itchy bumps on the body. Choriocarcinoma a quick-growing malignant, Chilblains small, itchy, painful lumps that trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in develop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- a woman’s uterus (womb). mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or Chromium (Cr) is required in trace amounts blain. in humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. Its Chlorosis iron defi ciency anemia characterized defi ciency may cause a disease called chro- by greenish yellow colour. mium defi ciency. It is found in cereals, legumes, Cholagogue is a medicinal agent which pro- nuts and animal sources. motes the discharge of bile from the system. Chromosome long pieces of DNA found in the Cholecalcifereol a form of vitamin D, also center (nucleus) of cells. called vitamin D3. See vitamin D. Chronic persisting over extended periods. Cholecyst gall bladder. Chyle a milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph Cholecystitis infl ammation of the gall bladder. and emulsifi ed fats, or free fatty acids. Cholecystokinin a peptide hormone that plays a Chylomicrons are large lipoprotein particles key role in facilitating digestion in the small that transport dietary lipids from the intestines intestine. to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons Cholera an infectious gastroenteritis caused by are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- enterotoxin-producing strains of the bac- teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, terium Vibrio cholera and characterized by HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to severe, watery diarrhea. move within the water-based solution of the Choleretic stimulation of the production of bile bloodstream. by the liver. Chylorus milky (having fat emulsion). Cholestasis a condition caused by rapidly devel- Chyluria also called chylous urine, is a medical oping (acute) or long-term (chronic) interrup- condition involving the presence of chyle (emul- tion in the excretion of bile. sifi ed fat) in the urine stream, which results in Cholesterol a soft, waxy, steroid substance urine appearing milky. found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- Chymase member of the family of serine pro- stream and in all our body’s cells. teases found primarily in mast cell. Cholethiasis presence of gall stones (calculi) in Chymopapain an enzyme derived from papaya, the gall bladder. used in medicine and to tenderize meat. 1004 Medical Glossary

Cicatrizant the term used to describe a product comprises the amino acids hydroxyproline, that promotes healing through the formation proline, glycine, and hydroxylysine. of scar tissue. Collagenases enzymes that break the peptide Cirrhosis chronic liver disease characterized by bonds in collagen. replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar tis- Colic a broad term which refers to episodes of sue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who progressively to loss of liver function. is otherwise healthy and well fed. C-Kit Receptor a protein-tyrosine kinase Colitis infl ammatory bowel disease affecting receptor that is specifi c for stem cell factor. the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. this interaction is crucial for the develop- Collyrium a lotion or liquid wash used as a ment of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases stem cells. Genetic mutations that disrupt the of the eye. expression of proto-oncogene protein c-kit Colorectal relating to the colon or rectum. are associated with piebaldism, while over Coma a state of unconsciousness from which a expression or constitutive activation of the patient cannot be aroused. c-kit protein-tyrosine kinase is associated Comedone a blocked, open sebaceous gland with tumourigenesis. where the secretions oxidize, turning black. Clastogen is an agent that can cause one of two Also called blackhead . types of structural changes, breaks in chro- Comitogen agent that is considered not to mosomes that result in the gain, loss, or rear- induce cell growth alone but to promote the rangements of chromosomal segments. adj. effect of the mitogen. clastogenic. Concoction a combination of crude ingredients Claudication limping, impairment in walking. that is prepared or cooked together. Climacterium refers to menopause and the Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata genital bodily and mental changes associated with it. warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital Clonic seizures consist of rhythmic jerking move- wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted ments of the arms and legs, sometimes on both infection caused by epidermotropic human sides of the body. papillomavirus (HPV). Clyster enema. Conglutination becoming stuck together. C-myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA Conjunctival hyperemia enlarged blood ves- of other genes and is therefore a transcription sels in the eyes. factor. Conjunctivitis sore, red and sticky eyes caused CNS Depressant anything that depresses, or slows, by eye infection. the sympathetic impulses of the central nervous Constipation a very common gastrointestinal system (i.e., respiratory rate, heart rate). disorder characterised by the passing of hard, Coagulopathy a defect in the body’s mecha- dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility bowel motion. to bleeding . Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Cobalamin vitamin B12. See vitamin B12. NR113) is a nuclear receptor transcription Co-carcinogen a chemical that promotes the factor that regulates drug metabolism and effects of a carcinogen in the production of homoeostasis. cancer. Consumption term used to describe wast- Cold an acute infl ammation of the mucous ing of tissues including but not limited to membrane of the respiratory tract especially tuberculosis. of the nose and throat caused by a virus and Consumptive affl icted with or associated with accompanied by sneezing and coughing. pulmonary tuberculosis. Collagen protein that is the major constitu- Contraceptive an agent that reduces the likeli- ent of cartilage and other connective tissue; hood of or prevents conception. Medical Glossary 1005

Contraindication a condition which makes a Cornifi cation is the process of forming an epi- particular treatment or procedure inadvis- dermal barrier in stratifi ed squamous epithe- able. lial tissue. Contralateral muscle muscle of opposite limb Coryza a word describing the symptoms of a (leg or arm). head cold. It describes the infl ammation of Contralateral rotation rotation occurring or the mucus membranes lining the nasal cav- origina ting in a corresponding part on an ity which usually gives rise to the symptoms opposite side. of nasal congestion and loss of smell, among Contusion another term for a bruise. A bruise, other symptoms. or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are COX-1 see cyclooxygenase −1. damaged or broken as the result of a blow to COX-2 see cyclooxygenase -2. the skin. CpG islands genomic regions that contain a Convulsant a drug or physical disturbance that high frequency of CpG sites. induces convulsion. CpG sites the cytosine-phosphate-guanine Convulsion rapid and uncontrollable shaking of nucleotide that links two nucleosides together the body. in DNA. Coolant that which reduces body temperature. cPLA(2) cytosolic phospholipases A2, these Copper (Cu) is essential in all plants and animals. phospholipases are involved in cell signaling It is found in a variety of enzymes, including processes, such as infl ammatory response. the copper centers of cytochrome C oxidase and CPY1B1, CPY1A1 a member of the cytochrome the enzyme superoxide dismutase (containing P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxy- copper and zinc). In addition to its enzymatic genase enzymes. roles, copper is used for biological electron Corticosterone a 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- transport. Because of its role in facilitating mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal iron uptake, copper defi ciency can often pro- glands that functions in the metabolism of duce anemia-like symptoms. Dietary sources carbohydrates and proteins. include curry powder, mushroom, nuts, seeds, Creatin a nitrogenous organic acid that wheat germ, whole grains and animal meat. occurs naturally in vertebrates and helps to Copulation to engage in coitus or sexual inter- supply energy to muscle. course. adj. copulatory. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) enzyme Cordial a preparation that is stimulating to the that catalyses the conversion of creatine and heart. consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Corn or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- on the foot that is formed in response to pres- phate (ADP). sure or friction. CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- Corticosteroids a class of steroid hormones tein that is a transcription factor that binds to that are produced in the adrenal cortex, certain DNA sequences called cAMP response used clinically for hormone replacement elements. therapy, for suppressing ACTH secretion, Crohn Disease an infl ammatory disease of the for suppression of immune response and intes tines that affect any part of the gastroin- as antineoplastic, anti-allergic and anti-infl am- testinal tract. matory agents. Crossover study a longitudinal, balance study Corticosterone a 21-carbon steroid hormone of in which participants receive a sequence of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex different treatments or exposures. of the adrenal glands. Croup is an infection of the throat (larynx) and Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormone made by the windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus adrenal glands. (Also called laryngotracheobronchitis). 1006 Medical Glossary

Curettage surgical procedure in which a body Cytoprotective protecting cells from noxious cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp chemicals or other stimuli. instrument or aspirated with a cannula. Cytosolic relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm in Cutaneous pertaining to the skin. cells. CXC8 also known as interleukin 8, IL-8. Cytostatic preventing the growth and prolifera- Cyanogenesis generation of cyanide. adj. tion of cells. cyano genetic. Cytotoxic of or relating to substances that are Cyclooxygenase (COX) an enzyme that toxic to cells; cell-killing. is responsible for the formation of pros- D-galactosamine an amino sugar with unique tanoids – prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and hepatotoxic properties in animals. thromboxanes that are each involved in the Dandruff scurf, dead, scaly skin among the infl ammatory response. Two different COX hair. enzymes existed, now known as COX-1 and Dartre condition of dry, scaly skin COX-2. Debility weakness, relaxation of muscular fi ber. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is known to be Debridement is the process of removing non- present in most tissues. In the gastrointesti- living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, nal tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining and other wounds. of the stomach. The enzyme is also involved Debriding agent substance that cleans and in kidney and platelet function. treats certain types of wounds, burns, ulcers. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is primarily pres- Deciduogenic relating to the uterus lining that is ent at sites of infl ammation. shed off at childbirth. Cysteine proteases are enzymes that degrade Decidual stromal cells like endometrial glands polypeptides possessing a common cata- and endothelium, express integrins that bind lytic mechanism that involves a nucleophilic basement components. cysteine thiol in a catalytic triad. They are Decoction a medical preparation made by boil- found in fruits like papaya, pineapple, and ing the ingredients. kiwifruit. Decongestant a substance that relieves or Cystitis a common urinary tract infection that reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, Defi brinated plasma blood whose plasma com- infect the urine and infl ame the bladder lin- ponent has had fi brinogen and fi brin removed. ing. Degranulation cellular process that releases Cystorrhea discharge of mucus from the blad- antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- der. tory vesicles called granules found inside Cytochrome bc-1 complex ubihydroquinone: some cells. cyto chrome c oxidoreductase. Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) abnor- Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A a very large and mal depolrization that begins during phase diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins 4 – after repolarization is completed, but found in all domains of life. This group of before another action potential would nor- enzymes catalyzes many reactions involved in mally occur. drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, Delirium is common, sudden severe confusion steroids and other lipids. and rapid changes in brain function that occur Cytokine non-antibody proteins secreted by with physical or mental illness; it is reversible certain cells of the immune system which and temporary. carry signals locally between cells. They are a Demulcent an agent that soothes internal mem- category of signaling molecules that are used branes. Also called emollient. extensively in cellular communication. Dendritic cells are immune cells and form part Cytopathic any detectable, degenerative changes of the mammalian immune system, function- in the host cell due to infection. ing as antigen presenting cells. Medical Glossary 1007

Dentition a term that describes all of the upper is characterized by high blood glucose and lower teeth collectively. in the context of insulin resistance and relative Deobstruent a medicine which removes obstruc- insulin defi ciency in which insulin is available tions; also called an aperient. but cannot be properly utilized. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) a crosslink prod- Diads two adjacent structural units in a poly- uct of collagen molecules found in bone and mer molecule. excreted in urine during bone degradation. Dialysis is a method of removing toxic sub- Depilatory an agent for removing or destroying stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood hair. when the kidneys are unable to do so. Depressant a substance that diminish functional Diaphoresis is profuse sweating commonly asso- activity, usually by depressing the nervous ciated with shock and other medical emergency system. conditions. Depurative an agent used to cleanse or purify Diaphoretic a substance that induces perspira- the blood, it eliminates toxins and purifi es the tion. Also called sudorifi c. system. Diaphyseal pertaining to or affecting the shaft Dermatitis infl ammation of the skin causing of a long bone (diaphysis). discomfort such as eczema. Diaphysis the main or mid section (shaft) of a Dermatophyte a fungus parasitic on the skin. long bone. Dermatosis is a broad term that refers to any Diarrhoea a profuse, frequent and loose dis- disease of the skin, especially one that is not charge from the bowels. accompanied by infl ammation. Diastolic referring to the time when the heart is in Dermonecrotic pertaining to or causing necro- a period of relaxation and dilatation (expansion). sis of the skin. cf . systolic. Desquamation the shedding of the outer layers Dieresis surgical separation of parts. of the skin. Dietary fi bre is a term that refers to a group of Detoxifi er a substance that promotes the removal food components that pass through the stomach of toxins from a system or organ. and small intestine undigested and reach the Diabetes a metabolic disorder associated with inad- large intestine virtually unchanged. Scientifi c equate secretion or utilization of insulin and evidence suggest that a diet high in dietary fi bre characterized by frequent urination and per- can be of value for treating or preventing such sistent thirst. See diabetes mellitus. disorders as constipation, irritable bowel syn- Diabetes mellitus (DM) (sometimes called “sugar drome, diverticular disease, hiatus hernia and diabetes”) is a set of chronic, metabolic disease haemorrhoids. Some components of dietary conditions characterized by high blood sugar fi bre may also be of value in reducing the level (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin of cholesterol in blood and thereby decrea sing secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus a risk factor for coronary heart disease and the appears in two forms. development of gallstones. Dietary fi bre is ben- Diabetes mellitus type I (formerly known efi cial in the treatment of some diabetics. as juvenile onset diabetes), caused by defi - Digalactosyl diglycerides are the major lipid ciency of the pancreatic hormone insulin as components of chloroplasts. a result of destruction of insulin-producing Diosgenin a steroid-like substance that is involved beta cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin in the production of the hormone progester- causes an increase of fasting blood glucose one, extracted from roots of Dioscorea yam. that begins to appear in the urine above the Dipsomania pathological use of alcohol. renal threshold. Discutient an agent (as a medicinal application) Diabetes mellitus type II (formerly called which serves to disperse morbid matter. non-insulin-dependent diabetes melli- Disinfectant an agent that prevents the spread of tus or adult-onset diabetes), the disorder infection, bacteria or communicable disease. 1008 Medical Glossary

Diuresis increased urination. Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition char- Diuretic a substance that increases urination acterized by severe and frequent menstrual (diuresis). cramps and pain associated with menstrua- Diverticular disease is a condition affecting tion. the large bowel or colon and is thought to be Dysmotility syndrome a vague, descriptive caused by eating too little fi bre. term used to describe diseases of the muscles DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- of the gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stom- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco ach, small and large intestines). smoke that is a potent carcinogen. Dyspedia indigestion followed by nausea. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that Dyspepsia refers to a symptom complex of epi- contains the genetic instructions used in the gastric pain or discomfort. It is often defi ned development and functioning of all known liv- as chronic or recurrent discomfort centered ing organisms. in the upper abdomen and can be caused by a DOCA desoxycorticosterone acetate – a ste- variety of conditions. roid chemical used as replacement therapy in Dysphagia swallowing disorder. Addison’s disease. Dysphonia a voice disorder, an impairment in Dopamine a catecholamine neurotransmitter that the ability to produce voice sounds using the occurs in a wide variety of animals, including vocal organs. both vertebrates and invertebrates. Dysplasia refers to abnormality in development. Dopaminergic relating to, or activated by the Dyspnoea shortness of breath, diffi culty in neurotransmitter, dopamine. breathing. Double blind refer to a clinical trial or experi- Dysrhythmias see arrhythmias. ment in which neither the subject nor the Dystocia abnormal or diffi cult child birth or researcher knows which treatment any par- labour. ticular subject is receiving. Dystonia a neurological movement disorder Douche a localised spray of liquid directed into characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle a body cavity or onto a part. contractions that may cause twisting or jerk- DPPH 2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl – a crys- ing movements of muscles. talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor Dysuria refers to diffi cult and painful urination. of free radical reactions. E-Selectin also known as endothelial leukocyte Dracunculiasis also called guinea worm dis- adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, a ease (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused member of the selectin family. It is transiently by the nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . expressed on vascular endothelial cells in Dropsy an old term for the swelling of soft tis- response to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. sues due to the accumulation of excess water. EC 50 median effective concentration that pro- adj. dropsical. duces desired effects in 50% of the test popu- Dysentery (formerly known as fl ux or the bloody lation. fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive system that Ecbolic a drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends to results in severe diarrhea containing mucus increase uterine contractions and that is used and blood in the feces. It is caused usually by especially to facilitate delivery. a bacterium called Shigella . Ecchymosis skin discoloration caused by the Dysesthesia an unpleasant abnormal sensation escape of blood into the tissues from rup- produced by normal stimuli. tured blood vessels. Dyskinesia the impairment of the power of vol- ECG see electrocardiography. untary movement, resulting in fragmentary or EC–SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, incomplete movements. adj. dyskinetic. a tissue enzyme mainly found in the extra- Dyslipidemia abnormality in or abnormal cellular matrix of tissues. It participates in amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. the detoxifi cation of reactive oxygen species Medical Glossary 1009

by catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide Emesis vomiting, throwing up. radicals. Emetic an agent that induces vomiting, cf : anti- Eczema is broadly applied to a range of persis- emetic. tent skin conditions. These include dryness and Emetocathartic causing vomiting and purging. recurring skin rashes which are characterized Emmenagogue a substance that stimulates, by one or more of these symptoms: redness, initiates, and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. skin edema, itching and dryness, crusting, fl ak- Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine to ing, blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding. balance and restore the normal function of the Eczematous rash dry, scaly, itchy rash. female reproductive system. ED 50 is defi ned as the dose producing a response Emollient an agent that has a protective and that is 50% of the maximum obtainable. soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and Edema formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, membranes. is characterized swelling caused by abnormal Emulsion a preparation formed by the suspen- accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or in sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- one or more cavities of the body. It usually uid in another liquid. occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can Encephalitis infl ammation of the brain. involve the entire body. Encephalopathy a disorder or disease of the Edematogenic producing or causing edema. brain. EGFR proteins epidermal growth factor recep- Endocrine adj. of or relating to endocrine glands tor (EGFR) proteins – Protein kinases are or the hormones secreted by them. enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from Endocytosis is the process by which cells absorb a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino material (molecules such as proteins) from acid in a substrate protein. outside the cell by engulfi ng it with their cell EGR-1 early growth response 1, a human gene. membrane. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by Endometriosis is a common and often painful oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon disorder of the female reproductive system. essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins The two most common symptoms of endo- and related compounds. metriosis are pain and infertility. Elastase a serine protease that also hydrolyses Endometritis refers to infl ammation of the amides and esters. endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. Electrocardiography or ECG, is a transtho- Endometrium the inner lining of the uterus. racic interpretation of the electrical activity Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of of the heart over time captured and externally tubules, vesicles and sacs around the nucleus recorded by skin electrodes. that are interconnected. Electromyogram (EMG) a test used to record Endostatin a naturally-occurring 20-kDa C-ter- the electrical activity of muscles. An electro- minal protein fragment derived from type myogram (EMG) is also called a myogram. XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti- Electuary a medicinal paste composed of pow- angiogenic agent that inhibits the formation of ders, or other medical ingredients, incor- the blood vessels that feed cancer tumours. porated with sweeteners to hide the taste, Endosteum the thin layer of cells lining the med- suitable for oral administration. ullary cavity of a bone. Elephantiasis a disorder characterized by Endosteul pertaining to the endosteum. chronic thickened and edematous tissue on the Endothelial progenitor cells population of rare genitals and legs due to various causes. cells that circulate in the blood with the ability Embrocation lotion or liniment that relieves to differentiate into endothelial cells, the cells muscle or joint pains. that make up the lining of blood vessels. Embryotoxic term that describes any chemical Endothelin any of a group of vasoconstrictive which is harmful to an embryo. peptides produced by endothelial cells. 1010 Medical Glossary

Endotoxemia the presence of endotoxins in the Eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are blood, which may result in shock. adj . endo- white blood cells that are one of the immune toxemic. system components. Endotoxin toxins associated with certain bacte- Epididymis a structure within the scrotum ria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted in attached to the backside of the testis and soluble form by live bacteria, but is a structural whose coiled duct provides storage, transit component in the bacteria which is released and maturation of spermatozoa. mainly when bacteria are lysed. Epididymitis a medical condition in which there Enema liquid injected into the rectum either as is infl ammation of the epididymis. a purgative or medicine, Also called clyster. Epigastralgia pain in the epigastric region. Enteral term used to describe the intestines or Epigastric discomfort bloated abdomen, swell- other parts of the digestive tract. ing of abdomen, abdominal ditension. Enteral administration involves the esopha- Epilepsy a common chronic neurological disor- gus, sto mach, and small and large intestines der that is characterized by recurrent unpro- (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). voked seizures. Enteritis refers to infl ammation of the small Episiotomy a surgical incision through the intestine. perineum made to enlarge the vagina and Enterocolic disorder infl amed bowel disease. assist childbirth. Enterocytes tall columnar cells in the small Epileptiform resembling epilepsy or its mani- intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the festations. adj. epileptiformic. fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. Epileptogenesis a process by which a normal Enterohemorrhagic causing bloody diarrhea brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition and colitis, said of pathogenic microorgan- in which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. isms. Episiotomy a surgical incision through the Enterolactone a lignin formed by the action of perineum made to enlarge the vagina and intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found assist childbirth. in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. Epithelioma a usually benign skin disease most Enteropooling increased fl uids and electro- commonly occurring on the face, around the lytes within the lumen of the intestines due to eyelids and on the scalp. increased levels of prostaglandins. Ergocalciferol a form of vitamin D, also called Enterotoxin is a protein toxin released by a vitamin D2. See vitamin D. microorganism in the intestine. Epistaxis acute hemorrhage from the nostril, Enterotoxigenic of or being an organism con- nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nose-bleed). taining or producing an enterotoxin. Epstein Barr Virus herpes virus that is the caus- Entheogen a substance taken to induce a spiri- ative agent of infectious mononucleosis. It is tual experience. also associated with various types of human Enuresis bed-wetting, a disorder of elimina- cancers. tion that involves the voluntary or involun- ERbeta estrogen receptor beta, a nuclear recep- tary release of urine into bedding, clothing, or tor which is activated by the sex hormone, other inappropriate places. estrogen. Enophthalmos a condition in which the eye Ergonic increasing capacity for bodily or men- falls back into the socket and inhibits proper tal labor especially by eliminating fatigue eyelid function. symptoms. Envenomation is the entry of venom into a per- ERK (extracellular signal regulated son’s body, and it may cause localised or kinases) widely expressed protein kinase intra- systemic poisoning. cellular signaling molecules which are involved Eosinophilia the state of having a high concentra- in functions including the regulation of meio- tion of eosinophils (eosinophil granulocytes) sis, mitosis, and post mitotic functions in dif- in the blood. ferentiated cells. Medical Glossary 1011

Eructation the act of belching or of casting up Excitotoxicity is the pathological process by wind from the stomach through the mouth. which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- Eruption a visible rash or cutaneous disruption. tamate and similar substances. Erysipelas is an intensely red Streptococcus Excipient a pharmacologically inert substance bacterial infection that occurs on the face used as a diluent or vehicle for the active and lower extremities. ingredients of a medication. Erythema abnormal redness and infl ammation Exocytosis the cellular process by which of the skin, due to vasodilation. cells excrete waste products or chemical trans- Erythematous characterized by erythema. mitters. Erythroleukoplakia an abnormal patch of red Expectorant an agent that increases bronchial and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction branes in the mouth and may become cancer. of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol body. may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or propto- Erythropoietin (EPO) a hormone produced by sis is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the the kidney that promotes the formation of red orbit. adj. exophthalmic. blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow. Extrapyramidal side effects are a group of Eschar a slough or piece of dead tissue that is symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, cast off from the surface of the skin. dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) Escharotic capable of producing an eschar; a that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic caustic or corrosive agent. medications. Estradiol is the predominant sex hormone pres- Extravasation discharge or escape, as of blood ent in females, also called oestradiol. from the vein into the surrounding tissues. Estrogen female hormone produced by the ovaries Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) also that play an important role in the estrous cycle called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- in women. degenerative autosomal dominant genetically Estrogen Receptor (ER) is a protein found in transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an uterus, hypothalamus, and anterior hypophysis inherited condition in which numerous pol- cells; ER levels are measured to determine yps form mainly in the epithelium of the large a breast CA’s potential for response to hor- intestine. monal manipulation. Familial dysautonomia a genetic disorder that Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) means that affects the development and survival of auto- estrogen is causing the tumour to grow, and nomic and sensory nerve cells. that the breast cancer should respond well to FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- hormone suppression treatments. membrane protein that belongs to the tumour Estrogen Receptor Negative (ER-) tumour is necrosis factor (TNF) family. not driven by estrogen and need another test FAS: fatty acid synthase (FAS) a multi-enzyme to determine the most effective treatment. that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis. Estrogenic relating to estrogen or producing Fauces the passage leading from the back of estrus. the mouth into the pharynx. Estrus sexual excitement or heat of female; or Favus a chronic skin infection, usually of the period of this characterized by changes in the scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton sex organs. schoenleinii and characterized by the devel- Euglycaemia normal blood glucose concentra- opment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair tion. follicles. Also termed tinea favosa. Exanthematous characterized by or of the Febrifuge an agent that reduces fever. Also nature of an eruption or rash. called an antipyretic. 1012 Medical Glossary

Febrile pertaining to or characterized by fever. Flavanols a subgroup of fl avonoids, are a class Fetotoxic toxic to the fetus. of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-di- Fibrates hypolipidemic agents primarily used hydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These com- for decreasing serum triglycerides, while pounds include the catechins and the catechin increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). gallates. They are found in chocolate, fruits Fibril a small slender fi ber or fi lament. and vegetables. See flavonoids. Fibrin insoluble protein that forms the essential Flavanones a subgroup of fl avonoids, constitute portion of the blood clot. >90% of total fl avonoids in citrus. The major Fibrinolysis a normal ongoing process that dis- dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, naringenin solves fi brin and results in the removal of small and eriodictyol. blood clots. Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by Fribinolytic causing the dissolution of fi brin by mosqui toes and ticks that cause some impor- enzymatic action. tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, Fibroblast type of cell that synthesizes the tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- Flavones a subgroup of fl avonoids based on tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one and play a critical role in wound healing. (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are Fibrogenic promoting the development of mainly found in cereals and herbs. fi bres. Flavonoids (or biofl avonoids) are a group Fibromyalgia a common and complex chronic of polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in pain disorder that affects people physically, that are occur in plant as secondary metabo- mentally and socially. Symptoms include lites. They are responsible for the colour of debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and fruit and vegetables. Twelve basic classes joint stiffness. Also referred to as FM or FMS. (chemical types) of fl avonoids have been Fibrosarcoma a malignant tumour derived from recognized fl avones, isofl avones, fl avans, fi brous connective tissue and characterized by fl avanones, fl avanols, fl avanolols, anthocyani- immature proliferating fi broblasts or undiffer- dins, catechins (including proanthocyanidins), entiated anaplastic spindle cells. leukoanthocyanidins, chalcones, dihydro- Fibrosis the formation of fi brous tissue as a chalcones, and aurones. Apart from their reparative or reactive process. antioxidant activity, fl avonoids are known for Filarial pertaining to a thread-like nematode their ability to strengthen capillary walls, thus worm. assisting circulation and helping to prevent Filariasis a parasitic and infectious tropical dis- and treat bruising, varicose veins, bleeding ease that is caused by thread-like fi larial nem- gums and nosebleeds, heavy menstrual bleed- atode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea. ing and are also anti-infl ammatory. Fistula an abnormal connection between two Flourine F is an essential chemical element that is parts inside of the body. required for maintenance of healthy bones and Fistula-in-ano a track connecting the internal teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found in sea anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy products. orifi ce. Fluorosis a dental health condition caused by a Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth known as fl atus in the digestive tract of mam- development. mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive Flux an excessive discharge of fl uid. fl atulence can be caused by lactose intoler- FMD (Flow Mediated Dilation) a measure of ance, certain foods or a sudden switch to a endothelial dysfunction which is used to eval- high fi bre. uate cardiovascular risk. Flavans a subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl a- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) a vonoids. hormone produced by the pituitary gland. Medical Glossary 1013

In women, it helps control the menstrual cycle needed by the body for digestion. Also called and the production of eggs by the ovaries. cholecyst, cholecystis. Follicular atresia the break-down of the ovarian Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) measures the follicles. total phenol content in terms of the standard Fomentation treatment by the application of Gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. war, moist substance. Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl transpep- Fontanelle soft spot on an infant’s skull. tidase, a liver enzyme. Framboesia see yaws. Gastralgia (heart burn) – pain in the stomach FRAP ferric reducing ability of plasma, an assay or abdominal region. It is caused by excess of used to assess antioxidant property. acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the stom- Friedreich’s ataxia is a genetic inherited disor- ach. der that causes progressive damage to the ner- Gastric pertaining to or affecting the stomach. vous system resulting in symptoms ranging Gastric emptying refers to the speed at which from muscle weakness and speech problems food and drink leave the stomach. to heart disease. cf. ataxia. Gastritis infl ammation of the stomach. Fulminant hepatitis acute liver failure. Gastrocnemius muscle the big calf muscle at Functional food is any fresh or processed food the rear of the lower leg. claimed to have a health-promoting or disease- Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) substance that preventing property beyond the basic function strengthens, tones, or regulates gastric func- of supplying nutrients. Also called medicinal tions (or protects from injury) without overt food. stimulation or depression. Furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infec- Gavage forced feeding. tion of hair follicles usually caused by Staph- Gene silencing suppression of the expression of ylococcus aureus, resulting in the localized a gene. accumulation of pus and dead tissue. Genotoxin a chemical or other agent that dam- Furunculosis skin condition characterized by ages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or persistent, recurring boils. cancer. G2-M cell cycle the phase where the cell pre- Genotoxic describes a poisonous substance pare for mitosis and where chromatids and which harms an organism by damaging its daughter cells separate. DNA thereby capable of causing mutations or GABA gamma aminobutyric acid, required as cancer. an inhi bitory neurotransmitter to block the Geriatrics is a sub-specialty of internal medi- transmission of an impulse from one cell to cine that focuses on health care of elderly another in the central nervous system, which people. prevents over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is Ghrelin a gastrointestinal peptide hormone used to treat both epilepsy and hypertension. secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- GADD 152 a pro-apoptotic gene. ing, it stimulates appetite, gastric emptying, Galctifuge or lactifuge, casuing the arrest of and increases cardiac output. milk secretion. Gingival Index an index describing the clinical Galactogogue a substance that promotes the severity of gingival infl ammation as well as its fl ow of milk. location. Galactophoritis infl ammation of the milk Gingivitis refers to gingival infl ammation ducts. induced by bacterial biofi lms (also called Galactopoietic increasing the fl ow of milk; plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. milk-producing. Gin-nan sitotoxism toxicity caused by inges- Gall bladder a small, pear-shaped muscular tion of ginkgotoxin and characterised mainly sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs which bile secreted by the liver is stored until and loss of consciousness. 1014 Medical Glossary

Glaucoma a group of eye diseases in which the Glutathione (GSH) a tripeptide produced in optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly the human liver and plays a key role in inter- destroyed, leading to impaired vision and mediary metabolism, immune response and blindness. health. It plays an important role in scaveng- Gleet a chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhea) ing free radicals and protects cells against of a bodily orifi ce usually accompanied by an several toxic oxygen-derived chemical abnormal discharge. species. Glial cells support, non-neuronal cells in the Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) the general central nervous system that maintain homeo- name of an enzyme family with peroxidase stasis, form myelin and provide protection activity whose main biological role is to pro- for the brain’s neurons. tect the organism from oxidative damage. Glioma is a type of tumour that starts in the Glutathione S - transferase (GST) a major brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it group of detoxifi cation enzymes that par- arises from glial cells. ticipate in the detoxifi cation of reactive Glioblastoma multiforme most common and electrophilic compounds by catalysing their most aggressive type of primary brain tumour conjugation to glutathione. in humans, involving glial cells. Glycation or glycosylation a chemical reaction Glomerulonephritis (GN) a renal disease char- in which glycosyl groups are added to a pro- acterized by infl ammation of the glomeruli, tein to produce a glycoprotein. or small blood vessels in the kidneys. Also Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen by known as glomerular nephritis. adj. glomeru- removal of a glucose monomer through cleav- lonephritic. age with inorganic phosphate to produce glu- Glomerulosclerosis a hardening of the glom- cose-1-phosphate. erulus in the kidney. Glycometabolism metabolism (oxidation) of Glossal pertaining to the tongue. glucose to produce energy. GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1 is derived Glycosuria or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- from the transcription product of the prog- tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of lucagon gene, associate with type 2-diabetes glucose by the kidneys into the urine. therapy. Glycosylases a family of enzymes involved in Gluconeogenesis a metabolic pathway that results base excision repair. in the generation of glucose from non-carbo- Goitre an enlargement of the thyroid gland lead- hydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. adj . ing to swelling of the neck or larynx. gluconeogenic. Goitrogen substance that suppresses the func- Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- tion of the thyroid gland by interfering with ily) are a family of membrane proteins found iodine uptake, causing enlargement of the thy- in most mammalian cells. roid, i.e. goiter. Glucosyltranferase an enzyme that enable the Goitrogenic adj. causing goiter. transfer of glucose. Gonadotroph a basophilic cell of the anterior Glucuronidation a phase II detoxifi cation path- pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimu- way occurring in the liver in which glucuronic lating hormone or luteinizing hormone. acid is conjugated with toxins. Gonatropins protein hormones secreted by Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from vertebrates. an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto-acid to gener- Gonorrhoea a common sexually transmitted ate a new amino acid and the residual 2-keto- bacterial infection caused by the bacterium acid of the donor amino acid. Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) see Gout a disorder caused by a build-up of a waste Alanine aminotransferase. pro duct, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess Medical Glossary 1015

uric acid settles in joints causing infl amma- Haematoma, hematoma a localized accumula- tion, pain and swelling. tion of blood in a tissue or space composed of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) com- clotted blood. prise a large and diverse family of proteins Haematometra, hematometra a medical condi- whose primary function is to transduce extra- tion involving bleeding of or near the uterus. cellular stimuli into cells. Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis formation Granulation the condition or appearance of of blood cellular components from the hae- being granulated (becoming grain-like). matopoietic stem cells. Gravel sand-like concretions of uric acid, calcium Haematopoietic adj. relating to the formation oxalate, and mineral salts formed in the pas- and development of blood cells. sages of the biliary and urinary tracts. Haematuria, Hematuria is the presence of Gripe water is a home remedy for babies with blood in the urine. Hematuria is a sign that colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- something is causing abnormal bleeding in a ments. Its ingredients vary, and may include person’s genitourinary tract. alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) chamomile. is an inducible protein activated in systemic Grippe an epidemic catarrh; older term for infl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an infl uenza. enzyme that catalyzes degradation of heme. GSH see Glutathione. Haemochromatosis is a condition in which the GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name body takes in too much iron. of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis a method for whose main biological role is to protect the removing waste products such as potassium organism from oxidative damage. and urea, as well as free water from the blood GSSG glutathione disulfides are biologically when the kidneys are in renal failure. important intracellular thiols, and altera- Haemolyis lysis of red blood cells and the tions in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used release of haemoglobin into the surrounding to assess exposure of cells to oxidative fl uid (plasma). adj. haemolytic. stress. Haemoptysis, hemoptysis is the coughing up GSTM glutathione S transferase M1, a major of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood group of detoxifi cation enzymes. can come from the nose, mouth, throat, and GSTM 2 glutathione S transferase M2, a major the airway passages leading to the lungs. group of detoxifi cation enzymes. Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage bleeding, dis- Gynecopathy any or various diseases specifi c charge of blood from blood vessels. to women. Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids a painful con- Gynoid adiposity fat distribution mainly to the dition in which the veins around the anus hips and thighs, pear shaped. or lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and Haemagogic promoting a fl ow of blood. infl amed. Also called piles. Haematemesis, Hematemesis is the vomiting of Haemostasis, hemostasis a complex process blood. which causes the bleeding process to stop. Haematinic improving the quality of the blood, Haemostatic, hemostatic something that stops its haemoglobin level and the number of eryth- bleeding. rocytes. Halitosis (bad breath) a common condition Haematochezia passage of stools containing caused by sulfur-producing bacteria that live blood. within the surface of the tongue and in the Haematochyluria, hematochyluria the dis- throat. charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in Hallucinogen drug that produces hallucinogen. the urine, see also chyluria. Hallucinogenic inducing hallucinations. 1016 Medical Glossary

