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Corona KH-4B Satellites
Corona KH-4B Satellites The Corona reconnaissance satellites, developed in the immediate aftermath of SPUTNIK, are arguably the most important space vehicles ever flown, and that comparison includes the Apollo spacecraft missions to the moon. The ingenuity and elegance of the Corona satellite design is remarkable even by current standards, and the quality of its panchromatic imagery in 1967 was almost as good as US commercial imaging satellites in 1999. Yet, while the moon missions were highly publicized and praised, the CORONA project was hidden from view; that is until February 1995, when President Clinton issued an executive order declassifying the project, making the design details, the operational description, and the imagery available to the public. The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) has a web site that describes the project, and the hardware is on display in the National Air and Space Museum. Between 1960 and 1972, Corona satellites flew 94 successful missions providing overhead reconnaissance of the Soviet Union, China and other denied areas. The imagery debunked the bomber and missile gaps, and gave the US a factual basis for strategic assessments. It also provided reliable mapping data. The Soviet Union had previously “doctored” their maps to render them useless as targeting aids and Corona largely solved this problem. The Corona satellites employed film, which was returned to Earth in a capsule. This was not an obvious choice for reconnaissance. Studies first favored television video with magnetic storage of images and radio downlink when over a receiving ground station. Placed in an orbit high enough to minimize the effects of atmospheric drag, a satellite could operate for a year, sending images to Earth on a timely basis. -
Jacques Tiziou Space Collection
Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Isaac Middleton and Melissa A. N. Keiser 2019 National Air and Space Museum Archives 14390 Air & Space Museum Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 [email protected] https://airandspace.si.edu/archives Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Arrangement..................................................................................................................... 2 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ............................................................................................................. 4 Series : Files, (bulk 1960-2011)............................................................................... 4 Series : Photography, (bulk 1960-2011)................................................................. 25 Jacques Tiziou Space Collection NASM.2018.0078 Collection Overview Repository: National Air and Space Museum Archives Title: Jacques Tiziou Space Collection Identifier: NASM.2018.0078 Date: (bulk 1960s through -
National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide
NRO Approved for Release 16 Dec 2010 —Tep-nm.T7ymqtmthitmemf- (u) National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide For Automatic Declassification Of 25-Year-Old Information Version 1.0 2008 Edition Approved: Scott F. Large Director DECL ON: 25x1, 20590201 DRV FROM: NRO Classification Guide 6.0, 20 May 2005 NRO Approved for Release 16 Dec 2010 (U) Table of Contents (U) Preface (U) Background 1 (U) General Methodology 2 (U) File Series Exemptions 4 (U) Continued Exemption from Declassification 4 1. (U) Reveal Information that Involves the Application of Intelligence Sources and Methods (25X1) 6 1.1 (U) Document Administration 7 1.2 (U) About the National Reconnaissance Program (NRP) 10 1.2.1 (U) Fact of Satellite Reconnaissance 10 1.2.2 (U) National Reconnaissance Program Information 12 1.2.3 (U) Organizational Relationships 16 1.2.3.1. (U) SAF/SS 16 1.2.3.2. (U) SAF/SP (Program A) 18 1.2.3.3. (U) CIA (Program B) 18 1.2.3.4. (U) Navy (Program C) 19 1.2.3.5. (U) CIA/Air Force (Program D) 19 1.2.3.6. (U) Defense Recon Support Program (DRSP/DSRP) 19 1.3 (U) Satellite Imagery (IMINT) Systems 21 1.3.1 (U) Imagery System Information 21 1.3.2 (U) Non-Operational IMINT Systems 25 1.3.3 (U) Current and Future IMINT Operational Systems 32 1.3.4 (U) Meteorological Forecasting 33 1.3.5 (U) IMINT System Ground Operations 34 1.4 (U) Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Systems 36 1.4.1 (U) Signals Intelligence System Information 36 1.4.2 (U) Non-Operational SIGINT Systems 38 1.4.3 (U) Current and Future SIGINT Operational Systems 40 1.4.4 (U) SIGINT -
A4e,,Moct Elel-Tl7s4'ste1s
