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Medical Glossary Medical Glossary AAD allergic airway disease – infl ammatory Acetogenins natural products from the plants of disorder of the airways caused by allergens. the family Annonaceae, are very potent inhibi- AAPH 2,2 ¢ -azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihy- tors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Com- drochloride, a water-soluble azo compound plex I) activity of mammalian mitochondria. used extensively as a free radical generator, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme often in the study of lipid peroxidation and that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) the characterization of antioxidants. the neuro transmitter acetylcholine, producing Abeta aggregation amyloid beta protein choline. (Abeta) aggregation is associated with Acne vulga´ris also known as chronic acne, Alzheimer’s disease (AD); it is a major com- usually occurring in adolescence, with come- ponent of the extracellular plaque found in dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), AD brains. nodules (infl amed acne spots), and pustules Abdominal distension referring to generalised (small infl amed pus-fi lled lesions) on the face, distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also neck, and upper part of the trunk. referred to as stomach bloating often caused Acidosis increased acidity. by a sudden increase in fi ber from consump- Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. (AIDS) an epidemic disease caused by Ablation therapy the destruction of small an infection by human immunodefi ciency areas of myocardial tissue, usually by appli- virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), retrovirus that causes cation of electrical or chemical energy, in the immune system failure and debilitation and treatment of some tachyarrhythmias. is often accompanied by infections such as Abortifacient a substance that causes or induces tuberculosis. abortion; causing abortion. Acridone an organic compound based on the Abortivum a substance inducing abortion. acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the Abscess a swollen infected, infl amed area fi lled 9 position. with pus in body tissues. ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- ABTS 2.2 azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6- cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- sulfonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary reaction kinetics of specifi c enzymes. gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and A C A T acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. secretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticoster- ACE see angiotensin-converting enzyme. oids and androgenic steroids. T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 2, Fruits, 989 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 990 Medical Glossary Activating transcription factor (ATF) a protein ADH see alcohol dehydrogenase. (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA sequences Adipocyte a fat cell involved in the synthesis regulating the transfer or transcription of and storage of fats. information from DNA to mRNA. Adiponectin a protein in humans that modu- Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) a heterodimeric lates several physiological processes, such as protein transcription factor that regulates metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and gene expression in response to a variety of immune responses. stimuli, including cytokines, growth fac- Adipose tissues body fat, loose connective tis- tors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. sue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). AP-1 in turn regulates a number of cellular Adrenal glands star-shaped endocrine glands processes including differentiation, prolifera- that sit on top of the kidneys. tion, and apoptosis. Adrenalectomized having had the adrenal Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of enzymes glands surgically removed. that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of Adrenergic having to do with adrenaline (epineph- fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of rine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). cells. Adrenergic receptors a class of G protein-cou- Adaptogen a term used by herbalists to refer pled receptors that are targets of the nora- to a natural herb product that increases the drenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, (epinephrine). stress and fatigue. Adulterant an impure ingredient added into a Adaptogenic increasing the resistance of the preparation. body to stress. Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) resul- Addison’s disease is a rare endocrine disorder. tant products of a chain of chemical reac- It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot pro- tions after an initial glycation reaction. duce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). It AGEs may play an important adverse role in is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. chronic renal failure. Adenocarcinoma a cancer originating in glan- Aegilops an ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner dular tissue. of the eye. Adenoma a benign tumour from a glandular origin. Afferent something that so conducts or car- Adenopathy abnormal enlargement or swelling ries towards, such as a blood vessel, fi ber, or of the lymph node. nerve. Adenosine receptors a class of purinergic, Agammaglobulinaemia an inherited disorder in G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine which there are very low levels of protective as endogenous ligand. In humans, there are immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf. four adenosine receptors. A1 receptors and x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocar- Agalactia lack of milk after parturition (birth). dial oxygen consumption and coronary blood Agglutinin a protein substance, such as an anti- fl ow, while the A2A receptor also has broader body, that is capable of causing agglutination antiinfl ammatory effects throughout the body. (clumping) of a particular antigen. These two receptors also have important roles Agglutination clumping of particles. in the brain, regulating the release of other Agonist a drug that binds to a receptor of a cell neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glu- and triggers a response by the cell. tamate, while the A2B and A3 receptors are Ague a fever (such as from malaria) that is located mainly peripherally and are involved marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and in infl ammation and immune responses. sweating that recurs with regular intervals. Medical Glossary 991 AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytoso- infi ltrative diseases of the liver. ALP is also lic protein transcription factor. present in bone and placental tissues. AIDS see Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syn- Allergenic having the properties of an antigen drome. (allergen), immunogenic. Akathisia a movement disorder in which Allergic pertaining to, caused, affected with, or there is an urge or need to move the legs to the nature of the allergy. stop unpleasant sensations. Also called Allergic conjunctivitis infl ammation of the restless leg syndrome, the disorder is often tissue lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to caused by long-term use of antipsychotic allergy. medications. Allergy a hypersensitivity state induced by Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) kinases involved in mammalian cellular sig- resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on naling, inhibits apoptotic processes. subsequent exposures. The term is usually used Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes to refer to hypersensitivity to an environmental involving Akt and FoxO transcription fac- antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) tors that play a role in angiogenesis and vas- or to drug allergy. culogenesis. Allogeneic cells or tissues which are geneti- Alanine transaminase (ALT) also called cally diffe rent because they are derived from Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase separate individuals of the same species. Also (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), refers to a type of immunological reaction an enzyme present in hepatocytes (liver cells). that occurs when cells are transplanted into a When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme genetically different recipient. into the blood. Allografts or homografts, a graft between indi- ALAT (Alanine aminotransferase) see Ala- viduals of the same species, but of different nine transaminase. genotypes. Albumin water soluble proteins found in egg Alloknesis itch produced by innocuous mechan- white, blood serum, milk, various animal tis- ical stimulation. sues and plant juices and tissues. Allostasis the process of achieving stability, or Albuminaria excessive amount of albumin in the homeostasis, through physiological or behav- urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. ioral change. Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase an Alopecia is the loss of hair on the body. enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that con- Alopecia areata is a particular disorder affect- verts glucose to sorbitol. ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and Alexipharmic an antidote, remedy for poison. elsewhere. Alexiteric a preservative against contagious and ALP see Alkaline phosphatase. infectious diseases, and the effects of poisons. Alpha-adrenoceptor receptors postulated to Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) an enzyme exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- involved in the break-down of alcohol. thetic nervous system in order to explain the Algesic endogenous substances involved in the specifi city of certain agents that affect only production of pain that is associated with some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- infl ammation, e.g. serotonin, bradykinin and striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles prostaglandins.
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