Haplotype a set of alleles of closely linked loci Hemolytic anemia anemia due to hemolysis, on a chromosome that tend to be inherited the breakdown of red blood cells in the blood together. vessels or elsewhere in the body. Hapten a small molecule that can elicit an Hemorheology study of blood fl ow and its ele- immune response only when attached to a ments in the circulatory system. adj. hemor- large carrier such as a protein. heological. HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen. Hemorrhagic colitis an acute gasteroenteritis HBsAg hepatitis B s antigen. characterized by overtly bloody diarrhea that Heartburn burning sensation in the stomach is caused by Escherichia coli infection. and eso phagus caused by excessive acidity of Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is a disease charac- the stomach fl uids. terized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal fail- Heat rash any condition aggravated by heat or ure (uremia) and a low platelet count. hot weather such as intertrigo. Hepa-1c1c7 a type of hepatoma cells. Heat Shock Chaperones (HSC) ubiquitous mol- Hepatalgia pain or discomfort in the liver area. ecules involved in the modulation of protein Heptalgia pain in the liver and spleen. conformational and complexation states, asso- Hepatectomy the surgical removal of part or ciated with heat stress or other cellular stress all of the liver. response. Hepatic relating to the liver. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) a group of function- Hepatic cirrhosis affecting the liver, character- ally related proteins the expression of which is ize by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative nod- increased when the cells are exposed to ele- ules. vated temperatures or other cellular stresses. Hepatitis infl ammation of the liver. Helminthiasis a disease in which a part of the Hepatitis A (formerly known as infectious hep- body is infested with worms such as pinworm, atitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver roundworm or tapeworm. caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. Hemagglutinin refers to a substance that causes Hepatocarcinogenesis represents a linear and red blood cells to agglutinate. progressive cancerous process in the liver in Hemagglutination a specifi c form of agglutina- which successively more aberrant monoclonal tion that involves red blood cells. populations of hepatocytes evolve. Hemagglutination–inhibition test measures Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) also called of the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells (cancer) of the liver. by antibodies. Hepatocytolysis cytotoxicity (dissolution) of Hemangioma blood vessel. liver cells. Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the Hepatoma cancer of the liver. percen tage of the volume of whole blood that Hepatopathy a disease or disorder of the liver. is made up of red blood cells. Hepatoprotective (liver protector) a substance Hematopoietic pertaining to the formation of that helps protect the liver from damage by blood or blood cells. toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. Hematopoietic stem cell is a cell isolated from Hepatoregenerative a compound that promotes the blood or bone marrow that can renew hepa tocellular regeneration, repairs and itself, and can differentiate to a variety of spe- restores liver function to optimum perfor- cialized cells. mance. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) an enzyme that Hepatotonic (liver tonic) a substance that is catalyses the degradation of heme; an induc- tonic to the liver - usually employed to nor- ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection malize liver enzymes and function. against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. HER-2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Hemoglobinopathies genetic defects that pro- a protein giving higher aggressiveness in breast duce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia. cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. Medical Glossary 1017

Herpes a chronic infl ammation of the skin or or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding mucous membrane characterized by the devel- 5’-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The opment of vesicles on an infl ammatory base. enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 – (HSV-1 and HSV-2) well as central nervous system functions. are two species of the herpes virus family Hippocampus a ridge in the fl oor of each lat- which cause a variety of illnesses/infections in eral ventricle of the brain that consists mainly humans such cold sores, chickenpox or vari- of gray matter. cella, shingles or herpes zoster (VZV), cyto- Hippocampal pertaining to the hippocampus. megalovirus (CMV), and various cancers, and Histaminergic liberated or activated by hista- can cause brain infl ammation (encephalitis). mine, relating to the effects of histamine at HSV-1 is commonly associated with herpes histamine receptors of target tissues. outbreaks of the face known as cold sores or Histaminergic receptors are types of G-protein fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 is more often coupled receptors with histamine as their associated with genital herpes. They are also endogenous ligand. called Human Herpes Virus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 HIV see Human immunodefi ciency virus. and HHV-2) and are neurotropic and neuro- Hives (urticaria) is a skin rash characterised by invasive viruses; they enter and hide in the circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. human nervous system, accounting for their HMG-CoAr 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA durability in the human body. reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate-control- Herpes zoster or simply zoster, commonly ling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the mevalonate known as shingles and also known as zona, is pathway. a viral disease characterized by a painful skin HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- rash with blisters. coenzyme A, an intermediate in the mevalonate Hernia occurs when part of an internal organ pathway . bulges through a weak area of muscle. Hodgkin’s disease disease characterized by Heterophobia term used to describe irrational enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against anemia. heterosexuals. Homeodomain transcription factor a protein HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) high density lipo- domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox protein-cholesterol, also called “good choles- genes encode transcription factors which typi- terol”. See also high-density lipoprotein. cally switch on cascades of other genes. Hiatus hernia occurs when the upper part of the Homeostasis the maintenance of a constant stomach pushes its way through a tear in the internal environment of a cell or an organism, diaphragm. despite fl uctuations in the external. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the Homeotherapy treatment or prevention of dis- fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable ease with a substance similar but not identical cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported to the causative agent of the disease. within the water based blood stream. HDL Homocysteine an amino acid in the blood. can remove cholesterol from atheroma within Homograft see allograft. arteries and transport it back to the liver for Hormonal (female) substance that has a hor- excretion or re-utilization—which is the main mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is some- and/or a substance used to normalize female times called “good cholesterol”, or HDL-C. hormone levels. A high level of HDL-C seems to protect Hormonal (male) substance that has a hormone- against cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. like effect similar to that of testosterone and/or HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- a substance used to normalize male hormone phoribosyl transferase) an enzyme that levels. catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl- HRT hormone replacement therapy, the 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, administration of the female hormones, 1018 Medical Glossary

oestrogen and progesterone, and sometimes Hydrocholeretic an agent that stimulates testosterone. an increased output of bile of low specifi c HSP27 is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat gravity. shock protein chaperone that confers protec- Hydrogogue a purgative that causes an abun- tion against apoptosis. dant watery discharge from the bowel. HSP90 a 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone Hydronephrosis is distension and dilation of that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused of cellular signaling proteins that have been by obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from implicated in disease processes. the kidney. HT29 cells are human intestinal epithelial cells Hydrophobia a viral neuroinvasive disease that which produce the secretory component of causes acute encephalitis (infl ammation of the Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and carcinoembry- brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also called onic antigen (CEA). rabies. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) a DNA her- Hydropsy see dropsy. pes virus which is the leading cause of con- Hyperaemia the increase of blood fl ow to dif- genital viral infection and mental retardation. ferent tissues in the body. Human factor X a coagulation factor also Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia a known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or metabolic disturbance characterised by an as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in excess of ammonia in the blood. blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver Hyperalgesia an increased sensitivity to pain and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. (enhanced pricking pain), which may be Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) a ret- caused by damage to nociceptors or periph- rovirus that can lead to acquired immunode- eral nerves. fi ciency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in Hypercholesterolemia high levels of choles- humans in which the immune system begins terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunis- for cardiovascular disease leading to stroke or tic infections. heart attack. Humoral Immune Response (HIR) is the Hyperemia is the increased blood fl ow that aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted occurs when tissue is active. antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated Hyperemesis severe and persistent nausea and immunity, which involves T lymphocytes) vomiting (morning sickness) during preg- produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lin- nancy. eage (B cell). Hyperglycemic, hyperglycaemia high blood HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial sugar; is a condition in which an excessive cells. amount of glucose circulates in the blood hTERT – (TERT) telomerase reverse tran- plasma. scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme Hyperglycemic a substance that raises blood telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel pro- sugar levels. tective function by binding to mitochondrial Hyperhomocysteinemia is a medical condition DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity and characterized by an abnormally large level of protecting against oxidative stress–induced homocysteine in the blood. damage. Hyperinsulinemia a condition in which there Hyaluronidase enzymes that catalyse the hydro- are excess levels of circulating insulin in the lysis of certain complex carbohydrates like blood; also known as pre-diabetes. hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level of the Hydatidiform a rare mass or growth that forms electrolyte potassium. inside the uterus at the beginning of a preg- Hyperknesis enhanced itch to pricking. nancy. Hyperleptinemia increased serum leptin level. Medical Glossary 1019

Hypermethylation an increase in the inherited Hypocortisolism see Addison’s disease. methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- Hypoglycemic an agent that lowers the concen- dues in DNA. tration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Hyperpiesia persistent and pathological high Hypoperfusion decreased blood fl ow through an blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can organ, characterized by an imbalance of oxy- be found. gen demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. Hyperplasia increased cell production in a nor- Hypophagic under-eating. mal tissue or organ. Hypotensive characterised by or causing dimin- Hyperprolactinaemia the presence of abnor- ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low mally high levels of prolactin in the blood. blood pressure. Hyperpropulsion using water pressure as a Hypothermia a condition in which an organ- force to move objects; used to dislodge cal- ism’s temperature drops below that required culi in the urethra. for normal metabolism and body functions. Hyperpyrexia is an abnormally high fever. Hypothermic relating to hypothermia, with Hypertension commonly referred to as “high subnormal body temperature. blood pressure” or HTN, is a medical condi- Hypoxaemia is the reduction of oxygen specifi - tion in which the arterial blood pressure is cally in the blood. chronically elevated. Hypoxia a shortage of oxygen in the body. adj. Hypertensive characterized or caused by hypoxic. increased tension or pressure as abnormally ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1) high blood pressure. also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differen- Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycemia a tiation 54), is a protein that in humans is disorder that causes high triglycerides in the encoded by the ICAM1 gene. blood. IC 50 the median maximal inhibitory concentra- Hypertrophy enlargement or overgrowth of an tion; a measure of the effectiveness of a com- organ. pound in inhibiting biological or biochemical Hyperuricemia is a condition characterized by function. abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. I.C.V. (intra-cerebroventricular) injection of Hypoadiponectinemia low plasma adiponectin chemi cal into the right lateral ventricle of the concentrations associated with obesity and type brain. 2 diabetes; that is closely related to the degree of Ichthyotoxic a substance which is poisonous to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia than fi sh. to the degree of adiposity and glucose toler- Iceterus jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of the ance. skin. Hypoalbuminemia a medical condition where Icteric hepatitis an infectious syndrome of hep- levels of albumin in blood serum are abnor- atitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, fever, mally low. right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged liver and Hypocalcemic tetany a disease caused by an transaminitis ( increase in alanine aminotrans- abnormally low level of calcium in the blood ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- and charac terized by hyperexcitability of the ferase (AST)). neuromuscular system and results in carpope- Icterus neonatorum jaundice in newborn dal spasms. infants. Hypochlorhydria refer to states where the pro- Idiopathic of no apparent physical cause. duction of gastric acid in the stomach is absent Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss or low. (ISSHL) is sudden hearing loss where clinical Hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-reducer), a assessment fails to reveal a cause. substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. IgE Immunoglobin E – a class of antibody that Hypocorticism see Addison’s disease. plays a role in allergy. 1020 Medical Glossary

IGFs insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides Infarct an area of living tissue that undergoes with high sequence similarity to insulin. necrosis as a result of obstruction of local IgG Immunoglobin G – the most abundant blood supply. immunoglobin (antibody) and is one of the Infarction is the process of tissue death (necro- major activators of the complement pathway. sis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood IgM Immunoglobin M – primary antibody against supply. A and B antigens on red blood cells. Infl ammation a protective response of the body IKAP is a scaffold protein of the IvarKap- to infection, irritation or other injury, aimed at paBeta kinase complex and a regulator for destroying or isolating the injuries and charac- kinases involved in pro-infl ammatory cytokine terized by redness, pain, warmth and swelling. signaling. Infl uenza a viral infection that affects mainly the IKappa B or IkB-beta, a protein of the NF- nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, lungs. Kappa-B inhibitor family. Infusion a liquid extract obtained by steeping Ileus a temporary disruption of intestinal peri- something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. or dissolve readily in water, to release their Immune modulator a substance that affects active ingredients without boiling. or modulates the functioning of the immune Inguinal hernia a hernia into the inguinal canal system. of the groin. Immunodefi ciency a state in which the Inhalant a medicinal substance that is admin- immune system’s ability to fi ght infectious istered as a vapor into the upper respiratory disease is compromised or entirely absent. passages. Immunogenicity the property enabling a sub- iNOS, Inducible Nitric oxide Synthases stance to provoke an immune response. through its product, nitric oxide (NO), may Immunomodulatory capable of modifying or contribute to the induction of germ cell apop- regulating one or more immune functions. tosis. It plays a crucial role in early sepsis- Immunoreactive reacting to particular antigens related microcirculatory dysfunction. or haptens. Inotropic affecting the force of muscle contrac- Immunostimulant agent that stimulates an tion. immune response. Insecticide an agent that destroys insects. adj . Immunosuppression involves a process that insecticidal. reduces the activation or effi cacy of the Insomnia a sleeping disorder characterized by immune system. the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability Immunotoxin a man-made protein that consists to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. time. Impetigo a contagious, bacterial skin infection Insulin a peptide hormone composed of 51 characterized by blisters that may itch, caused amino acids produced in the islets of Langer- by a Streptoccocus bacterium or Staphylococ- hans in the pancreas causes cells in the liver, cus aureus and mostly seen in children. muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from Impotence a sexual dysfunction characterized the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver by the inability to develop or maintain an erec- and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often the tion of the penis. cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is Incontinence (fecal) the inability to control used to control diabetes. bowel’s movement. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) polypeptides Incontinence (Urine) the inability to control with high sequence similarity to insulin. They urine excretion. are part of a complex system that cells employ Index of structural atypia (ISA) index of struc- to communicate with their physiologic envi- tural abnormality. ronment. Induration hardened, as a soft tissue that Insulin-mimetic to act like insulin. becomes extremely fi rm. Insulinotropic changing the action of insulin. Medical Glossary 1021

Integrase an enzyme produced by a retrovirus of atheroma and increase cardiovascular dis- (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material eases. to be integrated into the DNA of the infected Intermittent claudication an aching, crampy, cell. tired, and sometimes burning pain in the legs Interferons (IFNs) are natural cell-signaling that comes and goes, caused by peripheral vas- glycoproteins known as cytokines produced cular disease. It usually occurs with walking by the cells of the immune system of most and disappears after rest. vertebrates in response to challenges such as Interstitium the space between cells in a tissue. viruses, parasites and tumour cells. Interstitial pertaining to the interstitium. Interleukins a group of naturally occurring pro- Intertrigo an infl ammation (rash) caused by teins and is a subset of a larger group of cellular microbial infection in skin folds. messenger molecules called cytokines, which Intima innermost layer of an artery or vein. are modulators of cellular behavior. Intoxicant substance that produce drunkenness Interleukin-1 (IL-1) a cytokine that could or intoxication. induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase Intraperitoneal (i.p.) the term used when a chem- the number of bone marrow cells and cause ical is contained within or administered through degeneration of bone joints. Also called endog- the peritoneum (the thin, transparent membrane enous pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, that lines the walls of the abdomen). haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, Intrathecal (i.t.) through the theca of the spinal amongst others that IL-1 is composed of two cord into the subarachnoid space. distinct proteins, now called IL-1a and IL-1b . Intromission the act of putting one thing into Interleukin 1 Beta (IL 1B) a cytokine protein another. produced by activated macrophages. cytokine Intubation refers to the placement of a tube into is an important mediator of the infl ammatory an external or internal orifi ce of the body. response, and is involved in a variety of cel- Iodine (I) is an essential chemical element that lular activities, including cell proliferation, is important for hormone development in the differentiation, and apoptosis. human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an Interleukin 2 (IL-2) a type of cytokine immune enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine system signaling molecule that is instrumen- defi ciency disorders including mental retarda- tal in the body’s natural response to microbial tion and stunted growth in babies and children. infection. Iodine is found in dairy products, seafood, Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) a heterotri- kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables and meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- iodized salt. tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that IP see Intraperitoneal. binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. Iron (Fe) is essential to most life forms and to Interleukin-6 (IL-6) an interleukin that acts as normal human physiology. In humans, iron is both a pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl amma- an essential component of proteins involved in tory cytokine. oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is also Interleukin 8 (IL 8) a cytokine produced by essential for the regulation of cell growth and macrophages and other cell types such as epi- differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits oxy- thelial cells and is one of the major mediators gen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, poor of the infl ammatory response. work performance, and decreased immunity. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) is Conversely, excess amounts of iron can result one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins in toxicity and even death. Dietary sources (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) include, certain cereals, dark green leafy veg- that enable fats and cholesterol to move within etables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, poultry the water-based solution of the bloodstream. and meat. IDL is further degraded to form LDL particles Ischemia an insuffi cient supply of blood to an and, like LDL, can also promote the growth organ, usually due to a blocked artery. 1022 Medical Glossary

Ischuria retention or suppression of urine. Keratinophilic having an affi nity for keratin. Isofl avones a subgroup of fl avonoids in which Keratitis infl ammation of the cornea. the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane Keratomalacia an eye disorder that leads to a skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- dry cornea. mals. See fl avonoids. Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral Isomers substances that are composed of the deposits that form in the kidney. same elements in the same proportions and Kinin is any of various structurally related poly- hence have the same molecular formula but peptides, such as bradykinin, that act locally to differ in properties because of differences in the induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth arrangement of atoms. muscle. Isoprostanes unique prostaglandin-like com- Kininogen either of two plasma a 2-globulins pounds generated in vivo from the free rad- that are kinin precursors. ical-catalysed peroxidation of essential fatty Knockout gene knockout is a genetic technique acids. in which an organism is engineered to carry Jamu traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. genes that have been made inoperative. Jaundice refers to the yellow color of the skin Kunitz protease inhibitors a type of protein con- and whites of the eyes caused by excess bili- tained in legume seeds which functions as a rubin in the blood. protease inhibitor. JNK (Jun N-terminal Kinase), also known as Kupffer cells are resident macrophages of the Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK), liver and play an important role in its normal belongs to the family of MAP kinases. physiology and homeostasis as well as par- Jurkat cells a line of T lymphocyte cells that are ticipating in the acute and chronic responses used to study acute T cell leukemia. of the liver to toxic compounds. KB cell a cell line derived from a human carci- L-Dopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for amino acid that is formed in the liver and con- antineoplastic (anti-tumour) agents. verted into dopamine in the brain. Kallikreins peptidases (enzymes that cleave Labour process of childbirth involving muscu- peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the lar contractions. serine protease family; they liberate kinins Lacrimation secretion and discharge of tears. from kininogens. Kallikreins are targets of Lactation secretion and production of milk. active investigation by drug researchers as Lactagogue an agent that increases or stimu- possible biomarkers for cancer. lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a Kaposi sarcoma a cancerous tumour of the con- galactagogue. nective tissues caused by the huma herpesvi- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme that rus 8 and is often associated with AIDS. catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) also LAK cell a lymphokine-activated killer cell i.e. known as human herpesvirus-8, is a gamma a white blood cell that has been stimulated to 2 herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an kill tumour cells. important role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi Larvacidal an agent which kills insect or para- sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman dis- site larva. ease (MCD) of the plasma cell type, and pri- Laryngitis is an infl ammation of the larynx. mary effusion lymphoma and occurs in HIV Lactic acidosis is a condition caused by the patients. buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to Keratin a sulphur-containing protein which is a acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis), and is con- major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, sidered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis. horns, and teeth. Laminin a glycoprotein component of connective Keratinocyte is the major constituent of the epider- tissue basement membrane that promotes cell mis, constituting 95% of the cells found there. adhesion. Medical Glossary 1023

Laparotomy a surgical procedure involving an Leucorrhoea commonly known as whites, incision through the abdominal wall to gain refers to a whitish discharge from the female access into the abdominal cavity. adj. laparo- genitals tomized. Leukemia, leukaemia a cancer of the blood Laxation bowel movement. or bone marrow and is characterized by an Laxatives substances that are used to promote abnormal proliferation (production by multi- bowel movement. plication) of blood cells, usually white blood LC 50 median lethal concentration, see LD 50. cells (leukocytes). LD 50 median lethal dose – the dose required to Leukocytopenia abnormal decrease in the num- kill half the members of a tested population. ber of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the Also called LC 50 (median lethal concentra- blood. tion). Leukomyelopathy any diseases involving the LDL see low-density lipoprotein. white matter of the spinal cord. LDL Cholesterol see low-density lipoprotein. Leukopenia a decrease in the number of circu- LDL receptor (LDLr) a low-density lipopro- lating white blood cells. tein receptor gene. Leukoplakia condition characterized by white Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- highly specifi c for their sugar moieties, that cially of the mouth and vulva. agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glyco- Leukotriene a group of hormones that cause conjugates. They play a role in biological the infl ammatory symptoms of hay-fever and recognition phenomena involving cells and asthma. proteins. Levarterenol see Norepinephrine. Leishmaniasis a disease caused by protozoan LexA repressor or Repressor LexA is repres- parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania sor enzyme that represses SOS response and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- genes coding for DNA polymerases required cies of sand fl y. for repairing DNA damage Lenticular opacity also known as or related Libido sexual urge. to cataract. Lichen planus a chronic mucocutaneous disease Leprosy a chronic bacterial disease of the skin that affects the skin, tongue, and oral mucosa. and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some Ligroin a volatile,, infl ammable fraction of cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the petroleum, obtained by distillation and used Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s as a solvent. disease. Liniment liquid preparation rubbed on skin, Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- used to relieve muscular aches and pains. tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- Lipodiatic having lipid and lipoprotein lower- olism and reproductive function. ing property. Lequesne Algofunctional Index is a widespread Lipodystrophy a medical condition character- international instrument (10 questions survey) ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions and recommended by the World Health Orga- of the body’s adipose tissue. nization (WHO) for outcome measurement in Lipogenesis is the process by which acetyl-CoA hip and knee diseases such as osteoarthritis. is converted to fats. Leucocyte white blood corpuscles, colourless, Lipolysis is the breakdown of fat stored in fat without haemoglobin that help to combat cells in the body. infection. Liposomes artifi cially prepared vesicles made Leucoderma a skin abnormality characterized of lipid bilayer. by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; Lipotoxicity refers to tissues diseases that may they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. occur when fatty acids spillover in excess Also see vitiligo. of the oxidative needs of those tissues and 1024 Medical Glossary

enhances metabolic fl ux into harmful path- vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids ways of nonoxidative metabolism. contained within the retina of the eye. Within Lipotropic refers to compounds that help catal- the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, yse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- the body. e.g. chlorine and lecithin. dominates. Lutein is necessary for good vision Lipoxygenase a family of iron-containing enzymes and may also help prevent or slow down ath- that catalyse the dioxygenation of polyunsatu- erosclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which rated fatty acids in lipids containing a cis,cis- is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. 1,4-pentadiene structure. Luteinising hormone (LH) a hormone produced Lithiasis formation of urinary calculi (stones). by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it Lithogenic promoting the formation of calculi triggers ovulation. In males, it stimulates the (stones). production of testosterone to aid sperm matu- Lithontripic removes stones from kidney, gall ration. bladder. Luteolysis is the structural and functional degra- Liver X receptors nuclear hormones that func- dation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs at tion as central transcriptional regulators for the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous lipid homeostasis. and menstrual cycles in the absence of preg- Lotion a liquids suspension or dispersion of nancy. chemicals for external application to the Lymphadenitis-cervical infl ammation of the body. lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by Lovo cells colon cancer cells. an infection. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of Lymphatitis infl ammation of lymph vessels and lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and trig- nodes. lycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. Lymphadenopathy a term meaning disease of High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal the lymph nodes – lymph node enlargement. medical problems like cardiovascular disease, Lymphoblastic pertaining to the production of and it is sometimes called “bad cholesterol”. lymphocytes. LRP1 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related Lymphocyte a small white blood cell (leuco- protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- cyte) that plays a large role in defending ing functions as well as in lipid metabolism . the body against disease. Lymphocytes are LTB4 a type of leukotriene, a major metabo- responsible for immune responses. There are lite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leu- two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and kocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear T cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lym- cell function (degranulation, formation of phokines) that modulate the functional activi- oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic ties of many other types of cells and are often acid release, and metabolism). It induces skin present at sites of chronic infl ammation. infl ammation. Lymphocyte B cells t he B cells make antibodies Luciferase is a generic name for enzymes com- that attack bacteria and toxins. monly used in nature for bioluminescence. Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells Lumbago is the term used to describe general themselves when they have been taken over lower back pain. by viruses or have become cancerous. Lung abscess necrosis of the pulmonary tissue Lymphoma a type of cancer involving cells of and formation of cavities containing necrotic the immune system, called lymphocytes. debris or fl uid caused by microbial infections. Lymphopenia abnormally low number of lym- Lusitropic an agent that affects diastolic relax- phocytes in the blood. ation. Lysosomes are small, spherical organelles con- Lutein a carotenoid, occurs naturally as yel- taining digestive enzymes ( acid hydrolases) low or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy and other proteases (cathepsins). Medical Glossary 1025

Maceration softening or separating of parts by Mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) path- soaking in a liquid. way that regulates mitochondrial oxygen con- Macrophage a type of large leukocyte that travels sumption and oxidative capacity. in the blood but can leave the bloodstream and Mammogram an x-ray of the breast to detect enter tissue; like other leukocytes it protects the tumours. body by digesting debris and foreign cells. Mandibular relating to the mandible, the human Macular degeneration a disease that gradually jaw bone. des troys the macula, the central portion of the Manganese is an essential element for heath. It is retina, reducing central vision. an important constituent of some enzymes and Macules small circumscribed changes in the an activator of other enzymes in physiologic color of skin that are neither raised (elevated) processes. Manganese superoxide dismutase nor depressed. (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant enzyme Maculopapular describes a rash characterized in the mitochondria. Manganese-activated by raised, spotted lesions. enzymes play important roles in the metabo- Magnesium (M g) is the fourth most abundant lism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cho- mineral in the body and is essential to good lesterol. Manganese is the preferred cofactor of health. It is important for normal muscle and enzymes called glycosyltransferases which are nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune required for the synthesis of proteoglycans that system, and strong bones. Magnesium also are needed for the formation of healthy helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes cartilage and bone. Dietary source include normal blood pressure, and is known to be whole grains, fruit, legumes (soybean and involved in energy metabolism and protein by-products), green leafy vegetables, beetroot synthesis and plays a role in preventing and and tea. managing disorders such as hypertension, MAO activity monoamine oxidase activity. cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and these kinases are strongly activated in cells by-products), nuts, whole unrefi ned grains, subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green disregulated K + currents, RNA-damaging leafy vegetables. agents, and a multitude of other stresses, as MAK cell macrophage-activated killer cell, acti- well as infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin, vated nacrophage that is much more phago- and withdrawal of a trophic factor. The cytic than monocytes. stress-responsive MAPKs mediate a plethora Malaise a feeling of weakness, lethargy or dis- of cellular responses to such stressful stimuli, comfort as of impending illness. including apoptosis and production of infl am- Malaria is an infection of the blood by Plasmo- matory and immunoregulatory cytokines in dium parasite that is carried from person to per- diverse cell systems. son by mosquitoes. There are four species of Marasmus is one of the three forms of serious malaria parasites that infect man: Plasmodium protein-energy malnutrition. falciparum, so called ‘malignant tertian fever’, Mastectomy surgery to remove a breast. is the most serious disease, Plasmodium vivax , Masticatory a substance chewed to increase sali- causing a relapsing form of the disease, Plas- vation. Also called Sialogue. modium malariae , and Plasmodium ovale . Mastitis a bacterial infection of the breast Malassezia a fungal genus (previously known which usually occurs in breastfeeding as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, naturally mothers. found on the skin surfaces of many animals Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) a member including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- of a group of enzymes that can break down tation on the chest or back if it becomes an proteins, such as collagen, that are normally opportunistic infection. found in the spaces between cells in tissues 1026 Medical Glossary

(i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix Metabonome complete set of metabologically metalloproteinases are involved in wound regulated elements in cells. healing, angiogenesis, and tumour cell Metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown metastasis. See also metalloproteinase. proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms MBC minimum bacterial concentration – the low- for proper function. est concentration of antibiotic required to kill an Meta-analysis a statistical procedure that com- organism. bines the results of several studies that address MDA Malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- a set of related research hypotheses. quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. Metaphysis is the portion of a long bone between Measles an acute, highly communicable rash ill- the epiphyses and the diaphysis of the femur. ness due to a virus transmitted by direct con- Metaphyseal pertaining to the metaphysis. tact with infec tious droplets or, less commonly, Metaplasia transformation of one type of one by airborne spread. mature differentiated cell type into another Medial Preoptic Area is located at the rostral mature diffe rentiated cell type. end of the hypothalamus, it is important for Metastasis is the movement or spreading of can- the regulation of male sexual behavior. cer cells from one organ or tissue to another. Megaloblastic anemia an anemia that results Metetrus the quiescent period of sexual inac- from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood tivity between oestrus cycles. cell production, often due to a defi ciency of Metroptosis the slipping or falling out of place vitamin B12 or folate and is characterized by of an organ (as the uterus) many large immature and dysfunctional red Metrorrhagia uterine bleeding at irregular blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. intervals, particularly between the expected Melaene (melena) refers to the black, “tarry” menstrual periods. feces that are associated with gastrointestinal Mevinolin a potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy- hemorrhage. 3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase Melanogenesis production of melanin by living (HMG-CoA reductase). cells. MHC acronym for major histocompatibility Melanoma malignant tumour of melanocytes complex, a large cluster of genes found on the which are found predominantly in skin but short arm of chromosome 6 in most vertebrates also in the bowel and the eye and appear as that encodes MHC molecules. MHC mol- pigmented lesions. ecules play an important role in the immune Melatonin a hormone produced in the brain by system and autoimmunity. the pineal gland, it is important in the regula- MIC minimum inhibitory concentration – low- tion of the circadian rhythms of several bio- est concentration of an antimicrobial that will logical functions. inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. Menarche the fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst men- Micelle a submicroscopic aggregation of strual bleeding, in female human beings. molecules. Menorrhagia heavy or prolonged menstruation, Micellization formation process of micelles. too-frequent menstrual periods. Microangiopathy (or microvascular disease) Menopausal refer to permanent cessation of is an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels menstruation. in the body Menses see menstruation. Microfi laria a pre-larval parasitic worm of the Menstruation the approximately monthly dis- family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and charge of blood from the womb in women of in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also Micronuclei small particles consisting of acen- called menses. adj. menstrual. tric fragments of chromosomes or entire chro- Mesangial cells are specialized cells around blood mosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. cell division. Medical Glossary 1027

Microsomal PGE2 synthase is the enzyme that apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumourigenic- catalyses the fi nal step in prostaglandin E2 ity, as well as for antitumour testing. (PGE2) biosynthesis. Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential element that Microvasculature the fi ner vessels of the body, forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine as the arterioles, capillaries, and venules. oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine Micturition urination, act of urinating. to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum Migraine a neurological syndrome character- concentrations also affect protein synthesis, ized by altered bodily perceptions, severe, metabolism, and growth. Dietary sources painful headaches, and nausea. include meat, green beans, eggs, sunfl ower Mimosine is an alkaloid, b -3-hydroxy-4 pyri- seeds, wheat fl our, lentils, and cereal grain. done amino acid, it is a toxic non-protein free Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is an isozyme of amino acid and is an antinutrient. monoamine oxidase. It preferentially deami- Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addition nates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epineph- of new layers of mineral on the trabecular sur- rine (adrenaline), serotonin, and dopamine. faces of bones. Monoaminergic of or pertaining to neurons that Miscarriage spontaneous abortion. secrete monoamine neurotransmitters (e.g., Mitochondrial Complex I the largest enzyme dopamine, serotonin). in the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fus- phosphorylation system. ing single antibody-forming cells to tumour Mitochondrial permeability transition cells grown in culture. (MPT) is an increase in the permeability of Monocyte large white blood cell that ingest the mitochondrial membranes to molecules of microbes, other cells and foreign matter. less than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT Monogalactosyl diglyceride are the major lipid is one of the major causes of cell death in a components of chloroplasts. variety of conditions. Monorrhagia is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- Mitogen an agent that triggers mitosis, elicit all ally defi ned as periods lasting longer than the signals necessary to induce cell prolifera- 7 days or excessive bleeding. tion. Morbidity a diseased state or symptom or can Mitogenic able to induce mitosis or transforma- refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- tion. alence rate of a disease. Mitomycin a chemotherapy drug that is given as Morellofl avone a bifl avonoid extracted from a treatment for several different types of cancer, Garcinia dulcis, has shown antioxidative, anti- including breast, stomach, oesophagus and viral, and anti-infl ammatory properties. bladder cancers. Morphine the major alkaloid of opium and a Mitosis cell division in which the nucleus potent narcotic analgesic. divides into nuclei containing the same num- MTTP microsomal triglyceride transfer protein ber of chromosomes. that is required for the assembly and secre- Mitogenicity process of induction of mitosis. tion of triglyceride – rich lipoproteins from MMP matrix metalloproteinases, a group of both enterocytes and hepatocytes. peptidases involved in degradation of the MUC 5 AC mucin 5 AC, a secreted gel-forming extracellular matrix (ECM). protein mucin with a high molecular weight of Mnestic pertaining to memory. about 641 kDa. Molecular docking is a key tool in structural Mucositis painful infl ammation and ulceration molecular biology and computer-assisted drug of the mucous membranes lining the digestive design. tract. Molluscidal destroying molluscs like snails. Mucous relating to mucus. Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like Mucolytic capable of reducing the viscosity of in morphology and are used for studies of mucus, or an agent that so acts. 1028 Medical Glossary

Mucus viscid secretion of the mucous mem- Myopia near – or short-sightedness. brane. Myosarcoma a malignant muscle tumour. Multidrug resistance (MDR) ability of a liv- Myringosclerosis also known as tympanoscle- ing cell to show resistance to a wide variety of rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is a structurally and functionally unrelated com- condition caused by calcifi cation of collagen pounds. tissues in the tympanic membrane of the mid- Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled dle ear. acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma Mytonia a symptom of certain neuromuscular membranes of certain neurons and other cells. disorders characterized by the slow relaxation Mutagen an agent that induces genetic mutation of the muscles after voluntary contraction or by causing changes in the DNA. electrical stimulation. Mutagenic capable of inducing mutation (used Myotonia dystrophica an inherited disorder mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays of the muscles and other body systems char- or chemical pollution). acterized by progressive muscle weakness, Myc codes for a protein that binds to the DNA prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia), of other genes and is therefore a transcription clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts), car- factor, found on chromosome 8 in human. diac abnormalities, balding, and infertility. Mycosis an infection or disease caused by a fun- Myotube a developing skeletal muscle fi bre gus. with a tubular appearance. Myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic N-nitrosmorpholine a human carcinogen. series, occurring normally in bone marrow, N-Nitrosoproline an indicator for N-nitrosation but not in circulating blood. of amines. Myeloid Leukaemia (Chronic) a type of cancer NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide ade- that affects the blood and bone marrow, char- nine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as an acterized by excessive number of white blood electron carrier. cells. NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Myeloma cancer that arise in the plasma cells a Narcotic an agent that produces narcosis, in type of white blood cells. moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a peroxidase pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it enzyme most abundantly present in neutro- cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. phil granulocytes (a subtype of white blood Nasopharynx upper part of the alimentary cells). It is an infl ammatory enzyme produced continuous with the nasal passages. by activated leukocytes that predicts risk of Natriuresis the discharge of excessive large amount coronary heart disease. of sodium through urine. adj. natriuretic. Myeloproliferative disorder disease of the Natural killer cells (NK cells) a type of cyto- bone marrow in which excess cells are toxic lymphocyte that constitute a major com- produced. ponent of the innate immune system. Myocardial relating to heart muscles tissues. Natural killer T (NKT) cells a heterogeneous Myocardial infarction (MI) is the rapid devel- group of T cells that share properties of both T opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a cells and natural killer (NK) cells. critical imbalance between oxygen supply and Nausea sensation of unease and discomfort in demand of the myocardium. the stomach with an urge to vomit. Myocardial ischemia an intermediate condition Necropsy see autopsy. in coronary artery disease during which the Necrosis morphological changes that follow cell heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved of death, usually involving nuclear and cytoplas- oxygen and other nutrients. mic changes. Myogenesis the formation of muscular tissue, Neonatal adj. of or relating to newborn infants especially during embryonic development. or an infant. Medical Glossary 1029