SPACE STATION THERMAL CONTROL SURFACES C. R. Maag M. T. Grenier VOLUME It - LITERATURE SEARCH PREPARED FOR NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, ALABAMA 35812 CONTRACT NAS 8-32637 Report 5666 March 1978 Volume I[ A4E,,MOCT ELEL-TL7S4'STE1S AZUSA. CALIFORNIA S(NASA-CE-150668) SPACE STA TION THERMA1. N78-22137 CONTPBOL SURFACES. VOLUME 2: LITERATURE SEARCH Interim Report, 4 Aug. 1977 - 4 Feb. 1978 (Aerojet Electrosystems Co-) 410 p Unclas BC A18/MF A01 CSCI 05A GI3/15 645 Report 5666 FOREWORD This interim report describes results of the first six months of a study on Contract NAS 8-32637, "Space Station Thermal Control Surfaces." The contract was initiated on 4 August 1977 as a-6-month study to assess the deficiencies between the state of the art in thermal--control surface technology and that which would be required for both a 25-kW power module and a 25-year mission space station. The Scope of Work of the contract has been modified to include ad ditional emphasis on Task I, "Requirements Analysis," and the period of per formance will be extended for an additional eight months of effort. The final report is being deferred until the end of the extended period of performance. This report covers the period of 4 August 1977 to 4 February 1978,) and is submitted in two volumes. The literature search and survey portion of this study are contained in Volume II. This study was performed by personnel of Aerojet ElectroSystems Company, for the Space Sciences Laboratory of NASA-Marshall Flight Center. -
The Story of Israel As Told by Banknotes
M NEY talks The Story of Israel as told by Banknotes Educational Resource FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Developed, compiled and written by: Vavi Toran Edited by: Rachel Dorsey Money Talks was created by Jewish LearningWorks in partnership with The iCenter for Israel Education This educational resource draws from many sources that were compiled and edited for the sole use of educators, for educational purposes only. FOR ISRAEL EDUCATION Introduction National Identity in Your Wallet “There is always a story in any national banknote. Printed on a white sheet of paper, there is a tale expressed by images and text, that makes the difference between white paper and paper money.” Sebastián Guerrini, 2011 We handle money nearly every day. But how much do we really know about our banknotes? Which president is on the $50 bill? Which banknote showcases the White House? Which one includes the Statue of Liberty torch? Why were the symbols chosen? What stories do they tell? Banknotes can be examined and deciphered to understand Like other commemoration the history and politics of any nation. Having changed eight agents, such as street times between its establishment and 2017, Israel’s banknotes names or coins, banknotes offer an especially interesting opportunity to explore the have symbolic and political history of the Jewish state. significance. The messages 2017 marks the eighth time that the State of Israel changed the design of its means of payment. Israel is considered expressed on the notes are innovative in this regard, as opposed to other countries in inserted on a daily basis, in the world that maintain uniform design over many years. -
Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Israel
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Foreign Trade Regimes and Economic Development: Israel Volume Author/Editor: Michael Michaely Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-87014-503-7 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/mich75-1 Publication Date: 1975 Chapter Title: Index Chapter Author: Michael Michaely Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c4566 Chapter pages in book: (p. 215 - 219) Index Agorah, 146 "Branch funds," 85—86, 91. See also Agriculture: contribution to employment, Premiums 12; contribution to GNP, 12; British mandatory government: budget of, cooperatives, 3; exports, 17, 148; 2; equalization funds use, 8 3—84; and immigrants, 2, 12; imports, 65—66; exchange rate, 119; foreign-exchange liberalization, 65, 67, 76; productivity policy of, 22; foreign trade policy of, in, 161—162 24,27 American Jewry, 53 Brokencross-rate. See Poundsterling Amiel, Valery D., 93, 114 Budget: under British mandate, 2; and Autarky, 180, 182. See also Openness defense expenditures, 147; deficit in, 20; development of, 155—158, 174, 202; Bank of Israel: and credit expansion, 128, foreign-exchange, 28—33, 37, 55—56; and 130; establishment of, 2; financing of lendingfrom central bank, 2, 147. See exports by, 88; lending to government also Governmentsector by, 2, 147; monetary policy techniques of, 128, 146 Capital:anddomesticsavings, 153—159; Barkai, Haim, 25, 80 imports of, 12—18, 33—34, 53, 121, 130, Baruch, Joseph, 102, 114, 117 150—151,155, 164, 166, 175, 200—201; Beham, Miriam, 148 physical, 11, 15,20,190; andprivate Ben-Shahar, Haim, 105, 117 foreign investment, 150—153, 159; and Bilateral clearing agreements, 50, 54—55 repatriation,151—152 Black market for commodities, 4 1—43, 48, liberalization policy, 64; and 57, 133—134, 178. -
Space and Defense Issue
33SPAC E and DEFENSE Volume Eleven Number One Spring 2019 China’s Military Space Strategy Sam Rouleau Volume Five Number One Communicating Cyber Consequences Sum Timothy Goines mer 2011 Why Brazil Ventured a Nuclear Program Saint-Clair Lima da Silva Arms Control & Deterrence Coalitions in Space:Damon Coletta Where Networks are CadetPower Voice—Curious Trinity: War, Media, Public Opinion byLaura James Olson Clay Moltz The 2010 National Space Policy: Down to Earth? by Joan Johnson-Freese Space & Defense Journal of the United States Air Force Academy Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Publisher Col. Kris Bauman, [email protected] Director, Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies Editors Dr. Damon Coletta Dr. Michelle Black U.S. Air Force Academy, USA University of Nebraska, Omaha Associate Editors Mr. Deron Jackson Dr. Peter Hays U.S. Air Force Academy, USA George Washington University, USA Dr. Schuyler Foerster Ms. Jonty Kasku-Jackson U.S. Air Force Academy, USA National Security Space Institute, USA Thank You to Our Reviewers Andrew Aldrin Christopher Dunlap United Launch Alliance, USA Naval Postgraduate School, USA James Armor Paul Eckart ATK, USA Boeing, USA William Barry Andrew Erickson NASA Headquarters, USA Naval War College, USA Daniel Blinder Joanne Gabrynowicz UNSAM-CONICET, Argentina University of Mississippi, USA Robert Callahan Jason Healey NORAD-NORTHCOM, USA Atlantic Council, USA James Cameron Stephen Herzog Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Brazil Yale University, USA Robert Carriedo Theresa Hitchens U.S. -
At the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
From The Collected Works of Milton Friedman, compiled and edited by Robert Leeson and Charles G. Palm. “Flexible Exchange Rates For Israel” by Milton Friedman Lecture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 5 July 1977 CHAIRMAN, Professor Giora Hanoch: Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the Department of Economics I would like to greet the great scholar and our warm friend for a long time, Professor Milton Friedman. The usual chairman will say that Friedman does not need an introduction, and then go on to introduce him. I will try not to do that. We all are Professor Friedman’s students: those who had the privilege to study under him directly as well as those who studied his scholarly writing and have seen him in his previous visits here and elsewhere. This evening he’s going to talk about the subject of flexible exchange rates for Israel. As you all know, it is a great pleasure and stimulus to disagree with Professor Friedman. Even if we disagree, it’s always a great pleasure to hear him about any topic. I think he chose this particular topic tonight as an example . We all know what is his stand on flexible rates and abolition of controls on foreign exchange. And I’m sure he will go tonight beyond that and try to tell us more specifically how to do it, and not only why to do it. Professor Friedman has been a friend of the Hebrew University and of the Israeli economy for a long time. I remember, I missed his first visit in Israel. -
THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION's ROAD to SPACE MILITARIZATION by Peter Pindjak B.A., B.M., Northwestern State University Of
THE EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION’S ROAD TO SPACE MILITARIZATION by Peter Pindjak B.A., B.M., Northwestern State University of Louisiana, 2009 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Graduate School of Public and International Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh 2011 Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh Thesis Committee Mr. Dennis Gormley Chairman Dr. William Dunn Member Dr. Forrest Morgan Member Dr. Phil Williams Member Defended on April 14, 2011 ii ABSTRACT The thesis examines the Eisenhower administration’s decisions to use space for intelligence and military purposes. The first two chapters cover historical developments spanning the period from 1945 to 1952 as well as the first two years of the Eisenhower presidency (1953-1954). The third chapter provides a detailed analysis of U.S. space policies from 1955 to 1961. In particular, Chapter III takes a close look at the U.S. military space program as well as the prospect for space arms control. Organized chronologically, the thesis draws on publicly available documents, including declassified documents deposited at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas. By examining significant National Security Council (NSC) documents, including reports and meeting notes, the thesis presents an argument that since the very beginning, U.S. space policy included a provision for intelligence and military applications of satellites as a matter of national security. Throughout the Eisenhower presidency, the concept of “peaceful” use of outer space, which did not preclude satellites from having certain military applications, was never questioned at the NSC. -