Neoplasia abnormal growth of cells, which may tion of the viral neuraminidase protein, thus lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. preventing the virus from reproducing. Neoplasm tumour; any new and abnormal Neurasthenia a condition with symptoms of growth, specifi cally one in which cell mul- fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neu- tiplication is uncontrolled and progressive. ralgia and impotence. Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. Neurasthenic a substance used to treat nerve Neoplastic transformation conversion of a tis- pain and/or weakness. (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, sue with a normal growth pattern into a malig- etc.) nant tumour. Neurite refers to any projection from the cell Neointima a new or thickened layer of arterial body of a neuron. intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in Neuritis an infl ammation of the nerve character- atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation ized by pain, sensory disturbances and impair- of cells from the media. ment of refl exes. adj . neuritic. Neovasculature formation of new blood vessels. Neuritogenesis the fi rst step of neuronal dif- Nephrectomised kidneys surgically removed. ferentiation, takes place as nascent neurites Nephrectomy surgical removal of the kidney. bud from the immediate postmitotic neuronal Nephric relating to or connected with a kidney. soma. Nephrin is a protein necessary for the proper Neuroblastoma a common extracranial can- functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. cer that forms in nerve tissues, common in Nephritic syndrome is a collection of signs infancy. (known as a syndrome) associated with dis- Neuroendocrine adj. of, relating to, or involv- orders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally ing the interaction between the nervous glomerular disorders. system and the hormones of the endocrine Nephritis is infl ammation of the kidney. glands. Nephrolithiasis process of forming a kidney Neuroleptic refers to the effects on cognition stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. and behavior of antipsychotic drugs that Nephropathy a disorder of the kidney. reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations, Nephrotic syndrome nonspecifi c disorder in and psychomotor agitation in patients with which the kidneys are damaged, causing them psychoses. to leak large amounts of protein from the Neuropharmacological relating the effects of blood into the urine. drugs on the neurosystem . Nephrotoxicity poisonous effect of some sub- Neuroradiology is a subspecialty of radiology stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, focusing on the diagnosis and characterization on the kidney. of abnormalities of the central and peripheral Nerve growth factor (NGF) a small protein that nervous system . adj. neuroradiologic. induces the differentiation and survival of par- Neurotrophic relating to neutrophy i.e. the ticular target neurons (nerve cells). nutrition and maintenance of nervous tissue. Nervine a nerve tonic that acts therapeutically Neutrophin protein that induce the survival, upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a development and function of neurons. sedative that serves to calm ruffl ed nerves. Neutropenia a disorder of the blood, character- Neuralgia is a sudden, severe painful disorder ized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils. of the nerves. Neutrophil a type of white blood cell, specifi - Neuraminidase glycoside hydrolase enzymes cally a form of granulocyte. that cleaves the glycosidic linakges of NF-kappa B (NF-kB) nuclear factor kappa B, is neuraminic acids. an ubiquitous rapid response transcrip- Neuraminidase inhibitors a class of antiviral tion factor in cells involved in immune and drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose infl ammatory reactions. mode of action consists of blocking the func- Niacin vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. 1030 Medical Glossary

Niacinamide an amide of niacin, also known as late many hepatic phase I and II enzymes as nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. well as hepatic effl ux transporters. NIH3T3 cells a mouse embryonic fi broblast cell Nucleosomes fundamental repeating subunits of line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a DNA Nitrogen (N) is an essential building block of chain coiled around a core of histones. amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is 5’-Nucleotidase (5’-ribonucleotide phosphohy- essential to all living organisms. Protein rich drolase), an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein vegetables like legumes are rich food sources present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of of nitrogen. mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5’-nucleotides NK cells Natural killer cells, a type of cyto- to their corresponding nucleosides. toxic lymphocyte that constitute a major com- Nulliparous term used to describe a woman who ponent of the innate immune system. has never given birth. NMDA receptor N-methyl- d -aspartate recep- Nyctalopia night blindness, impaired vision tor, the predominant molecular device for in dim light and in the dark, due to impaired controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function of certain specialized vision cells. function. A brain receptor activated by the Nycturia excessive urination at night; espe- amino acid glutamate, which when exces- cially common in older men. sively stimulated may cause cognitive defects Occulsion closure or blockage (as of a blood in Alzheimer’s disease. vessel). Nociceptive causing pain, responding to a pain- Occlusive peripheral arterial disease ful stimulus. (PAOD) also known as peripheral vascular Non-osteogenic fi bromata of bone. disease (PVD), or peripheral arterial disease Nootropics are substances which are claimed (PAD) refers to the obstruction of large arteries to boost human cognitive abilities (the func- not within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, tions and capacities of the brain). Also pop- or brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, ularly referred to as “smart drugs”, “smart infl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an nutrients”, “cognitive enhancers” and “brain embolism, or thrombus formation. enhancers”. Oculomotor nerve the third of 12 paired cra- Noradrenalin see Norepinephrine. nial nerves. Norepinephrine a substance, both a hormone Odds ratio a statistical measure of effect size, and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adre- describing the strength of association or non- nal medulla and the nerve endings of the independence between two binary data values. sympathetic nervous system to cause vaso- Odontalgia toothache. adj. odontalgic. constriction and increases in heart rate, blood Odontopathy any disease of the teeth. pressure, and the sugar level of the blood. Also Oedema see edema. called levarterenol, noradrenalin. Oligoarthritis an infl ammation of two, three or Normoglycaemic having the normal amount of four joints. glucose in the blood. Oligonucleosome a series of nucleosomes. Nosocomial infections infections which are a Oligospermia or oligozoospermia refers to result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare semen with a low concentration of sperm, service unit, but secondary to the patient’s commonly associated with male infertility. original condition. Oliguria decreased production of urine. NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells a type of natural killer T Oligoanuria insuffi cient urine volume to allow (NKT) cells. See natural killer T cells. for administration of necessary fl uids, etc. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Omega 3 fatty acids are essential polyunsatu- (Nrf2) a transcription factor that plays a major rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal role in response to oxidative stress by binding carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 3 posi- to antioxidant-responsive elements that regu- tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids Medical Glossary 1031

include fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The Optic placode an ectodermal placode from three most nutritionally important omega 3 fatty which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic also called lens placode. acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) Research indicates that omega 3 fatty acids are a method of measuring antioxidant capacities important in health promotion and disease and in biological samples. can help prevent a wide range of medical prob- Oral submucous fi brosis a chronic debilitat- lems, including cardiovascular disease, depres- ing disease of the oral cavity characterized by sion, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. infl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the Omega 6 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated submucosa tissues. fatty acids that have in common a fi nal car- Oral thrush an infection of yeast fungus, Can- bon–carbon double bond in the n − 6 position. dida albicans , in the mucous membranes of Omega-6 fatty acids are considered essential the mouth. fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegetable oils, nuts Orchidectomy surgery to remove one or both tes- and seeds. They are essential to human health ticles. but cannot be made in the body. Omega-6 Orchidectomised with testis removed. fatty acids – found in vegetable oils, nuts and Orchitis an acute painful infl ammatory reaction seeds – are a benefi cial part of a heart-healthy of the testis secondary to infection by different eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA play a bacteria and viruses. crucial role in heart and brain function and Orexigenic increasing or stimulating the in normal growth and development. Linoleic appetite. acid (LA) is the main omega-6 fatty acid in Orofacial dyskinesia abnormal involuntary foods, accounting for 85–90 % of the dietary movements involving muscles of the face, omega-6 PUFA. Other omega 6 acids include mouth, tongue, eyes, and occasionally, the gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, sometimes neck—may be unilateral or bilateral, and con- called gamoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, stant or intermittent. arachidonic acid and docosadienoic acid. Oropharyngeal relating to the oropharynx. Omega 9 fatty acids are not essential polyun- Oropharynx part of the pharynx between the saturated fatty acids that have in common a soft palate and the epiglottis. fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 9 Ostalgia, Ostealgia pain in the bones. Also position. Some n − 9s are common components called osteodynia. of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two n − 9 fatty Osteoarthritis is the deterioration of the joints acids important in industry are: oleic acid (18:1, that becomes more common with age. n − 9), which is a main component of olive oil Osteoarthrosis chronic noninfl ammatory bone and erucic acid (22:1, n − 9), which is found in disease. rapeseed, wallfl ower seed, and mustard seed. Osteoblast a mononucleate cell that is respon- Oncogenes genes carried by tumour viruses that sible for bone formation. are directly and solely responsible for the neo- Osteoblastic relating to osteoblasts. plastic (tumorous) transformation of host cells. Osteocalcin a noncollagenous protein found in Ophthalmia severe infl ammation of eye, or the bone and dentin, also refer to as bone gamma- conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye . carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. Also called ophthalmitis. Osteoclasts a kind of bone cell that removes bone Ophthalmia (Sympathetic) infl ammation of tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. both eyes following trauma to one eye. Osteoclastogenesis the production of osteo- Opiate drug derived from the opium plant. clasts. Opioid receptors a group of G-protein coupled Osteodynia pain in the bone. receptors located in the brain and various Osteogenic derived from or composed of any organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. 1032 Medical Glossary

Osteomalacia refers to the softening of the Oxygen radical absorbance capacity bones due to defective bone mineralization. (ORAC) a method of measuring antioxidant Osteomyelofi brosis a myeloproliferative disor- capacities in biological samples. der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead Oxyuriasis infestation by pinworms. to bone marrow obliteration. Ozoena discharge of the nostrils caused by Osteopenia reduction in bone mass, usually caused chronic infl ammation of the nostrils. by a lowered rate of formation of new bone that is p.o. per os, oral administration. insuffi cient to keep up with the rate of bone P21 also known as cyclin-dependent kinase destruction. inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a Osteoporosis a disease of bone that leads to an potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. increased risk of fracture. P53 also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- Osteoprotegerin also called osteoclastogenesis tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. P-Selectin also known as CD62P, GMP-140, Osteosacrcoma a malignant bone tumour. Also LLECAM-3, PADGEM, a member of the called osteogenic sarcoma. selectin family. It is expressed by activated Otalgia earache, pain in the ear. platelets and endothelial cells. Otic placode a thickening of the ectoderm on P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) a cell the outer surface of a developing embryo from membrane-associated drug-exporting protein which the ear develops. that transports a variety of drug substrates Otitis infl ammation of the inner or outer parts from cancer cells. of the ear. Palpebral ptosis the abnormal drooping of the Otorrhea running drainage (discharge) exiting upper lid, caused by partial or total reduction the ear. in levator muscle function. Ovariectomised with one or two ovaries Palpitation rapid pulsation or throbbing of the removed. heart. Ovariectomy surgical removal of one or both Paludism state of having symptoms of malaria ovaries. characterized by high fever and chills. Oxidation the process of adding oxygen to a com- Pancreatectomized having undergone a pancre- pound, dehydrogenation or increasing the atectomy. electro-negative charge. Pancreatectomy surgical removal of all or part Oxidoreductase activity catalysis of an oxi- of the pancreas. dation-reduction (redox) reaction, a revers- Pancreatitis infl ammation of the pancreas. ible chemical reaction. One substrate acts as Pantothenic acid vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes Papain a protein degrading enzyme used medic- oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or inally and to tenderize meat. electron acceptor and becomes reduced. Papilloma a benign epithelial tumour growing Oxytocic adj. hastening or facilitating childbirth, outwardly like in fi nger-like fronds. especially by stimulating contractions of the Papule a small, solid, usually infl ammatory uterus. elevation of the skin that does not contain Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that also acts pus. as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best Paralytic person affected with paralysis, per- known for its roles in female reproduction: it taining to paralysis. is released in large amounts after distension of Parasitemia presence of parasites in blood. adj. the cervix and vagina during labor, and after parasitemic. stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth Parasympathetic nervous system subsystem and breastfeeding, respectively. of the nervous systems that slows the heart Medical Glossary 1033

rate and increases intestinal and gland activity Pellagra is a systemic nutritional wasting dis- and relaxes the sphincter muscles. ease caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 Parasympathomimetic having an action resem- (niacin). bling that caused by stimulation of the para- Pemphigus neonatorum Staphylococcal scalded sympathetic nervous system. skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of infants, Parenteral administration administration by characte rized by elevated vesicles or blebs on intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular a normal or reddened skin . route s. Peptic ulcer a sore in the lining of the stomach or Paresis a condition characterised by partial loss duodenum, the fi rst part of the small intestine. of movement, or impaired movement. Percutanous pertains to a medical procedure Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the where access to inner organs or tissues is done skin, such as burning, numbness, itching, via needle puncture of the skin. hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity) or tin- Perfusion to force fl uid through the lym- gling, with no apparent physical cause. phatic system or blood vessels to an organ Paradontosis is the infl ammation of gums and or tissue. other deeper structures, including the bone. Periapical periodontitis is the infl ammation of Parenteral is a route of administration via the the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s root. veins that involves piercing the skin or mucous Perifuse to fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid membrane. around all of the outside surfaces of a small Parotitis infl ammation of salivary glands. piece of tissue immersed in it. Paroxysm a sudden outburst of emotion or Perilipins highly phosphorylated adipocyte pro- action, a sudden attack, recurrence or intensi- teins that are localized at the surface of the fi cation of a disease. lipid droplet. Paroxystic relating to an abnormal event of the Perimenopause is the phase before menopause body with an abrupt onset and an equally sud- actually takes place, when ovarian hormone den return to normal. production is declining and fl uctuating. adj . PARP see poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. perimenopausal. Parturition act of child birth. Periodontal ligament (PDL) is a group of spe- PCE/PCN ratio polychromatic erythrocyte/nor- cialized connective tissue fi bers that essen- mochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a mea- tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. sure of cytotoxic effects. Periodontitis is a severe form of gingivitis in pCREB phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine which the infl ammation of the gums extends 3’5’ cyclic monophosphate)-response ele- to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also ment binding protein. called pyorrhea. PDEF acronym for prostate-derived ETS factor, Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) see peripheral an ETS (epithelial-specifi c E26 transforming artery occlusive disease. sequence) family member that has been iden- Peripheral neuropathy refers to damage to tifi ed as a potential tumour suppressor. nerves of the peripheral nervous system. pERK phosphorylated extracellular signal-reg- Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) see periph- ulated kinase, protein kinases involved in eral artery occlusive disease . many cell functions. Peristalsis a series of organized, wave-like mus- p53 also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- cle contractions that occur throughout the tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in digestive tract. humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. Perlingual through or by way of the tongue. Pectoral pertaining to or used for the chest and Perniosis an abnormal reaction to cold that occurs respiratory tract. most frequently in women, children, and the Peliosis see purpura. elderly. Also called chilblains. 1034 Medical Glossary

Per so (P.O.) oral administration. production of catecholamines, powerful Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors hormones that induce high blood pressure and (PPARs) a family of nuclear receptors that are other symptoms. involved in lipid metabolism, differentiation, Phlebitis is an infl ammation of a vein, usually proliferation, cell death, and infl ammation. in the legs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Phlegm abnormally viscid mucus secreted by the alpha (PPAR-alpha) a nuclear receptor pro- mucosa of the respiratory passages during cer- tein, transcription factor and a major regulator tain infectious processes. of lipid metabolism in the liver. Phlegmon a spreading, diffuse infl ammation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor the soft or connective tissue due to infection by gamma (PPAR- g ) a type II nuclear recep- Streptococci bacteria. tor protein that regulates fatty acid storage and Phoroglucinol a white, crystalline compound glucose metabolism. used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent, Pertussis whooping cough, sever cough. and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- Peyers Patches patches of lymphoid tissue or scopic examination. lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid small intestine. found in pulmonary active surface lipopro- PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- tein and consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate stance that is released by blood vessel walls in backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or response to infection or infl ammation that acts unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. on the brain to induce fever. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect or PI3Ks) a group of enzymes involved in the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful cellular functions such as cell growth, pro- foreign particles, bacteria and dead or dying liferation, differentiation, motility, survival cells. adj. phagocytic. and intracellular traffi cking, which in turn are Phagocytosis is process the human body uses to involved in cancer. destroy dead or foreign cells. Phosphatidylserine a phosphoglyceride phos- Pharmacognosis the branch of pharmacology pholipid that is one of the key building blocks that studies the composition, use, and his- of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- tory of drugs. vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin Pharmacopoeia authoritative treatise contain- Phosphodiesterases a diverse family of enzymes ing directions for the identifi cation of drug that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and thus play samples and the preparation of compound a key role in regulating intracellular levels of medicines, and published by the authority of the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, and a government or a medical or pharmaceutical hence cell function. society and in a broader sense is a general ref- Phospholipase an enzyme that hydrolyzes phos- erence work for pharmaceutical drug specifi - pholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic cations. substances. Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis infl ammation Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) a small lipolytic of the pharynx and the larynx. enzyme that releases fatty acids from the sec- Pharyngolaryngeal pertaining to the pharynx ond carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essen- and larynx. tial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and Phenolics class of chemical compounds con- leukotrienes. sisting of a hydroxyl group (−OH) bonded Phospholipase C enzymes that cleaves phospho- directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. lipase. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine Phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) enzymes tumour that usually originates from the adre- that cleaves phospholipase in cellular prolif- nal glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing over- eration and differentiation, and its enzymatic Medical Glossary 1035

activity is upregulated by a variety of growth PKC protein kinase C, a membrane bound factors and hormones. enzyme that phosphorylates different intracel- Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that lular proteins and raised intracellular Ca levels. makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight PKC Delta inhibitors Protein Kinase C delta and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haematopoi- an important role in the body’s utilization of etic cell lines. carbohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of pro- Placebo a sham or simulated medical interven- tein for the growth, maintenance, and repair of tion. cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- Placode a plate like epithelial thickening in the duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to embryo where some organ or structure later store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; develops. fruits and vegetables provides small amounts. Plasma the yellow-colored liquid component of Photoaging is the term that describes damage to blood, in which blood cells are suspended. the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- Plasmalemma plasma membrane. sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging Plasma Kallikrien a serine protease, synthe- of the skin. sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. Photocarcinogenesis represents the sum of a Plasmin a proteinase enzyme that is responsible complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- for digesting fi brin in blood clots. chemical events that ultimately lead to the Plasminogen the proenzyme of plasmin, whose occurrence of skin cancer. primary role is the degradation of fi brin in the Photophobia abnormal visual intolerance to vasculature. light. Plaster poultice. Photopsia an affection of the eye, in which the Platelet Activating Factor PAF is an acety- patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, cor- lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcho- uscations, etc. line, released by basophils and mast cells in Photosensitivity sensitivity toward light. immediate hypersensitive reactions and mac- Phthisis an archaic name for tuberculosis. rophages and neutrophils in other infl amma- Phytohemagglutinin a lectin found in plant that tory reactions. One of its main effects is to is involved in the stimulation of lymphocyte induce platelet aggregation. proliferation. PLC gamma phospholipase C gamma plays a Phytonutrients certain organic components of central role in signal transduction. plants, that are thought to promote human Pleurisy is an infl ammation of the pleura, the health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- lungs, which can cause painful respiration and ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. Also called phytochemicals. Pneumonia an infl ammatory illness of the lung Phytosterols a group of steroid alcohols, caused by bacteria or viruses. choleste rol-like phytochemicals naturally Pneumotoxicity damage to lung tissues. occurring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease legumes. that may attack the central nervous system and Piebaldism rare autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by symptoms that range from of melanocyte development characterized by a mild non-paralytic infection to total paraly- distinct patches of skin and hair that contain sis in a matter of hours; also called polio or no pigment. infantile paralysis. Piles see haemorrhoids. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) a Pityriasis lichenoides is a rare skin disorder of protein involved in a number of cellular unknown aetiology characterised by multiple processes especially DNA repair and pro- papules and plaques. grammed cell death. 1036 Medical Glossary

Polyarthritis is any type of arthritis which Poultice is a soft moist mass, often heated and involves fi ve or more joints. medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) an immature to treat an aching, infl amed, or painful part of red blood cell containing RNA, that can be dif- the body. Also called cataplasm. ferentiated by appropriate staining techniques PPARs peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- from a normochromatic erythrocyte (NCE), tors – a group of nuclear receptor proteins which lacks RNA. that function as transcription factors regulat- Polycystic kidney disease is a kidney disorder ing the expression of genes. passed down through families in which mul- Prebiotics a category of functional food, defi ned tiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them as non-digestible food ingredients that benefi - to become enlarged. cially affect the host by selectively stimulating Polycythaemia a type of blood disorder char- the growth and/or activity of one or a lim- acterised by the production of too many red ited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus blood cells. improve host health. cf. probiotics. Polymorphnuclear having a lobed nucleus. Prepubertal before puberty; pertaining to Used especially of neutrophilic white blood the period of accelerated growth preceding cells. gonadal maturity. Polyneuritis widespread infl ammation of the Pre-eclampsia see toxemia. nerves. Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a Polyneuritis gallinarum a nervous disorder in ligand-activated transcription factor that plays birds and poultry. a role not only in drug metabolism and trans- Polyp a growth that protrudes from a mucous port but also in various other biological pro- membrane. cesses . Polyphagia medical term for excessive hunger Prenidatory referring to the time period or eating. between fertilization and implantation. Polyuria a condition characterized by the pas- Prenylated fl avones fl avones with an isoprenyl sage of large volumes of urine with an increase group in the 8-position, has been reported to in urinary frequency. have good anti-infl ammatory properties. Pomade a thick oily dressing. Proangiogenic promote angiogensis (formation Porphyrin any of a class of water-soluble, nitrog- and development of new blood vessels).. enous biological pigments. Probiotics are dietary supplements and live Postpartum (Depression) depression after preg- microorganisms containing potentially benefi - nancy; also called peripartum depression. cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the Postprandial after mealtime. alimentary system for healthy intestinal func- Potassium (K) is an element that’s essential tions. cf. prebiotics. for the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s Procyanidin also known as proathocyanidin, oli- necessary to keep a normal water balance gomeric proathocyanidin, leukocyanidin, leu- between the cells and body fl uids, for cellular coanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found enzyme activities and plays an essential role in many plants. It has antioxidant activity and in the response of nerves to stimulation and plays a role in the stabilization of collagen and in the contraction of muscles. Potassium is maintenance of elastin. found in many plant foods and fi sh (tuna, hali- Progestational of or relating to the phase of but): chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, the menstrual cycle immediately following mustard greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, ovulation, characterized by secretion of pro- caulifl ower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, gesterone. cantaloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell Proglottid one of the segments of a tapeworm. pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- Prognosis medical term to describe the likely berries, avocado and banana. outcome of an illness. Medical Glossary 1037

Prolactin a hormone produced by the pituitary infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the gland, it stimulates the breasts to produce milk thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) in pregnant women. It is also present in males and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution but its role is not well understood. phase of infl ammation.) Prolapsus to fall or slip out of place. Prostate a gland that surround the urethra at the Prolapus ani eversion of the lower portion of bladder in the male. the rectum, and protruding through the anus, Prostate cancer a disease in which cancer devel- common in infancy and old age. ops in the prostate, a gland in the male repro- Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) a ductive system. Symptoms include pain, new marker to study human colonic cell pro- difficulty in urinating, erectile dysfunction liferation. and other symptoms. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) a most Prostate –specifi c antigen (PSA) a protein pro- common cause of failure in retinal reattach- duced by the cells of the prostate gland. ment surgery, characterised by the formation Protein kinase C (PKC) a family of enzymes of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the involved in controlling the function of other retina and in the vitreous. proteins through the phosphorylation of Promastigote the fl agellate stage in the develop- hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino ment of trypanosomatid protozoa, character- acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes ized by a free anterior fl agellum. play important roles in several signal trans- Promyelocytic leukemia a subtype of acute duction cascades. myelo genous leukemia (AML), a cancer of Proteinase a protease (enzyme) involved in the the blood and bone marrow. hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by Pro-oxidants chemicals that induce oxidative splitting them into polypeptide chains. stress, either through creating reactive oxygen Proteomics the large-scale study of proteins, species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. particularly their structures and functions. Prophylaxis prevention or protection against Prothyroid good for thyroid function. disease. Prothrombin blood-clotting protein that is con- Prostacyclin a prostaglandin that is a metabolite verted to the active form, factor IIa, or thrombin, of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggrega- by cleavage. tion, and dilates blood vessels. Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) a group of Prostaglandins a family of C 20 lipid com- enzymes that remove phosphate groups from pounds found in various tissues, associated phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. with muscular contraction and the infl amma- Proteinuria means the presence of an excess of tion response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, serum proteins in the urine. redness and warmth. Proteolysis cleavage of the peptide bonds in Prostaglandin E2 (PEG −2) one of the prosta- protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj. glandins, a group of hormone-like substances proteolytic. that participate in a wide range of body func- Protheolithic proteolytic see proteolysis. tions such as the contraction and relaxation of Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, that can contribute to cancer. and modulation of infl ammation. Proptosis see exophthalmos. Prostaglandin E synthase an enzyme that in Prurigo a general term used to describe itchy humans is encoded by the glutathione-depen- eruptions of the skin. dent PTGES gene. Pruritis defi ned as an unpleasant sensation on Prostanoids term used to describe a subclass the skin that provokes the desire to rub or of eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. consisting of the prostaglandins (mediators of adj . pruritic. 1038 Medical Glossary

PSA Prostate Specifi c Antigen, a protein which Pyelonephritis an ascending urinary tract infec- is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy tion that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm the kidney. movement. Pyodermatitis refers to infl ammation of the Psoriasis a common chronic, non-contagious skin. autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Pyorrhea see periodontitis. and joints. Pyretic referring to fever. Psychoactive having effects on the mind or Pyrexia fever of unknown origin. behavior. Pyridoxal a chemical form of vitamin B6. See Psychonautics exploration of the psyche by vitamin B6. means of approaches such as meditation, Pyridoxamine a chemical form of vitamin B6. prayer, lucid dreaming, brain wave entrain- See vitamin B6. ment etc. Pyridoxine a chemical form of vitamin B6. See Psychotomimetic hallucinogenic. vitamin B6. Psychotropic capable of affecting the mind, Pyrolysis decomposition or transformation of emotions, and behavior. a compound caused by heat. adj. pyrolytic. Ptosis also known as drooping eyelid; caused by PYY Peptide a 36 amino acid peptide secreted weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage to by L cells of the distal small intestine and the nerves that control the muscles or loose- colon that inhibits gastric and pancreatic ness of the skin of the upper eyelid.. secretion. PTP protein tyrosine phosphatase. QT interval is a measure of the time between the PTPIB protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave P13-K is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the in the heart’s electrical cycle. A prolonged QT regulation of a number of cellular functions interval is a biomarker for ventricular tachyar- such as cell growth, proliferation, differentia- rhythmias and a risk factor for sudden death. tion, motility, survival and intracellular traf- Quorum sensing (QS) the control of gene fi cking, which in turn are involved in cancer. expression in response to cell density, is used P13-K/AKT signaling pathway shown to be by both gram-negative and gram-positive important for an extremely diverse array of bacteria to regulate a variety of physiological cellular activities – most notably cellular pro- functions. liferation and survival. Radiolysis the dissociation of molecules by radi- Pthysis silicosis with tuberculosis. ation. Prurigo a general term used to describe itchy Radioprotective serving to protect or aiding eruptions of the skin. in protecting against the injurious effect of Puerperal pertaining to child birth. radiations. Pulmonary embolism a blockage (blood clot) RAGE is the receptor for advanced glycation of the main artery of the lung. end products, a multiligand receptor that prop- Purgative a substance used to cleanse or agates cellular dysfunction in several infl am- purge, especially causing the immediate evac- matory disorders, in tumours and in diabetes. uation of the bowel. RAS see renin-angiotensin system or recurrent Purpura is the appearance of red or purple aphthous stomatitis. discolora tions on the skin that do not blanch Rash a temporary eruption on the skin, see uti- on applying pressure. Also called peliosis. caria. Purulent containing pus discharge. Reactive oxygen species species such as super- Purulent sputum sputum containing, or con- oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radi- sisting of, pus. cal. At low levels, these species may function Pustule small, infl amed, pus-fi lled lesions. in cell signaling processes. At higher levels, Ptosis drooping of the upper eye lid. these species may damage cellular macromol- Medical Glossary 1039

ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and partici- Resolutive a substance that induces subsidence pate in apoptosis (programmed cell death). of infl ammation. Rec A is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein essen- Resolvent reduce infl ammation or swelling. tial for the repair and maintenance of DNA. Resorb to absorb or assimilate a product of the Receptor for advanced glycation end products body such as an exudates or cellular growth. (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin Restenosis is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a nar- superfamily of cell surface molecules; medi- rowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted ates neurite outgrowth and cell migration upon blood fl ow. stimulation with its ligand, amphoterin. Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced naturally Recticulocyte non-nucleated stage in the devel- by several plants when under attack by patho- opment of the red blood cell. gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent Recticulocyte lysate cell lysate produced from antioxidant found in red grapes and other reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation plants. system. Retinol a form of Vitamin A, see vitamin A. Recticuloendothelial system part of the Retinopathy a general term that refers to some immune system, consists of the phagocytic form of non-infl ammatory damage to the ret- cells located in reticular connective tissue, ina of the eye. primarily monocytes and macrophages. Revulsive counterirritant, used for swellings. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS is a Rheumatic pertaining to rheumatism or to common, painful condition in which recur- abnorma lities of the musculoskeletal system. ring ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral Rheumatism, Rheumatic disorder, Rheumatic mucosa. diseases refers to various painful medical con- Redox homeostasis is considered as the cumu- ditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, lative action of all free radical reactions and tendons. Rheumatic diseases are character- antioxidant defenses in different tissues. ized by the signs of infl ammation – redness, Refrigerant a medicine or an application for heat, swelling, and pain. allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, sys- Renal calculi kidney stones. temic autoimmune disorder that most com- Renal interstitial fi brosis damage sustained monly causes infl ammation and tissue damage by the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, together capillaries due to accumulation of extracellu- with anemia. lar waste in the wall of the small arteries and Rhinorrhea commonly known as a runny nose, arterioles. characterized by an unusually signifi cant Renin also known as an angiotensinogenase, is amount of nasal discharge. an enzyme that participates in the body’s Rhinoplasty is surgery to repair or reshape the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). nose. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) also called Rhinosinusitis infl ammation of the nasal cavity the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sinuses. (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates Rhinitis irritation and infl ammation of some blood pressure and water (fl uid) balance. internal areas of the nose and the primary Reperfusion the restoration of blood fl ow to an symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate cut off, as after a heart attack. hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches Reporter gene a transfected gene that produces a that regulate many essential cellular processes, signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it is including actin dynamics, gene transcription, expressed. cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. Resistin a cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- Ribosome inactivating proteins protein that pose tissue of mice and rats. are capable of inactivating ribosomes. 1040 Medical Glossary

Rickets is a softening of the bones in children tosoma . Also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis potentially leading to fractures and deformity. or snail fever. Ringworm dermatophytosis, a skin infection Schizophrenia a psychotic disorder (or a group caused by fungus. of disorders) marked by severely impaired Roborant restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. thinking, emotions, and behaviors. Rotavirus the most common cause of infectious Sciatica a condition characterised by pain deep diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young children in the buttock often radiating down the back of and infants, one of several viruses that causes the leg along the sciatic nerve. infections called stomach fl u. Scleroderma a disease of the body’s connective Rubefacient a substance for external application tissue. The most common symptom is a thick- that produces redness of the skin e.g. by caus- ening and hardening of the skin, particularly ing dilation of the capillaries and an increase of the hands and face. in blood. Scrofula a tuberculous infection of the skin on S-T segment the portion of an electrocardio- the neck caused by the bacterium Mycobac- gram between the end of the QRS complex terium tuberculosis . and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or Scrophulosis see scrofula. depression of the S-T segment is the charac- Scurf abnormal skin condition in which small teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and fl akes or sales become detached. coronary artery disease. Scurvy a state of dietary defi ciency of vitamin Sapraemia see septicaemia. C (ascorbic acid) which is required for the Sarcoma cancer of the connective or supportive synthesis of collagen in humans. tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood ves- Secretagogue a substance that causes another sels) and soft tissues. substance to be secreted. Sarcopenia degenerative loss of skeletal muscle Sedative having a soothing, calming, or tran- mass and strength associated with aging. quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, Sarcoplasmic reticulum a special type of irritability, or excitement. smooth endoplamic reticulum found in smooth Seizure the physical fi ndings or changes in and striated muscle. behavior that occur after an episode of abnor- SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the mal electrical activity in the brain. name of a potentially fatal new respiratory Selectins are a family of cell adhesion mole- disease in humans which is caused by the cules; e.g. selectin-E, selectin-L, selectin-P. SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Selenium (Se) a trace mineral that is essen- Satiety state of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed tial to good health but required only in tiny (appetite or desire). amounts; it is incorporated into proteins to S.C. abbreviation for sub-cutaneous, beneath the make selenoproteins, which are important layer of skin. antioxidant enzymes. It is found in avocado, Scabies a transmissible ectoparasite skin infection brazil nut, lentils, sunfl ower seeds, tomato, characterized by superfi cial burrows, intense whole grain cereals, seaweed, seafood and pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. meat. Scarlatina scarlet fever, an acute, contagious Sensorineural bradyacuasia hearing impair- disease caused by infection with group A ment of the inner ear resulting from damage streptococcal bacteria. to the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes, are the supply the inner ear. principal supporing cells of the peripheral ner- Sepsis a condition in which the body is fi ght- vous system, they form the myelin sheath of ing a severe infection that has spread via the a nerve fi bre. bloodstream. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused Sequela an abnormal pathological condition by several species of fl uke of the genus Schis- resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. Medical Glossary 1041

Serine proteinase peptide hydrolases which Sialoproteins glycoproteins that contain sialic have an active centre histidine and serine acid as one of their carbohydrates. involved in the catalytic process. Sialyation reaction with sialic acid or its deriva- Serotonergic liberating, activated by, or involv- tives; used especially with oligosaccharides. ing serotonin in the transmission of nerve Sialyltransferases enzymes that transfer sialic impulses. acid to nascent oligosaccharide. Serotonin a monoamine neurotransmitter syn- Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder thesized in serotonergic neurons in the cen- that affects red blood cells. People with sickle tral nervous system. cell disease have red blood cells that contain Septicaemia a systemic disease associated with mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of the presence and persistence of pathogenic hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and Sequelae a pathological condition resulting have diffi culty passing through small blood from a prior disease, injury, or attack. vessels. Sexual potentiator increases sexual activity Side stitch is an intense stabbing pain under the and potency, enhances sexual performance lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while due to increased blood fl ow and effi cient exercising. metabolism. Signal transduction cascade refers to a series of Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) infections sequential events that transfer a signal that are transmitted through sexual activity. through a series of intermediate molecules SGOT , Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as tran- nase an enzyme that is normally present in scription factors, are modifi ed in response to liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into the signal. blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Silicon (Si) is required in minute amounts by Also called aspartate transaminase (AST). the body and is important for the development SGPT , Serum glutamic pyruvic transami- of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous nase an enzyme normally present in serum disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of and body tissues, especially in the liver; it Silicon. is released into the serum as a result of tis- Sinapism signifi es an external application, in sue injury, also called Alanine transaminase the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. (ALT), Sinusitis infl ammation of the nasal sinuses. Shiga – like toxin a toxin produced by the bac- SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea terium Escherichia coli which disrupts the (SIRC) cell line. function of ribosomes, also known as vero- SIRT 1 stands for sirtuin (silent mating type toxin. information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) com- enzyme that deacetylates proteins that con- prises a diverse group of organisms capable tribute to cellular regulation. of causing severe gastrointestinal disease in 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha a physiologically active humans. and stable hydrolysis product of Epoprostenol, Shiga toxin a toxin produced by the bacte- found in nearly all mammalian tissues. rium Shig ella dysenteriae , which disrupts the Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a function of ribosomes. core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases and Shingles skin rash caused by the Zoster virus mediates protein degradation. (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is Smads a family of intracellular proteins that medically termed Herpes zoster. mediate signaling by members of the TGF-beta Sialogogue salivation-promoter, a substance (transforming growth factor beta) superfamily. used to increase or promote the excretion of Smad2/3 a key signaling molecule for TGF-beta. saliva. Smad7 a TGFb type 1 receptor antagonist. 1042 Medical Glossary

Smallpox is an acute, contagious and devastat- ber of diverse cellular processes such as the ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus regulation of immune and infl ammatory and have resulted in high mortality over the responses. centuries. Splenitis infl ammation of the spleen. Snuff powder inhaled through the nose. Splenocyte is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major SOD superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- repairs cells and reduces the damage done to cally found in the splenic tissue. them by superoxide, the most common free Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. radical in the body. Sprain to twist a ligament or muscle of a joint Sodium (Na) is an essential nutrient required for without dislocating the bone. health. Sodium cations are important in neuron Sprue is a chronic disorder of the small intestine (brain and nerve) function, and in infl uencing caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein found osmotic balance between cells and the intersti- in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent oats and tial fl uid and in maintenance of total body fl uid barley . It causes poor absorption by the intes- homeostasis. Extra intake may cause a harmful tine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, iron, water, effect on health. Sodium is naturally supplied and vitamins A, D, E, and K. by salt intake with food. Sputum matter coughed up and usually ejected Soleus muscle smaller calf muscle lower down from the mouth, including saliva, foreign the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. material, and substances such as mucus or Somites mesodermal structures formed during phlegm, from the respiratory tract. embryonic development that give rise to seg- SREBP-1 see sterol regulatory element- mented body parts such as the muscles of the binding protein-1. body wall. Stanch to stop or check the fl ow of a bodily fl uid Soporifi c a sleep inducing drug. like blood from a wound. SOS response a global response to DNA dam- Statin a type of lipid-lowering drug. age in which the cell cycle is arrested and Status Epilepticus refers to a life-threatening DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. condition in which the brain is in a state of Soyasaponins bioactive saponin compounds persistent seizure. found in many legumes. STD sexually transmitted disease. Soyasapogenins triterpenoid products obtained Steatorrhea is the presence of excess fat in feces from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, which appear frothy, foul smelling and fl oats designated soyasapogenols A, B, C, D and E. because of the high fat content. Spasmolytic checking spasms, see antispas- Steatohepatitis liver disease, characterized by modic. infl ammation of the liver with fat accumulation Splenomegaly an enlargement of the spleen. in the liver. Spermatorrhoea medically an involuntary ejac- Steatosis refer to the deposition of fat in the ulation/drooling of semen usually nocturnal interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, emissions. fatty liver disease. Spermidine an important polyamine in DNA Sterility inability to produce offspring, also synthesis and gene expression. called asepsis. Sphingolipid a member of a class of lipids Steroidogenisis the production of steroids. derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, Steroidogenic relating to steroidogenisis. sphingosine. Sterol regulatory element-binding pro- Spleen organ that fi lters blood and prevents infec- tein-1 (SREBP1) is a key regulator of the tion. transcription of numerous genes that func- Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an enigmatic tion in the metabolism of cholesterol and protein tyrosine kinase functional in a num- fatty acids. Medical Glossary 1043

Stimulant a substance that promotes the activity Subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the of a body system or function. area between the brain and the thin tissues that Stomachic (digestive stimulant), an agent that cover the brain. stimulates or strengthens the activity of the Sudatory medicine that causes or increases stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- sweating. Also see sudorifi c. tite and digestive processes. Sudorifi c a substance that causes sweating. Stomatitis oral infl ammation and ulcers, may be Sulfur Sulfur is an essential component of all mild and localized or severe, widespread, and living cells. Sulfur is important for the syn- painful. thesis of sulfur-containing amino acids, all Stomatology medical study of the mouth and polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes such its diseases. as glutathione an important sulfur-contain- Stool faeces. ing tripeptide which plays a role in cells as Straub tail condition in which an animal carries a source of chemical reduction potential. its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) Sulfur is also important for hair formation. position. Good plant sources are garlic, onion, leeks Strangury is the painful passage of small quan- and other Alliaceous vegetables, Brassica- tities of urine which are expelled slowly by ceous vegetables like caulifl ower, cabbages, straining with severe urgency; it is usually Brussels sprout, Kale; legumes – beans, green accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of and red gram, soybeans; horse radish, water a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass cress, wheat germ. something that will not pass. Supraorbital located above the orbit of the eye. STREPs sterol regulatory element binding pro- Superoxidae mutase (SOD) antioxidant enzyme. teins, a family of transcription factors that Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) arises from regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta, expression of a range of enzymes required for just inferior to the origin of the celiac trunk, endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- and supplies the intestine from the lower part lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. of the duodenum to the left colic fl exure and Stria terminalis a structure in the brain consist- the pancreas. ing of a band of fi bres running along the lat- Suppuration the formation of pus, the act of eral margin of the ventricular surface of the becoming converted into and discharging thalamus. pus. Striae gravidarum a cutaneous condition SYK, Spleen tyrosine kinase is a human pro- charac terized by stretch marks on the abdo- tein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in trans- men during and following pregnancy. mitting signals from a variety of cell surface Stricture an abnormal constriction of the inter- receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor, and nal passageway within a tubular structure integrins. such as a vessel or duct Sympathetic nervous system the part of the auto- Strongyloidiasis an intestinal parasitic infection nomic nervous system originating in the thoracic in humans caused by two species of the para- and lumbar regions of the spinal cord that in sitic nematode Strongyloides. The nematode general inhibits or opposes the physiological or round worms are also called thread worms. effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, Styptic a short stick of medication, usually as in tending to reduce digestive secretions or anhydrous aluminum sulfate (a type of alum) speed up the heart. or titanium dioxide, which is used for stanch- Synaptic plasticity the ability of neurons to ing blood by causing blood vessels to contract change the number and strength of their syn- at the site of the wound. Also called hemo- apses. static pencil. see antihaemorrhagic. Synaptogenesis the formation of synapses. 1044 Medical Glossary

Synaptoneurosomes purifi ed synapses contain- Taeniacide an agent that kills tapeworms. ing the pre- and postsynaptic termini. TBARS see thiobarbituric acid reactive sub- Synaptosomes isolated terminal of a neuron. stances. Syncope fainting, sudden loss of conscious- TCA cycle see Tricarboxylic acid cycle. ness followed by the return of wakefulness. T-cell a type of white blood cell that attacks virus- Syndactyly webbed toes, a condition where two infected cells, foreign cells and cancer cells. or more digits are fused together. TCID50 median tissue culture infective dose; Syneresis expulsion of liquid from a gel, as that amount of a pathogenic agent that will contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of produce pathological change in 50% of cell liquid. cultures. Syngeneic genetically identical or closely Telencephalon the cerebral hemispheres, the related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- largest divisions of the human brain. nologically compatible. Telomerase enzyme that acts on parts of chromo- Synovial lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial somes known as telomeres. membranes, as those of the joints. Tendonitis is infl ammation of a tendon. Synoviocyte located in the synovial membrane, Tenesmus a strong desire to defaecate. there are two types. Type A cells are more Teratogen is an agent that can cause malforma- numerous, have phagocytic characteristics and tions of an embryo or fetus. adj. teratogenic. produce degradative enzymes. Type B cells pro- Tetanus an acute, potentially fatal disease duce synovial fl uid, which lubricates the joint caused by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the and nurtures nourishes the articular cartilage. site of an injury and producing an exotoxin Syphilis is perhaps the best known of all the that reaches the central nervous system pro- STD’s. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- ducing prolonged contraction of skeletal mus- tact with infection sores, called chancres, cle fi bers. Also called lockjaw. syphitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on the Testicular torsion twisting of the spermatic tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, pet- cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the ting, or sexual intercourse. It can also be trans- testicle and surrounding structures within the mitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus after scrotum. the fourth month of pregnancy. Tete acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial Systolic the blood pressure when the heart is and fungal infection contrac ting. It is specifi cally the maximum Tetter any of a number of skin diseases. arterial pressure during contraction of the left TGF-beta transforming growth factor beta is a ventricle of the heart. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- T cells or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood ferentiation, and other functions in most cells. cell that play a key role in the immune sys- Th cells or T helper cells a subgroup of lym- tem. phocytes that helps other white blood cells in Tachyarrhythmia any disturbance of the heart immunologic processes. rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally Thermogenic tending to produce heat, applied to increased. drugs or food (fat burning food) Tachycardia a false heart rate applied to adults Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances to rates over 100 beats per minute. (TBARS) a well-established method for Tachyphylaxia a decreased response to a screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. medicine given over a period of time so that Thixotropy the property exhibited by certain gels larger doses are required to produce the same of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken and response. returning to the semisolid state upon standing. Tachypnea abnormally fast breathing. Thrombocythaemia a blood condition char- Taenia a parasitic tapeworm or fl atworm of the acterize by a high number of platelets in the genus, Taenia. blood. Medical Glossary 1045

Thrombocytopenia a condition when the bone cytokine involved in systemic infl ammation. marrow does not produce enough platelets primary role of TNF is in the regulation of (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. immune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- Thromboembolism formation in a blood vessel totic cell death, to induce infl ammation, and to of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and is car- inhibit tumourigenesis and viral replication. ried by the blood stream to plug another vessel. Tocolytics medications used to suppress pre- Thrombogenesis formation of a thrombus or mature labor. blood clot. Tocopherol fat soluble organic compounds Thrombophlebitis occurs when there is infl am- belonging to vitamin E group . See vitamin E. mation and clot in a surface vein. Tocotrienol fat soluble organic compounds Thromboplastin an enzyme liberated from belonging to vitamin E group . See vitamin E. blood platelets that converts prothrombin into Toll-like receptors (TLRs) a class of proteins that thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called play a key role in the innate immune system. thrombokinase. Tonic substance that acts to restore, balance, Thrombosis the formation or presence of a tone, strengthen, or invigorate a body system thrombus (clot). without overt stimulation or depression Thromboxanes any of several compounds, Tonic clonic seizure a type of generalized sei- originally derived from prostaglandin precur- zure that affects the entire brain. sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of Tonsillitis an infl ammatory condition of the ton- platelets and constriction of blood vessels. sils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory Thromboxane B2 the inactive product of throm- problems. boxane. Topoisomerases a class of enzymes involved in Thrombus a fi brinous clot formed in a blood the regulation of DNA supercoiling. vessel or in a chamber of the heart. Topoiosmerase inhibitors a new class of anti- Thrush a common mycotic infection caused by cancer agents with a mechanism of action yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract aimed at interrupting DNA replication in can- or vagina. In children it is characterized by cer cells. white spots on the tongue. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method Thymocytes are T cell precursors which develop of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal in the thymus. tract. Thyrotoxicosis or hyperthyroidism – an overac- Toxemia is the presence of abnormal substances tive thyroid gland, producing excessive circu- in the blood, but the term is also used for a lating free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine, serious condition in pregnancy that involves or both. hypertension and proteinuria. Also called pre- TIMP-3 a human gene belongs to the tissue eclampsia. inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) Tracheitis is a bacterial infection of the trachea; gene family. see MMP. also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute Tincture solution of a drug in alcohol. bacterial tracheitis. Tinea ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. Trachoma a contagious disease of the conjunctiva Tinea favosa See favus. and cornea of the eye, producing painful sensi- Tinnitus a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, tivity to strong light and excessive tearing. roaring, clicking, etc. TRAIL acronym for tumour necrosis fac- Tisane a herbal infusion used as tea or for tor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a medicinal purposes. cytokine that prefe rentially induces apoptosis Tissue plasminogen activator a serine protease in tumour cells. involved in the breakdown of blood clots. Tranquilizer a substance drug used in calm- TNF alpha cachexin or cachectin and formally ing person suffering from nervous tension or known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a anxiety. 1046 Medical Glossary

Transaminase also called aminotransferase is Triglycerides a type of fat (lipids) found in the an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction blood stream. between an amino acid and an a -keto acid. Trismus continuous contraction of the muscles Transaminitis increase in alanine aminotrans- of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of teta- ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase nus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. (AST) to >5 times the upper limit of normal. TrKB receptor also known as TrKB tyrosine Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization kinase, a protein in humans that acts as a cata- (TACE) is an interventional radiology proce- lytic receptor for several neutrophins. dure involving percutaneous access of to the Trolox Equivalent measures the antioxidant hepatic artery and passing a catheter through capacity of a given substance, as compared to the abdominal artery aorta followed by radi- the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC ology. It is used extensively in the palliative (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). treatment of unresectable hepatocellular car- Trypanocidal destructive to trypanosomes. cinoma (HCC) Trypanosomes protozoan of the genus Trypano- Transcriptional activators are proteins that soma. bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of Trypanosomiasis human disease or an infection nearby genes. caused by a trypanosome. Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 a potent Trypsin an enzyme of pancreatic juice that hydro- transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- lyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide units. dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. Trypsin inhibitor small protein synthesized in Transcriptome profi ling to identify genes the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- involved in peroxisome assembly and func- sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting tion. itself against trypsin digestion. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b ) a Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection of the protein that controls proliferation, cellular lungs caused by a bacterium called Mycobac- differentiation, and other functions in most terium tuberculosis, characterized by the for- cells. mation of lesions (tubercles) and necrosis in TRAP 6 thrombin receptor activating peptide the lung tissues and other organs. with 6 amino acids. Tumourigenesis formation or production of Tremorine a chemical that produces a tremor tumours . resembling Parkinsonian tremor. Tumour an abnormal swelling of the body other Tremulous marked by trembling, quivering or than those caused by direct injury. shaking. Tussis a cough. Triacylglycerols or triacylglyceride, is a glycer- Tympanic membrane ear drum. ide in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with Tympanitis infection or infl ammation of the three fatty acids. inner ear. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) a series Tympanophonia increased resonance of one’s of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc., involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units noted especially in disease of the middle ear. and producing high-energy phosphate com- Tympanosclerosis see myringoslcerosis. pounds, which serve as the main source of Tyrosinase a copper containing enzyme found cellular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- Krebs cycle. tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the pro- Trichophytosis infection by fungi of the genus duction of melanin and other pigments from Trichophyto n. tyrosine by oxidation. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic UCP1 an uncoupling protein found in the mito- disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal chondria of brown adipose tissue used to gen- nerves, also known as prosopalgia. erate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Medical Glossary 1047

UCP – 2 enzyme uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, Uterotonic giving muscular tone to the uterus. a mitochondrial protein expressed in adipo- Uterotrophic causing an effect on the uterus. cytes. Uterus womb. Ulcer an open sore on an external or internal Vagotomy the surgical cutting of the vagus nerve body surface usually accompanied by disinte- to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. gration of tissue and pus. Vagus nerve a cranial nerve, that is, a nerve Ulcerative colitis is one of two types of infl am- connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has matory bowel disease – a condition that causes branches to most of the major organs in the body, the bowel to become infl amed and red. including the larynx, throat, windpipe, lungs, Ulemorrhagia bleeding of the gums. heart, and most of the digestive system Ulitis infl ammation of the gums. Variola or smallpox, a contagious disease Unguent ointment. unique to humans, caused by either of two Unilateral ureteral obstruction unilateral virus variants, Variola major and Variola blockage of urine flow through the ureter minor. The disease is characterised by fever, of one kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, weakness and skin eruption with pustules that distension of the renal pelvis and calyces, and form scabs that leave scars. hydronephrosis. Varicose veins are veins that have become Uraemia an excess in the blood of urea, crea- enlarged and twisted. tinine and other nitrogenous end products of Vasa vasorum is a network of small blood ves- protein and amino acids metabolism, more sels that supply large blood vessels. plur. vasa correctly referred to as azotaemia. vasori. Uraemic of or involving excess nitrogenous Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a waste products in the urine (usually due to polypeptide chemical produced by cells that kidney insuffi ciency). stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. Urethra tube conveying urine from the bladder Vasculogenesis the process of blood vessel for- to the external urethral orifi ce. mation occurring by a de novo production of Urethritis is an infl ammation of the urethra endothelial cells. caused by infection. Vasoconstrictor drug that causes constriction of Urinary pertaining to the passage of urine. blood vessels. Urinogenital relating to the genital and urinary Vasodilator drug that causes dilation or relax- organs or functions. ation of blood vessels. Urodynia pain on urination. Vasodilatory causing the widening of the lumen Urokinase a serine protease enzyme in human of blood vessels. urine that catalyzes the conversion of plasmino- Vasomotor symptoms menopausal symptoms gen to plasmin. characterised by hot fl ushes and night sweats. Urolithiasis formation of stone in the urinary Vasospasm refers to a condition in which blood tract (kidney bladder or urethra). vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction and Urticant a substance that causes wheals to subsequently to tissue ischemia and death form. (necrosis). Urticaria (or hives) is a skin condition, com- Vasculogenesis process of blood vessel formation monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is occu rring by a de novo production of endothe- characterized by raised red skin welts. lial cells. Uterine relating to the uterus. VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion mol- Uterine relaxant a n agent that relaxes the mus- ecule-1) also known as CD106, contains cles in the uterus. six or seven immunoglobulin domains and Uterine stimulant an agent that stimulates the is expressed on both large and small vessels uterus (and often employed during active only after the endothelial cells are stimulated childbirth). by cytokines. 1048 Medical Glossary

VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. Vitamin any complex, organic compound, Venereal disease (VD) term given to the dis- found in various food or sometimes synthe- eases syphilis and gonorrhoea. sized in the body, required in tiny amounts and Venule a small vein, especially one joining cap- are essential for the regulation of metabolism, illaries to larger veins. normal growth and function of the body. Vermifuge a substance used to expel worms Vitamin A retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that from the intestines. play an important role in vision, bone growth, Verotoxin a Shiga-like toxin produced by Escher- reproduction, cell division, and cell differen- ichia coli, which disrupts the function of tiation, helps regulate the immune system in ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin Verruca plana is a reddish-brown or fl esh-col- A that is found in colorful fruits and vegeta- ored, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well-demar- bles is called provitamin A carotenoid. They cated papule on the hand and face, also called can be made into retinol in the body. Defi - fl at wart. ciency of vitamin A results in night blindness Vertigo an illusory, sensory perception that the and keratomalacia. surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; Vitamin B1 also called thiamine, water-soluble dizziness. vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and in gen- Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) a type of eral, are readily excreted from the body they lipo protein made by the liver. VLDL is one of are not readily stored, consistent daily intake the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins (chylo- is important. It functions as coenzyme in the microns, VLDL, intermediate-density lipo- metabolism of carbohydrates and branched protein, low-density lipoprotein, high-density chain amino acids, and other cellular pro- lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats and cho- cesses. Defi ciency results in beri-beri disease. lesterol to move within the water-based solu- Vitamin B2 also called ribofl avin, an essential tion of the bloodstream. VLDL is converted water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- in the bloodstream to low-density lipoprotein zyme in redox reactions. Defi ciency causes (LDL). aribofl avinosis. Vesical calculus calculi (stones) in the urinary Vitamin B3 comprises niacin and niacinamide, bladder water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- Vesicant a substance that causes tissue blister- zyme or co-substrate for many redox reac- ing. tions and is required for energy metabolism. Vestibular relating to the sense of balance. Defi ciency causes pellagra. Vestibular disorders includes symptoms of diz- Vitamin B5 also called pantothenic acid, a ziness, vertigo, and imbalance; it can be result water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- from or worsened by genetic or environmental zyme in fatty acid metabolism. Defi ciency conditions. causes paresthesia. Vestibular system includes parts of the inner Vitamin B6 water-soluble vitamin, exists in three ear and brain that process sensory informa- major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, tion involved with controlling balance and eye and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is needed in movement. enzymes involved in protein metabolism, red Vibrissa stiff hairs that are located especially blood cell metabolism, effi cient functioning of about the nostrils. nervous and immune systems and hemoglobin Viremia a medical condition where viruses enter formation. Defi ciency causes anaemia and the bloodstream and hence have access to the peripheral neuropathy. rest of the body. Vitamin B 7 also called biotin or vitamin H, an Visceral fat intra-abdominal fat, is located essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between in the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids internal organs and torso. and glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin Medical Glossary 1049

promotes normal health of sweat glands, bone chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and marrow, male gonads, blood cells, nerve tis- delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, sue, skin and hair, Defi ciency causes dermati- and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced tis and enteritis. antioxidant activities stopping the formation Vitamin B9 also called folic acid, an essen- of Reactive Oxygen Species when fat under- tial water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially goes oxidation and help prevent or delay the important during periods of rapid cell division chronic diseases associated with free radicals. and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. Besides its antioxidant activities, vitamin E Defi ciency during pregnancy is associated is involved in immune function, cell signal- with birth defects such as neural tube defects. ing, regu lation of gene expression, and other Folate is also important for production of metabolic processes. Defi ciency is very rare red blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate is but can cause mild hemolytic anemia in new- needed to make DNA and RNA, the building born infants. blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes Vitamin K a group of fat soluble vitamin and con-

to DNA that may lead to cancer. sist of vitamin K1 which is also known as phyl- Vitamin B12 a water-soluble vitamin, also loquinone or phytomenadione (also called

called cobalamin as it contains the metal phytonadione) and vitamin K 2 (menaqui- cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells none, menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an and red blood cells, and DNA production. important role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. very rare but can cause bleeding diathesis. Defi ciency causes megaloblastic anaemia. Vitamin P a substance or mixture of substances Vitamin C also known as ascorbic acid is an obtained from various plant sources, identifi ed essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought cofactor for reactions requiring reduced cop- to but not proven to be useful in reducing the per or iron metallonzyme and as a protective extent of hemorrhage. antioxidant. Defi ciency of vitamin C causes Vitiligo a chronic skin disease that causes loss scurvy. of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches Vitamin D a group of fat-soluble, prohormone of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells vitamin, the two major forms of which are responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 unable to function. Also called leucoderma. (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from Vitreoretinopathy see proliferative vitreoretin- sun exposure, food, and supplements is bio- opathy. logically inert and must undergo two hydrox- VLDL see very low density lipoproteins. ylations in the body for activation. Vitamin Vomitive substance that causes vomiting. D is essential for promoting calcium absorp- Vulnerary (wound healer), a substance used to tion in the gut and maintaining adequate heal wounds and promote tissue formation. serum calcium and phosphate concentrations Wart an infectious skin tumour caused by a to enable normal growth and mineralization viral infection. of bone and prevent hypocalcemic tetany. Welt see wheal. Defi ciency causes rickets and osteomalacia. Wheal a fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. Also Vitamin D has other roles in human health, called a weal or welt. including modulation of neuromuscular and White Fat White adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- immune function, reduction of infl ammation mals, store of energy . cf. brown fat. and modulation of many genes encoding pro- Whitlow painful infection of the hand involving teins that regulate cell proliferation, differen- one or more fi ngers that typically affects the tiation, and apoptosis. terminal phalanx. Vitamin E is the collective name for a group Whooping cough acute infectious disease usu- of fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium 1050 Medical Glossary

and accom panied by catarrh of the respiratory chete bac terium Treponema pertenue, char- passages and repeated bouts of coughing. acterized by papules and pappiloma with Wnt signaling pathway is a network of pro- subsequent deformation of the skins, bone teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer, and joints; also called framboesia. and also in normal physiological processes. Yellow fever is a viral disease that is transmit- X-linked agammaglobulinemia also known as ted to humans through the bite of infected X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, mosquitoes. Illness ranges in severity from Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton an infl uenza-like syn drome to severe hepati- syndrome, or sex-linked agammaglobuline- tis and hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus mia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that (YFV) is maintained in nature by mosquito- affects the body’s ability to fi ght infection. borne transmission between nonhuman pri- Xanthine oxidase A fl avoprotein enzyme con- mates. taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and Zeaxanthin a common carotenoid, found natu-

(Fe2 S2 ) clusters, involved in purine metabo- rally as coloured pigments in many fruit veg- lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxi- etables and leafy vegetables. It is important dase reduces the production of uric acid, and for good vision and is one of the two carote- prevent hyperuricemia and gout. noids contained within the retina of the eye. Xanthones Unique class of biologically active Within the central macula, zeaxanthin pre- phenol compounds with the molecular dominates, whereas in the peripheral retina,

formula C13 H 8 O 2 possessing antioxidant lutein predominates. properties, discovered in the mangosteen Zinc (Zn) is an essential mineral for health. It is fruit. involved in numerous aspects of cellular metab- Xenobiotics a chemical (as a drug, pesticide, olism: catalytic activity of enzymes, immune or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living function, protein synthesis, wound healing, organism. DNA synthesis, and cell division. It also sup- Xenograft a surgical graft of tissue from one ports normal growth and development during species to an unlike species. pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence and is Xerophthalmia a medical condition in which required for proper sense of taste and smell. the eye fails to produce tears. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, pumpkin Yaws an infectious tropical infection of the seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat bread skin, bones and joints caused by the spiro- and animal sources. Scientifi c Glossary

Abaxial facing away from the axis, as of the sur- or leaves, buds arising elsewhere than in the face of an organ. axils of leaves Abscission shedding of leaves, fl owers, or Aestivation refers to positional arrangement of fruits following the formation of the abscis- the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. sion zone. Akinete a thick-walled dormant cell derived Acaulescent lacking a stem, or stem very much from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It reduced. serves as a survival structure. Accrescent increasing in size after flowering Alfi sols have a clay-enriched subsoil and rela- or with age. tively high native fertility, having undergone only Achene a dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent one- moderate leaching, containing aluminium, iron seeded fruit formed from a superior ovary of and with at least 35% base saturation, meaning one carpel as in sunfl ower. that calcium, magnesium, and potassium are Acid soil soil that maintains a pH of less than relatively abundant. 7.0. Alkaline soil soil that maintains a pH above Acidulous acid or sour in taste. 7.0, usually containing large amounts of Actinomorphic having radial symmetry, capable calcium, sodium, and magnesium, and is less of being divided into symmetrical halves by soluble than acidic soils. any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or corolla. Alkaloids naturally occurring bitter, complex Aculeate having sharp prickles. organic-chemical compounds containing Acuminate tapering gradually to a sharp point. basic nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having Acute (Botany) tapering at an angle of less than various pharmacological effects on humans 90° before terminating in a point as of leaf and other animals. apex and base. Alternate leaves or buds that are spaced along Adaxial side closest to the stem axis. opposite sides of stem at different levels. Aldephous having stamens united together by Allomorphic with a shape or form different their fi laments. from the typical. Adherent touching without organic fusion as of Alluvium soil or sediments deposited by a river fl oral parts of different whorls. or other running water. Adnate united with another unlike part as of sta- Alluvial soil a fi ne-grained fertile soil deposited mens attached to petals. by water fl owing over fl ood plains or in river Adpressed lying close to another organ but beds. not fused to it. Amplexicaul clasping the stem as base of cer- Adventive Not native to and not fully estab- tain leaves. lished in a new habitat or environment; locally Anatomizing interconnecting network as or temporarily naturalized. e.g. an adventive applied to leaf veins. weed. Andisols are soils formed in volcanic ash and Adventitious arising in abnormal positions, containing high proportions of glass and e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches amorphous colloidal materials.

1051 1052 Scientifi c Glossary

Androdioecious with male fl owers and bisexual Appressed pressed closely to another structure fl owers on separate plants. but not fused or united. Androecium male parts of a fl ower; comprising Aquatic a plant living in or on water for all or the stamens of one fl ower. a considerable part of its life span. Androgynous with male and female fl owers in Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with distinct parts of the same infl orescence. long, delicate hairs or fi bers. Andromonoecious having male fl owers and Arborescent resembling a tree; applied to non- bisexual fl owers on the same plant. woody plants attaining tree height and to Angiosperm a division of seed plants with the shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. ovules borne in an ovary. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) a type of myc- Annual a plant which completes its life cycle orrhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum within a year. Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical cells Annular shaped like or forming a ring. of the roots of a vascular plant and form Annulus circle or ring-like structure or mark- unique structures such as arbuscules and ing; the portion of the corolla which forms a vesicles. These fungi help plants to capture fl eshy, raised ring. nutrients such as phosphorus and micronutri- Anther the part of the stamen containing pollen ents from the soil. sac which produces the pollen. Archegonium a fl ask-shaped female reproduc- Anthelate an open, paniculate cyme. tive organ in mosses, ferns, and other related Antheriferous containing anthers. plants. Anthesis the period between the opening of the Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cush- bud and the onset of fl ower withering. ion-like area on a cactus from which hairs, Anthocarp a false fruit consisting of the true glochids, spines, branches, or fl owers may fruit and the base of the perianth. arise; an irregular angular specs marked out on Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments. a surface e.g. fruit surface. pl. areolea. They are the sugar-free counterparts of antho- Areolate with areolea. cyanins. Aril specialized outgrowth from the funicu- Anthocyanins a subgroup of antioxidant fl a- lus (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. that encloses or is attached to the seed. adj. They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- arillate. ments that may appear red, purple, or blue Arillode a false aril; an aril originating from the according to pH in plants. micropyle instead of from the funicle or cha- Antipetala situated opposite petals. laza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. Antisepala situated opposite sepals. Aristate bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. awns Antrorse directed forward upwards. of grains and grasses. Apetalous lacking petals as of fl owers with no Aristulate having a small, stiff, bristle-like part corolla. or appendage; a diminutive of aristate Apical meristem active growing point. A zone of Articulate jointed; usually breaking easily at the cell division at the tip of the stem or the root. nodes or point of articulation into segments. Apically towards the apex or tip of a structure. Ascending arched upwards in the lower part Apiculate ending abruptly in a short, sharp, small and becoming erect in the upper part. point. Ascus is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Apiculum a short, pointed, fl exible tip. in Ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. Apocarpous carpels separate in single indi- Ascospore spore produced in the ascus in Asco- vidual pistils. mycete fungi. Apopetalous with separate petals, not united to Asperulous refers to a rough surface with short, other petals. hard projections. Aposepalous with separate sepals, not united to Attenuate tapered or tapering gradually to a other sepals. point. Scientifi c Glossary 1053

Auricle an ear-like appendage that occurs at the Bipinnatisect refers to a pinnately compound base of some leaves or corolla. leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into Auriculate having auricles. pinnae. Awn a hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a Biserrate doubly serrate; with smaller regular, larger structure. asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger Axil upper angle between a lateral organ, such teeth. as a leaf petiole and the stem that bears it. Bisexual having both sexes, as in a fl ower bear- Axile situated along the central axis of an ovary ing both stamens and pistil, hermaphrodite or having two or more locules, as in axile pla- perfect. centation. Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each Axillary arising or growing in an axil. divided into three pinnules. Baccate beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. Blade lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath Barbate bearded, having tufts of hairs. or petiole. Barbellae short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj. bar- Blotched see variegated. bellate. Bole main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst Bark is the outermost layers of stems and roots branch. of woody plants. Brachyblast a short, axillary, densely crowded Basal relating to, situated at, arising from or bran chlet or shoot of limited growth, in forming the base. which the internodes elongate little or not at Basaltic soil soil derived from basalt, a com- all. mon extrusive volcanic rock. Bracket fungus shelf fungus. Basidiospore a reproductive spore produced Bract a leaf-like structure, different in form from by Basidiomycete fungi. the foliage leaves, associated with an infl ores- Basidium a microscopic, spore-producing cence or fl ower. adj. bracteate. structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- Bracteate possessing bracts. ing bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteolate having bracteoles. Basifi xed attached by the base, as certain anthers Bracteole a small, secondary, bract-like struc- are to their fi laments. ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or Basionym the synonym of a scientifi c name calyx of a fl ower. adj. bracteolate. that supplies the epithet for the correct Bristle a stiff hair. name. Bulb a modifi ed underground axis that is short Beak a prominent apical projection, especially and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked. imbricate scales. adj. bulbous. Bearded having a tuft of hairs. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, espe- Berry a fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a cially one borne in the leaf axil or an infl o- single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the rescence, and usually produced for asexual fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. reproduction. Biconvex convex on both sides. Bullate puckered, blistered. Biennial completing the full cycle from germina- Burr type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles tion to fruiting in more than one, but not more or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of than 2 years. wood in which the grain has been misformed. Bifi d forked, divided into two parts. Bush low, dense shrub without a pronounced Bifoliolate having two leafl ets. trunk. Bilabiate having two lips as of a corolla or calyx Buttress supporting, projecting outgrowth from with segments fused into an upper and lower base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizopho- lip. raceae and Moraceae. Bipinnate twice pinnate; the primary leafl ets Caducous shedding or falling early before matu- being again divided into secondary leafl ets. rity refers to sepals and petals. 1054 Scientifi c Glossary

Caespitose growing densely in tufts or clumps; Carpophore part of the receptacle which is having short, closely packed stems. lengthened between the carpels as a central Calcareous composed of or containing lime or axis; any fruiting body or fruiting structure of limestone. a fungus. Calcrete a hardpan consisting gravel and sand Cartilaginous sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, cemented by calcium. fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). Callus a condition of thickened raised mass of Caryopsis a simple dry, indehiscent fruit hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts formed from a single ovary with the seed often formed after an injury but sometimes a coat united with the ovary wall as in grasses normal feature. A callus also can refer to an and cereals. undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a Cataphyll a reduced or scarcely developed leaf culture medium. n. callosity . pl. calli, callosi- at the start of a plant’s life (i.e., cotyledons) or ties. adj. callose. in the early stages of leaf development. Calyptra the protective cap or hood covering Catkin a slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower the spore case of a moss or related plant. spike usually with unisexual fl owers. Calyptrate operculate, having a calyptra. Caudate having a narrow, tail-like appendage. Calyx outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of Caudex thickened, usually underground base of free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and the stem. calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is Caulescent having a well developed aerial still a bud. adj. calycine. stem. Calyx lobe one of the free upper parts of the Caulifl ory botanical term referring to plants calyx which may be present when the lower which fl ower and fruit from their main stems part is united into a tube. or woody trunks. adj. caulifl orus. Calyx tube the tubular fused part of the calyx, Cauline borne on the aerial part of a stem. often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is Chaffy having thin, membranous scales in the free from the corolla. infl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the sun- Campanulate shaped like a bell refers to calyx fl ower family. or corolla. Chalaza t he basal region of the ovule where the Canaliculate having groove or grooves. stalk is attached. Candelabriform having the shape of a tall Chartaceous papery, of paper-like texture. branched candle-stick. Chasmogamous describing fl owers in which Canescent covered with short, fi ne whitish or pollination takes place while the fl ower is grayish hairs or down. open. Canopy uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. Chloroplast a chlorophyll-containing organ- Cap see pileus. elle (plastid) that gives the green colour to Capitate growing together in a head. Also leaves and stems. Plastids harness light energy means enlarged and globular at the tip. that is used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process Capitulum a fl ower head or infl orescence hav- called photosynthesis. ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, Chromoplast plastid containing colored pig- fl owers or fl orets. ments apart from chlorophyll. Capsule a dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two or Chromosomes thread-shaped structures that more united carpels and dehiscing at maturity occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, contain- by sections called valves to release the seeds. ing the genetic information of living organ- adj. capsular. isms. Carinate keeled. Cilia hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla Carpel a simple pistil consisting of ovary, lobe. ovules, style and stigma. adj. carpellary. Ciliate with a fringe of hairs on the margin as of Carpogonium female reproductive organ in red the corolla lobes or leaf. algae. pl. carpogonia. Ciliolate minutely ciliate. Scientifi c Glossary 1055