Unitzd Nations Conciliation
UNITZD NATIONS-- CONCILIATION COMMISSION-- FOR PWS'TINE RESTRICTED ComeGen&I@/Re~tl 16 January 1950 ENGLISIi ORIGINAL : FRENCH ,__.- .---. I - ,,. STATUS.: OFFTHEQUi$STIGN,.QF 'UNFR&'EZING, . ,...I,.. I, ,.'. ,,I: '? '~'~6E ASSETS,, .' ' i ,yRepo$$ of Dr, Servoise) Page 1. ‘. 3. INTRODUCTIGN 2 * A. Measure.taken by Israel to freeze Palestinian A&b assets, and by Great Britain to freeze Palestinian assets 2 EL The Palestine Conciliation Commission and the unfreezing of Arab assets 2 , Cb The Mixed Comt&ttee of 'Experts' on Blogked Accounts 3 II. THEPROBLEM tiD THE SUGGESTEDP,?RTIAL SOLUTION 4 . 4 - 6 A,', Negotiations L B, The positions of the parties ,_' 6 le' 1The situation concerning accounts blocked in Israel 6 . (a) General 6 (b) Juridical situation 6 (c) -II.De' facto situation 6 (d) Data on the total amount of accounts blocked 7 2, Positions of the parties and conditions laid down 8 -9 (a) Israeli, experts I 9 - 10 '. (b) Arab experts 10 -2.2 6, Analysis of the procedure suggested 52 16’ Role of the Arab Governmsnts (or designated, ,. institutions) 12 -lJ Role of the Government of Israel - 14 : ;: Role of the Trustee - 16 4, Mishellaneous questions Base currency 16 a-V17 Rate of interest 17 Rate of exchange for reimbursement 17 Total amount of the'operation 17 -I 18 Date of the final settlement 33 Place and date of meeting of the Mixed Committee of Experts 18 III, CONCLUSION 18 * 20 , Com,Gen,/Wo8/Revel, page 2 ‘. ,....:..~..,.:~;;‘,,_,,; ,. : _(’ . Y.. 1 .,i ,) .J, ,,. yi,,.. ST/&S OF Tm LJJ~STION OF UNFREEZING OF ACCOUNTS+b . -
Download the Issue As A
SPRING 2008 - Volume 55, Number 1 WWW.AFHISTORICALFOUNDATION.ORG Features The Things We Are: Air Force Heritage and History in Artifacts Jeff Duford 4 A Visionary Ahead of his Time: Howard Hughes and the U.S. Air Force —Part II: The Hughes D–2 and the XF–11 Thomas Wildenberg 16 X–15B: Pursuit of Early Orbital Human Spaceflight L. Parker Temple, III 28 Chasing the XB–70A Valkyrie George J. Marrett 42 Book Reviews Aviator of Fortune: Lowell Yerex and the Anglo-American Commercial Rivalry, 1931-1946 By Erik Benson Reviewed by John Barnhill 48 No End in Sight: The Continuing Menace of Nuclear Proliferation By Nathan E. Busch Reviewed by David J. Schepp 48 Spy Satellites and Other Technologies that Changed History By Thomas A. Graham & Keith A. Hansen Reviewed by Rick W. Sturdevant 49 The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I By Mark Ethan Grotelueschen Reviewed by Jeffrey P. Joyce 49 Shadow and Stinger: Developing the AC-119G/K Gunships in the Vietnam War By William P. Head Reviewed by Steven A. Pomeroy 50 Farmans and SIAs: U.S. Army Aviation Training and Combat in Italy with Fiorello La Guardia By Jack B. Hilliard Reviewed by Thomas Wildenberg 50 Unconquerable Nation: Knowing Our Enemy, Strengthening Ourselves By Brian Michael Jenkins Reviewed by Curtis Hooper O’Sullivan 51 Chronological Encyclopedia of Soviet Single-Engined Fighters 1939-1951 By Herbert Léonard Reviewed by Carl J. Bobrow 51 On “Other War”: Lessons from Five Decades of RAND Counterinsurgency Research By Austin Long Reviewed by John L. -
Land Ownership in Palestine
LAND OWNERSHIP IN PALESTINE ... ·'·"" ·'· * Sami Hadawi THE PALESTINE ARAB R ~ FUGEE OFFICE 801 2od Avenue, 1o... 801 New York 17, N. Y. LAND OWNERSHIP IN PALESTINE -·- SAMI HADAWI THE PALESTINE ARAB REFUGEE OFFICE 801 2nd Avenue, Room 801 New York 17, N. Y. January 1957 This material is filed with the Department of Justice, where the required statement of "The Palestine Arab Refugee Office," registration No. 897, is available for inspection. Registration does not imply approval O'r disapproval of this material by the United States Government. FOREWORD Most of the material which has been written about Palestine since the tragedy of 1948, has dealt with the political side of the issue. The Israeli propaganda machine tries to give the impression to the outside world that the Palestine problem is nothing more than a case of~ dispute over a country which legally and legitimately belongs to the Jews and which the Arab States covet to annex to their own vast territories. As such, all other problems affecting the rights and interests of the Arab inhabitants of Palestine are of a secondary nature. The fact that is generally over-shadowed by this Israeli and Zionist propaganda, and w,hich, as a result, has been overlooked by world opinion so far as Palestine is concerned, is that the status of a country as belonging to a particular people is judged by the natural rights of the individuals who have been born and have tilled its soil for generations, rather than governed by political or other considerations. For the last four decades, Zionist propaganda has given a distorted picture of the situation in the Holy Land.