Cilium a straight, usually erect hair on a margin parts of the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, or ridge. pl. cilia. connate. Cincinnus a monochasial cyme in which the Collar boundary between the above and below lateral branches arise alternately on opposite ground parts of the plant axis. sides of the false axis. Colliculate having small elevations. Circinnate spirally coiled, with the tip inner- Column a structure formed by the united style, most. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae and Circumscissile opening by a transverse line Orchidaceae. around the circumference as of a fruit. Comose tufted with hairs at the ends as of Cladode the modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a seeds. plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced Composite having two types of fl orets as of the or absent. cf. cladophyll, phyllode. fl owers in the sunfl ower family, Asteraceae. Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion Compost organic matter (like leaves, mulch, of a stem that resembles and functions as a manure, etc.) that breaks down in soil releasing leaf, like in asparagus. cf. cladode, phyllode. its nutrients. Clamp connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, Compound describe a leaf that is further divided a lateral connection or outgrowth formed into leafl ets or pinnae or fl ower with more than between two adjoining cells of a hypha and a single fl oret. arching over the septum between them. Compressed fl attened in one plane. Clavate club shaped thickened at one end refer Conceptacles specialised cavities of marine to fruit or other organs. algae that contain the reproductive organs. Claw the conspicuously narrowed basal part of Concolorous uniformly coloured, as in upper a fl at structure. and lower surfaces. cf. discolorous Clay a naturally occurring material composed Conduplicate folded together lengthwise. primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kao- Cone a reproductive structure composed of linite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite an axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like which exhibit plasticity through a variable organs and seed or pollen bearing structures. range of water content, and which can be hard- Applied to Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, ened when dried and/or fi red. Casuarinaceae and also in some members of Clayey resembling or containing a large pro- Proteaceae. portion of clay. Conic cone shaped, attached at the broader end. Cleft incised halfway down. Conic-capitate a cone-shaped head of fl owers. Cleistogamous refers to a fl ower in which fertil- Connate fused to another structure of the same ization occurs within the bud i.e. without the kind . cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. fl ower opening. cf. chasmogamous. Connective the tissue separating two lobes of an Climber growing more or less upwards by lean- anther. ing or twining around another structure. Connivent converging. Clone all the plants reproduced, vegetatively, Conspecifi c within or belonging to the same from a single parent thus having the same species. genetic make-up as the parent. Contorted twisted. Coccus one of the sections of a distinctly lobed Convolute refers to an arrangement of petals in fruit which becomes separate at maturity; a bud where each has one side overlapping the sometimes called a mericarp. pl. cocci. adjacent petal. Coenocarpium a fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp Cordate heart-shaped as of leaves. formed from an infl orescence rather than a Core central part. single fl ower. Coriaceous leathery texture as of leaves. Coherent touching without organic fusion, Corm a short, swollen, fl eshy, underground referring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral plant stem that serves as a food storage organ 1056 Scientifi c Glossary

used by some plants to survive winter or other Cultigen plant species or race known only in adverse conditions culti vation. Cormel a miniature, new corm produced on a Cultivar cultivated variety; an assemblage of mature corm. cultivated individuals distinguished by any Corolla the inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usu- characters signifi cant for the purposes of agri- ally consisting of free petals or a petals fused culture, forestry or horticulture, and which, forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj. when reproduced, retains its distinguishing corolline. features. Corona a crown-like section of the staminal col- Cuneate wedge-shaped, obtriangular. umn, usually with the inner and outer lobes Cupular cup-shaped, having a cupule. as in the Stapelieae . Cupule a small cup-shaped structure or organ, Coroniform crown shaped, as in the pappus of like the cup at the base of an acorn. Asteraceae. Cusp an elongated, usually rigid, acute point. Cortex the outer of the stem or root of a plant, cf. mucro. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and Cuspidate terminating in or tipped with a sharp on the inside by the endodermis containing fi rm point or cusp. cf. mucronate. undifferentiated cells. Cuspidulate constricted into a minute cusp. cf. Corymb a fl at-topped, short, broad infl ores- cuspidate. cence, in which the fl owers, through unequal Cyathiform in the form of a cup, a little wid- pedicels, are in one horizontal plane and the ened at the top. youngest in the centre. adj. corymbose Cyathium a specialised type of infl orescence of Costa a thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of plants in the genus Euphorbia and Chamae- the pinna in ferns. adj. costate. syce in which the unisexual fl owers are clus- Costapalmate having defi nite costa (midrib) tered together within a bract-like envelope. pl. unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets cyathia. are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. Cylindric tubular or rod shaped. Cotyledon the primary seed leaf within the Cylindric-acuminate elongated and tapering to a embryo of a seed. point. Cover crop crop grown in between trees or in Cymbiform boat shaped, elongated and having fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- the upper surface decidedly concave. sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off Cyme an infl orescence in which the lateral axis weeds. grows more strongly than the main axis with Crenate round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. margins. adj. cymose Crenulate minutely crenate, very strongly scal- Cymule a small cyme or one or a few fl owers. loped. Cystidium a relatively large cell found on the Crisped with a curled or twisted edge. hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, on Cristate having or forming a crest or crista. the surface of a mushroom. Crozier shaped like a shepherd’s crook. Cystocarp fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- Crustaceous like a crust; having a hard crust or oped after fertilization in the red algae. shell. Deciduous falling off or shedding at maturity or Cucullate having the shape of a cowl or hood, a specifi c season or stage of growth. hooded. Decorticate to remove the bark, rind or husk Culm the main aerial stem of the Graminae from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). as a skin. Culm sheath the plant casing (similar to a leaf) Decompound as of a compound leaf; consist- that protects the young bamboo shoot during ing of divisions that are themselves com- growth, attached at each node of culm. pound. Scientifi c Glossary 1057

Decumbent prostrate, laying or growing on the spore-producing multicellular sporophytes ground but with ascending tips. cf. ascending, and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- procumbent. phytes. mitoses occur in both the diploid and Decurrent having the leaf base tapering down to haploid phases. a narrow wing that extends to the stem. Diplontic life cycle or gametic meiosis, wherein Decussate having paired organs with successive instead of immediately dividing meiotically pairs at right angles to give four rows as of to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides leaves. mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid Defl exed bent downwards. individual or a group of more diploid cells. Dehisce to split open at maturity, as in a cap- Dipterocarpous trees of the family Dipterocar- sule. paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly Dehiscent splitting open at maturity to release in tropical lowland rainforest. the contents. cf. indehiscent. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc shaped Deltate triangular shape. receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; Deltoid shaped like an equilateral triangle. also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually Dendritic branching from a main stem or axis between the stamens and ovary; also used for like the branches of a tree. the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. Dentate with sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- Disc fl oret the central, tubular 4 or 5-toothed or dicular to the margin. lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, as Denticulate fi nely toothed. of fl ower head of Asteraceae. Diageotropic the tendency of growing parts, Disciform fl at and rounded in shaped. cf. dis- such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line coid, radiate. of gravity. Discoid resembling a disc; having a fl at, circular Diadelphous having stamens in two bundles as form; disk-shaped cf. disciform, radiate. in Papilionaceae fl owers. Discolorous having two colours, as of a leaf Dichasium a cymose inflorescence in which which has different colors on the two surfaces. the branches are opposite and approximately cf. concolorous. equal. pl. dichasia. adj. dichasial. Dispersal dissemination of seeds. Dichotomous divided into two parts. Distal site of any structure farthest from the Dicotyledon angiosperm with two cotyledons. point of attachment. cf. proximal. Didymous arranged or occurring in pairs as of Distichous referring to two rows of upright anthers, having two lobes. leaves in the same plane. Digitate having digits or fi ngerlike projections. Dithecous having two thecae. Dikaryophyses or dendrophydia, irregularly, Divaricate diverging at a wide angle. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Domatium a part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that has Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomycetes) been modifi ed to provide protection for other fungi. organisms. pl. domatia. Dimorphic having or occurring in two forms, as Dormancy a resting period in the life of a plant of stamens of two different lengths or a plant during which growth slows or appears to having two kinds of leaves. stop. Dioecious with male and female unisexual fl ow- Dorsal referring to the back surface. ers on separate plants. cf. monoecious. Dorsifi xed attached to the back as of anthers. Diploid a condition in which the chromosomes Drupaceous resembling a drupe. in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set Drupe a fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed being derived from the female parent and the in a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue other from the male. embedded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) sur- Diplobiontic life cycle life cycle that exhibits rounded by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj. alternation of generations, which features of drupaceous. 1058 Scientifi c Glossary

Drupelet a small drupe. Epiparasite an organism parasitic on another Ebracteate without bracts. that parasitizes a third. Echinate bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly Epipetalous borne on the petals, as of stamens. hairs. Epiphyte a plant growing on, but not parasitic Edaphic refers to plant communities that are on, another plant, deriving its moisture and nutri- distinguished by soil conditions rather than by ents from the air and rain e.g. some Orchidaceae. the climate. adj. epiphytic. Eglandular without glands. cf. glandular. Erect upright, vertical. Ellipsoid a 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in out- Essential oils volatile products obtained from line. a natural source; refers to volatile products Elliptic having a 2-dimensional shape of an obtained by steam or water distillation in a ellipse or fl attened circle . strict sense. Elongate extended, stretched out. Etiolation to cause (a plant) to develop without Emarginate refers to leaf with a broad, shallow chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sun- notch at the apex. cf. retuse. light. Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant Eutrophic having waters rich in mineral and contained within a seed or an archegonium, organic nutrients that promote a proliferation composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end of plant life, especially algae, which reduces and root end). the dissolved oxygen content and often causes Endemic prevalent in or peculiar to a particular the extinction of other organisms. geographical locality or region. Excentric off the true centre. Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the peri- Excrescence abnormal outgrowth. carp of many fruits. Excurrent projecting beyond the tip, as the mid- Endosperm tissue that surrounds and nourishes rib of a leaf or bract. the embryo in the angiosperm seed. Exserted sticking out, protruding beyond some Endospermous refers to seeds having an enclosing organ, as of stamens which project endosperm. beyond the corolla or perianth. Endotrophic as of mycorrhiza obtaining nutri- Exstipulate without stipules. cf. stipulate. ents from inside. Extra-fl oral outside the fl ower. Ensilage the process of preserving green food for Extrose turned outwards or away from the axis livestock in an undried condition in airtight as of anthers. cf. introrse, latrorse. conditions. Also called silaging. Falcate sickle shaped, crescent-shaped. Entire having a smooth, continuous margin Fascicle a cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. stamens. adj. fasciculate. Entisols soils that do not show any profi le devel- Fasciclode staminode bundles. opment other than an A horizon. Fastigiate a tree in which the branches grow Ephemeral transitory, short-lived. almost vertically . Epicalyx a whorl of bracts, subtending and Ferrosols soils with an iron oxide content of resembling a calyx. greater than 5%. Epicarp outermost layer of the pericarp of a Ferruginous rust coloured, reddish-brown. fruit. Fertile having functional sexual parts which are Epicormic attached to the corm. capable of fertilisation and seed production. Epicotyl the upper portion of the embryonic axis, cf. sterile. above the cotyledons and below the fi rst true Filament the stalk of a stamen supporting and leaves. subtending the anther. Epigeal above grounds with cotyledons raised Filiform Having the form of or resembling a above ground. thread or fi lament. Scientifi c Glossary 1059

Fimbriate fringed. Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in a Fixed oils non volatile oils, triglycerides of fatty plant characterized by alternation of genera- acids. tions. Flaccid limp and weak. Gamosepalous with sepals united or partially Flag leaf the uppermost leaf on the stem. united. Flaky in the shape of fl akes or scales. Gall-fl ower short styled fl ower that do not Flexuous zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as of a develop into a fruit but are adapted for the stem. development of a specifi c wasp within the Floccose covered with tufts of soft woolly fruit e.g. in the fi g. hairs. Geniculate bent like a knee, refer to awns and fi la- Floral tube a fl ower tube usually formed by the ments. basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. Geocarpic where the fruit are pushed into the Floret one of the small individual fl owers of soil by the gynophore and mature. sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the Geophyte a plant that stores food in an under- grasses, including the lemma and palea. ground storage organ e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- Flower the sexual reproductive organ of fl ower- zome and has subterranean buds which form ing plants, typically consisting of gynoecium, aerial growth. androecium and perianth or calyx and/or Geotextile are permeable fabrics which, when corolla and the axis bearing these parts. used in association with soil, have the ability Fluted as of a trunk with grooves and folds. to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect, or drain. Fodder plant material, fresh or dried fed to ani- Glabrescent becoming glabrous. mals. Glabrous smooth, hairless without pubescence. Foliaceous leaf-like. Gland a secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- Foliar pertaining to a leaf. fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or Foliolate pertaining to leafl ets, used with a num- wart-like organ. adj. glandular. cf. eglandular. ber prefi x to denote the number of leafl ets. Glaucous pale blue-green in colour, covered Foliose leaf-like. with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. Follicle ( Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a sin- Gley soils a hydric soil which exhibits a green- gle carpel and dehiscing along one suture. ish-blue-grey soil color due to wetland condi- Forb any herb that is not grass or grass-like. tions. Free central placentation The arrangement Globose spherical in shape. of ovules on a central column that is not con- Globular a three-dimensional shape; spheri- nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the cal or orbicular; circular in outline. ovaries of the carnation and primrose. Glochids tiny, fi nely barbed hair-like spines Frond the leaf of a fern or cycad. found on the areoles of some cacti and other Fruit ripened ovary with adnate parts. plants. Fugacious shedding off early. Glochidiate having glochids. Fulvous yellow, tawny. Glochidote plant having glochids . Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches Glume one of the two small, sterile bracts at the ovule to the ovary wall. the base of the grass spikelet, called the lower Fusiform a 3-dimensional shape; spindle and upper glumes, due to their position on the shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. for the very small bracts on the spikelet in Gamete a reproductive cell that fuses with which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes glume. adj. glumaceous. are haploid, (they contain half the normal Guttation the appearance of drops of xylem sap (diploid) number of chromosomes); thus when on the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular two fuse, the diploid number is restored. plants, such as grasses and bamboos. 1060 Scientifi c Glossary

Guttule small droplet. Heterocyst a differentiated cyanobacterial cell Gymnosperm a group of spermatophyte seed- that carries out nitrogen fi xation. bearing plants with ovules on scales, which Heterogamous bearing separate male and are usually arranged in cone-like structures female fl owers, or bisexual and female fl ow- and not borne in an ovary. cf. angiosperm. ers, or fl orets in an inflorescence or flower Gynoecium the female organ of a fl ower; a col- head, e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. fl orets may be neuter or unisexual and the disk Gynomonoecious having female fl owers fl orets may be bisexual. cf. homogamous. and bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf. Heteromorphous having two or more distinct andromonoecious. forms. cf. homomorphous. Gynophore stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. Heterophyllous having leaves of different Habit the general growth form of a plant, com- form. prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- Heterosporous producing spores of two sizes, tation, the locality in which the plant grows. the larger giving rise to megagametophytes Halophyte a plant adapted to living in highly (female), the smaller giving rise to microg- saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates ametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj. fern allies. cf. homosporous. halophytic. Heterostyly the condition in which fl owers on Hapaxanthic refer to palms which fl owers only polymorphous plants have styles of different once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. lengths, thereby facilitating cross-pollination. Haploid condition where nucleus or cell has a Heterostylous having styles of two different single set of unpaired chromosomes, the hap- lengths or forms. loid number is designated as n. Hilar of or relating to a hilum . Haplontic life cycle or zygotic meiosis wherein Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyo- of attachment to the funiculus. gamy, produces haploid cells which produces Hirsute bearing long coarse hairs. more or larger haploid cells ending its diploid Hispid bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or bris- phase. tles. Hastate having the shape of an arrowhead but Hispidulous minutely hispid. with the basal lobes pointing outward at right Histosol soil comprising primarily of organic angles as of a leaf. materials, having 40 cm or more of organic Hastula a piece of plant material at the junction soil material in the upper 80 cm. of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula Hoary covered with a greyish layer of very can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or short, closely interwoven hairs. the bottom, abaxial or both sides. Holdfast an organ or structure of attachment, espe- Heartwood wood from the inner portion of a cially the basal, root-like formation by which tree. certain seaweeds or other algae are attached Heliophilous sun-loving, tolerates high level to a substrate. of sunlight. Holocarpic having the entire thallus developed Heliotropic growing towards sunlight. into a fruiting body or sporangium. Herb a plant which is non-woody or woody at Homochromous having all the fl orets of the the base only, the above ground stems usually same colour in the same fl ower head cf. het- being ephemeral. adj. herbaceous. erochromous. Herbaceous resembling a herb, having a habit of Homogamous bearing fl owers or fl orets that do a herb. not differ sexually cf. heterogamous. Hermaphrodite bisexual, bearing fl owers with Homogenous endosperm endosperm with even both androecium and gynoecium in the same surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings fl ower. adj. hermaphroditic. of the surrounding tissue. Scientifi c Glossary 1061

Homogonium a part of a fi lament of a cyanobac- Imbricate closely packed and overlapping. cf. terium that detaches and grows by cell divi- valvate. sion into a new fi lament. pl. homogonia. Imparipinnate pinnately compound with a Homomorphous uniform, with only one form. single terminal leafl et and hence with an odd cf. heteromorphous. number of leafl ets. cf. paripinnate. Homosporous producing one kind of spores. Inceptisols old soils that have no accumulation Refer to the ferns and fern allies. cf. hetero- of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. sporous. Incised cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. Hurd fi bre long pith fi bre of the stem. Included referring to stamens which do not Hyaline colourless, almost transparent. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Hybrid the fi rst generation progeny of the sexual do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular union of plants belonging to different taxa. fruit. cf. exserted. Hybridisation the crossing of individuals from Incurved curved inwards; curved towards the different species or taxa. base or apex. Hydathode a type of secretory tissue in leaves, Indefi nite numerous and variable in number. usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water Indehiscent not opening or splitting to release the through pores in the epidermis or margin of contents at maturity as of fruit. cf. dehiscent. the leaf. Indumentum covering of fine hairs or bris- Hydrophilous water loving; requiring water tles commonly found on external parts of in order to be fertilized, referring to many plants. aquatic plants. Indurate to become hard, often the hardening Hygrochastic applied to plants in which the developed only at maturity. opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- Indusium an enclosing membrane, covering tion of water. the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed Hygrophilous living in water or moist places. style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae Hymenial cystidia the cells of the hymenium (including Brunoniaceae ). adj. indusiate. develop into basidia or asci, while in others Inferior said of an ovary or fruit that has sepals, some cells develop into sterile cells called petals and stamens above the ovary. cf. supe- cystidia. rior. Hymenium spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- Infl ated enlarged and hollow except in the case tain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) or of a fruit which may contain a seed. cf. swol- basidia (Basidiomycetes). len. Hypha is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of Infl exed Bent or curved inward or downward, a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacte- as petals or sepals. ria. pl. hyphae. Infl orescence a fl ower cluster or the arrange- Hypanthium cup-like receptacles of some ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion each other on a plant. of the calyx, corolla, and androecium that sur- Infrafoliar located below the leaves. rounds the ovary which bears the sepals, pet- Infraspecifi c referring to any taxon below the als and stamens. species rank. Hypocotyl the portion of the stem below the Infructescence the fruiting stage of an infl ores- coty ledons. cence. Hypodermis the cell layer beneath the epider- Inrolled curved inwards. mis of the pericarp. Integuments two distinct tissue layers that sur- Hypogeal below ground as of germination of round the nucellus of the ovule, forming the seed. testa or seed coat when mature. Hysteresis refers to systems that may exhibit Intercalary of growth, between the apex and the path dependence. base; of cells, spores, etc., between two cells. 1062 Scientifi c Glossary

Interfoliar inter leaf. Latex a milky, clear or sometimes coloured sap Internode portion of the stem, culm, branch, or rhi- of diverse composition exuded by some plants. zome between two nodes or points of attach- Latrorse turned sideways, i.e. not towards or ment of the leaves. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- Interpetiolar as of stipules positioned between gitudinally on the side. cf. extrorse, introse. petioles of opposite leaves. Lax loose or limp, not densely arranged or Intrastaminal within the stamens. crowded. Intricate entangled, complex. Leafl et one of the ultimate segments of a com- Introduced not indigenous; not native to the pound leaf. area in which it now occurs. Lectotype a specimen chosen after the original Introrse turned inwards or towards the axis or description to be the type. pistil as of anthers. cf. extrorse, latrorse. Lemma the lower of two bracts (scales) of a grass Involucre a whorl of bracts or leaves that sur- fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, lodicules, round one to many fl owers or an entire infl o- stamens and ovary. rescence. Lenticel is a lens shaped opening that allows Involute having the margins rolled inwards, gases to be exchanged between air and the referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on Jugate of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in pairs. young bark, or the surface of the fruit. Juvenile young or immature, used here for Lenticellate dotted with lenticels. leaves formed on a young plant which are Lenticular shaped like a biconvex lens. cf. len- different in morphology from those formed tiform. on an older plant. Lentiform shaped like a biconvex lens, cf. len- Keel a longitudinal ridge, at the back of the leaf. ticular. Also the two lower fused petals of a ‘pea’ Leptomorphic temperate, running bamboo rhi- fl ower in the Papilionaceae, which form a zome; usually thinner then the culms they sup- boat-like structure around the stamens and port and the internodes are long and hollow. styles. adj. keeled. cf. standard, wing. Liane a woody climbing or twining plant. Labellum the modifi ed lowest of the three petals Lignotuber a woody, usually underground, forming the corolla of an orchid, usually larger tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- than the other two petals, and often spurred. ous aerial stems. Laciniate fringed; having a fringe of slender, Ligulate small and tongue shaped or with a narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. little tongue shaped appendage or ligule, star Lamella a gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. material held adjacent to one another. Ligule a strap-shaped corolla in the flowers Lamina the blade of the leaf or frond. of Asteraceae; also a thin membranous out- Lanate wooly, covered with long hairs which growth from the inner junction of the grass are loosely curled together like wool. leaf sheath and blade. cf. ligulate. Lanceolate lance-shaped in outline, tapering Limb the expanded portion of the calyx tube or from a broad base to the apex. the corolla tube, or the large branch of a tree. Landrace plants adapted to the natural environ- Linear a 2-dimensional shape, narrow with ment in which they grow, developing naturally nearly parallel sides. with minimal assistance or guidance from Linguiform tongue shaped cf. ligulate. humans and usually possess more diverse phe- Lithosol a kind of shallow soils lacking well- notypes and genotypes. defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly Laterite reddish–coloured soils rich in iron weathered fragments of rock. oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under Littoral of or on a shore, especially seashore. oxidizing and leaching conditions, commonly Loam a type of soil mad up of sand, silt, and found in tropical and subtropical regions. adj. clay in relative concentration of 40-40-20% lateritic. respectively. Scientifi c Glossary 1063

Lobed divided but not to the base. Meristem the region of active cell division Loculicidal opening into the cells, when a ripe in plants, from which permanent tissue is capsule splits along the back. derived. adj. meristematic. Loculus cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl. loculi. -merous used with a number prefi x to denote Lodicules two small structures below the ovary the basic number of the three outer fl oral which, at fl owering, swell up and force open whorls, e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens sepals, 10 petals and 15 stamens. and carpel. Mesic moderately wet. Lyrate pinnately lobed, with a large terminal Mesocarp the middle layer of the fruit wall lobe and smaller laterals ones which become derived from the middle layer of the carpel progressively smaller towards the base. wall. cf. endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. Macronutrients chemical elements which are Mesophytes terrestrial plants which are adapted to needed in large quantities for growth and neither a particularly dry nor particularly wet development by plants and include nitrogen, environment. phopshorus, potassium, and magnesium. Micropyle the small opening in a plant ovule Maculate spotted. through which the pollen tube passes in Mallee a growth habit in which several to many order to effect fertilisation. woody stems arise separately from a lignotu- Microsporangium the sporangium containing ber; usually applied to certain low-growing spe- microspores in pteridophytes. cf. megasporan- cies of Eucalyptus. gium. Mangrove a distinctive vegetation type of trees Microspore a small spore which gives rise to the and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often vivipa- male gametophyte in heterosporous pterido- rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that phytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. megaspore. are subject to periodic tidal inundation. Midvein the main vascular supply of a simple Marcescent withering or to decay without fall- leaf blade or lamina. Also called mid-rib. ing off. Mitosis is a process of cell division which results Margin the edge of the leaf blade. in the production of two daughter cells from a Medulla the pith in the stems or roots of certain single parent cell. plants; or the central portion of a thallus in cer- Mollisols soils with deep, high organic matter, tain lichens. nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), Megasporangium the sporangium contain- typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. ing megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf. Monadelphous applied to stamens united by microsporangium. their fi laments into a single bundle. Megaspore the large spore which may develop Monocarpic refer to plants that fl ower, set seeds into the female gametophyte in heterosporous and then die. ferns and fern allies. cf. microspore. Monochasial a cyme having a single flower Megasporophyll A leaflike structure that on each axis. bears megasporangia. Monocotyledon angiosperm having one cotyle- Megastrobilus female cone, seed cone, or ovu- don. late cone, contains ovules within which, when Monoecious having both male and female uni- fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female sexual fl owers on the same individual plant. cone structure varies more markedly between cf. dioecious. the different conifer families. Monoembryonic seed the seed contains only Meiosis the process of cell division that results one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. in the formation of haploid cells from diploid polyembryonic seed. cells to produce gametes. Monolete a spore that has a simple linear scar. Mericarp a one-seeded portion of an initially Monopodial with a main terminal growing syncarpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits apart point producing many lateral branches pro- at maturity. cf. coccus. gressively. cf. sympodial. 1064 Scientifi c Glossary

Monotypic of a genus with one species or a fam- Nervation venation, a pattern of veins or nerves ily with one genus; in general, applied to any as of leaf. taxon with only one immediately subordinate Node the joint between segments of a culm, taxon. stem, branch, or rhizome; the point of the stem Montane refers to highland areas located below that gives rise to the leaf and bud. the subalpine zone. Nodule a small knoblike outgrowth, as those Mucilage a soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- found on the roots of many leguminous, that tion. adj. mucilaginous. containing Rhizobium bacteria which fi xes Mucous (Botany) slimy. nitrogen in the soil. Mucro a sharp, pointed part or organ, especially Nomen Illegitimum illegitimate taxon deemed as a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. superfl uous at its time of publication either Mucronate ending with a short, sharp tip or because the taxon to which it was applied mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, already has a name, or because the name has muticous. already been applied to another plant. abbrev . Mucronulate with a very small mucro; a dimin- nom. illeg. utive of mucronate. Nomen Nudum the name of a taxon which has Mulch protective cover of plant (organic) or never been validated by a description. abbrev . non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- nom. nud. marily to modify and improve the effects Nomen Dubium an invalid proposed taxonomic of the local microclimate and to control name because it is not accompanied by a defi - weeds. nition or description of the taxon to which it Multiple fruit a fruit that is formed from a clus- applies. abbrev . nom. dub. ter of fl owers. Nucellus central portion of an ovule in which Muricate covered with numerous short hard the embryo sac develops. outgrowths. cf . papillose. Nucellar embryony a form of seed reproduc- Muriculate with numerous minute hard out- tion in which the nucellar tissue which sur- growths; a diminutive of muricate. rounds the embryo sac can produce additional Muticous blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . embryos (polyembryony) which are geneti- mucronate. cally identical to the parent plant. This is MYB proteins are a superfamily of transcrip- found in many citrus species and in mango. tion factors that play regulatory roles in devel- Nut a dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a opmental processes and defense responses in hard pericarp. plants. Nutlet a small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a Mycorrhiza the mutualistic symbiosis (non- divided fruit. pathogenic association) between soil-borne Ob- prefi x meaning inversely or opposite to. fungi with the roots of higher plants. Obconic a 3-dimensional shape; inversely conic; Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscular) endomyc- cone shaped, conic with the vertex pointing orrhiza living in the roots of higher plants pro- downward. ducing inter-and intracellular fungal growth in Obcordate inversely cordate, broad and notched root cortex and forming specifi c fungal struc- at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the tures, referred to as vesicles and arbuscles. pointed end. abbrev. VAM. Obdeltate inversely deltate; deltate with the Native a plant indigenous to the locality or broadest part at the apex. region. Oblate having the shape of a spheroid with the Naviculate boat-shaped. equatorial diameter greater than the polar Necrotic applied to dead tissue. diameter; being fl attened at the poles. Nectariferous having one or more nectaries. Oblanceolate inversely lanceolate, lance-shaped Nectary a nectar secretory gland; commonly in a but broadest above the middle and tapering fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or stems. toward the base as of leaf. Scientifi c Glossary 1065

Oblong longer than broad with sides nearly par- Ovary the female part of the pistil of a fl ower allel to each other. which contains the ovules (immature seeds). Obovate inversely ovate, broadest above the Ovate egg-shaped, usually with reference to middle. two dimensions. Obpyramidal resembling a 4-sided pyramid Ovoid egg-shaped, usually with reference to attached at the apex with the square base fac- three dimensions. ing away from the attachment. Ovule the young, immature seed in the ovary which Obpyriform inversely pyriform, resembling a becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj. ovular. pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf. Ovulode a sterile reduced ovule borne on the pyriform. placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. Obspathulate inversely spathulate; resembling Oxisols refer to ferralsols. a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf. Pachymorphic describes the short, thick, rhi- spathulate. zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick Obtriangular inversely triangular; triangular and solid internode (except the bud-bearing but attached at the apex. cf. triangular. internodes, which are more elongated). cf. Obtrullate inversely trullate; resembling a sympodial. trowel blade with the broadest axis above the Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower middle. cf. trullate. lip of a corolla which partially or completely Obtuse with a blunt or rounded tip, the converg- closes the throat. ing edges separated by an angle greater than Palea the upper of the two membraneous bracts 90°. of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the lodicules, -oid suffi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, stamens and ovary. pl. paleae. adj. paleal. cf . e.g. spheroid. lemma. Ochraceous a dull yellow color. Paleate having glumes. Ocreate having a tube-like covering around Palmate describing a leaf which is divided into some stems, formed of the united stipules; several lobes or leafl ets which arise from the sheathed. same point. adj. palmately. Oleaginous oily. Palm heart refers to soft, tender inner core and Oligotrophic lacking in plant nutrients and growing bud of certain palm trees which are having a large amount of dissolved oxygen eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of palm, throughout. palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or swamp Operculum a lid or cover that becomes detached cabbage. at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus , Palmito see palm heart. also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed Palustrial paludal, swampy, marshy. by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. Palustrine marshy, swampy. adj. operculate. Palustrine herb vegetation that is rooted below Opposite describing leaves or other organs water but grows above the surface in wetland which are borne at the same level but on oppo- system. site sides of the stem. cf. alternate. Panduriform fi ddle shaped, usually with refer- Orbicular of circular outline, disc-like. ence to two dimensions. Order a taxonomic rank between class and fam- Panicle a compound, indeterminate, racemose ily used in the classifi cation of organisms, infl orescence in which the main axis bears lat- i.e. a group of families believed to be closely eral racemes or spikes. adj. paniculate. related. Pantropical distributed through-out the tropics. Orifi ce an opening or aperture. Papilionaceous butterfl y-like, said of the pea Organosols soils not regularly inundated by fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- which are zygomorphic with imbricate petals, ness of organic materials within the upper part one broad upper one, two narrower lateral ones of the profi le. and two narrower lower ones. 1066 Scientifi c Glossary

Papilla a small, superfi cial protuberance on the Pergamentaceous parchment-like. surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one Perianth the two outer fl oral whorls of the Angio- epidermal cell. pl. papillae. adj. papillose. sperm fl ower; commonly used when the calyx Papillate having papillae. and the corolla are not readily distinguishable Papillose covered with papillae. (as in monocotyledons). Pappus a tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened borne above the ovary and outside the corolla ovary; fruit wall composed of the exocarp, as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of mesocarp and endocarp. hairs on a fruit. adj. pappose. Pericarp the wall of a fruit developed from the Papyraceous resembling parchment of paper. ovary wall. Parenchyma undifferentiated plant tissue com- Persistent remaining attached; not falling off. posed of more or less uniform cells. cf. caduceus. Parietal describes the attachment of ovules to Petal free segment of the corolla. adj. petaline. cf. the outer walls of the ovaries. lobe. Paripinnate pinnate with an even number of Petiolar relating to the petiole. leafl ets and without a terminal leafl et. cf. Petiole leaf stalk. adj. petiolate. imparipinnate. Petiolulate supported by its own petiolule. -partite divided almost to the base into segments, Petiolule the stalk of a leafl et in a compound the number of segments written as a prefi x. leaf. adj. petiolulate. Patelliform shaped like a limpet shell; cap- pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a shaped and without whorls. solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the Patent diverging from the axis almost at right activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). angles. Phenology the study of periodic plant life cycle Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed veg- events as infl uenced by seasonal and interan- etation matter. nual variations in climate. Pectin a group of water-soluble colloidal car- Phyllary a bract of the involucre of a compos- bohydrates of high molecular weight found in ite plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts certain ripe fruits. beneath the fl ower-head in Asteraceae. Pectinate pinnatifi d with narrow segments resem- Phylloclade a fl attened, photosynthetic branch bling the teeth of a comb. or stem that resembles or performs the func- Pedicel the stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a spike- tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented let in Poaceae. adj. pedicellate. by scales. Pedicellate having pedicel. Phyllode a petiole that function as a leaf. adj. Peduncle a stalk supporting an infl orescence. phyllodineous. cf. cladode. adj. pedunculate. Phyllopodia refer to the reduced, scale-like Pellucid allowing the passage of light; transpar- leaves found on the outermost portion of the ent or translucent. corm where they seem to persist longer than Pellucid-dotted copiously dotted with typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. immersed, pellucid, resinous glands. Phytoremediation describes the treatment of Peltate with the petiole attached to the lower environmental problems (bioremediation) surface of the leaf blade. through the use of plants which mitigate the Pendant hanging down. environmental problem without the need to Pendulous drooping, as of ovules. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Penniveined or penni-nerved pinnately veined. of it elsewhere. Pentamerous in fi ve parts. Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. Perennial a plant that completes it life cycle or Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing lives for more than 2 years. cf. annual, biennial. hairs, as of an organ with the apex having Perfoliate a leaf with the basal lobes united long, hair-like extensions. around– and apparently pierced by – the stem. Pilose covered with fi ne soft hairs. Scientifi c Glossary 1067

Pinna a primary division of the blade of a com- Polygamous with unisexual and bisexual fl ow- pound leaf or frond. pl. pinnae. ers on the same or on different individuals of Pinnate bearing leafl ets on each side of a central the same species. axis of a compound leaf; divided into pinnae. Polymorphic with different morphological vari- Pinnatifi d, pinnatilobed a pinnate leaf parted ants. approximately halfway to midrib; when Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- divided to almost to the mid rib described as posed of distinct, separable petals. deeply pinnatifi d or pinnatisect. Pome a fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues Pinnatisect lobed or divided almost to the mid- are developed from the receptacle. rib. P o r e a tiny opening. Pinnule a leafl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten Pistil female part of the fl ower comprising the or broken off as of a leaf. ovary, style, and stigma. Procumbent trailing or spreading along the Pistillate having one or more pistils; having pis- ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring tils but no stamens. to stems. cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. Placenta the region within the ovary to which Prophyll a plant structure that resembles a leaf. ovules are attached. pl. placentae. Prostrate lying fl at on the ground. Placentation the arrangement of the placentae Protandous relating to a fl ower in which the and ovules in the ovary. anthers release their pollen before the stigma Plano- a prefi x meaning level or fl at. of the same fl ower becomes receptive. Pleonanthic refer to palms in which the stem Proximal end of any structure closest to the does not die after fl owering. point of attachment. cf. distal. Plicate folded like a fan. Pruinose having a thick, waxy, powdery coating Plumose feather-like, with fi ne hairs arising lat- or bloom. erally from a central axis; feathery. Pseudocarp a false fruit, largely made up of Pneumatophore modifi ed root which allows tissue that is not derived from the ovary but gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, from fl oral parts such as the receptacle and e.g. mangroves. calyx. Pod a dry one to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, Pteridophyte a vascular plant which reproduces as applied to the fruit of Fabaceae i.e. Caesal- by spores; the ferns and fern allies. piniaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. Puberulent covered with minute hairs or very Podzol, Podsolic soil any of a group of acidic, fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, Puberulous covered with a minute down. gray and ashy appearance. Also called spodo- Pubescent covered with short, soft hairs. sol. Pulvinate having a swelling, pulvinus at the Pollen cone male cone or microstrobilus or pol- base as a leaf stalk. len cone is structurally similar across all Pulvinus swelling at the base of leaf stalk. conifers, extending out from a central axis Pulviniform swelling or bulging. are microsporophylls (modifi ed leaves). Punctate marked with translucent dots or Under each microsporophyll is one or several glands. microsporangia (pollen sacs). Punctiform marked by or composed of points or Pollinia the paired, waxy pollen masses of fl ow- dots. ers of orchids and milkweeds. Punctulate marked with minute dots; a diminu- Polyandrous (Botany) having an indefi nite tive of punctate. number of stamens. Pusticulate characterized by small pustules. Polyembryonic seed seeds contain many Pyrene the stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of embryos, most of which are asexual (nucel- the hardened endocarp and seed. lar) in origin and genetically identical to the Pyriform pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; maternal parent. attached at the broader end. cf. obpyriform. 1068 Scientifi c Glossary

Pyxidium seed capsule having a circular lid Rhizome a prostrate or underground stem con- (operculum) which falls off to release the sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with seed. adventitious roots and which generally grows Raceme an indeterminate infl orescence with a horizontally. simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, Rhizophore a stilt-like outgrowth of the stem youngest at the top. adj. racemose. which branches into roots on contact with the Rachilla the main axis of a grass spikelet. substrate. Rachis the main axis of the spike or other infl o- Rhombic shaped like a rhombus. rescence of grasses or a compound leaf. Rhomboid shaped like a rhombus. Radiate arranged around a common centre; as Rib a distinct vein or linear marking, often raised of an infl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- as a linear ridge. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray-fl orets and Riparian along the river margins, interface central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, between land and a stream. disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. Rosette a tuft of leaves or other organs arranged Radical arising from the root or its crown, or spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form the part of a plant embryo that develops into from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. adj. a root. rosetted, rosulate. Ray the marginal portion of the infl orescence Rostrate beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- of Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct from der, usually obtuse point. the disc. Also, the spreading branches of a com- Rostrum a beak-like extension. pound umbel. Rosulate having a rosette. Receptacle the region at the end of a pedicel or Rotate wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. very short tube and a broad upper part which adj. receptacular. is fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf. salver- Recurved curved downwards or backwards. form . Refl exed bent or turned downward. Rotundate rounded; especially at the end or Reniform kidney shaped in outline. ends. Regosol soil that is young and undeveloped, Rugae refers to a series of ridges produced by characterized by medium to fi ne-textured folding of the wall of an organ. unconsolidated parent material that maybe Rugose deeply wrinkled. alluvial in origin and lacks a signifi cant hori- Rugulose fi nely wrinkled. zon layer formation. Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an Repand with slightly undulate margin. extended period. Replicate folded back, as in some corolla lobes. Ruminate endosperm uneven endosperm sur- Resinous producing sticky resin. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Resupinate twisted through 180°. or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. Reticulate having the appearance of a network. homogenous endosperm. Retrorse bent or directed downwards or back- Rz value is a numerical reference to the mesh/ wards. cf. antrorse. emulsion equalization on the screen. Retuse with a very blunt and slightly notched Saccate pouched. apex. cf. emarginated. Sagittate shaped like an arrow head. Revolute with the margins inrolled on the Saline soils soils that contain excessive levels of lower (abaxial) surface. salts that reduce plant growth and vigor by Rhizine a root-like fi lament or hair growing altering water uptake and causing ion-specifi c from the stems of mosses or on lichens. toxicities or imbalances. Rhizoid root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, Salinity is characterised by high electrical con- fungus, etc. that attach the plant to the sub- ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations stratum. compared to calcium and magnesium Scientifi c Glossary 1069

Salverform applies to a gamopetalous corolla and are composed of the radicle and lateral having a slender tube and an abruptly expanded seminal roots. limb. Senescence refers to the biological changes Samara an indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. which take place in plants as they age. Sand a naturally occurring granular material Sepal free segment of the calyx. adj. sepaline. composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral Septum a partition or cross wall. pl. septa. adj. particles range in diameter from 0.0625 m m to septate. 2 mm. adj. sandy Seriate arranged in rows. Saponins are plant glycosides with a distinctive Sericeous silky; covered with close-pressed, foaming characteristic. They are found in many fi ne, straight silky hairs. plants, but get their name from the soapwort Serrate toothed like a saw; with regular, asym- plant ( Saponaria) . metric teeth pointing forward. Saprophytic living on and deriving nourishment Serrated toothed margin. from dead organic matter. Serratures serrated margin. Sapwood outer woody layer of the tree just adja- Serrulate with minute teeth on the margin. cent to and below the bark. Sessile without a stalk. Sarcotesta outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad Seta a bristle or stiff hair. pl. setae. adj. setose, seeds below which is the sclerotesta. setaceous. Scabrid scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, Setaceous bristle-like. irre gular projections or delicate scales. Setate with bristles. Scabrous rough to the touch. Setiform bristle shaped. Scale dry bract or leaf. Setulose with minute bristles. Scandent refer to plants, climbing. Sheathing clasping or enveloping the stem. Scape erect fl owering stem, usually leafl ess, rising Shrub a woody plant usually less than 5 m high from the crown or roots of a plant. adj. sca- and many-branched without a distinct main pose. stem except at ground level. Scapigerous with a scape. Silicula a broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit Scarious dry, thin and membranous. derived from two or more carpels which usu- Schizocarp a dry fruit which splits into lon- ally dehisce along two sutures. cf. siliqua. gitudinally multiple parts called mericarps or Siliqua a silicula which is at least twice as long cocci. adj. schizocarpous. as broad. Sclerotesta the innermost fl eshy coating of cycad Silt is soil or rock derived granular material of seeds, usually located directly below the sar- a grain size between sand and clay, grain par- cotesta. ticles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diam- Scorpoid refers to a cymose infl orescence in eter. adj. silty. which the main axis appears to coil. Simple refer to a leaf or other structure that is Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped not divided into parts. cf. compound. like a shield. Sinuate with deep wavy margin. Secondary venation arrangement of the lat- Sinuous wavy. eral veins arising from the midrib in the leaf Sinus an opening or groove, as occurs between lamina. the bases of two petals. Secund with the fl owers all turned in the same Sodicity is characterised by low electrical con- direction. ductivities and high sodium ion concentrations Sedge a plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyper- compared to calcium and magnesium. aceae. Sodic soils contains high levels of sodium salts Segmented constricted into divisions. that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- Seminal root or seed root originate from the ment and causes poor germination and crop scutellar node located within the seed embryo establishment and plant toxicity. 1070 Scientifi c Glossary

Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of Sporophyte the spore-producing phase in the the soil. See pH. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of Solitary usually refer to fl owers which are generations. borne singly, and not grouped into an infl ores- Spreading bending or spreading outwards and cence or clustered. horizontally. Sorocarp fruiting body formed by some cellular Spur a tubular or saclike extension of the corolla slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. or calyx of a fl ower. Sorophore stalk bearing the sorocarp. Squama structure shaped like a fi sh scale. pl. Sorus a discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. squamae. pl. sori. Squamous covered in scales. Spadix fl eshy spike-like infl orescence with an Squarrose having rough or spreading scale-like unbranched, usually thickened axis and small processes. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Stamen the male part of a fl ower, consisting typ- spathe. pl. spadices. ically of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen-bearing Spathe a large bract ensheathing an infl ores- portion (anther). adj. staminal, staminate. cence or its peduncle. adj. spathaceous. Staminate unisexual fl ower bearing stamens but Spatheate like or with a spathe. no functional pistils. Spathulate spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Staminode a sterile or abortive stamen, often the tip and narrowed towards the base. reduced in size and lacking anther. adj. sta- Spiculate spikelet-bearing. minodial. Spicate borne in or forming a spike. Standard refers to the adaxial petal in the fl ower Spike a n unbranched, indeterminate infl orescence of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. with sessile fl owers or spiklets. adj. spicate, Starch a polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- spiciform. ing of a large number of glucose units joined Spikelet a small or secondary spike characteris- together by glycosidic bonds a -1-4 linkages. tics of the grasses and sedges and, generally Stellate star shaped, applies to hairs. composed of two glumes and one or more fl o- Stem the main axis of a plant, developed from rets. Also applied to the small spike-like infl o- the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- rescence or infl orescence units commonly ing leaves. found in Apiaceae. Sterile lacking any functional sexual parts which Spine a stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by are capable of fertilisation and seed produc- modifi cation of a plant organ. adj. spinose. tion. Spinescent ending in a spine; modifi ed to form Stigma the sticky receptive tip of an ovary with a spine or without a style which is receptive to pol- Spinulate covered with small spines. len. Spinulose with small spines over the surface. Stilt root a supporting root arising from the stem Spodosol see podsol. some distance above the ground as in some Sporangium a spore bearing structure found in mangroves, sometimes also known as a prop ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl. spo- root. rangia. adj. sporangial. Stipe a stalk that support some other structure Sporocarp a stalked specialized fruiting structure like the frond, ovary or fruit. formed from modifi ed sporophylls, containing Stipel secondary stipule at the base of a leafl et. sporangia or spores as found in ferns and fern pl. stipellae. adj. stipellate. allies. Stipitate having a stalk or stipe, usually of an Sporophore a spore-bearing structure, espe- ovary or fruit. cially in fungi. Stipulated having stipules. Sporophyll a leaf or bract which bears or sub- Stipule small leaf-like, scale-like or bristle-like tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and appendages at the base of the leaf or on the gymnosperms. petiole. adj. stipulate. Scientifi c Glossary 1071

Stolon a horizontal, creeping stem rooting at the Sympetalous having petals united. nodes and giving rise to another plant at its tip. Sympodial refers to a specialized lateral growth Stoloniferous bearing stolon or stolons. pattern in which the apical meristem. cf. Stoma a pore in the epidermis of the leaf or stem monopodial. for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. Synangium an organ composed of united spo- Stone the hard endocarp of a drupe, containing rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- the seed or seeds. taining spores. pl. synangia. Stramineous chaffy; straw-liked. Syncarp an aggregate or multiple fruit formed Striae parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj. from two or more united carpels with a single striate. style. adj. syncarpous. Striate marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel Syncarpous carpels fused forming a compound lines or ridges. pistil. Strigose bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed Syconium a type of pseudocarp formed from a hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached Strobilus a cone-like structure formed from to the inner wall. After fertilization the ova- sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl. strobili ries of the female fl owers develop into one- Style the part of the pistil between the stigma seeded achenes, e.g. fi g. and ovary. Tannins group of plant-derived phenolic com- Sub- a prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in sub- pounds. globose or subequal. Taxon the taxonomic group of plants of any Subcarnose nearly fl eshy. rank. e.g. a family, genus, species or any Sub-family taxonomic rank between the family infraspecifi c category. pl. taxa. and tribe. Tendril a slender, threadlike organ formed Subglobose nearly spherical in shape. from a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, Subretuse faintly notched at the apex. by coiling around objects, supports a climbing Subsessile nearly stalkless or sessile. plant. Subshrub intermediate between a herb and Tepal a segment of the perianth in a fl ower in shrub. which all the perianth segments are similar Subspecies a taxonomic rank subordinate to in appearance, and are not differentiated into species. calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Substrate surface on which a plant or organism Tetrasporangium a sporangium containing grows or attached to. four haploid spores as found in some algae. Subtend attached below something. Terete having a circular shape when cross-sec- Subulate narrow and tapering gradually to a fi ne tioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at each point, awl-shaped. end. Succulent fl eshy, juicy, soft in texture and usu- Terminal at the apex or distal end. ally thickened. Ternate in threes as of leaf with three leafl ets. Sulcate grooved longitudinally with deep fur- Testa a seed coat, outer integument of a seed. rows. Thallus plant body of algae, fungi, and other Sulcus a groove or depression running along lower organisms. the internodes of culms or branches. Thyrse a dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as of Superior refers to the ovary is free and mostly the lilac, in which the lateral branches termi- above the level of insertion of the sepals, and nate in cymes. petals. cf. inferior. Tomentose refers to plant hairs that are bent Suture line of dehiscence. and matted forming a wooly coating. Swidden slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. Tomentellose mildly tomentose. Symbiosis describes close and often long-term Torus receptacle of a fl ower. mutualistic and benefi cial interactions between Transpiration evaporation of water from the different organisms. plant through leaf and stem pores. 1072 Scientifi c Glossary

Tree that has many secondary branches sup- Turion the tender young, scaly shoot such as ported clear of the ground on a single main asparagus, developed from an underground stem or trunk. bud without branches or leaves. Triangular shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and Turnery articles made by the process of turning. 3-sided. Twining winding spirally. Tribe a category intermediate in rank between Ultisols mineral soils with no calcareous mate- subfamily and genus. rial, have less than 10% weatherable miner- Trichome a hair-like outgrowth of the epider- als in the extreme top layer of soil, and with mis. less the 35% base saturation throughout the Trichotomous divided almost equally into three soil. parts or elements. Umbel an infl orescence of pedicellate fl owers of Tridentate three toothed or three pronged. almost equal length arising from one point on Trifi d divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. top of the peduncle. adj. umbellate. Trifoliate having three leaves. Umbellet a secondary umbel of a compound Trifoliolate a leaf having three leafl ets. umbel. cf. umbellule. Trifurcate having three forks or branches. Umbellule an, a secondary umbel of a com- Trigonous obtusely three-angled; triangular in pound umbel. cf. umbellet. cross-section with plane faces. Uncinate bent at the end like a hook; unciform. Tripartite consisting of three parts. Undershrub subshrub; a small, usually sparsely Tripinnate relating to leaves, pinnately divided bran ched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf . three times with pinnate pinnules. shrub. Tripliveined main laterals arising above base Undulate with an edge/margin or edges wavy of lamina. in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to Triploid describing a nucleus or cell that has strongly undulate or crisped. cf. crisped. three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of Unifoliolate a compound leaf which has been chromosomes. reduced to a single, usually terminal leafl et. Triveined main laterals arising at the base of Uniform with one form, e.g. having stamens of a lamina. similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf. Triquetrous Three-edged; acutely 3-angled. dimorphic. Trullate with the widest axis below the middle Uniseriate arranged in one row or at one level. and with straight margins; ovate but margins Unisexual with one sex only, either bearing the straight and angled below middle, trowel- anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, shaped. referring to a fl ower, infl orescence or individual Truncate with an abruptly transverse end as if cut plant. cf. bisexual. off. Urceolate shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. Tuber a stem, usually underground, enlarged Utricle a small bladdery pericarp. as a storage organ and with minute scale-like Valvate meeting without overlapping, as of leaves and buds. adj. tuberous. sepals or petals in bud. cf. imbricate. Tubercle a wart-like protuberance. adj. tubercu- Valve one of the sections or portions into which late. a capsule separates when ripe. Tuberculate bearing tubercles; covered with Variant any defi nable individual or group of indi- warty lumps. viduals which may or may not be regarded as Tuberization formation of tubers in the soil. representing a formal taxon after examination. Tuft a densely packed cluster arising from an Variegate, variegated diverse in colour or axis. adj. tufted. marked with irregular patches of different Turbinate having the shape of a top; cone-shaped, colours, blotched. with the apex downward, inversely conic. Variety a taxonomic rank below that of subspe- Turgid distended by water or other liquid. cies. Scientifi c Glossary 1073

Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tissue. Vibratile capable of to and for motion. Velum a fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium Villose covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner in the fern, Isoetes. than in pilose. Velutinous having the surface covered with a Villous covered with soft, shaggy unmatted fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne hairs. hairs; velvety. cf. sericeous Vine a climbing or trailing plant. Venation distribution or arrangement of veins in Violaxanthin is a natural xanthophyll pigment a leaf. with an orange color found in a variety of plants Veneer thin sheet of wood. like pansies. Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, opposed Viscid sticky, being of a consistency that resists to dorsal. fl ow. Vernation the arrangement of young leaves or Viviparous describes seeds or fruit which sprout fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf. circinnate before they fall from the parent plant. Verrucose warty Whorl a ring-like arrangement of leaves, sepals, Verticil a circular arrangement, as of fl owers, stamens or other organs around an axis. leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; Winged having a fl at, often membranous expan- a whorl. sion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or one of Verticillaster false whorl composed of a pair of the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of Poly- Verticillate whorled, arranged in one or more galaceae. cf. keel, standard. whorls. Xanthophylls are yellow, carotenoid pig- Vertisol a soil with a high content of expansive ments found in plants. They are oxidized montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks derivatives of carotenes. in drier seasons or years. Xeromorphic plant with special modifi ed struc- Vertosols soils that both contain more than 35% ture to help the plant to adapt to dry condi- clay and possess deep cracks wider than 5 mm tions. during most years. Xerophyte a plant which naturally grows in dry Vesicle a small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled with regions and is often structurally modifi ed to air or fl uid. adj. vesicular. withstand dry conditions. Vestigial the remaining trace or remnant of an Zygomorphic having only one plane of symme- organ which seemingly lost all or most of its try, usually the vertical plane, referring to a original function in a species through evolution. fl ower, calyx or corolla. cf. actinomorphic. Vestiture covering; the type of hairiness, scali- Zygote the fi st cell formed by the union of ness or other covering commonly found on the two gametes in sexual reproduction. adj. external parts of plants. cf. indumentums . zygotic. Common Name Index

A Asiatic cobra , 793 A549 (non-small lung cancer) , 69, 90, 131, 150, 228, Asparagus bean , 867, 971, 973, 974, 985, 986 245, 374, 405, 435, 459, 687, 688 Asparagus pea , 867 A375 (melanoma) cell lines , 90 Australian chestnut , 593 Acerola , 59, 509 Australian sweet lupin , 770, 771, 773, 775 Achacha , 2, 59, 60 Autumn pumpkin , 281 Acorn , 281, 283, 292, 1056 Autumn squash , 256 Acorn squash , 281, 285, 286 Avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase , 12 Adanka bean , 937 Avocado , 427, 1036, 1040 Adenovirus , 692 Axle grease plant , 425 Adzuki bean , 937–944, 956, 964 Azaleas , 3 African cucumber , 235, 331 Azuki beans , 937, 938, 940–943, 978 African groundnut , 960 Azuki bean sprouts , 938 African horned cucumber , 2, 235 African horned melon , 235 African mangosteen , 66 B Agglutinin , 496, 749, 990 Bacang , 122 Alexandrian laurel , 7 Bachapin bean , 976 Alfalfa , 4 Baffi n pea , 960 Alfalfa sprout , 957 Bai Lan Gua , 210, 211 Alligator pear , 331 Bailan honeydew , 213 Allspice , 884 Bailan melon , 214 Almond , 2, 64, 143–147, 163, 361, 473, 474, 521, 525, Baked beans , 818, 832, 965 595, 642 Ball nut, tree , 7 A549 lung cancer cell lines , 90, 131, 405, 459, 687, 688 Balsam-apple , 331 American blueberry , 452 Balsam pear , 331, 332, 340, 341 American cantaloupe , 222 Balucanat , 465 American cockroach , 247 Bambara bean , 960 American melon , 210 Bambara groundnut , 553, 960–965 Anasazi beans , 839, 841 Bamboo , 192, 472, 497, 545, 639, 1056, 1059, Angel’s hair , 250, 251 1062, 1065 Angled loofah , 314 Banana Angled luffa , 314, 316, 317 fruit preserves , 883 Angola pea , 549 leaf , 334, 756 Apple , 42, 429, 433, 580, 992 squash , 256 AR+ and AR-PCa (prostate cancer) cells , 684 stock pea , 779 Arenaviruses , 692 Baniti , 35 Arhat fruit , 2, 392 Barbados almond , 143 Asam aur-aur , 112, 114, 119 Barbados pride , 506 Asam gelugor , 21, 24, 883 Bastard almond , 143 Ash gourd , 167, 170 Bath sponge , 320, 328 Asian pumpkin , 250 B16-BL6 melanoma cells , 688, 941

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits, 1074 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Common Name Index 1075

Beach almond , 143 Benign prostate diseases , 840 Beach callophyllum , 7 Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) , 275, 289–290, Bead tree , 506 683, 685 Bean(s) Benign prostatic hyperplasia inhibition , 289–290 anasazi , 839, 841 BG-1 ovarian cancer cells , 661 azuki , 937, 938, 940–943, 978 Bhalungkak , 208, 222 baked , 818, 832, 965 BHK-21 leukemic cell lines , 340 black Spanish , 818 Bifi dogenic effect , 827, 840, 863 black turtle , 818, 822, 842 Big leaf Garcinia , 71 borlotti , 818, 820, 822 Bilberry , 3, 455, 456 broad , 746, 826, 925–934, 981 Billy goat plum , 158 bush , 815, 819, 843 Birdhouse gourd , 298 butter , 730, 804, 965 Bird’s-Foot , 906 canary , 818 Birth defects , 759 cranberry , 818, 822 Bitter cultivated , 826, 841 bean , 798 dark , 835 cucumber , 331, 369 green French , 818, 827 gourd , 2, 331–333, 335, 339, 341, 343, 346–351, 353, large podded , 821 356, 358, 360, 369, 381 large red kidney , 823 kola , 45 long , 938, 971, 972, 975 melon , 2, 3, 331–344, 346, 351–356, 358–361, mucuna , 780, 782, 784, 790, 792 382, 643 pacae , 720 Momordica , 331 painted , 818 white lupin , 763 peruano , 818 wild cucumber , 235 pink , 818 Black apple , 425 pink kidney , 828 Blackbead , 544 pink-podded , 820 Black bean , 555, 556, 593, 609, 640, 643, 686, pole , 819, 820, 839, 843 747–748, 818, 825, 827–832, 834, 835, purple-podded , 821 841, 948, 956 Roman , 818 Black cowpea seeds , 979 Romano , 818 Black eyed small red , 822, 828, 830 bean , 551, 746, 826, 976, 978, 981 snap , 815, 818, 820, 823 cowpea , 976, 979 snap (French) , 821 Dolichos , 976 sprouts , 634, 636, 930, 938, 947, 948, 952, 954 peas , 830 string , 334, 815, 818, 821, 835, 971 Black gram , 608, 791, 946–950, 957 stringless or French , 818, 821, 827 Black Jamapa bean , 831, 836 string or runner , 334 Black lentil , 747, 946, 950 tampico , 818 Black matpe , 946 venezuelan , 818 Black mung bean , 946 weevil , 511 Black persimmon , 425 white cannellini , 823 Black sapote , 425–427 white kidney , 833, 834 Black-seeded gourd , 250 white small navy , 822 Black Spanish beans , 818 yellow , 670, 818, 825 Black turtle beans , 818, 822, 842 yellow French , 818, 827 Bladder stone alleviation , 276 yellow podded , 821 Blewah , 208, 222 yellow snap , 823 Blueberries , 3, 452–462, 835 Bearberry , 3 Blue lupin , 770, 771, 773–775, 777 Beauty leaf , 7 Blue lupine , 770 Beetle larvae , 140 Blue pumpkin , 270 Belgaum walnut , 465 Bodi bean , 971 Bell bean , 925 Bolivian mangosteen , 2, 59 Bengal Boll weevil , 511 almond , 143 Bombay cowpea , 967 bean , 779 Bonavist bean , 730 gram , 601, 602, 608, 610 Borlotti beans , 815, 818, 820, 822 gram dal , 609 Borneo mahogany , 7 velvet-bean , 779 Boteng Karai , 204, 206 1076 Common Name Index

Bottle gourd , 2, 182, 193, 298, 301–306, 309, 310 Cantaloupe , 2, 201, 202, 212, 215–217, 219, 222–227, Bovine diarrhea virus , 596 231, 1036 Bovine viral diarrhoea virus , 597 Caoutchouc tree , 476 Brazilian rubber tree , 476 Cardamom , 260 Breast cancer (BC-1) , 90 Carilla Gourd , 331 Breast cancer (MDA-MB-435S) , 131 Carob , 4 Breast cancer (MCF 7) cell lines , 89, 91, 171, 306, Carrot , 371, 392, 818 342, 405, 406, 558, 660, 661, 691, 734, Casaba , 210, 212–215, 217, 227 750, 810, 835, 839, 840, 919, 949, 957, Cassava , 551, 780, 978 975, 983 Castor bean Breast cancer (T47D) cell lines , 734 origin , 489 Brindali berry , 45 producing countries , 499 Brindall berry , 45 roots , 493 Brindle berry , 45 seed extract , 495 Broad beans , 746, 826, 925–934, 981 seeds , 497 Broadleaf lupin , 763 tree , 486 Broccoli , 521, 835, 1000, 1036 Castor oil Brunei cherry , 112, 114 classifi cation , 498 BT-474 breast cancer cells , 662 plant , 486 Buddha fruit , 2, 392 sulphuric acid treatment , 499 Buffalo bean , 779 Castor plant , 492, 497, 498 Bunga kantan , 883 Catjang Buriti , 137 bean , 967, 968, 970 Burma bean , 804 cowpea , 967 Burmese mung bean , 951 pea , 967 Bush beans , 815, 819, 843 Catjung Butter bean , 967 beans , 730, 804, 965 pea , 967 fruit , 421 Cattle tick , 899 squash , 272 CEM-SS (T-lymphoblastic leukemia) cell line , 89, 113, Buttercup squash , 256 117, 890 Butternut , 260, 273 Cerapu , 122 Butternut squash , 2, 266, 270 Cerasee , 331, 332 Button Cervical cancer (SiHa) cells , 839 mangosteen , 120 Cestoda tapeworms , 277 squash , 285, 2821 Chaco , 384 Chagas disease , 64, 69, 140 Chalta tree , 410 C Charentais melon , 201–202, 223 Caco-2 cells (human colorectal carcinoma cells) , 343, Chayote 344, 372, 405, 461, 609, 656, 679, 689, 748, agroecology , 385 835, 1000 fruit , 386 Cajá , 509 macerated extract , 389 Calabash gourd , 298 squash , 384 Cali bean , 627 Cheese pumpkin , 266 California Okra , 314 Chekiang melon , 204 Calinut , 627 Cherapu , 120 Camelina , 469 Cherry mangosteen , 62, 115 Camogan ebony , 421 Chickpea Canary agroecology , 602 beans , 818 antinutritional factors , 562 melon , 210, 212, 213 bean , 601 Cancer bush , 964 bioactive micronutrients , 746, 981 Candleberry , 465 fl our , 603 Candle nut , 4, 465–468, 470, 545 insoluble indigestible fraction , 747 oil tree , 465 protein content , 605 Cane apples , 444 shampoo , 611 Cannabis , 310 Chilacayote , 250 Cantalope , 201 Chili pepper , 467, 643, 926 Cantaloup , 201, 219, 223 Chilli bean , 818 Common Name Index 1077

Chillies , 123, 192, 242, 334, 381, 467, 545, 602, Coffee , 182, 429, 510, 515, 564, 570, 603, 628, 637, 614, 625, 640, 756, 780, 799, 818, 638, 718, 722, 724, 739, 756, 760, 764, 781, 882–884, 926, 972 802, 852, 884, 908, 938, 978 China bean , 976 Coffee bush , 754 Chinese COLO 205 human colorectal adenocarcinoma , 91 bitter cucumber , 369 Colon 26-20 adenocarcinoma , 373, 374 cucumber , 240, 369, 401 Colon adenocarcinoma cancer (HT29) , 89, 406, 839, 930 fi g , 428 Colon cancer Caco-2 cells , 343 hami melon , 231 Colon (HCT-116) colorectal carcinoma , 32, 68, 131, long bean , 971 139, 171 marrow , 204 Colorectal cancer , 530, 533, 686, 687 melon , 204 Common bean , 736, 750, 809, 815, 818, 828–831, 837, mung bean , 951 840, 842, 843, 933, 976, 977 okra , 314 Common cowpea , 968, 976, 980, 985 pea , 849 Common fenugreek , 906 pea pod , 849 Common haricot , 815 persimmon , 428 Common luffa , 320–322 plum , 428 Common rue , 957 preserving melon , 167 Common watermelon , 179 red bean , 937 Condori wood , 506 snow pea , 849 Congo goober , 960 water melon , 167 Congo groundnut , 960 white cucumber , 204 Congo-pea , 549 winter melon , 231 Coral bean tree , 506 Chiverre , 250, 251 Coralwood , 506 Cho-cho , 384, 389 Coriander , 641, 883, 884 Chocolate COR-L23 human large cell lung carcinoma , 558 persimmon , 425, 441 Corn , 246, 247, 254, 292, 667, 750, 818, 883, 978, 1005 pudding fruit , 425 Costa Rica Garcinia , 76 pudding tree , 425 Cotton seed , 146 Choko , 384–387, 390 Country almond , 143 Choriocarcinoma cells , 340, 341 Courgette , 167, 281–283 Christmas , 210 Cowage , 779 Christmas melons , 214 Cowage velvet-bean , 779 Chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line (K562) , 13 Cowa mangosteen , 29, 31 Chulta , 410 Cowgram , 976 C32 human amelanotic melanoma , 558 Cowhage , 779, 793 Cibleme (Cajun French) , 281, 282 Cowitch , 779 Cilantro , 883 Cowpea Cinnamon , 135, 426, 441, 884, 885 cultivated , 977 Circassian bean , 506 long podded , 971 Circassian seed , 506 pest , 739 Citrus , 160, 184, 187, 228, 887, 899, 920, seeds , 981 1012, 1064 weevil , 511, 812 Civet bean , 804 Crab’s eyes , 506 Classical Fenugreek , 906 Cranberry Climbing bean , 815 bean pods , 819 Cloves (Borlotti) bean pods , 820 bud , 15 beans , 818, 822 leaf , 15 Crenshaw , 210, 211 Club gourd , 299, 401 Crenshaw melons , 211, 213, 214 Coastal almond , 143 Crookneck , 281, 292 Cochinchin gourd , 369 Crookneck squashes , 266, 281 Cocoa , 323, 510, 718 Crowder bean , 976 Coconut , 82, 140, 267, 302, 315, 322, 334, 335, 470, Crowder pea , 976 545, 585, 602, 638, 641, 642, 727, 728, 739, Cucumbers , 2, 164, 166, 168, 183, 184, 204, 205, 220, 756, 810, 883, 884, 954 235–237, 240–247, 251, 254, 277, 310, 321, Cocoyam , 780 331, 369, 401, 868, 883, 1036 Cocozelle , 281 Cultivated African cowpea , 976 Cocozzelle , 292 Cultivated azuki , 937 1078 Common Name Index

Cultivated beans , 826, 841 Elephant apple , 410–412 Cultivated fenugreek , 906 Elephant creeper , 627 Cultivated lentil , 742, 743 English bean , 925 Cultivated mung bean , 951 Epidermoid carcinoma of the mouth (KB) , 90 Cultivated trigonella , 906 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) , 12, 32, 344, 346, 395, 396 Cultivated watermelon , 176, 189 Eri silkworm , 498 Cumber , 242 ER-negative breast cancer cell line SKBR3 , 734 Cumin , 247, 883, 884, 898, 926 European blue lupine , 770 Custard European cantaloupe , 201 marrow , 281, 384 European white lupin , 763 squash , 281 Cut-worms , 140 Cyclops acacia , 503 F Cylindric-seeded cowpea , 967 Faba bean , 925, 926, 929–934 Cylindric-shape-seeded cowpea , 967 Faba bean sprouts , 930 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) , 596, 597, 1017 False acacia , 617 False cantaloupe , 222 False kamani , 143 D False Koa , 754 Dark beans , 835 False mangosteen , 128 Dark red kidney bean , 828, 838 False sandalwood , 506 Date Plum , 428 False wiliwili , 506 Demarara almond , 143 Fava bean , 925, 927, 931, 932 Dengen , 419, 420 Fenugreek , 906–921 Dengue DEN type 1 virus , 596 Festival Gourd , 164 Devil’s claw , 964 Field bean , 730, 815, 925 Dish cloth gourd , 320 Field pea , 849, 976 Dishrag gourd , 320 Fig leaf gourd , 250, 251, 254 Djenkol bean , 547 Fiji almond , 143 Djenkol tree , 544, 547 Fish fi n melon , 295 Dog fruit , 544 Flageolet bean , 815 Dolichos , 730 Flamboyant , 617, 618 Dolichos bean , 737 Flame-of-the-Forest , 617 Dolphin gourd , 298 Flametree , 617 Dry bean , 650, 774, 815, 817, 827–830, 834, 835, 842, Fleas , 140 931, 933, 944 Florida velvet bean (USA) , 779 Dry pea , 849, 857, 864 Fodder melon , 188, 189 Duffi n bean , 804 Food Inga , 715 DU 145 human prostatic cancer , 26, 69, 656, 835, 911 Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) , 378 Durian daun , 122 Forest mangosteen , 106 Durian nyekak , 122 Formosan termite , 470 Dwarf bean , 815 Four-angled bean , 867 Dwarf palm , 289 Fragrant melon , 210 Frash bean , 815 French bean , 815, 818, 821, 824, 827, 838–840 E French haricots verts , 844 Earth bean , 960 Frijol , 816, 817, 952, 977 Earth nut , 513, 960 Frog Gourd , 381 Earth pea , 960 Fuzzy gourd , 164–166 Edame , 634 Fuzzy melon , 164 Edible-podded pea , 849, 851, 853 Edible pod pea , 849 Edible summer squash , 281 G Eggplant , 334, 1036 Gac , 3, 369–374, 377, 381 Egg tree , 35 Galangal , 641, 883 Egyptian bean , 730 Gamboges , 33, 132 Egyptian kidney bean , 730 Gamboge tree , 45, 125, 128 Egyptian lupin , 763 Gambooge , 45 Egyptian pea , 601 Garbanzo Bean , 601, 603 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma , 325, 587, 789 Garbee bean , 627 Common Name Index 1079

Garcinia Kola , 45 silk, 314 Garden bean , 815 small , 191 Garden pea , 849, 851, 857, 864 snake , 2, 401–404, 406–408 Garlic , 283, 335, 515, 639–641, 643, 799, 818, spiny bitter , 369 882–884, 926, 954, 1043 sponge , 320, 322, 328 Garter bean , 971 sweet , 369 Gelugur fruit , 25 tallow , 167 Gem squash , 281, 283 teasel , 381 Gherkin , 236, 240, 241, 244 towel , 320 Giant pumpkin , 256 trumpet , 298, 299 Giant spine gourd , 369, 370 Viper’s , 401 Gila bean , 627–632 wax , 2, 164–176 Ginger , 135, 334, 545, 640, 643, 883, 884, 954, white fl owered , 298 1015, 1036 wild bitter , 381 Goa bean , 867 winter , 167, 256 Golden cushaw , 266 Gourka , 35 Golden gram , 951 Gram pea , 601 Golden-seeded mung bean , 951 Granny squash , 281 Golden shower , 577, 580, 581 Grape , 433, 455, 518, 522, 1039 Golden shower tree , 577, 579 Grape seed , 87 Gold mohur , 617 Greater red bean , 937 Gold string melon , 295 Greek Goober pea , 513 clover , 906 Gourd hay , 906 ash , 167, 170 hayseed , 906 birdhouse , 298 Green bitter , 2, 331–333, 335, 339, 341, 343, 346–351, 353, asparagus bean , 971 356, 358, 360, 369, 381 bean , 635, 744, 812, 815, 817, 818, 843, 844, 934, black-seeded , 250 957, 1027 bottle , 2, 182, 193, 298, 301–306, 309, 310 French beans , 818, 827 calabash , 298 gram , 608, 873, 947, 951, 955, 957 Carilla , 331 gram sprouts , 955 club , 299, 401 lentil , 743, 744, 750 cochinchin , 369 pea , 771, 849, 852, 853, 855, 857 dish cloth , 320 pepper , 883, 884 Dishrag , 320 pepper or blueberries , 835 dolphin , 298 plum , 158 festival , 164 podded cow pea , 971 fi g leaf , 250, 251, 254 soybean , 634, 646 frog , 381 Ground bean , 960, 974 fuzzy , 164–166 Groundnut , 147, 491, 513, 520, 521, 531, 534, 553, 564, giant spine , 369, 370 872, 960–965 hairy , 164 Guama , 715, 716, 720 hard-shelled , 298 Guava , 135, 184, 185, 427, 715, 883 hedged , 235 Gubinge , 158 ivy , 2, 191–194, 196, 198, 199 Gudda bean , 401 joined , 167 Guffi n bean , 804 jointed , 164 Gul mohr , 617 leaf , 2, 250, 251, 254 Gungo pea , 549, 550 leprosy , 331 Gupenja , 66 Malabar , 250 melon , 167 musky , 266 H Rag , 320 Haba , 569, 804, 805, 925, 926 Ribbed , 314 Habichuela , 805, 815–817, 926 Ridged , 314 HaCaT human premalignant keratinocytes , 836 Scarlet , 191 Hairy cucumber , 164 Scarlet-fruited , 191 Hairy gourd , 164 Scrubber , 320 Hairy melon , 164, 166 Serpent , 401 Hami melon , 231–233 1080 Common Name Index

Hard-shelled gourd , 298 Honeydew , 210–212, 214–216, 220, 226 Haricot Honeydew melon , 2, 211–216 bean , 804, 815, 842 Honey pea , 849 carapatte , 815 Horned cucumber , 2, 235 commun , 815, 816 Horned melon , 235 francais , 815 Horny cucumber , 235 or pea bean , 818 Horse bean , 925 Haricots de Bourbon , 815 Horse tamarind , 754 Haricots Pales , 815 Hot peppers , 515 Haricots panaches , 815 House dust mites , 441 Haricots tachetes , 815 Hs578T breast cancer , 835 Haricots Varies , 815 HSV-1. See Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Haricots violets , 815 HSV-2. See Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) HA22T hepatoma , 690 HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell , 32, 68, 89, 131, Hatsland Rheedia , 59 139, 275, 341, 344, 406, 435, 436, 630, 685, Hatstand Tree , 59 686, 859, 911, 930, 1018 Hazelnut , 473, 474, 525, 818 Huangjingua , 207, 219, 220 Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line Hubbard squash , 256 HN4 , 734 Huckleberry , 3 Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) Huh7 (hepatocarcinoma cell line) , 690 cells , 734 Human amelanotic melanoma , 558 Heather , 3 Human anaplastic large-cell lymphoma , 342 Hedge acacia , 754 Human bladder cancer cell lines (HT-1376, UM-UC-3, Hedged gourd , 235 RT-4, J82, and TCCSUP) , 688 HeLa human cervical cancer , 26, 89, 90, 324, 325, 390, Human breast cancer cells 407, 524, 831, 836 MCF-7 , 26, 88, 89, 91, 306, 558, 657, 660, 810, 835 Hematophagous fl y , 498 MCF-7/BOS , 810 Hepatitis B virus , 346 MDA-MB-231 , 113, 342, 374, 448, 660, 662 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) , 460, 596, 597 SKBR-3 , 406 Hepatocarcinoma G2.2.15 cells , 342 T47D , 406 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) , 90, 460, 748, 749, Human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A neo T) , 289 1016, 1046 Human cervical cancer HeLa cancer cell lines , 89, 680 Hepatocellular carcinoma BEL7402 cells , 228 Human cervical carcinoma KB cells , 14, 32, 459 Hepatoma (Hep G2) , 690, 691, 750, 839, 949, 974 Human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) , 374 Hep3B , 690 Human choriocarcinoma cells , 325 Hep-2 cells , 171 Human colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells , 435 HepG2 human liver cancer , 32, 171, 289, 353, 355, 357, Human colon cancer cells (HT-29 cells) , 89, 131, 139, 374, 435, 690, 691, 758, 835, 839, 840, 890, 630, 911, 930 916, 974 Human colon cancer cells (LOVO) , 91 Herpes , 14, 564, 1017 Human colon cancer cells (RCM-1 cells) , 207 Herpes simplex , 492 Human colon cancer cells lines HCT116 , 131 Herpes simplex virus , 344, 345, 596, 597, 692, 994 Human colon cancer DLD-1 cells , 88 Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) , 344, 345, 559, Human colon cancer RKO cells , 834 560, 597, 692, 1017 Human colon carcinoma cell line CACO-2 , 748 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) , 345, 559, 560, Human colon SW480 cells , 68, 131, 139, 171 1017 Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line , 91 Hibbert bean , 804 Human colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells , 342, 343 Hickory , 551 Human ductal breast epithelial tumour cell line Highbush (T47D) , 139, 405, 406, 734 berry , 452, 453 Human embryonic kidney (HEK293) , 374 blueberries , 452, 453, 455–459, 462 Human epidermoid cancer cells A431 , 494 H4IIEC3 , 343 Human epithelial carcinoma cell line HeLa , 289 Himalayan Garcinia , 128 Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells , 90 Himbe , 70 Human gastric cancer cell line (SGC-7901) , 13 Hindu cowpea , 967 Human hepatoma cells , 355, 839 HIV. See Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) Human hepatoma Huh 7 cells , 151, 690 HL60 human leukemia. See Human leukemia HL60 cells Human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) , 343, 1022 Hodgkin’s disease , 340, 341, 1017 Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) , Hog-peanut , 960 326, 344, 435, 596, 597, 692, Hondapara tree , 410 989, 1018 Common Name Index 1081

Human immunodefi ciency virus type-1 (HIV-1) , 12, 38, J 93, 326, 344, 345, 353, 469, 597, 692 Jack O’lantern pumpkin , 281 Human large cell lung carcinoma , 558 Jamaican horse bean , 569 Human leukemia cell line HL60 , 13, 26, 89, 90, 630 Jambu mawar , 122 Human leukemia HL60 cells , 13, 89, 90, 341, 436, 459, Jambu susu , 122 529, 656 Japanese Human leukemic cell lines U937 , 413, 529 cantaloupe , 219 Human leukemic HL-60 cells , 529 jackbean , 569, 574 Human LNCAP prostate cancer , 734 persimmon , 424, 428, 430, 433, 440 Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells , 245 pumpkin , 266 Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line SPC-A-1 , 688 squash , 256 Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549/ JAR (human placental choriocarcinoma) , 341 ATCC , 228 Java almond , 143 Human lung (H-460) cancer cells , 26 Java bean , 804 Human lymphoid leukemia , 435 Jelly melon , 235 Human malignant glioblastomas (MGs) U87 MG and Jentik-jentik , 122 GBM 8401 , 89 Jering , 541, 544–548 Human melanoma cell line (MM96L) , 374 Jerusalem pea , 951 Human melanoma M(21) cells , 325 Jiggers , 140 Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells Jinicuil , 723 (HSC-2) , 435 Joined gourd , 167 Human prostate (DU-145) , 26 Jointed gourd , 164 Human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells , 38, 89, 139, 684, Jugo bean , 960, 961 685, 911 Julu tree , 617 Human prostate carcinoma cell line PC-3 , 89 Jumbi bead , 506 Human prostate cell line LNCaP , 683 Jumbie bean , 754 Human renal cancer , 374 Jumble bead , 506 Human small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187) , 374 Jumpy bean , 754 Human stomach cancer KATO III cells , 941 Jungle mangosteen , 106 Human submandibular gland tumour (HSG) , 435 Jurkat leukemia , 342 Hyacinth bean , 730–737, 739

K I K562 , 13, 90, 413 Ice cream bean , 715, 720, 723 Kaffi r lime , 883 Imbe , 66–69 Kaffi r pea , 960 IM9 leukemic cell lines , 340 Kafi r bean , 976 Immunodefi ciency virus , 12, 326, 344, 435, 469, 531, Kakadu plum , 158–160 596, 597, 692, 735, 750, 859, 975, 983, 989, Kakee plum , 428 1017, 1018 Kaki , 192, 425, 428, 429, 436, 437 Indian Kaki persimmon , 428, 429 almond , 2, 143, 146 Kandis , 29, 41, 43, 109, 112, 115, 129 bean , 730, 735, 738 Kapok , 146 butter bean , 730 Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) , 343 catmon , 410 Katapang , 143, 144 cowpea , 967 Katmon , 416 date , 879 Katsura-uri Japanese pickling melon , 205, 207 laburnum , 577, 580 KB human cervical carcinoma cell line , 14, 32, 459 laurel , 7 Kbivin human vicristine resistant nasopharyngeal cancer mung bean , 951 cell lines , 69 tamarind , 879 Keg fi g , 428 walnut , 465 Kelp , 957, 1021 India oil nut , 7 Keranji , 624–626 Indigowood , 840 Kerdas , 541–543 Infl uenza virus , 93, 596, 1029 Keredas , 541, 542 Inga bean , 715, 720 Kidney bean , 730, 736, 815, 818, 823, 825, 827, 828, Ingham, J.L. , 559 830, 833–836, 838, 840–843, 861, 862, 932, Intermediate Garcinia , 62 940, 971 Ipil-ipil , 754, 755 Killarney strawberry tree , 444 Irish strawberry tree , 444 Kilytree , 879 Ivy gourd , 2, 191–194, 196, 198, 199 King’s-fruit , 80 1082 Common Name Index

Kiwano , 235–237 Low Garcinia , 59 Kokum butter oil tree , 45 Lowveld mangosteen , 66 Kowai fruit , 191 Luffa , 2, 314–318, 320–329 Krai kapasan , 208 Luk-nieng , 544, 545, 547 Krai rundu , 208 Luk yee , 624, 625 Kudzu root , 957 Lumbang oil , 465 Kuini , 122 Lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines , 131 Kukui nut , 465 Lung cancer (NCI-H460) , 171 Kukui oil , 470 Luo han guo , 2, 3, 392–394, 398 Lupin , 4, 610, 763–768, 770, 771, 773–777 Lupine , 746, 763, 768, 770, 826, 981 L Lyon bean , 779 L1210 (Mouse lymphocytic leukemia cell line) , 117, 341, 573, 690, 838, 839, 974 Lablab , 515, 730–739 M Lablab bean , 730, 735, 737 Mabola LAC (lung adenocarcinoma) , 90 fruit , 422, 423 Lac insect , 564, 899 persimmon , 421 Lacuna bean , 779 seedlings , 424 La-Kwa (USA) , 331 tree , 421 Large lima bean , 804 Mabolo , 421, 423 Large podded beans , 821 Macadamia , 474 Large red kidney beans , 823 Macassar bean , 976 Large white bean , 804 Mackay bean , 627 Laurelwood , 7 Madagascar bean , 804 Lead tree , 754 Madagascar groundnut , 960 Leaf gourd , 2, 250, 251, 254 Ma Dan , 123 Leafminer , 338 Madeira marrow , 384 Legumes , 4, 254, 515, 545, 550, 570, 580, 594, 602, 619, Maize , 182, 251, 302, 469, 480, 482, 564, 638, 777, 794, 628, 645, 722, 731, 744, 765, 773, 780, 805, 819, 806, 899, 961, 964, 981, 982, 985 856, 872, 909, 926, 938, 947, 955, 961, 968, 977 Makuwa , 204, 205, 207, 208, 219–221 Lemon , 30, 62–64, 77, 135, 211, 212, 237, 259, 419, Malabar 422, 426, 642, 883, 884, 926 almond , 143 Lemon-drop mangosteen , 62–64 gourd , 250 Lemon grass , 883 squash , 250 Lentil , 4, 193, 335, 564, 607, 610, 742–748, 750, 751, tamarind , 45, 46 826, 835, 841, 883, 932, 933, 946, 947, 950, Malarial vector , 188 965, 981, 1027, 1040 Malaria parasite , 37, 1025 Leprosy gourd , 331 Malay almond , 143 Leukamia cell lines: K562, NB4 and U937 , 90 Malayan cobra , 793 Leukemia (M1) , 974, 975 Malinche , 617 Leukemia cell lines , 13, 89, 734 Mamey , 134, 135, 137, 138 Leukemia lymphoma cell line , 598 Mamey tree , 134 Licorice , 4 Mammary epithelium cell line (HBL-100) , 406 Lima bean , 334, 804–812 Mammary (MCF-7) tumour cells , 459 Lime , 46, 135, 211, 419, 422, 498, 514, 640, 883–885, Mammee apple , 134, 137 898, 1054 Mammey apple , 134–136, 140 Lingonberry , 456 Mange-tout , 815, 816, 850, 851 Liquorice , 884, 908 Mango , 45, 427, 509, 642, 882, 1064 L1210 murine leukemic cells , 117, 573, 690, 838, 839, 974 Mangosteen , 2, 29, 31, 33, 41, 56–59, 62–64, 66, 69, 74, LNCaP prostate cancer , 89, 683–685, 734 80–83, 85–100, 106, 108, 109, 111–113, 115, Longan , 393, 640, 642 120, 128, 129, 760, 1050 Long beans , 938, 971, 972, 975 Mangosteen oil tree , 45 Longevity fruit , 392 Mani , 513, 514 Long horn bean , 971 Manila bean , 867 Long melon , 204 Marble pea , 976 Long podded cowpea , 971 Marimari , 137 Long podded kidney bean , 971 Marmalade tree , 134 Long squash , 298 Marrow , 204, 250, 266, 281, 292, 295, 297, 344, 375, Lotus root , 392 384, 561, 587, 691, 1011, 1016, 1021, 1023, Lowbush , 456, 459 1026, 1028, 1032, 1037, 1045, 1049 Common Name Index 1083

Marrowfat peas , 852, 965 Musky winter squash , 266 Mash bean , 946 Mustard , 638, 852, 883, 884, 1031, 1036 Mastocytomal (P815) cells , 341 Mwausungulu , 66 Mastwood , 7 Mysore gamboge , 128 Matchbox bean , 627 Mauritius bean , 779 Mauritius velvet bean , 779 N MBL2 lymphoma cells , 838, 839 Nam-Nam , 614–616 MCF-7 (Human small cell lung cancer) , 32 Narrowleaf lupin , 770, 773 MCF-7 breast cancer cells , 89, 91, 171, 558, 656, 657, Narrow-leaved lupin , 770 660–662, 691, 734, 750, 835, 839, 840, 919, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma , 245 949, 957, 975, 983 Navy bean , 815, 818, 822, 824, 826, 828, 830, MDA-MB-231 , 113, 342, 374, 448, 660, 662 834–836, 842 MDA-MB435 , 131, 405 NCI-H187 (Human small cell lung cancer) , 32 MDA-MB-231 cell line , 113 Nematode , 278, 360, 548, 759, 920, 1008, 1012, 1043 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells , 342, 662 Nematode worm , 360, 1012 Mealworm , 511 Netted melon , 215, 222 Mediterranean white lupin , 763 New Zealand blue lupin , 770 Melanoma B16 , 246, 374, 440, 660, 943 Ngapi nut , 544 Melon squash , 266 Nicker bean , 627 Methi seed plant , 906 Nieng , 542, 544, 545, 547 Mexican bean weevil , 511 Nieng-nok , 541, 542 Milk thistle , 260 Njugo bean , 960, 961 Mite , 498 No eye pea , 549 Mole crickets , 140 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma , 836 Moloney murine leukaemia virus Nonsmall lung tumour cells , 32, 107 and rotavirus , 692 Noodle squash , 295 Moloney murine leukemia virus (MOLV) , North American cranberry , 455 12, 596, 597 ‘Northblue’ blueberry , 455 Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase , 12 Northern highbush blueberry , 452 MOLT-4 , 341, 1027 NSCLC (human non-small cell lung cancer) , 494, 687 Molt 4B cells , 435 Nutmeg melon , 222 Momordica fruit , 344, 353 Monkey fruit , 62, 392 O ladder pod , 627 Oi nut tree , 7 nut , 513 Okari nut , 2, 161–163 tail , 715 Okra , 193, 314, 334, 1025 tamarind , 715 Olive , 283, 361, 426, 469, 518, 533, 642, 765, 768, 773, Moreton bay chestnut , 593 818, 1031 Mosquito , 17, 262, 291, 360, 495, 1025, 1050 Onions , 260, 267, 335, 392, 551, 639, 818, 852, 883, Mouse plasmacytoma (MPC-11) tumour , 836 954, 1043 Mouse skin cancer , 522 Orange , 2, 24, 30, 46, 47, 60, 64, 68, 116, 119–121, 160, Mowra , 9 184, 186, 202, 206, 212, 214–217, 232, 237, Mucuna beans , 780, 782, 784, 790, 792 251, 258–260, 269, 270, 285, 296, 335, 370, Mulberries , 518, 522 422, 426, 430, 473, 504, 552, 580, 594, 642, Mullein , 260 645, 745, 1024, 1073 Multidrug-resistant sub-line (CEM/DR5000) , 558 Oriental melon , 204, 210, 219, 221 Mundar , 41, 42 Oriental persimmon , 428 Mundu , 35 Oriental pickling melon , 204, 205, 207, 208, 219 Mung bean , 551, 555, 556, 609, 732, 838, 940, 946, Oriental sweet melon , 210 951–954, 956–958, 964, 983 Otaheite chestnut , 726 Mung bean sprout , 953, 954, 957, 958 Otaheite walnut , 465 Mung dahl , 951 Murine (MB49 and MBT-2) , 688 Musical bean , 730 P Muskmelon , 201, 202, 217, 222–225, 227, 229, 231 Pacae beans , 720 Musky gourd , 266 Pacay , 715, 720–722 Musky pumpkin , 266 Painted beans , 818 Musky squash , 266 Pallar bean , 804 1084 Common Name Index

Palma Christi , 486, 488 Polanga , 17 Pama , 66 Pole beans , 819, 820, 839, 843 Panama Garcinia , 76 Poliovirus 1 , 344 Pancreatic and prostate cancer cell lines Polynesian chestnut , 726 (PCa) , 911 Polynesian peanut , 506 Pandan , 640 Poon , 7 Papaya , 426, 427, 883, 1003, 1006 Poona pea , 976 Papaya bean , 730 Poonay oil plant , 7 Paprika , 274, 551 Poor man’s bean , 730 Parah tree , 472 Pop bean , 815 Pará rubber tree , 476 Popping bean , 815 Parawood , 476, 481 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Parkinson’s disease , 930 virus , 692 Parsley , 260, 1036 Portia tree , 7 Patchouli , 15 Potato , 251, 262, 335, 371, 373, 375, 377, 388, 525, 781, Paterno , 723, 724 883, 908, 943, 947 Pattpan , 281 Pra , 472–474 PC-3. See Human prostate cancer (PC-3) cells Preneoplastic epidermal JB6 cell , 449 Pea bean , 815, 818 Prickly pear fruit , 427 Peach palm , 137 Princess bean , 867 Peacock fl ower, l617 Princess-pea , 867 Peacock fl ower fence , 506 Prolifi c bean , 804 Peanut , 4, 205, 480, 506, 513–536, 564, 614, 636, 641, Prostate cancer , 38, 139, 344, 374, 656, 683–685, 693, 751, 768, 812, 932, 960, 962 734, 839, 840, 911, 1037 Peas , 4, 513, 549–565, 601–603, 605–610, 746, 747, Prostate carcinoma , 89, 289 750, 751, 771, 777, 806, 812, 815, 818, 826, Prostatic adenocarcinoma , 340 830, 841, 842, 849, 851–864, 873, 932, 938, Pudding-pine tree , 577 947, 957, 963, 965, 971, 976, 978, 981–986, Pudding-pipe tree , 577 1062, 1065 Puerto Rico pea , 549 Pea sprouts , 563, 852, 854 Pulse , 4, 602, 605, 607, 730, 731, 738, 764, 776, 780, Pecan , 473 783, 789, 817, 851, 883, 907, 938, 947, 948, Pepper or lime , 884 952, 961, 985, 986 Perah , 472–474 Pulse crop , 764, 907, 947, 952 Perah tree , 472 Pumpkin , 2, 167, 194, 250, 252, 256, 257, 259–263, Persian melon , 213, 222, 231 266–277, 281, 283, 286–292, 295, 323, Persimmon , 3, 421, 424, 425, 428–441 429, 1050 Peruano beans , 818 Purging cassia , 577 Petai , 541, 755, 798–802 Purple mangosteen , 80 Petai bean , 798 Purple-podded beans , 821 Petit pan , 281 Philippine Dillenia , 416 Pickling melon , 204, 205, 207, 208, 219 R Pie melon , 250 Rabbiteye , 455, 456 Pigeon pea , 549–565, 609, 857, 947, 963, 978 Rag gourd , 320 Pineapple , 426, 883, 1006 Rajmah , 609, 816 Pine bark , 87 Rangoon bean , 804 Pine wood nematode , 548 Raspberry , 447, 459 Pink beans , 818 Raspberry weevil , 462 Pink kidney beans , 828 Rata fruit , 35 Pink-podded beans , 820 Rat prostate cancer cell line (PLS10) , 344 Pinto , 828 Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) , 596, 598 Pinto bean , 746, 818, 822, 826–828, 830–832, 838, Red bead , 506 841, 981 Red beadtree , 506 Pistachio , 517, 519 Red bean tree , 506 Pitanga , 509 Red-brown terminalia , 144, 163 Plantain , 551, 780, 978 Red clover PLC hepatoma , 96, 690, 912, 1034, 1035 blossom , 957 P388 mouse monocyte-macrophage , 341, 459 sprout , 957 Podded pea , 849, 853 Red-eyed wattle , 503 Poinciana , 617, 618, 620, 622 Red gram , 549, 562, 563, 937, 939, 1043 Common Name Index 1085

Red kidney bean(s) , 818, 823, 824, 828, 830, 833, 838, Scrubber gourd , 320 840, 841, 843, 932 Sea almond , 143, 145 Red lentil , 743, 745, 750 Sea bean , 627 Red mango , 45 Sea heart , 627 Red mangosteen , 41 Seashore mangosteen , 56, 57 Red pea , 549, 976 Seed sprouts , 634 Red sandalwood , 506 Seminole pumpkin , 266 Red tree , 45, 617 Sereh , 334 Red wood , 506 Seriguela , 509 Respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus , 692 Serpent cucumber , 401 Rhododendrons , 3 Serpent gourd , 401 Ribbed gourd , 314 Shallots , 641, 882, 883 Ribbed loofah , 314 Shark fi n melon , 250, 295 Rice , 82, 100, 115, 192, 283, 335, 370, 377, 467, 470, Sharon fruit , 428 475, 489, 507, 551, 602, 609, 641, 643, 738, Shelling pea , 849 744, 751, 756, 806, 818, 852, 868, 882, 883, Short day asparagus pea , 867 889, 908, 938, 947, 954, 956, 968, 978 Siam pumpkin , 250 Rice moth , 631 Sicklefruit fenugreek , 906 Rice weevil , 751 Sieva bean , 804 Ridged gourd , 314 Silk gourd , 314 Ridged luffa , 314 Silk squash , 314 R L V. See Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) Silkworms , 498, 564, 990 Rock melon , 222–224 Silky gourd , 314 Roman beans , 818 Sindbis virus , 596, 597 Romano beans , 818 Singapore almond , 143 Rongai dolichos , 730 Sinkwa towelsponge , 314 Rooibos tea , 964 Sinqua melon , 314 Rope bean , 976 SKBR3 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line , 88 Rose , 107, 159, 184, 555, 607, 815, 930, 1068 SKDLU1 lung cancer cell lines , 90, 131, 405, 459, ‘Rosée de Miel’ , 210, 211 687, 688 Rose family dry bean , 815 SK-Hep 1 cell line , 306 Rose Kandis , 41, 43 Small cell lung cancer (NCI-H187) , 90, 374 Round-podded snow pea , 849 Small gourd , 191 Round-podded sugar pea , 849 Small red beans , 822, 828, 830 Roundworms , 188, 759, 1016 Smooth luffa , 320 Royal Poinciana , 617, 618, 622 Snails , 74, 140, 277, 631, 1027, 1040 Rubber Snake latex , 4, 54, 478, 481, 900 bean , 971 tree , 476, 477, 479 cucumber , 204 Runner bean , 815, 818 gourd , 2, 401–404, 406–408 Runner peanut , 513, 518 tomato , 401 Snap beans , 815, 818, 820, 823 Snap (French) beans , 821 S Snap pea , 849, 851–855 Sack-Sac , 715 Snow pea(s) , 849, 851, 853, 854, 938 Saga tree , 506 Soja bean , 634 Salam , 334, 641 Som-khaek , 21, 27 Salty Plum , 158 Sour mangosteen , 128 Sandalwood tree , 506 South American apricot , 134 Santo Domingo Apricot , 506 Southern pea , 973 Sapote Negro , 425 Soy , 520, 554, 602, 634, 751, 777, 830, 932, 938, Sarcoma 180 , 138, 340, 341 948, 954, 1034 Satin Touraga , 7 Soya , 460, 551, 634–638, 643, 646, 653, 662, 665, Savory , 15, 205, 947 677, 767 Scallions , 640 Soya bean , 479, 551, 610, 634–636, 639, 648, 653, 687, 699, Scallopini , 281 732, 748, 751, 774, 802, 868, 872, 873, 1025 Scallop squash , 281 Soyabean sprouts , 634 Scarlet-fruited gourd , 191 Soybean , 4, 252, 482, 509, 525, 564, 574, 605, 630, 634, Scarlet gourd , 191 750, 758, 767, 777, 794, 812, 827, 852, 871, Scimitar bean , 569 926, 938, 957, 962, 1000, 1025, 1043 Scotch bonnet pepper , 335 Soy bean sprouts , 636, 699 1086 Common Name Index

Soyfoods , 4, 664, 667, 673 Sweet pulse , 730 Spaghetti Sweet-scented calophyllum , 7 marrow , 281, 295 Sword bean , 569–575, 667, 670 melon , 281, 295 squash , 281, 295, 297 vegetable , 281, 283, 295–297 T winter squash , 297 Tahitian chestnut , 726–728 Spanish peanut , 513 Talisay tree , 143 Spinach , 236, 732, 908, 978, 1036 Tallow gourd , 167 Spiny , 2, 251, 370, 490 Tamanu , 7, 8 Spiny bitter cucumber , 369 Tamanu oil , 9, 13–15 Spiny bitter gourd , 369 Tamarind , 4, 21, 46, 115, 334, 625, 641, 790, Spiny cucumber , 235 879–900, 947 Split peas , 746, 826, 852, 981 Tamarind plum , 624 Sponge , 314, 318, 320, 328 Tampico beans , 818 Sponge gourd , 320, 322, 328 Tampoi kuning , 122 Spring onions , 640, 954 Tampoi putih , 122 Sprouted mature kidney bean , 825 Tapeworms , 188, 237, 247, 254, 263, 277, 292, 309, 898, Sprouted navy bean , 826 993, 1016, 1036, 1044 Sprouted pea seeds , 855 Tassar-silkworm , 154 Sprouted pinto bean , 826 Tavola nut , 143 Spurge , 4 T47D (human ductal breast epithelial tumour cell line) , Squash , 2, 166, 174, 219, 251–253, 257, 260–262, 139, 405, 406, 734 270, 272, 273, 277, 281–286, 289, 291, Tea , 21, 88, 154, 169, 302, 318, 333, 392, 429, 437, 295, 297, 318, 321, 333, 376, 377, 386, 449, 453, 459, 516, 525, 602, 622, 684, 412, 1036 718, 724, 760, 835, 876, 908, 964, 1002, Squirting cucumber , 331 1012, 1025, 1045 Stable fl y , 15 Teasel gourd , 381 St. Domingo apricot , 134 TE-13 tumour cell lines , 374 Stink bean , 643, 798 Thai marrow , 250 Stone groundnut , 960 Thai slicing melon , 204 Story tree , 62, 143 Thin Vermicelli Pumpkin , 250 Straightneck , 292 THP-1 cells (Human acute monocytic leukemia cells) , Straightneck squash , 266, 281 609, 918 Strainer vine , 314 Thyme white , 15 Strawberry madrone , 444 Thyroid carcinoma , 749 Strawberry tree , 444–446 Tic bean , 925 String beans , 334, 815, 818, 821, 835, 971 Ticks , 140, 1012 Stringless or French beans , 818, 821, 827 Timun Stringless snowpea , 849 jepang , 208 String or runner beans , 334 krai , 204–206 St Thomas bean , 627 saloyo , 208 S 180 tumour cells , 341 suri , 204, 205, 208 Sugar bean , 804 wuku , 208 Sugar pea , 849, 851, 853 Tindora , 191 Sugar snap pea , 849, 851, 853, 854 T-lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line Summer pumpkin , 281, 286, 287 (CCRF-CEM) , 558 Summer squash , 166, 251, 252, 281, 283, 286, 291 Tomatoes , 193, 334, 371, 374, 405, 521, 780, Sunburst squash , 281 818, 883, 1036 Supermarket bean , 867 Tonga bean , 730 Swamp blueberry , 452 Torch ginger , 883 SW-480 colon cancer cell line , 68, 131, 139 Towel gourd , 320 Sweet almond , 146 Tropical almond , 143 Sweet-fl eshed pumpkin , 256 Tropical apricot , 134 Sweet-fl eshed squash , 256 Tropical pumpkin , 266 Sweet gourd , 369 True cantaloupe , 201 Sweet lupin , 770, 771, 773–775 Trumpet gourd , 298, 299 Sweet Lupinseed , 770 Tuberculated Momordica , 331 Sweet melon , 204, 210, 222 Tucuma , 137 Sweet pea , 849, 854 Tung nut , 465 Sweet potato , 371, 386 Turban squash , 256 Common Name Index 1087

Turmeric , 351, 522, 738, 895, 900, 912 lentil , 946, 947, 950 Twisted cluster bean , 798 lupin , 610, 763–768, 826, 981 lupine , 746, 763, 826, 981 popinac , 754 U pumpkin , 167 Umbrella tree , 143 scalloped patty pan , 286 Underground bean , 960 small navy beans , 822 Undi , 7–9 squash , 281, 285 Urad bean , 946, 950 Whortleberry , 3 Urad dal , 950 Wild Urdbean , 948, 950 bean , 730, 826, 841 bean creeper , 730 bitter gourd , 381 V chokeberry , 456 Valencia peanut , 513 lemon , 62 Vanilla , 564, 638, 716, 718, 760, 908 lemon rheedia , 62 Varnish Tree , 465 mangosteen , 66 Vegetable plum , 66, 158 marrow , 281, 292, 384, 397 tamarind , 754 marrow zucchini , 281 vegetable , 320 pear , 384 watermelon , 179 spaghetti , 281, 283, 295–297 Windsor bean , 925 sponge , 314, 320 Winged bean , 867–876 Veld mangosteen , 66 Winter Velvet crookneck squash , 266 apple , 421 gourd , 167, 256 bean , 779–783, 790, 792, 794 marrow , 266 persimmon , 421 melon , 167–169, 176, 210, 231 tamarind , 624, 626 pumpkin , 256, 266 Venezuelan beans , 818 squash , 256, 266, 283, 297, 386, 1036 Vigna mungo , 783, 946–950, 955 straightneck squash , 266 Violet , 184, 542, 545, 772, 927 Wood ear , 392 Vipera , 893 Worms , 154, 176, 263, 277, 309, 408, 470, 510, 564, Viper’s gourd , 401 768, 793, 802, 898, 985, 993, 994, 997, 1013, Virginia peanut , 513, 524 1016, 1043, 1048

W Y Waika plum (Belize) , 62 YAC-1 myeloma cell , 341 Walker 256 carcinosarcoma , 630 Yam , 780, 781, 806, 908, 963, 978, 1007 Wallace , 214 Yardlong bean , 971–974, 985, 986 Walnut , 126, 465, 473, 474, 521, 751 Yard-long beans seeds , 974 Wash-rag sponge , 320 Yard-long cowpea , 971 Water almond , 143, 145, 146 Yellow beans , 670, 818, 825 Watermelons , 2, 179, 181–189, 214, 254, 274, 310 Yellow Dhal , 549 Wax bean , 815 Yellow French beans , 818, 827 Wax gourd , 2, 164–176 Yellow Kandis , 115 Western coastal wattle , 503 Yellow mangosteen , 128, 129 West Indian almond , 143 Yellow podded beans , 821 Wheat , 227, 291, 340, 609, 643, 644, 648, 750, 858, 915, Yellow scalloped patty pan squash , 284 962, 978, 1042, 1050 Yellow snap beans , 823 White Yellow summer squash , 281 babool , 754 Yokohama velvet bean , 779 bean , 555, 556, 609, 746, 804, 818, 825, 826, 829, Yuegua , 207, 220 833–835, 840, 933, 934, 981 cannellini beans , 823 cowpea , 978 Z fl owered gourd , 298 Zucchini , 2, 281, 283–286, 291, 292 kidney beans , 833, 834 Zuchinni squash , 281 Scientifi c Name Index

A solani , 91, 900 Abarema jiringa , 544 sp., 26 Abroma augusta , 196 tenuis , 100 Acacia Amaranthus , 194 cyclops , 503–505 Amorphallus konjac , 49 eglandulosa , 503 Amorphophallus konjac , 50 glauca , 754 Anagasta kuehniella , 511 leucocephala , 754 Andrographis paniculata , 350, 351 mirbelii , 503 Aniotum scandens , 627 edulis , 726 Acanthoscelides obtectus , 511 fagiferum , 726 Acanthospermum hispidum , 561 Anopheles Acinetobacter baumannii , 376, 389 arabiensis , 495 Acronychia pedunculata , 510 stephensi , 188, 588 Actinomucor spp. , 642 Antheracea mylitta , 154 Adenanthera Anthonomus grandis , 511 gersenii , 506 Apium graveolens , 194 pavonina , 506–511 Arachidna hypogaea , 513 polita , 506 Arachis Aedes aegypti , 99, 113, 118, 188, africana , 960 406, 588 americana , 513 Aegorhinus superciliosus , 462 asiatica , 513 Agrobacterium rhizogenes , 524 duranensis , 514 Albizia hypogaea , 4, 513–536, 963 acradena , 541 hypogaea forma communis , 513 lucida , 544 hypogaea forma macrocarpa , 513 Albizzia jiringa , 544 hypogaea forma microcarpa , 513 Aleurites hypogaea forma nambyquarae , 513 cordifolius , 465 hypogaea subsp. oleifera , 513 integrifolius , 465 hypogaea var. communis , 513 lanceolatus , 465 hypogaea var. stenocarpa , 513 lobatus , 465 hypogaea var. vulgaris , 513 moluccana , 4, 468–470 ipaensis , 514 moluccana var. aulanii , 465 monticola , 514 moluccana var. fl occosus , 465 nambyquarae , 513 moluccana var. katoi , 465 procumbens , 513 moluccana var. remyi , 465 rasteiro , 513 moluccana var. serotinus , 465 Arbutus remyi , 465 crispa , 444 trilobus , 465 salicifolia , 444 Alternaria serratifolia , 444 alternata , 532, 620, 983 unedo , 3–4, 444–450

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits, 1088 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Scientifi c Name Index 1089

Archidendron Bifi dobacteria , 692, 693, 777 bubalinum , 541–543 Bifi dobacterium longum , 693 jiringa , 541, 542, 544–548 Biomphalaria glabrata , 15, 74, 140 paucifl orum , 544 Bocoa edulis , 726 Arctostaphylos , 3 Botryosphaeria dothidea , 245 Aronia melanocarpa , 456 Botrytis cinerea , 245, 275, 532, 609, 750, 809, 838, Artemia salina , 74, 510, 587, 874 949, 974, 983 Ascardia galli , 510 Bowringia mildbraedii , 735 Ascaris suum , 759 Brasenia schreberi , 194 Aspalathus linearis , 964 Bruckentalia spiculifolia , 447 Asparagus offi cinalis , 194 Bryonia Aspergillus alceifolia , 191 caelatus , 531 grandis , 191 fl avus , 32, 91, 376, 535, 587, 736 Bryophyllum , 470 fumigatus , 587 Buceras catappa , 143 niger, 91, 417, 423, 587, 620, 697, 750, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , 548 859, 892 ochraceous , 26 oryzae , 643, 679 C parasiticus , 535 Cadelium radiatum , 951 sojae , 663 Caenorhabditis elegans , 360 soyae , 643 Caesalpinia pulcherrima , 509 sp., 26 Cajan inodorum , 549 Astrocaryum aculeatum , 137 Cajanum thora , 549 Asystasia gangetica , 302 Cajanus Auricularia auricular , 392–393 bicolor , 549 Azadirachta indica , 360 cajan , 549–565, 609, 963–964, 978 Azukia radiata , 951 cajan var. bicolor , 549 cajan var. fl avus , 549 edulis , 726 B fl avus , 549 Baccaurea indicus , 549, 556 macrocarpa , 122 indicus var. bicolor , 549 polyneura , 122 indicus var. fl avus , 549 reticulata , 122 indicus var. maculates , 549 Bacillus luteus , 549 cereus, 26, 64, 69, 198, 406–407, 874, 892, 983 obcordifolia , 549 licheniformis , 962 pseudocajan , 549 megaterium , 809, 974 striatus , 549 spp., 679, 687 Calloselasma rhodostoma , 793 stearothermophilus , 687 Callosobruchus maculatus , 498, 511, 739, 812 subtilis (B.subtilis) , 26, 58, 91, 245, 261, 417, Calluna vulgaris , 179, 185, 186, 228–229, 447 423, 559, 643, 656, 679, 682, 735–736, Calophyllum 809, 874, 891, 919, 983 austroindium , 13 typhi , 327 bitangor , 7 Bactris gasipaes , 137 blumei , 7 Bactyrilobium fi stula , 577 brasiliense , 139, 140, 153 Badamia commersonii , 143 calaba , 7, 10 Balsaminaria inophyllum , 7, 10, 11 cerasiferum , 12 Bassia latifolia , 9 edule , 62 Benincasa inophyllum , 7–17, 153–154, 469 cerifera , 164, 167, 171, 174 madruno , 76 cerifera Savi var. chiehqua , 164 ovatifolium , 7 hispida , 2, 164–166, 167–176 spurium , 7 hispida cv. Fuzzy Gourd , 166 Cambogia gutta , 45 hispida cv- gr. Fuzzy Gourd Group , Camelina sativa , 469 164–166 Camerium moluccanum , 465 hispida cv. group Wax Gourd , 167–176 Camirium hispida cv- gr. Wax Gourd, 167–176 cordifolium , 465 hispida var. chiehqua , 164 oleosum , 465 1090 Scientifi c Name Index

Canavalia physodes , 601 brasiliensis , 573 reticulatum , 602 ensiformis , 569, 571–574 rotundum , 601 ensiformis var. alba , 569 sativum , 601 ensiformis var. gladiata , 569 Cistus ladanifer , 447 gladiata , 569–575, 667 Citrobacter freundii , 459 gladiolata , 569 Citrullus incurva , 569 caffer , 179 loureirii , 569 colocynthis , 245 lunareti , 569 lanatus , 2, 179–188, 179–189 machaeroides , 569 lanatus spp. vulgaris , 189 maritima , 573 lanatus spp. vulgaris var . cordophanus , 181 maxima , 569 lanatus ssp. lanatus , 188–189 Candida lanatus ssp. lanatus var . citriodes , 189 albicans , 26, 91, 93, 131, 198, 376, lanatus ssp. lanatus var . lanatus , 189 397, 417, 423, 450, 492, 531, lanatus ssp. mucosospermus , 189 559, 587, 697, 735–736, 839, lanatus var . caffer , 179 874, 891, 931 vulgaris , 179, 185, 186, 228, 229 glabrata , 26 Cladosporium , 26, 74 krusei , 587 Cladosporium herbarum , 26 parapsilosis , 26, 587, 697 Cleome gynandra , 302 spp., 389 Coccinia tropicalis , 14, 152, 587 cordifolia , 191, 195 Cannabis sativa , 310 cordifolia var. alceifolia , 191 Carica papaya , 388 cordifolia var. wightiana , 191 Carissa edulis , 327 grandis , 2, 191–199 Carpopogon niveum , 779 indica , 191, 195, 197 Cassia loureiriana , 191 bonplandiana , 577 wightiana , 191 didymobotrya , 406–407 Colletotrichum lupini , 766 excelsa , 577 Colocynthis fi stula , 564, 577–589 amarissima , 179 fi stuloides , 577 citrullus , 179 rhombifolia , 577 Combretum fruticosum , 153 Castanocarpus australis , 593 Coprinus comatus , 531, 735, 983 Castanospermum Coptotermes formosanus , 470 austral , 594–596 Corallaria parvifolia , 506 australe , 596 Corchorus olitorius , 302 Catappa domestica , 143 Corcyra cephalonica , 631 Cataputia Corynebacteria , 152 major , 484 Croton spinosus , 484 minor , 484 Cryptococcus neoformans , 91 Catharanthus roseus , 195, 485 Cryptolobus Cathartocarpus africanus , 960 excelsus , 577 subterraneus , 960 fi stula , 577 Cucubita pepo , 284–286, 289 fi stuloides , 577 Cucumeropsi mannii , 247 rhombifolius , 577 Cucumeropsis mannii , 247–248 Cavanillea philippensis , 421 Cucumis Cellullomonas fi mi , 596 acutangulus , 314, 384 Cephalandra indica , 191 africanus , 331 Ceratonia siliqua , 4 argyi , 331 Chayota edulis , 384 cantalupensis , 222 Chenopodium , 723 cantalupo , 222 Chloromyron verticillatum , 76 chinensis , 204 Cicer citrullus , 179 arietinum , 4, 555, 601–611, 783, 841 colocynthis , 179 grossum , 601 conomon Thunb , 204 kabulicum , 601 esculentus , 239 lens , 742 eumelo subsp. zard , 210 Scientifi c Name Index 1091

eumelo var. cantalupa , 222 sativus fo. borealis , 239 hardwickii , 239 sativus fo. brunnescens , 239 intermedius , 331 sativus subsp. rigidus , 239 laciniosus , 179 sativus unranked longus Harz , 239 lineatus , 320 sativus unranked orasiaticus , 239 melo , 2, 176, 185, 186, 201–202, 201–208, 204–208, sativus unranked pallidus , 239 210–217, 219–229, 231–233 sativus unranked praecox , 239 melo (Conomon Group) , 204–208 sativus var. anatolicus , 239 melo (Inodorus group) , 210–217 sativus var. arakis , 239 melo (Makuwa group) , 219–221 sativus var. chiar , 239 melo (Reticulatus group) , 222–229 sativus var. grossularioides , 239 melo (Reticulatus Group ‘Hami melon’) , 231–233 sativus var. sativus , 239 melo agrestis Conomon group , 204 sativus var. squamosus , 239 melo Cantaloupe group , 222 sativus var. testudaceus , 239 melo cantaloupensis , 201 sativus var. tuberculatus , 239 melo cantalupa , 222 sativus var. variegatus , 239 melo conomon , 204 sativus var. viridis , 240 melo convar , 204, 210, 222 sativus var. vulgatus , 240 melo convar. Cantalupa , 222 sativus var. xishuangbannanesis , 240 melo convar. zard , 210 setosus , 240 melo Group conomon var. makuwa , 219, 221 sphaerocarpus , 240 melo (Reticulatus Group) ‘Hamigua,’ 231 tinneanus , 235 melo Indorous group , 233 utilissimus , 204 melo inodorus , 210 vilmorinii , 240 melo melo Zard group , 210 Cucurbita melo ssp. agrestis and melo , 208 acutangula , 314 melo ssp. agrestis var. makuwa , 219, 221 anguria , 179 melo subsp. chinensis , 204 argyrosperma , 358 melo subsp. melo var . cantalupensis , 201 caffra , 179 melo subsp. melo var. conomon , 204 citrullus , 179 melo subsp. melo var . inodorus , 210 esculenta , 281 melo var. acidulus , 204 fastuosa , 281 melo var. autumnalis , 210 fi cifolia , 250–254 melo var . cantaloupensis , 201 fi licifolia , 2 melo var. cantalupa , 222 hippopera , 266 melo var. cantalupensis , 202, 222 hispida , 167, 298 melo var . cantalupo , 222 idolatrica , 298 melo var. conomon , 204, 205, 207, 208 lagenaria , 298 melo var. conomon makuwa , 219, 221 leucantha , 298 melo Var.-Gr. Cantalupensis , 222 macrocarpa , 266 melo var. hibernus , 210 mammeata , 281 melo var. indicus , 204 maxima , 256–264, 273, 278, 283, 292, 309, 358 melo var. inodorus , 210, 216 maxima oblonga courgero , 281 melo var. makuwa , 207, 208, 219–221 maxima subsp. maxima , 256 melo var. maltensis , 210 maxima var. courgero Ser , 281 melo var. reticulates , 222, 231 melanosperma , 250 melo var. reticulatus Syringe , 231 melopepo , 266, 281 melo var. saccharinus , 204 moschata , 2, 259, 263, 264, 266–278, 283, 292, melo var. utilissimus , 204 293, 302 metulifer , 235 oblonga , 281 metuliferus , 2, 235–237 pepo , 219, 252, 263, 264, 266, 278, 281–293, muricatus , 239 295–297 pavel , 191 pepo moschata , 266 pep o , 281 pepo polymorpha , 281 persicus , 210 pepo ssp. ovifera , 292 rumphii , 239 pepo ssp. pepo , 292 sativum , 246 pepo subsp. pepo , 292, 295 sativus , 2, 208, 237, 239–247, 290, 309 pepo var. cylindrica , 292 sativus fo. Albus , 239 pepo var. fastigata , 292 sativus fo. australis Kitam , 239 pepo var. longa , 292 1092 Scientifi c Name Index

Cucurbita (cont.) aurantium , 428 pepo var . meloniformis , 266 bertii , 428 pepo var. moschata , 266 blancoi , 421–424 pepo var. patissonina , 291 chinensis , 428 pepo var. pepo , 292 costata , 428 pepo var. recticollis , 292 digyna , 425–427 pepo var. toonas , 266 discolor , 421, 423 pepo var. torticollia Alefi eld , 292 ebenaster , 425 pepo var. turbinate , 292 elliptica , 428 potiro , 256 kaempferi , 428 siceraria , 298 kaki , 3, 421, 428–441 spathularis , 266 kaki, Arctostaphylos , 3 spp., 251, 252, 259, 267, 271, 272, 282, 286 kaki var. domestica , 428 subverrucosa , 281 laurifolia , 425 venosa , 281 lycopersicon , 428 verrucosa , 281 mabola , 421 Cucurbit pepo , 2 mazelii , 428 Culex quinquefasciatus , 359–360, 406, 495, 588 membranacea , 425 Cunninghamella echinulata , 91 nigra , 425 Curcubita pepo-aspera , 167 obtusifolia , 425 Curcuma longa , 351 philippensis , 421 Curvularia lunata , 91 philippinensis , 421 Cylindrokelupha bubalina , 541 sahuti , 428 Cynometra sapota , 425 acutifolia , 614 schi-tse , 428 caulifl ora , 614–616 utilis , 421 caulifl ora var. elongatis , 614 Dolichos caulifl ora var. subsessilis , 614 albus , 730 Cytisus altissimus , 730 cajan , 549 amoenus , 730 pseudocajan , 549 benghalensis , 730 bifl orus , 967 catjang , 967 D ensiformis , 730 Delonix gladiatus , 569 regia , 617–622 incurvus , 569 regia var. fl avida , 617 lablab , 730, 733, 735–737, 736, 737 regia var. genuine , 617 purpureus , 730 Dermatophagoides sesquipedalis , 971 farinae , 441 sinensis , 976 pteronyssinus , 441 sofa , 634 Dialium unguiculatus , 976 angustifolium , 624 Dreschlera oryzae , 100 indum , 624–626 Dryandra oleifera , 465 indum L. var. bursa , 626 Durio indum L. var. indum , 626 kutejensis , 122 javanicum , 624 lowianus , 122 laurinum , 624 marginatum , 624 patens , 624 E turbinatum , 624 Echis carinatus , 792 Dianthus charyophyllus , 375 Elateriospermum Dillenia rhizophorum , 472 elliptica , 410, 419 tapos , 4, 472–475 indica , 3, 410–414 Embryopteris kaki , 428 philippinensis , 416–418, 421 Entada serrata , 3, 419–420 formosana , 627 speciosa , 410 gigas , 627 Diospyros koshunensis , 627 argyi , 428 parvifolia , 627 Scientifi c Name Index 1093

phaseolides , 627–632 andersonii , 109 phaseoloides , 628, 630–631 angolensis , 66 polystachya , 627 atroviridis , 21–27, 22, 23, 26, 27, 883 pursaethe , 627 baikieana , 66 scandens , 627, 631 bancana , 107 schefferi , 627 bussei , 66 Enterobacter cambogia , 25, 45–53 cloacae , 376, 389, 983 conicarpa , 45 faecalis , 406–407 cornea , 106 Enterococci , 92, 152, 389 cowa , 29–33, 30–33, 107 Enterococcus dioica , 115, 118–119 faecalis , 78, 389, 406–407, 450, 459, 494, 510, 891, dulcis , 35–39, 37, 38, 1027 983, 989 elliptica , 35, 45 faecium , 672 ferrandii , 66 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 91, 587 fl oribunda , 76 Erica forbesii , 41–43 arborea , 447 gardneriana , 71, 73, 74 carnea , 447 gaudichaudii , 43 Ervum lens , 742 globulosa , 115 Escherichia coli , 14, 26, 43, 78, 91, 139, 152, 198, gummi-gutta , 2, 45–54 207–208, 261, 291, 325–327, 326, 327, 342, gummi-gutta var . conicarpa , 45 359, 376, 387, 388, 389, 406–407, 417, 423, hombriana , 81 494, 559, 562, 587, 620, 687, 735–736, 859, hombroniana , 56–58, 108 863, 874, 891, 892, 919, 974, 1016, 1039, humilis , 59–61 1041, 1048 intermedia , 62–65 Escherichia coli B , 974 kydia , 29 Esculenta , 4, 281, 742, 925 livingstonei , 66–70 Eucalyptu s spp. , 481 lobulosa , 29 Euclea , 3 longifolia , 35 Eugenia macrophylla , 71–74 jambolana , 350 Madruno , 76, 78 unifl ora , 509 madruno , 76–78 malaccensis , 106–108 mangostana , 1–2, 33, 45, 58, 69, 80–100, F 83, 90–93, 95, 96, 98–100, 108, Feuilleea 112, 132 bubalina , 541 nervosa , 107, 109–111 conferta , 715 nitida , 112–114, 119 edulis , 715 opaca , 56 jinicuil , 723 ovalifolius , 125 jiringa , 544 pallidinervia , 66 scabriuscula , 715 papilla , 45 Fusarium parvifolia , 114–119 chlamydosporum , 620 pendula , 66 moniliforme , 26 pictorial , 128 oxysporum , 100, 245, 275, 324, 531, portoricensis , 76 532, 609, 735, 750, 809, 838, prainiana , 120–122 859, 949, 974 quaesita , 45 oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum , 245 rostrata , 107 oxysporum vasinfectum , 100 roxburghii , 29 proliferatum , 983 schomburgkiana , 123–124 roseum , 91 spectabilis , 109 solani , 532, 900 spicata , 125–127 spp., 181 subelliptica , 125 tinctoria , 128 G umbellifera , 29 Galanthus nivals , 735 wallichii , 29 Garcinia xanthochymus , 39, 128–132 acuminata , 76, 78 zeylanica , 45 affi nis , 45 Gaylussacia , 3 1094 Scientifi c Name Index

Geoffrola striata , 137 kaeringa , 544 Geolobus fl avus , 960 lobata , 544 Gigalobium scandens , 627 minutula , 715 Ginkgo biloba , 13 paterno , 723 Glycine pyriformis , 798 angustifolia , 634 radians , 723 gracilis , 634 scabriuscula , 715 hispida , 634 scabriuscula var. villosior , 715 hispida var. brunnea , 634 spuria , 720 hispida var. lutea , 634 vera , 715 max , 4, 194, 634–700, 957 ynga , 715 soja , 634, 635 Inocarpus subterranean , 960 edulis , 726 Glycyrrhiza glabra , 4 fagifer , 726–728 Gymnopetalum calyculatum , 266 fagiferus , 726 Ipomoea aquatica , 194 H Habichuelas Rosadas , 818 Haemonchus contortus , 278, 759 J Harpagophytum procumbens , 964 Jatropha moluccana , 465 Helicobacter pylori , 359, 435, 859 Jinicuil , 722, 723–725 Helicoverpa armigera , 17, 876 Hevea brasiliensis , 4, 476–482, 477, 478, 480, 481 K brasiliensis f. acreana , 476 Kalimeris indica , 194 brasiliensis f. angustifolia , 476 Klebsiella pneumoniae , 198, 407, 450, 494, 559, 859, brasiliensis f. latifolia , 476 874, 892 brasiliensis f. randiana , 476 Klebsiella sp. , 91 brasiliensis monstr. granthamii , 476 Kluyveromyces marxiannus , 697 brasiliensis var. acreana , 476 brasiliensis var. angustifolia , 476 brasiliensis var. janeirensis , 476 L brasiliensis var. latifolia , 476 Lablab brasiliensis var. randiana , 476 benghalensis , 730 camargoana , 476 ferrugineus , 730 granthamii , 476 lablab , 730 janeirensis , 476 leucocarus , 730 randiana , 476 nankinicus , 730 sieberi , 476 niger , 730, 734, 735 Hibiscus subdariffa , 48 perennans , 730 Hippobosca maculata , 498 purpurea , 730 Hymenolepis nana , 309 purpureus , 730–739 Hypericum patulum , 13 rufus , 730 vulgaris , 730 I Lactobacillus , 692, 841 Imperata cylindrica , 794 acidophilus , 693 Inga casei , 666, 693 benthamiana , 715 Lactuca sativa var . longifolia , 194 bigemina , 544 Lagenaria bubalina , 541 idolatrica , 298 conferta , 715 lagenaria , 298 cumingiana , 720 leucantha , 298 edulis , 715–718, 720, 722, 724 microcarpa , 298 edulis var. grenadensis , 715 siceraria , 2, 298–311 feuillei , 720–722 siceraria convar. cugurda , 298 inga , 715 siceraria convar. siceraria , 298 jinicuil , 722–724, 722–725 siceraria subsp. asiactica , 311 jiringa , 544 siceraria subsp. siceraria , 311 Scientifi c Name Index 1095

siceraria var. depressa , 298 petola , 320 siceraria var. hispida , 298 plukenetiana , 314 siceraria var. microcarpa , 298 racemosa , 320 vulgaris , 298 scabra , 320 Laminaria japonica , 173–174, 957 striata , 320 Lathyrus veitchii , 320 esquirolii , 513 vittata , 320 lens , 742 Lupinus Launaea cornuta , 302 albus , 763–768, 777 Leea rubra , 153 angustifolius , 765, 770–777 Leishmania cryptanthus , 770 chagasi , 588, 589 linifolius , 770 donovani , 359 luteus , 765, 777 tropica , 450 opsianthus , 770 Lens philistaeus , 770 camelorum , 742 reticulatus , 770 culinaris , 4, 742–751, 841, 965 sativus , 763 culinaris ssp. orientalis , 743 spp., 4 culinaris subsp. esculenta , 742 sylvestris , 770 culinaris subsp. macrosperma , 742 termis , 763, 767 culinaris subsp. microsperma , 742 varius , 770 culinaris var. macrosperma , 751 disperma , 742 ervoides , 746 M esculenta , 742 Machaerium biovulatum , 735 nigricans , 746 Madruno garcinia , 76, 78 nummularia , 742 Makuwa , 204, 205, 207, 208, 219–221 odemensis , 746 Mallotus orientalis , 743, 746 moluccanus , 465 phaseoloides , 627 moluccanus var. genuinus , 465 sativa , 742 Malocchia gladiata , 569 vulgaris , 742 Malpighia emarginata , 134, 509 Lentilla lens , 742 Mammea Lentinus edodes , 681 africana , 137 Leucaena , 564, 754–761 americana , 134–140 glabarta , 754 emarginata , 134 glauca , 754 humilis , 59 latisiliqua , 754 humilis var. macrophylla , 59 leucocephala , 754–761 humilis var. plumier , 59 leucocephala subsp . glabrata , 754 humilis var. vahlii , 59 leucocephala subsp. leucocephala , 754 Manduca sexta , 562 leucophala , 755, 757 Mangifera Liriomyza foetida , 122 sativae , 338–339, 361 indica , 185, 186, 228, 509 trifolii , 338, 361 odorata , 122 Listeria monocytogenes , 91, 891 Mangostana cambogia , 45 Luffa Manihot moluccana , 465 acutangula , 2, 314–318 Maruca vitrata , 739 acutangula var. acutangula , 314 Mauritia vinifera , 137 aegyptiaca , 2, 320–329 Medicago sativa , 4, 957 cathu-picinna , 320 Melanophtalmus , 970, 975, 986 clavata , 320 Melo cylindrica , 317, 320, 323–328 chinensis , 204 fl uminensis , 314 conomon , 204 foetida , 314 zard , 210 hermaphrodita , 314 Mesua ferrea , 14 insularum , 320 Micrococcus luteus , 43, 91, 892 leiocarpa , 320 Microsporum leucosperma , 320 canis , 91 pentandra , 320 gypseum , 91, 117 1096 Scientifi c Name Index

Mimosa Mycobacterium gigas , 627 avium , 693 glauca , 754 phlei , 809, 974 inga , 715 tuberculosis , 92, 93, 139, 475 jiringa , 544 Mycosphaerella kaeringa , 544 arachidicola , 324, 531, 609, 750, 838, 839, leucocephala , 754 859, 949, 974, 983 pedunculata , 798 oxysporum , 275 scandens , 627 Myrobalanus ynga , 715 catappa , 143 Momordica , 2, 3, 179, 191, 208, 245, 314, 317, 320, 325, edulis , 158 331–361, 369–378, 381–383, 392, 395–398, 407, 838, 913 anthelmintica , 331 N balsamina , 325, 331 Naja sputatrix , 793 bicolor , 191 Neurospora sitophila , 645 charantia , 2–3, 245, 317, 325, 331–361, 336–341, Nochotta oleracea , 601 346, 347–355, 357, 358–360, 381, 382, 407, 838, 913 charantia subsp. abbreviata , 331 O charantia var. abbreviata , 331, 354 Oncomelania quadrasi , 631 charantia var. minor , 331 Ortholobium bubalinum , 541 chinensis , 331 Oryzaephilus surinamensis , 739 cochinchinensis , 2–3, 317, 369–378, 779 Oxycarpus gangetica , 29 cylindrica , 331 dioica , 383 eberhardtii , 381–383 P elegans , 331 Parkia grosvenorii , 392, 395, 397, 398 biglobosa , 798 indica , 331 brunonis , 798 jagorana , 331 harbesonii , 798 lanata , 179 macrocarpa , 798 laotica , 381–383 roxburghii , 628 luffa , 314, 320 speciosa , 541, 798–802 macrophylla , 369 Penicillium melonifl ora , 369 herguei, 697 mixta , 369 sp., 91, 198 monadelpha , 191 spp., 91, 198, 697 muricata , 331 Pennisetum pupureum , 388 operculata , 331 Pentaclethra macrophylla , 153–154 renigera G. Don , 381 Pepo sahyadrica , 383 citrullus , 281 senegalensis , 331 eximius , 266 sinensis , 331 fi cifolia , 250 subangulata , 381–383 indicus , 266 subangulata subsp. renigera , 383 lagenarius , 298 subangulata subsp. subangulata , 383–383 macrocarpus , 256 trifolia , 369, 378 maximus , 256 zeylanica , 331 melopepo , 281 Monacus purpureus , 642 moschatus , 266 Monascus , 672, 679 potiro , 256 Morganella morganii , 389 verrucosus , 281 Mucor sp. , 91, 642, 687 vulgaris , 281 Mucuna Periplaneta americana , 247 cochinchinensis , 779 Phaseolus pruriens , 779–794 abysissinicus , 951 pruriens var . utilis , 782–785, 789–792 angularis , 735, 937 utilis , 782, 783, 789, 790 areus , 555, 609 Muricia cochinenchinensis , 369 aureus , 951, 957 Musa paradisiaca , 196 calcaratus , 735 Scientifi c Name Index 1097

cylindricus , 967 R lunatus , 804–812, 965 Rheedia max , 634 achachairu , 59 mungo auct. , 951 acuminata , 76 radiatus , 946, 951 benthamiana , 71 radiatus var. aurea , 951 edulis , 62 radiatus var. typica , 951 fl oribunda , 76 radiatus var. typicus , 951 gardneriana , 71–74, 73, 74 sordidus , 634 gardneriana var , 71 sphaerospermus , 976 intermedia , 62 unguiculatus , 976 kappleri , 76 vulgaris , 555–556, 609, 734, 748, 783, 809, 815–844, laterifl ora , 59 860, 861, 957, 965 laterifolia , 59 Pheretima posthuma , 175–176, 309, 510 macrantha , 71 Philosamia ricini , 498 macrophylla , 71 Phoenix roebelinii , 153 macrophylla var. benthamiana , 62 Phyllanthus emblica , 122 madruno , 76 Physalis angulata , 137 madruno subsp. ovata , 76 Physalospora piricola , 532, 859 magnifolia , 71 Phytolacca javanica , 143 portoricensis , 76 Pichia membranifaciens , 697 rostrata , 76 Piper sarmentosum , 334 sagotiana , 71 Pisum sativum , 4, 849–864, 965 sessilifl ora , 59 Pithecellobium sieberi , 59 bigeminum , 541, 544 spruceana , 71, 76 ellipticum , 541 tonduziana , 62 jiringa , 544, 547, 548 Rhizobium , 564, 593, 739, 965, 985 lobatum , 541, 544 Rhizoctonia Plasmodium bataticola , 620 berghei , 118, 261 solani , 735, 839, 900 falciparum , 33, 37, 69, 919–920, Rhizopus 932, 1025 microsporus subsp. oligosporus , 984 falciparum strain , 560 microsporus var. microsporus , 687 Pleurotus tuberregium , 480 oligosporus , 542, 547, 551, 644, 681, 687, 802, 962 Poinciana regia , 617 stolonifer , 962 Porphyromonas gingivalis , 397 sp., 91, 642, 687 Potamocharis mamei , 134 spp., 642, 687 Pouteria sapota , 140 Rhyzopertha dominica , 739 Praecitrullus fi stulosus , 290 Ricinus Propionibacterium acnes , 91–92 africanus , 484 Proteus angulatus , 484 mirabilis , 198, 389, 559, 874 armatus , 484 sp., 91 atropurpureus , 484 vulgaris , 407, 494, 559, 809, 859, 892, 974 communis , 4, 358, 360, 469, 484–499, 838 Pseudaletia separata , 338–339, 361 communis f. americanus , 484 Pseudomonas communis f. argentatus , 484 aeruginosa , 26, 43, 78, 91, 198, 376, 389, communis f. argyratus , 484 406–407, 417, 423, 469, 494, 510, 559, communis f. atratus , 484 587, 620, 735–736, 859, 874, 891–893, communis f. atrobrunneatus , 484 892, 893 communis f. canescens , 484 lachrymans , 245 communis f. erythrocladus , 484 putida , 198 communis f. exiguus , 484 Pueraria lobata , 957 communis f. fulvatus , 484 Punica granatum , 92 communis f. fumatus , 484 Pusaetha scandens , 627 communis f. fuscatus , 484 Pythium aphanidermatum , 245, 532 communis f. nigellus , 484 communis f. nigrescens , 484 communis f. punctatus , 484 Q communis f. punctulatus , 484 Quercus infectoria , 92 communis f. punicans , 484 1098 Scientifi c Name Index

Ricinus (cont.) Solanum communis f. purpurascens , 484 nigrum , 289, 492–493 communis f. radiatus , 484 xanthocarpum , 584 communis f. rufescens , 484 Sphaerospermum , 74 dicoccus , 465 Spodoptera litura , 338–339, 361, 876 Rottlera moluccana , 465 Spondias Rubus lutea , 509 idaeus , 447 purpurea , 509 suavissimus , 95 Stalagmites ovalifolius , 125 Rudua aurea , 951 Stalagmitis Ruta graveolens , 957 cowa , 29 dulcis , 35 javanensis , 35 S Staphylococci , 152, 389 Sabal serrulata , 289 Staphylococcus Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 131, 697, 931 albus , 91 Sagittaria trifolia , 393 aureus , 13–14, 26, 32, 43, 58, 64, 69, 78, 91, 92, Salmonella 117–118, 139, 152, 198, 327, 359, 376, 389, enteritidis , 26, 93 406–407, 417, 423, 469, 494, 510, 559, 587, paratyphi , 198, 406–407, 620, 859, 891, 892 599, 620, 621, 735–736, 787, 874, 891–893, paratyphi A , 198, 859, 892 892, 893, 919, 942, 983, 1013, 1020 paratyphi B , 198, 859, 891 epidermidis , 26, 43, 58, 91–92, 559 typhi , 26, 91, 198, 327, 389, 390, 529, 559, 620, 691, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , 389 837, 859, 874, 891, 892, 919 Stereopermum fi mbriatum , 738 typhimurium , 91, 389, 390, 529, 620, 691, 891, 892 Stizolobium pruriens , 779 Sambucus nigra , 358 Stomoxys calcitrans , 15 Sandoricum koetjape , 122 Strepsilobus scandens , 627 Sapota nigra , 425 Streptococcus Schistosoma agalactiae , 221, 389 japonicum , 631 faecalis , 407 mansoni , 140 mutans , 74, 93, 397 Sechium progenies , 494 americanum , 384 pyogenes , 389 cayota , 384 Sutherlandia frutescens , 964 edule , 2, 384–391 Syzygium Serratia marcescens , 389, 407 jambos , 122 Sesbania , 464 malaccense , 122 Sesquipedalis , 970, 975, 985–986 Shigella boydii , 198 T dysenteriae , 198, 359, 859 Taenia saginata , 277 fl exneri , 198 Tamarindus indica , 4, 879–900 soneii , 198 Telopea perspicua , 465 Sicyos Tenebrio molitor , 498, 511 edulis , 384 Terminalia fauriei , 331 badamia , 143 laciniatus , 384 catappa , 2, 143–154, 143–155 Siphonia catappa var. chlorocarpa , 143 brasiliensis , 476 catappa var. macrocarpa , 143 janeirensis , 476 catappa var. rhodocarpa , 143 ridleyana , 476 catappa var. subcordata , 143 Siraitia grosvenorii , 2–3, 392–398 dichotoma , 143 Sitophilus oryzae , 751 edulis , 158 Soja ferdinandiana , 2, 158–160 angustifolia , 634 intermedia , 143 hispida , 634 kaernbachii , 2, 161–163 japonica , 634 latifolia , 143 max , 634 latifolia Blanco , 143 soja , 634 latipes subsp. psilocarpa , 158 viridis , 634 moluccana , 143 Scientifi c Name Index 1099

myrobalana , 143 Verticillaria acuminata , 76 okari , 161–163 Vibrio ovatifolia , 143 anguillarium , 14 paraensis , 143 cholera , 787, 919 procera , 143 parahaemolyticus , 942 prostrata , 158 Vicia rubrigemmis , 143 faba , 748, 860, 925–934 subcordata , 143 lens , 742 Tetrodea subterranean , 960 pisicarpa , 742 Thladiantha grosvenorii , 392 Vigna Trichoderma viride , 620 aconitifolia , 783 Trichomonas vaginalis , 449–450 angularis , 937–944 Trichophyton aristata , 730 mentagrophytes , 91, 117, 376, 417, 423, 587 aureus , 951 rubrum , 587 catjang , 967 simii , 587 cylindrica , 967 Trichosanthes luteola , 964 anguina , 401, 406, 407 mungo , 783, 946–950, 955, 956 brevibracteata , 401 radiata , 783, 947, 951–958, 964 colubrina , 401 radiata var. radiata , 248, 955, 958 cucumerina , 2, 401–408 radiata var. setulosa , 958 cucumerina var. anguina , 401 radiata var. sublobata , 948, 952, 955, 956, 958 cucumeroides , 317 sesquipedalis , 971 kirilowii , 317 sinensis , 967, 971, 976, 978 pachyrrhachis , 401 sinensis ssp. sesquipedalis , 971 Trifolium pratense , 957 sinensis subsp. cylindrica , 967 Trigonella foenum graecum , 351, 906–921 sinensis subsp. unguiculata , 976 Triticum aestivum , 767 sinensis var. catjang , 967 Trogonella tibetan , 906 sinensis var. sesquipedalis , 971 Trypanosoma sinensis var. sinensis , 976 brucei brucei , 360 subterranea , 553, 960–965 cruzi , 64, 69, 74, 140, 589 subterranean var. spontanea , 961 Turia cordata , 320 unguiculata , 302, 551, 938, 964, 967–986, 972, 978, 979, 981, 983, 984 unguiculata cv-gr. Bifl ora , 967–970 U unguiculata cv-gr. Sesquipedalis , 971–975 Unedo edulis , 444 unguiculata cv-gr. Unguiculata , 971, 976–986 Unguiculata , 970, 975, 985–986 unguiculata group Sesquipedalis , 971 unguiculata spp. uguiculata , 968 V unguiculata spp. unguiculata , 977 Vaccinium unguiculata subsp. cylindrica , 967, 969 amoenum , 452 unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana , 977 angustifolium , 455–456, 459 unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis , 971 arkansanum , 452 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata , 967, 971, ashei , 452, 455–457, 460 976, 982 atrococcum , 452 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata australe , 452 (cultigroup Bifl ora) , 967 caesariense , 452 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (cultigroup constablaei , 452 Sesquipedalis) , 971 corymbosa , 3, 455 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata (cultigroup corymbosum , 452–462 Unguiculata) , 976 corymbosum × V. angustifolium , 455 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata elliottii , 452 (Unguiculata Group) , 976 fuscatum , 452 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata cultigroup Bifl ora or macrocarpon , 456 Cylindrica , 967, 986 marianum , 452 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata cultigroup myrtillus , 455, 456, 461 Sesquipedalis , 971, 986 oxycoccus , 461 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata cultigroup simulatum , 452 Textiles , 986 vitis-idaea , 456 unguiculata subsp. unguiculata cultigroup Vaccinium spp , 454, 455 Unguiculata , 968, 976, 986 1100 Scientifi c Name Index

Vigna (cont.) ovalifolius , 125 unguiculata var. cylindrica , 967 pictorius , 128 unguiculata var. sesquipedalis , 971 spicatus , 125 Vitis adstricta , 423 tinctorius , 128 Voandzeia subterranea , 960 Xanthomonas vesicatoria , 245 Vulgaris , 179, 185, 186, 189, 228, 229, 239, 281, 298, 407, 447, 486, 494, 513, 555, 559, 609, 734, 742, 783, 809, 810, 815–844, 859, 861, 892, Z 925, 957, 965, 974 Zabrotes subfasciatus , 498 Zanthoxylum armatum , 15 X piperitum , 15 Xanthochymus Zucca commersoniana , 369 dulcis , 35 Zygia jiringa , 544 javanensis , 35